Journal articles on the topic 'Cowra'
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1
Roper, MM, and DM Halsall. "Use of products of straw decomposition by N2-fixing (C2H2-reducing) populations of bacteria in three soils from wheat-growing areas." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 1 (1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9860001.
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The potential for N2 fixation by free-living bacteria using straw as a source of energy was evaluated in three soils (one from Gunnedah and two from Cowra) representative of the wheat belt in New South Wales. All three soils had a history of straw incorporation. The abilities of the respective microbial populations to use a range of carbon sources, including potential products of decomposition of straw, was determined and compared with the size and composition of each population. Neutral to alkaline (pH 7.4) soil of high (51%) clay content from Gunnedah produced higher rates of nitrogenase activity with straw than more acid (pH 5.6) lower (17%) clay containing soil from Cowra (site B). Gunnedah soil also contained a larger population of N2-fixing bacteria which used a broader range of energy sources than soil from either Cowra site B or Cowra site W (pH 5.8, clay content 34%). There was little difference in the composition of the N2-fixing populations in each of the soils except that Azotobacter spp. were absent from the acid Cowra soils. It was concluded that the difference in behaviour of the respective N2-fixing populations was primarily due to the physical characteristics of the soil affecting the numbers and activities of diazotrophic microorganisms. In addition some soil environments failed to support specific organisms.
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Best, John. "High on a hill in Cowra." Medical Journal of Australia 149, no. 11-12 (December 1988): 692–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120826.x.
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Wild, JP. "Reminiscences." Australian Journal of Physics 47, no. 5 (1994): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph940497.
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I would like to take up something that John Whiteoak said at the symposium yesterday in relation to Cowra or Parkes as the possible site for the 64-m telescope. In my memory, what really happened was that E. G. (Taffy) Bowen was determined to locate the telescope on the Nepean River near Camden. It would have been a very beautiful, but very noisy site, and most people were resigned to having the telescope there. But I argued very strongly that it should go 'over the mountains'. Taffy was good enough to arrange a meeting of radio the result that a group, an unlikely team consisting of B. Y. (Bernie) Mills, W. N. (Chris) Christiansen and me, set out to look for an alternative site, and we finished up at Cowra. We were going to recommend Cowra but Chris had second thoughts, and said he would like to push on a little further-and he found this magnificent site near Parkes. So it was really Chris's discovery. was left to Kevin Sheridan, Frank Gardner and me, with the aid of a low-flying aircraft, to do some tests to make sure that the site did not suffer from interference from industrial noise from the town of Parkes itself.
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Packer, IJ, GJ Hamilton, and TB Koen. "Runoff, soil loss and soil physical property changes of light textured surface soils from long term tillage treatments." Soil Research 30, no. 5 (1992): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920789.
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A long-term tillage trial was conducted (1981 to 1987) on loamy textured soils to quantify changes in runoff, soil loss and some soil physical properties due to conservation tillage practices. Two sites were established, one at Cowra on a sandy loam textured soil, and the other at Grenfell on a loamy textured soil. The tillage treatments imposed were direct drilling (DD), reduced tillage (RT) and traditional tillage (TT), with grazing at both sites, and a direct drilling ungrazed (NT) treatment at Cowra only. Runoff and soil loss were measured using a rainfall simulator, and sorptivity (S), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), bulk density to 40 mm (BD4) and 100 mm (BD10), organic carbon (OC) and water stable aggregates (WSA) were measured annually. Runoff decreased significantly in the minimum soil disturbance treatments (NT and DD) at Cowra. Runoff did not decrease in the stubble incorporation treatments despite a significant increase in OC and WSA. Decreases in runoff were due to the development and maintenance of porosity, particularly macropores. Changes in other soil physical properties were generally not significant owing to temporal variability. The regression relationship between OC and WSA, although significant, had little practical value because of high prediction error. Although improvements in soil physical properties were measured, a period of at least five years of cropping at both sites was required before they became significant and consistent.
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Desmarchelier, JM, and T. Ghaly. "Effects of raising the receival moisture content on the storability of Australian wheat." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 7 (1993): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930909.
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The receival moisture content of wheat was raised experimentally from 12 to 13% (w/w, wet basis) at sites near Cowra and Forbes (New South Wales) and Port Giles (South Australia) that were fitted with cooling (aeration), during the 1989-90 and 1990-91 seasons. At Cowra and Forbes, no wheat was received above 12% moisture content. At Port Giles, large quantities of wheat were received in the range 12.1-13.0% moisture content, reaching a maximum of 56% of receivals in 1 bin. However, the average moisture content in each bin did not exceed 12.0% and changed, on average, only 0.01% during aerated storage. No significant effect on quality was detected from studies on viability, bread-making quality, and mycotoxins. All wheat was successfully passed for export, meeting all normal standards including the 'nil tolerance' for live insects.
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Horiuchi, Lynne, and Anoma Pieris. "Temporal Cities: Commemoration at Manzanar, California and Cowra, Australia." Asian Diasporic Visual Cultures and the Americas 3, no. 3 (October 4, 2017): 292–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23523085-00303003.
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This article compares two former Pacific War incarceration histories in the us and Australia, inquiring how their narratives of confinement and redress might be interpreted spatially and materially, and how these sensibilities are incorporated into contemporary heritage strategies including, in these examples, through Japanese garden designs. At the Manzanar Historic Site in California, the efforts of several generations advocating for civil rights and preservation of the Manzanar Relocation Center have overlapped with the National Park Service’s efforts to fulfil its federal mandates to preserve and restore the historic site. Conversely at Cowra, New South Wales, these histories are interwoven with post-war commemorative spaces, aimed at drawing visitors to former incarceration sites and encouraging contemplation of these difficult histories. This article analyses their complex creative processes and interpretive strategies as useful for drawing these isolated national stories into broader global interrogations of their significance.
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Lennox, P. G., M. A. Forster, and I. S. Williams. "Emplacement and deformation ages of the Wyangala Granite, Cowra, NSW." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 61, no. 4 (April 7, 2014): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2014.897648.
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Fogarty, N. M., and J. G. Mulholland. "Annual lambing performance of crossbred ewes in out-of-season and accelerated lamb production systems." Animal Production Science 53, no. 10 (2013): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12269.
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The average annual lamb production of 1182 crossbred ewes was evaluated in three lamb production systems over 4 years at two sites (Cowra and Wagga Wagga). The lamb production systems were: accelerated 8-monthly joinings with two flocks joined 4 months apart (Ac8), spring joining with an autumn back-up joining (SpB), and annual autumn joining (AuA). The Ac8 and SpB systems were evaluated at Cowra and the SpB and AuA systems were evaluated at Wagga Wagga. Two genotypes of ewes, Border Leicester × Merino (BLM) and Hyfer (Dorset × Merino composite), were used at both sites, with natural joinings to Dorset, Suffolk or Hyfer rams. Four traits were analysed separately at each site to evaluate the average performance per ewe joined per year: number of lambings, number of lambs born, number of lambs weaned and total weight of lamb weaned. Analyses were also undertaken using only spring joining data. At Cowra ewes in the Ac8 system had more lambings (1.23 vs 0.87), lambs born (1.88 vs 1.28), lambs weaned (1.47 vs 1.00) and weight of lamb weaned (31.1 vs 21.5 kg) than ewes in the SpB system (P < 0.01). At Wagga Wagga the AuA system had significantly more lambs born (1.37 vs 1.13), lambs weaned (1.08 vs 0.95) and weight weaned (26.1 vs 21.9 kg) than the SpB system (P < 0.01). The system × breed interaction was significant for all traits because the BLM ewes were greater than Hyfer ewes in the AuA, but the reverse in the SpB system. At both sites the advantage of the back-up joining over only joining in spring was greater for the BLM than the Hyfer ewes. The relative performance of the various lamb production systems for each ewe breed is presented. An accelerated lambing system is likely to be more successful using ewes that have an extended breeding season and good out-of-season breeding performance.
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Hocking, P. J., and M. Stapper. "Effects of sowing time and nitrogen fertiliser on canola and wheat, and nitrogen fertiliser on Indian mustard. I. Dry matter production, grain yield, and yield components." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 6 (2001): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00113.
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Canola, Indian mustard, and wheat were grown under dryland conditions at Ariah Park and Cowra (canola only) in the cropping belt of New South Wales, Australia, to determine the effects of sowing time (canola and wheat) and nitrogen (N) fertiliser on the growth, grain yield, and yield components of the crops. Compared with an April sowing, the grain yield of canola at Ariah Park was reduced by 35% for a May sowing and by 67% for a July sowing. Canola yield at Cowra was reduced by 45% between early and late May sowings. Wheat yield declined by 35% between the May and July sowings at Ariah Park. Grain yields of canola and wheat at Ariah Park responded to N fertiliser in the April and May sowings, but not in the July sowing. Indian mustard had a higher yield than thecomparable sowing of canola. Canola yields at Cowra were more responsive to N fertiliser than at Ariah Park, and increased from 0.5 to 2.9 t/ha with 100 kg N/ha. For each day that sowing canola was delayed at both sites after Aprill—early May, anthesis was delayed on average by 0.52 days. For Dollarbird wheat, the delay in anthesis was 0.39 days per day sowing was delayed. Dry matter accumulation by the oilseeds was greatest during flowering, but before anthesis for wheat. Late sowing had little effect on the proportions of dry matter accumulated in a particular growth period. Irrespective of sowing time, grain yields and dry-matter harvest indices of the oilseeds were similar to values for wheat when differences in the biosynthetic costs of grain and straw production were taken into account. Late sowing usually resulted in a greater reduction in canola oil concentration than high N fertiliser rates. Canola oil concentration was reduced by 1.7 percentage points per 1mp;deg;C increase in mean temperature during grain filling as a result of sowing late. It was concluded that N fertiliser could not compensate for the yield reduction in canola and wheat due to sowing late. Early sowing was essential to achieve high oil levels in canola.
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Fogarty, N. M., and J. G. Mulholland. "Seasonal reproductive performance of crossbred ewes in intensive lamb-production systems." Animal Production Science 54, no. 6 (2014): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12434.
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The lambing performance of 1179 crossbred ewes with 5540 joining records in three seasons (autumn, winter and spring) at two sites (Cowra and Wagga Wagga) was evaluated in three lamb-production systems (spring joining with autumn backup matings at both locations, with accelerated lambing at Cowra or annual autumn joining at Wagga Wagga) over 4 years. Two genotypes of ewes, Border Leicester × Merino (BLM) and Hyfer (Dorset × Merino composite), were used at both sites, with natural matings to Dorset, Suffolk or Hyfer rams. The following five traits were analysed separately at each site to evaluate ewe lambing performance: fertility, litter size, lambs born (per ewe joined), lambs weaned (per ewe joined) and weight of lamb weaned (per ewe joined). The mixed model included fixed effects for season of joining, ewe breed, ram group, ewe prejoining weight (spline) and their interactions, with ewe fitted as a random effect. The autumn (February) joinings had higher ewe fertility, litter size and overall lamb production than did joinings in spring (October and November), with winter (June) being intermediate. At the autumn joinings, the BLM ewes had higher fertility, lambs weaned and weight of lamb weaned than did the Hyfer ewes, although this was reversed at the spring joinings, causing significant season × ewe breed interactions. While litter size was larger in the autumn than in the spring for both breeds there was a much smaller seasonal effect among the Hyfer than BLM ewes. Prejoining ewe weight had a significant effect on all reproduction traits, with generally a curvilinear response with increasing weight. The interactions of weight with season × ewe breed were significant (P < 0.001) for all traits at Cowra and most traits at Wagga Wagga. Ram group was significant (P < 0.05) for most traits, with ewes joined to Hyfer rams having higher fertility than those joined to Suffolk. and with Dorset rams being intermediate. At Wagga Wagga, this was the case for spring joinings, but there was no difference between the ram groups in autumn, causing a significant ram × season interaction (P < 0.001). Ewe repeatability ranged from 0.15 to 0.25 for all traits. Using suitable breeds or genotypes, together with optimising management, could improve out-of-season lamb production.
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Carment, David. "Harry Goron, Voyage from Shame: The Cowra Breakout and Afterwards [Book Review]." Beagle : Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 12 (December 1995): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.264287.
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Bishop, Paul, and Geoff Goldrick. "Morphology, processes and evolution of two waterfalls near Cowra, New South Wales." Australian Geographer 23, no. 2 (November 1992): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189208703061.
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Johnston, W. H., and V. F. Shoemark. "Establishment and persistence of palatable taxa of Eragrostis curvula complex in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 1 (1997): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96025.
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Summary. Spring sowings in cultivated plots at Wagga Wagga in 1980 and 1982, and Cowra and Colinroobie in 1980 and 1981 examined the establishment and persistence of Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees complex cv. Consol and accession 4660, Cenchrus ciliaris L. cv. American and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirocco. Cenchrus ciliaris was short-lived and not frost-hardy. Competition and dry conditions reduced establishment of all species, nevertheless E. curvula established reliably. In 1 experiment where conditions were not immediately favourable for germination, E. curvula demonstrated a capacity to delay establishment until conditions improved. Competition from cool-season plants reduced persistence, particularly in the first year and when conditions were dry. Surviving E. curvula plants were generally long lived. At Cowra, the density of E. curvula was enhanced by regular mowing, but mowing reduced the density of P. aquatica. Presence of Trifolium subterraneum L. reduced the density of E. curvula while P. aquatica was unaffected. A second experiment at Colinroobie, sown in October 1987 examined the effects of mowing and fertiliser application on establishment and persistence of E. curvula cv. Consol and accession 4660. Fertiliser increased competition by cool-season annual species, reducing establishment and persistence of E. curvula, while regular mowing improved its persistence. In an experiment sown at Wagga Wagga in October 1989, E. curvula cv. Consol establishment was very low (<1 plant/m2) in undisturbed annual pasture and in the absence of cultivation, herbicide (glyphosate at 530 g a.i./ha) and mowing with herbage removal provided the best conditions for establishment.
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Pardoe, Colin, and Stephen Webb. "Prehistoric Human Skeletal Remains from Cowra and the Macquarie Marsh, New South Wales." Australian Archaeology 22, no. 1 (June 1, 1986): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.1986.12093041.
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Fogarty, N. M., and J. G. Mulholland. "Growth and carcass characteristics of crossbred lambs in various production systems." Animal Production Science 52, no. 5 (2012): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11336.
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Lamb growth, carcass and pelt measurements are reported from 5775 lambs born to Border Leicester × Merino (BLM) and Hyfer (Dorset × Merino composite) ewes joined to Dorset, Suffolk and Hyfer rams in three lamb-production systems at Cowra and Wagga Wagga over 5 years. The production systems involved lambings at different seasons of the year and increasing levels of intensification from autumn annual joining, spring joining with a backup mating for non-pregnant ewes, to an accelerated 8-monthly lambing system. Lambs from BLM ewes were 0.7 kg heavier at birth and grew 3% faster and reached slaughter, at 18 kg carcass weight, 1–2 weeks earlier than did lambs from Hyfer ewes (P < 0.01). The advantage in growth rate of lambs from BLM compared with Hyfer ewes was greater for lambs born in November. These lambs had poorer growing conditions over the summer months, with 22% lower growth rate and taking 5 weeks longer to reach slaughter than did lambs born in March or August. There was no difference between Dorset and Suffolk sire breeds for any lamb growth traits, with lambs from Hyfer sires growing 7% slower. Ram and cryptorchid lambs reached slaughter 1 week earlier than did wethers, with ewes a further 9 days later (P < 0.01). Sex differences were maximised when lamb growth was greatest. There were no differences in carcass fat measurements between ram and cryptorchid lambs, although both were considerably leaner than wethers (2.2–3.0 mm fat at the GR site), which were 1.3–2.1 mm leaner than ewes at 18-kg carcass weight. The range in average growth rate of progeny of the BLM ewes from the 12 different source flocks at Cowra and Wagga Wagga was 10–14% of the mean which was twice the difference in average growth rate of progeny from the BLM and Hyfer dams. There was also significant variation among the BLM source flocks for carcass fat measurements. Lamb progeny from the different sire- and dam-breed combinations had varying levels of heterozygosity. There appears to be little loss of heterosis or hybrid vigour for lamb growth, although the sire breed × dam breed interaction was significant (P < 0.01) for age at slaughter at Wagga Wagga, in which the ranking of the lamb types was consistent with the levels of heterozygosity. The estimates of between-lambing repeatability for the ewes were highest for birthweight (0.35 Cowra and 0.27 Wagga Wagga) and declined at later ages (0.26–0.17), with lower estimates for carcass traits.
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Hocking, P. J., and M. Stapper. "Effects of sowing time and nitrogen fertiliser on canola and wheat, and nitrogen fertiliser on Indian mustard. II. Nitrogen concentrations, N accumulation, and N fertiliser use efficiency." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 6 (2001): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00114.
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Canola, Indian mustard, and wheat were grown at Ariah Park and Cowra (canola only) in the cropping belt of New South Wales, Australia, to determine the effects of sowing time (canola and wheat) and nitrogen (N) fertiliser on N concentrations and N accumulation in shoots, N fertiliser use-efficiency, and N removal in grain of the crops. Concentrations of N in shoots of all crops decreased during the season, irrespective of sowing time or N fertiliser rate. Late sowing decreased N accumulation by 55% and 40% for canola and wheat, respectively, at Ariah Park, and by 50% for canola at Cowra, but increased canola and wheat grain N (protein) concentrations more than the applied N. All crops accumulated most of their N before anthesis, and there was little N accumulation after the end of flowering; however, sowing canola late increased the proportion of N accumulated during flowering. Indices of N fertiliser use efficiency were reduced by sowing late, but N use efficiencies of the oilseeds at each sowing time were similar to values for wheat after accounting for differences in the biosynthetic costs of grain and straw production. Removal of N in canola grain from an April sowing was 35% greater than N removal by wheat grain sown at the same time, but was similar for both crops from late May and July sowings. Consequently, more N fertiliser should be applied to canola than wheat to obtain high grain yields when both crops are sown early in the season. It was concluded that sowing early was essential to achieve high N use efficiency, reduce potential losses of N, and maximise economic returns from N fertiliser.
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Kemp, Justine. "Flood channel morphology of a quiet river, the Lachlan downstream from Cowra, southeastern Australia." Geomorphology 60, no. 1-2 (May 2004): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.007.
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Semple, W. S., T. B. Koen, and J. Henderson. "Seed fall and flowering in white box (Eucalyptus albensBenth.) trees near Cowra, New South Wales." Australian Forestry 70, no. 4 (January 2007): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2007.10675026.
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Lennox, Paul, Helga de Wal, Karol Czarnota, and Lloyd White. "Preliminary results from AMS studies of the deformed Wyangala Granite, Cowra, New South Wales, Australia." Geotectonic Research 95 (June 1, 2008): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-5658/08/9501-0097.
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Pannier, L., E. N. Ponnampalam, G. E. Gardner, D. L. Hopkins, A. J. Ball, R. H. Jacob, K. L. Pearce, and D. W. Pethick. "Prime Australian lamb supplies key nutrients for human health." Animal Production Science 50, no. 12 (2010): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10132.
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This study investigated genetic and non-genetic factors affecting the iron, zinc and omega-3 fatty acid levels of fresh lamb meat. Results from the 2007 progeny of the Australian Sheep Industry Cooperative Research Centre Information Nucleus flock, ~2000 lambs, are presented here. The average level of iron and zinc in lamb muscle was 2.05 and 2.31 mg/100 g, respectively. The iron level was 103% of that required to claim lamb as a ‘good source’ of iron for men of all ages and women older than 50 years, and the average level of zinc was 116% of that required to claim lamb as a ‘good source’ of zinc for women, but was insufficient for a ‘good source’ claim for men. The iron and zinc content of muscle were affected (P < 0.001) by age at slaughter, sex, site at which the lambs were reared, and sire (independent of breed). Lambs from all sites reached the ‘source’ claim for iron for all adults and lambs from all sites, expect lambs from the Cowra and Hamilton sites, had greater iron levels than that required for a ‘good source’ claim for men and women over 50 years old. For zinc, all sites reached the ‘source’ and ‘good source’ claim for men and women, respectively. The major sources of variation in omega-3 fatty acid levels were site and kill group within site (P < 0.001), most likely reflecting nutritional differences associated with the availability of green feed. The eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid values for all sites indicated that lambs from the Cowra, Rutherglen and Struan sites had adequate levels for a ‘source’ claim of omega-3. The overall average level of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid in lamb meat was 23.5 mg/100 g, which is higher than the level required to claim lamb as a ‘source’ of omega-3. The effect of sire on omega-3 fatty acid level was small, but statistically significant (P < 0.001). These results confirm that lamb can represent a ‘source’ or ‘good source’ of these nutrients.
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Waight, Tod E., Roland Maas, and Ian A. Nicholls. "Geochemical investigations of microgranitoid enclaves in the S-type Cowra Granodiorite, Lachlan Fold Belt, SE Australia." Lithos 56, no. 2-3 (March 2001): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(00)00053-0.
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Chan, KY, JA Mead, WP Roberts, and PTW Wong. "The effect of soil compaction and fumigation on poor early growth of wheat under direct drilling." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 2 (1989): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890221.
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Poor early growth of wheat was studied in a tillage experiment at Cowra, N.S.W., in the 1986 season to determine the involvement of soil physical and biological factors in this problem. A compaction treatment to achieve bulk density and shear strength comparable with those detected in the direct-drilled soils was imposed on the conventionally cultivated soil. Soil fumigation was used to investigate the significance of biological factors in causing poor early growth. In the absence of fumigation, the dry weight per plant 98 days after sowing for the direct-drill treatments was approximately a third of the conventional treatment. The fumigation treatment was effective in completely eliminating the poor early growth observed in the direct-drilled soils. No significant reduction in shoot growth was detected as a consequence of the compaction treatment, despite a reduction in root growth to the level detected in the nil fallow. The results suggest that poor early growth was caused by micro-organisms present in the direct-drilled soils.
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Hocking, PJ, and L. Mason. "Accumulation, distribution and redistribution of dry matter and mineral nutrients in fruits of canola (oilseed rape), and the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and windrowing." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 6 (1993): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931377.
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Field studies were made at Ariah Park and Cowra to investigate the accumulation and distribution of dry matter and 12 mineral nutrients in fruits (pods) of canola (oilseed rape), and to assess the significance of redistribution of nutrients from the pod walls to the seeds. Flowers 4-6 from the base of the primary inflorescence were tagged at anthesis, and pods which developed from these were harvested at weekly intervals until maturity. Pods reached maturity 82 days after anthesis of the parent flowers. N fertilizer increased seed yields at both sites, but had negligible effects on the dry matter per pod, pod length, 1000 seed wt, seed number per pod, seed oil concentration, and concentrations of mineral nutrients in the pod walls and seeds. Similarly, there were no differences in these parameters due to locality, with the exceptions that seed oil per cent and concentrations of S and Mn in the pod walls and IVln in seeds were higher at Cowra than at Ariah Park. Pods had attained their maximum length and fresh and dry weights by the end of the first half of their development, but seeds had accumulated only 35% of their mature dry weight at this stage. Seeds gained dry matter after dehydration of the fruit began, but the pod walls did not. Seeds had 61% of the pod's dry matter, >70% of its P, N, Zn, Fe and Mg, 30-55% of its K, S, Mn, Cu and Ca, but <20% of its Na and C1. Dry matter was redistributed from the pod walls with 20% efficiency, and nutrients with from 17% (Cu) to 88% (P) efficiency; however, there was negligible redistribution of K, S, Ca, Na, C1, Fe and Mn from the pod walls. Redistributed dry matter and nutrients from the pod walls could have provided from 11% (dry matter) to 25% (N) of the amount in mature seeds. Concentrations of N, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu in the pod walls declined as they developed, whereas those of Ca and Cl increased. Concentrations of nutrients in developing seeds remained fairly static. Windrowing plants when 40% of the seeds had changed to their mature colour did not affect seed oil per cent or concentrations of nutrients, but reduced seed size and seed yields by 10%. Data from the pod study also support the current recommendation to windrow when 40-60% of seeds reach their mature colour.
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Holst, P. J., N. M. Fogarty, and D. F. Stanley. "Birth weights, meningeal lesions, and survival of diverse genotypes of lambs from Merino and crossbred ewes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 2 (2002): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01046.
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The survival of 3530 lambs of 6 diverse genotypes (Poll Dorset, Texel, Border Leicester, and Merino sires) from Merino and Border Leicester Merino ewes was studied over 3 years at Cowra in New South Wales. Some of the matings involved laparoscopic insemination, which allowed gestation length to be recorded. Each mating group lambed in separate, adjacent paddocks, and birth weights, gestation length, lamb survival, and lamb autopsy data were collected. Breed of ewe significantly affected birth weight and gestation length. Lambs from Merino ewes were 0.3 kg lighter than those from Border Leicester Merino ewes and had a 2 days longer gestation. Both birth weight and gestation length varied significantly between years. Lamb losses to 3 days post partum were 11.3%, 20.8%, and 46.2% for singles, twins, and triplets, respectively. Meningeal lesions and presentation difficulties were associated with 66.6% of all deaths. The high incidence of lesions contrasts with a negligible incidence in some reports involving lean ewes and it is concluded that fatness of ewe may be implicated.
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Fogarty, N. M. "Monthly metabolisable energy feed requirements of crossbred ewes in accelerated and traditional lamb production systems." Animal Production Science 55, no. 5 (2015): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13456.
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The annual metabolisable energy (ME) feed requirements and patterns of monthly ME requirements for ewe maintenance, gestation, lactation and lamb growth to weaning were evaluated for 1175 crossbred ewes over 4 years at two sites (Cowra and Wagga Wagga). The study involved three lamb production systems: accelerated 8-monthly joinings, with two flocks joined 4 months apart (Ac8), spring joining with an autumn backup joining (SpB), and annual autumn joining (AuA). The Ac8 and SpB systems were evaluated at Cowra and the SpB and AuA systems were evaluated at Wagga Wagga. Two genotypes of ewes, Border Leicester × Merino (BLM) and Hyfer (Dorset × Merino composite), were used at both sites, with natural joinings to Dorset, Suffolk or Hyfer rams. The ewe liveweight, reproduction and lamb production data from individual ewes in the experiment were used to calculate monthly ME requirements using derived simplified equations for ewe maintenance, gestation, lactation and lamb growth to weaning. Annual ME, dry sheep equivalent (DSE = maintenance for a 50-kg, 3.5-year-old ewe = 3030 MJ) and weight of lamb weaned per DSE were analysed and the monthly pattern of ME components presented graphically. The ewes in the Ac8 system had 11% higher ME than those in the SpB system because of their considerably higher annual lambing performance, which resulted in 16–47% greater efficiency of the Ac8 compared with the SpB system when expressed as weight of lamb weaned per DSE. There was also a lower proportion of ME for ewe maintenance in the Ac8 (58%) than SpB or AuA (68%) systems. There was little difference in the annual feed requirements or DSE for ewes in the SpB and AuA production systems, although ewes in the AuA system weaned 9–28% more weight of lamb per DSE than the SpB ewes because of their higher lambing performance. The differences in ME and DSE between the BLM and Hyfer ewes were relatively small and mainly reflected the differences in lambing performance of the genotypes in the various production systems. The seasonal pattern of ME for the AuA and SpB systems showed a sharp increase from the last month of pregnancy to a high peak at weaning with a relatively low requirement for the rest of the year. Under the Ac8 system the ME requirements were more consistent throughout the year and at a lower level than the peak for the other systems. The results highlight the possible increased efficiency from an accelerated lambing system, provided the seasonal feed requirements throughout the year can be provided cost effectively.
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Murphy, BW, TB Koen, BA Jones, and LM Huxedurp. "Temporal variation of hydraulic properties for some soils with fragile structure." Soil Research 31, no. 2 (1993): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930179.
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At three locations in the wheat belt of N.S.W. Cowra, Junee and Tamworth, soil hydraulic properties were measured through the growing season on hardsetting soils with different tillage histories, namely direct drilling and traditional tillage. The hydraulic properties measured were hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity at -10 and -40 mm tension. Results show that the hydraulic properties of these soils can vary significantly through the growing season. This temporal variability was attributed to tillage, plant growth, rainfall and soil settling under wetting. The soil which had the more severe tillage treatment prior to sowing, together with stubble burning (traditional tillage), had lower values of hydraulic properties at 10 mm tension than the soil with the more conservative tillage treatment of direct drilling. Results for hydraulic properties at 40 mm tension did not show consistent differences between tillage treatments, the tillage effects being dependent on the particle size distribution of the soil and aggregate stability. Overall, the hydraulic properties measured at 10 mm tension did show differences which can be attributed to tillage or soil management, and these differences are most obvious when measurements are made on a settled seedbed in the period from flowering to post harvest.
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Marshall, Dale E. "386 MECHANICAL ASPARAGUS HARVESTING STATUS--WORLDWIDE." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 486d—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.486d.
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For over 86 years producers, processors, engineers, and equipment manufacturers have attempted to mechanize the harvest of asparagus. Over 60 U.S. patents have been issued. Probably the most sophisticated harvester tested was started in 1987 by Edgells Birdseye, Cowra, Australia. After successful field tests of the 3-row, selective (fiber optic), harvester for flat-bed green asparagus used in canning, 3 more were built at a cost of $US 4.5 million, and harvested 500 acres until 1991 when the company ceased canning. Recovery was 30 to 80% with 50% being typical. Wollogong University in Australia is now researching a selective (fiber optic), harvester for flat-bed green asparagus. It utilizes multiple side-by-side 3 in. wide by 24 in. dia. rubber gripper discs which rotate at ground speed. No harvester prototype has been commercially acceptable to the asparagus industry due to poor selectivity, low overall recovery (low yield relative to hand harvest), mechanical damage to spears, low field capacity per harvester, or overall harvesting costs that exceed those for hand harvesting. The reality may be that asparagus production will cease in the traditional geographical areas where growing costs and labor costs are high, although niche fresh markets may help some growers survive.
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Chan, KY, and JA Mead. "Tillage-induced differences in the growth and distribution of wheat-roots." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 1 (1992): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9920019.
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Root growth and distribution of wheat under different tillage practices was studied in a 4-year-old tillage experimental site at Cowra, N.S.W. Tillage affected root density as well as distribution. Up to 98 days after sowing, root length density was lower (P < 0.05) in the 0.05-0.10 m layer of the direct-drilled soil than the conventionally cultivated soil. Poor root growth found in direct-drilled soils, which was significantly related to the poor shoot growth, was not caused by soil physical conditions, viz. higher bulk density and soil strength. Rather, biological factors were involved because fumigation completely eliminated the poor shoot growth and significantly increased root length density of the direct drilled soils. Compared to a compaction treatment, roots grown under direct drilling, in addition to having lower density, also had impaired function. Under conventional cultivation, significantly lower root length density was found in the surface soil layer (0-0.05 m) and maximum root length density was found in the 0-05-0.10 m layer. Fumigation did not change the root distribution pattern. This tillage-induced difference in root distribution reflected less favourable surface soil conditions as a result of cultivation, e.g. seedbed slumping, compared to the soil under direct drilling.
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Croft, J. D., P. J. S. Fleming, and R. van de Ven. "The impact of rabbits on a grazing system in eastern New South Wales.1. Ground cover and pastures." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 7 (2002): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01106.
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Although there have been a number of studies that have examined the effects of rabbits on pasture, the relationship between rabbit density and pasture degradation caused by rabbits has never been quantified. An experiment was conducted at Cowra, New South Wales, from October 1984 to October 1987, to determine the impact various densities of rabbits have on pasture composition, indices of pasture biomass and ground cover. Using plots set stocked with the equivalent of 8 sheep/ha (the district average) and 4 densities of rabbits as treatments, 0,�24, 48 and 72 rabbits/ha, the consequences of rabbit grazing were investigated.Pasture composition changed with season, year and rabbit density. Cumulative effects were also evident. Rabbits severely depleted improved pastures of legumes (subterranean clover particularly), with grass cover increasing proportionate to rabbit density. In the final year of the experiment, the rabbit-free treatment had 31% legumes and 25.2% grasses, whereas the highest rabbit density treatment had 6.2% legumes and 47.4% grasses. Indices of pasture biomass were highest in the zero rabbits/ha treatment and lowest in the 72 rabbits/ha treatment. More bare soil was exposed in the highest rabbit density treatment. Once seasonal and year effects were accounted for, the relationship between rabbit density and percentage damage was positive.
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Alcock, D. J., and R. S. Hegarty. "Potential effects of animal management and genetic improvement on enteric methane emissions, emissions intensity and productivity of sheep enterprises at Cowra, Australia." Animal Feed Science and Technology 166-167 (June 2011): 749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.053.
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Murphy, Brian, and Peter Fogarty. "Application of the Soil Security Concept to Two Contrasting Soil Landscape Systems—Implications for Soil Capability and Sustainable Land Management." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 5706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205706.
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Soil security identifies global challenges and a series of dimensions that are necessary requirements to meet those global challenges using sustainable land management. The soil security concept is applied to two contrasting soil landscape systems with varying climate, landform and soil types. Previous methodologies for assessing land and soil capability are combined within the soil security conceptual approach. The land and soil capability methodologies are used to assess how the soil condition changes in response to the stresses and forcing associated with land management and land and soil degradation processes. It is the soil capability that defines how the soil condition changes between the reference state of the soil condition, or the genoform, and the soil condition under land use, or the phenoform. The conclusion is that soil capability, which is one of the dimensions used to apply the soil security concept, is a complex dimension and has several aspects or further facets to be considered to achieve sustainable land management. It is apparent that in assessing soil capability, the following facets are relevant. I: The capacity of the soil to provide ecosystem services to meet the global challenges outlined for Soil Security. II: The stability of the soil condition to land degradation processes resulting from the effects of land management practices and the environmental stresses on the soil. III: The capacity to recover following degradation. Facets II and III can be considered the resilience. An important conclusion is that the soil capability cannot be assessed without taking into account features of the landscape including climate and landform. Two examples from south eastern Australia of the application of these facets of soil capability to on-ground situations are presented. The Cowra Trough Red Soils in the Australian wheat belt are a set of soils, primarily contributing to meeting the global challenge of food security. The major degradation processes threatening the stability of these soils are water erosion and soil acidification. The Kosciusko National Park in the Snowy Mountains region is primarily contributing to meeting the challenges of water security for the irrigation industry in the Murray Darling Basins and energy security through the production of hydroelectricity. The set of soil landscapes also contributes to biodiversity protection and human health and well-being. The major degradation processes threatening the stability of these soils and their capacity to meet the global challenges are water and wind erosion. A major limitation is the poor capacity of these soils to recover once degraded. Identifying the main ecosystem services provided by the two examples, together with the major risks of land degradation can clarify extension, economic and policy aspects of sustainable land management for the two sets of soil landscapes. For the Cowra Trough Red Soils, management of water erosion and soil acidification are essential for maintaining the contribution of the area to food security. For the Kosciusko National Park, the control of water and wind erosion are essential to maintain the contribution of the area to water and energy security.
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Batten, G. D., N. A. Fettell, J. A. Mead, and M. A. Khan. "Effect of sowing date on the uptake and utilisation of phosphorus by wheat (cv. Osprey) grown in central New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 2 (1999): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97104.
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Experiments were sown at Cowra and Condobolin to determine the effect of sowing time (April–June) on the response to and utilisation of phosphorus by the wheat cultivar Osprey which requires vernalisation. Crops sown in April needed only 0–2 kg/ha of applied phosphorus to achieve 90% of the maximum yield for the site. This contrasts with crops sown at the traditional sowing time in May–June which needed from 11.5 kg P/ha, on a site with a moderate soil phosphorus status, to 36 kg P/ha, on a site with a very low soil phosphorus status, to produce 90% of the site maximum yield. Crops sown in April had higher yields and even without applied phosphorus accumulated more phosphorus (kg/ha) than crops sown in June with 40 kg P/ha. Crops sown in April had a lower dry matter harvest index, a lower phosphorus harvest index, produced less grain per kilogram of phosphorus in the shoots at maturity, and had a higher grain phosphorus concentration than crops sown in June. Grain protein was not affected by sowing date or the amount of phosphorus applied at sowing. At 90% of maximum dry matter yield shoots had 0.14–0.20% phosphorus at growth stage 30. The critical concentration of phosphorus in grain at 90% maximum grain yield increased with yield from 0.19 to 0.25% phosphorus. Farmers who sow wheat in April can achieve optimum yields with lower inputs of fertiliser phosphorus. However, this benefit will be offset by a lower phosphorus-use efficiency and more rapid depletion of phosphorus reserves from the soil.
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Cole, Ian, Ian D. Lunt, and Terry Koen. "Effects of soil disturbance, weed control and mulch treatments on establishment of Themeda triandra (Poaceae) in a degraded white box (Eucalyptus albens) woodland in central western New South Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 5 (2004): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04010.
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Temperate grassy woodlands are endangered ecosystems in Australia, and many degraded remnants are in desperate need of understorey restoration. This experiment compared the effects of soil disturbance, weed control and mulch treatments on establishment of the original dominant grass, Themeda triandra Forssk., in a degraded white box (Eucalyptus albens Benth.) woodland at Cowra in central New South Wales (NSW). Awned Themeda seeds were surface-sown into replicated plots treated as follows: soil scalping, soil disturbance (by ripping), herbicide (simazine) application and retention of natural mulch. Scalping combined with soil disturbance best promoted Themeda establishment (47.8% after 40 days and 28% after 518 days), and also reduced broadleaf-herb densities. By contrast, scalping without soil disturbance had the worst effect on Themeda establishment (5.2% after 40 days and 4.5% after 518 days). Disturbance significantly enhanced Themeda establishment and decreased the density of annual grasses and the basal cover of non-Themeda species. By contrast, the retention of 500–800 kg of natural surface mulch had no apparent effect on Themeda establishment. Contrary to expectations, simazine reduced the density and basal cover of all species, including Themeda, which is normally resistant to this herbicide. All combinations of the mulched, disturbed and herbicide treatments (i.e. all treatments except scalping) gave similar results, ranging from 10.7 to 22.0 Themeda plants m–2 after 518 days. These results suggest that Themeda stands can be established in degraded box woodlands by using awned seed materials, with minimal seedbed preparation and simple sowing techniques. Further studies are required to determine whether established swards can resist weed invasion in the absence of ongoing weed management, and whether establishment success varies with soil conditions and landscape position.
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Mavrogenes, J. A., R. J. Bodnar, J. R. Graney, K. G. McQueen, and Kingsley Burlinson. "Comparison of decrepitation, microthermometric and compositional characteristics of fluid inclusions in barren and auriferous mesothermal quartz veins of the Cowra Creek Gold District, New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 54, no. 3 (November 1995): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(95)00031-3.
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F. Braby, Michael, and Ted D. Edwards. "The butterfly fauna of the Griffith district, a fragmented semi-arid landscape in inland southern New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 2 (2006): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060140.
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Thirty-three species of butterflies are recorded from the Griffith district in the semi-arid zone of inland southern New South Wales. The butterfly community comprises the following structure: 19 species (58%) are resident; 7 (21 %) are regular immigrants; 2 (6%) are irregular immigrants; 5 (15%) are vagrants. Except for a few migratory species, most occur in relatively low abundance. Lack of similar studies elsewhere in western New South Wales precludes generalizations regarding the species richness, composition and structure of semi-arid butterfly communities. Comparison of the butterfly fauna with that from five other inland regions on the slopes and foothills of the Great Diving Range, revealed that the Griffith district is most similar in species richness and composition to that of Deniliquin and to a lesser extent Wagga Wagga and Cowra in the south, than with two regions in the higher summer rainfall area of the north of the State (Coonabarabran-Mendooran, Narrabri-Bellata). Overall, the butterfly fauna of inland New South Wales (total of 73 species, of which 49 occur in the southern regions) is depauperate compared with that recorded from the coastal/subcoastal areas east of the Great Dividing Range. Attention is drawn to the conservation significance of several vegetation types and habitat remnants in the Griffith district. Much of the native vegetation in the district has been extensively modified since European settlement due to excessive clearing for agriculture, resulting in a highly fragmented landscape for the conservation of native flora and fauna. With the exception of the lycaenid Candalides hyacinthinus Simplex, which is considered threatened locally, there is a general absence of narrow range endemic butterflies associated with mallee-heathland or mallee-woodland, possibly as a result of widespread land clearing practices of mallee vegetation in the past.
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Chan, KY, and JA Mead. "Surface physical properties of a sandy loam soil under different tillage practices." Soil Research 26, no. 3 (1988): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880549.
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The infiltration behaviour and physical properties of a hardsetting sandy loam soil at Cowra, N.S.W., following 2 years of different tillage treatments are reported. Soil that had not been cultivated for 25 years was also investigated at an adjacent pasture site. Infiltration of simulated rainfall at the end of the wheat-growing season gave moisture profiles that were quite different for cultivated, direct drilled and pasture soils. The moisture profile for the cultivated soil suggested the presence of an impeded layer which retarded the movement of infiltrated rain to the subsoil. Porosity measurements confirmed the presence of a layer with significantly fewer macropores (> 300 �m diameter) at the 50-100 mm depth in the cultivated soil, when compared with the direct drilled soil. The old pasture soil had significantly higher porosity (> 300 �m diameter) in the top 100 mm. Aggregate stabilities and organic carbon contents were measured in narrow increments to 150 mm depth for the three different soils, and revealed that a surface 25 mm layer of high organic carbon and highly stable macro-aggregates was present in the pasture and direct drilled soils but absent in the cultivated soil. The unstable surface layer in the conventionally cultivated soil was a consequence of the mixing and inverting action of cultivation and was not due to a net loss of organic carbon from the profile. The organic carbon content of the pasture soil was not significantly different from the direct drilled soil below 50 mm; however, it was significantly lower than the conventionally cultivated soil between 50 and 150 mm depth. These results indicate a need to adopt tillage practices that can preserve the top 25 mm layer of such fragile soils.
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Pannier, L., G. E. Gardner, and D. W. Pethick. "Effect of Merino sheep age on consumer sensory scores, carcass and instrumental meat quality measurements." Animal Production Science 59, no. 7 (2019): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17337.
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Slower growing Merino sheep often miss the lamb category and become yearlings. Yet, they may still produce meat of acceptable eating quality, thus opening the opportunity to develop high quality yearling products. Consumer sensory differences (tenderness, overall liking, juiciness, liking of flavour and liking of odour) of grilled wet-aged (5 days) steaks from the M. longissimus lumborum (LL) and M. semimembranosus (SM) derived from wether lamb (n = 185; average age 355 days) and wether yearling (n = 206; average age 685 days) Merinos were tested. Additionally, the age effect on carcass and instrumental meat quality traits was analysed. Lambs were born in 2009 and 2010 at two research sites (Kirby, Katanning), and yearlings were born in 2009 at five research sites (Kirby, Cowra, Rutherglen, Struan, Katanning). On average within each muscle, yearlings had lower scores for all sensory attributes (P < 0.01) compared to lambs. Lambs versus yearlings born in the same year and reared at the same research site had greater sensory differences within the SM (P < 0.01), up to 10.0 eating quality scores more for tenderness. In contrast, the LL samples had almost no significant differences between the two age groups. A portion of the differences in overall liking and liking of flavour scores was explained by intramuscular fat. Yearlings were slightly heavier (P < 0.01) but leaner (P < 0.01), compared to lambs, and yearling meat colour was darker (P < 0.01). While the results generally supported the better eating quality of lamb, they demonstrated a very acceptable yearling LL eating quality, and showed the smaller impact of age on the LL muscle in Merinos. Hence, the development of a high quality yearling product for the LL muscle is possible.
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Armstrong, EL, and HI Nicol. "Reducing height and lodging in rapeseed with growth regulators." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 2 (1991): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910245.
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The plant growth regulators (PGRs) ethrel (20% a.i. 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid), PP 333 (25% w/v a.i. paclobutrazol), cycocel (50% w/v a.i. chlormequat chloride), pix (5% w/v a.i. mepiquat chloride) and EL 500 (50% w/w a.i. flurprimidol) were applied to bulky crops of Jumbuck, Marnoo and RU 14 rapeseed at Cowra and Woodstock in central-western New South Wales, in an effort to reduce their height and lodging. The most effective growth retardants under evaluation were PP 333 and EL 500, and this was achieved without apparent phytotoxicity. Height reductions were enhanced as rates were increased from 0 to 2 Lha, and the heights of Jumbuck, Mamoo and RU 14 were reduced on average by 22% (from 159 to 124 cm), 26% (from 136 to 100 cm) and 14% (from 150 to 129 cm), respectively. Significant reductions in lodging accompanied these changes. Ethrel resulted in some phytotoxicity, while pix and cycocel had little or no measured effect on any plant characters. Jumbuck was the tallest variety and the most severely lodged, and under these conditions, yield responses to PGR were large (900 kg/ha or 54%). Shorter, erect plants produced an even, compact pod canopy, and as a result, ripening was more uniform, pod shattering reduced and harvesting more efficient. In situations where seed yields were increased, these practical considerations, rather than physiological responses (e.g. pod and seed set), were largely responsible. These findings support further research and commercial development of PGRs for use in canola production in the more favoured areas and support the inclusion of reduced plant height and increased stem strength as integral components of the overall breeding objectives for canola in Australia.
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Hayes, Richard C., Matthew T. Newell, Keith G. Pembleton, Mark B. Peoples, and Guangdi D. Li. "Sowing configuration affects competition and persistence of lucerne (Medicago sativa) in mixed pasture swards." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 9 (2021): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20270.
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Spatial separation of species at sowing has been proposed as a means of managing interspecific competition in mixed swards. This study examined the effect of row configuration on persistence of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in pastures and pasture–cover crop mixtures at three sites in the Central West, and in pasture mixtures at three sites in the Riverina, New South Wales, Australia. Lucerne density, taproot diameter, groundcover, and spatial distribution relative to the original drill row were measured at all sites, and plant-available soil water and light interception during spring were assessed at some sites. Row configuration (alternate or mixed drill rows) did not affect lucerne persistence; however, where lucerne seed was concentrated in every third drill row, intraspecific competition led to increased lucerne mortality. This was estimated to occur at densities >28 plants/m drill row. A lucerne density of ~55 plants/m2 in every or alternate drill rows (at row spacings of 250 mm) would likely achieve maximum lucerne production in the semi-arid environments tested, subject to the chance event of favourable conditions in the period after sowing that would maintain that density (e.g. cumulative summer rainfall >100 mm and summer day degrees <2160°C in 2 years at Cowra). The presence of a cover crop in the establishment year reduced lucerne density by 39% compared with pasture only, regardless of row configuration. Changed row configuration did not reduce competition for light under a cover crop, but there was a small increase in available soil water of up to 4.9 mm in the 0–1.15 m depth, mainly during the first summer, where pasture was sown in alternate compared with mixed drill rows with a cover crop. Soil was drier in pasture-only treatments than those with a cover crop, attributable to increased lucerne density and lower levels of litter cover on the soil surface. Pasture species remained largely confined to the original drill row, especially in drier environments, highlighting the importance of narrower row spacings for pasture establishment. In addition, we determined a mathematical relationship between lucerne density and the non-destructive measure of basal frequency; this relationship could be applied in mature lucerne stands with densities ≤80 plants/m2.
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Baehr, Barbara, Mark Harvey, H. M. Smith, and R. Ott. "The goblin spider genus Opopaea in Australia and the Pacific islands (Araneae: Oonopidae)." Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Nature 58 (May 31, 2013): 107–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.17082/j.2204-1478.58.2013.2013-11.
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The widespread and highly diverse goblin spider genus Opopaea Simon is a pantropical genus with biodiversity hotspots in Africa, Asia and Australia. We revise the Australian and Pacific species of the genus, provide redescriptions of the Australian species O. banksi (Hickman) and the Micronesian species O. foveolata Roewer, and new records of the pantropical O. deserticola Simon and O. concolor (Blackwall), as well as O. apicalis (Simon) which is newly transferred from Epectris, after the new synonymy of Epectris with Opopaea. The following species are provisionally transferred from Epectris to Opopaea, pending investigations into their generic affinities: O. conujaingensis (Xu), new combination from China; and O. mollis (Simon), new combination from Sri Lanka. Most Pacific Islands are inhabited by the four above-mentioned species but the following 15 newly described species are most likely native to the islands: from Fiji (O. fiji), Hawaii (O. hawaii), Palau (O. palau), New Caledonia (O. amieu, O. bicolor, O. burwelli, O. calcaris, O. goloboffi, O. monteithi, O. ndoua, O. platnicki, O. raveni, O. striata, O. touho, O. tuberculata). We treat the Australian Opopaea fauna and recognise 84 species including 71 new and 13 previously described species. The new Australian species include 21 species from New South Wales (O. acuminata, O. addsae, O. bushblitz, O. gerstmeieri, O. lebretoni, O. linea (also occurs in Queensland), O. magna, O. margaretehoffmannae, O. martini, O. michaeli, O. milledgei, O. nitens, O. ottoi, O. plana, O. simplex, O. sturt, O. suelewisae, O. sylvestrella, O. tenuis, O. ursulae, O. yorki); six from Northern Territory (O. ephemera, O. fishriver, O. gilliesi, O. johardingae, O. preecei, O. wongalara); 13 from Queensland (O. ameyi, O. brisbanensis, O. broadwater, O. carnarvon, O. carteri, O. chrisconwayi, O. douglasi, O. lambkinae, O. leichhardti, O. mcleani, O. proserpine, O. stanisici, O. ulrichi); three from South Australia (O. millbrook, O. mundy, O. stevensi); and 28 from Western Australia (O. aculeata, O. aurantiaca, O. billroth, O. callani, O. cowra, O. durranti, O. exoculata, O. flava, O. fragilis, O. framenaui, O. gracilis, O. gracillima, O. harmsi, O. johannae, O. julianneae, O. marangaroo, O. millstream, O. nadineae, O. pallida, O. pannawonica, O. pilbara, O. rixi, O. robusta, O. rugosa, O. subtilis, O. triangularis, O. wheelarra, O. whim). New records are provided for O. sown Baehr. Seven area-based keys to species are provided.
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Retsinas, Joan. "COBRA." Journal of Health & Social Policy 10, no. 1 (May 29, 1998): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j045v10n01_02.
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Aubert, Nathalie. "‘Cobra after Cobra’ and the Alba Congress." Third Text 20, no. 2 (March 2006): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09528820600590959.
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Hocking, P. J., P. J. Randall, D. De Marco, and I. Bamforth. "Assessment of the nitrogen status of field-grown canola (Brassica napus) by plant analysis." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 1 (1997): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea95068.
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Summary. Field trials were conducted over 2 seasons at Greenethorpe and Canowindra in the Cowra region of New South Wales to develop and calibrate plant tests for assessing the nitrogen (N) status of canola (Brassica napus). Plants were tested at 3 and 7 growth stages up to the start of flowering at Greenethorpe and Canowindra, respectively. The petiole of the youngest mature leaf (YML) was the most suitable plant part to sample for tests based on nitrate-N. Suitable plant parts for tests based on total N were the YML petiole or lamina, or the whole shoot. There was good agreement between the 2 sites in the just-adequate fertiliser N rates (rates giving 90% of maximum yield) and the critical N concentrations in the plant parts tested. Critical nitrate-N concentrations in the fresh YML petiole for dry matter production at the time of sampling the plants decreased from 1.62 to 0.14 mg nitrate-N/g fresh weight between the 4–5 leaf rosette stage (4–5 RS) and the start of flowering (SF). Critical nitrate-N concentrations in the dry YML petiole decreased from 16.5 to 0.8 mg/g dry weight between 4–5 RS and SF. Critical total N concentrations decreased from 4.5 to 2.0, 7.2 to 5.0 and 6.2 to 2.8% dry weight, in the YML petiole, YML lamina, and whole shoot, respectively, between 4–5 RS and SF. Critical nitrate-N and total N concentrations for assessing potential seed yield were similar to those for dry matter production at the time of sampling for each of the growth stages. The critical total N concentrations obtained for the YML petiole and lamina, and the whole shoot before the start of stem elongation are likely to be less precise than the critical nitrate-N concentrations in the YML petiole because of the limited response of total N concentrations to increasing rates of fertiliser N. However, total N in the YML petiole or lamina, or in the whole shoot may be a better indicator of N status for plants sampled after the start of stem elongation as nitrate-N concentrations become low and more variable, and it is harder to identify the YML. The decline in critical N concentrations must be taken into account when interpreting the results of plant tests for diagnosing the N status of canola, as sampling needs to correspond to the plant growth stage for which a particular critical N concentration has been obtained.
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Dwiyani, Fransisca Putri, Akhmad Baihaqi, and Mustafa Usman. "Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Volume Ekspor Kopra Di Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v6i4.18058.
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Copra is one of the plantation commodity sub-sectors, a leading export commodity with a high production level. However, the high production of copra is not comparable to Indonesia's copra exports which are still very low. This study aims to determine what factors affect the volume of copra exports in Indonesia. The data used in this study is secondary data with the type of time series data from 2000-2019. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis. This study indicates that the volume of copra exports in Indonesia is influenced by domestic copra production, domestic copra prices, international copra prices, domestic copra demand, and exchange rates. The variables of domestic copra production, international copra prices, and domestic demand partially have a significant effect on the volume of copra exports in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the domestic copra price and the crucible exchange rate did not significantly affect the volume of copra exports in Indonesia. The domestic copra production variable is the most dominant variable affecting the volume of copra exports in Indonesia.
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Sabet, Amr G. E. "Cobra II." American Journal of Islam and Society 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v25i2.1474.
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This book deals with the April 2003 American invasion and occupation ofIraq. Its title comes from the code name of the military operation designedto drive toward Baghdad. The code name, in turn, was inspired by GeneralGeorge Patton’s 1944 military operation Cobra, during which the Allied forces broke out from Normandy to liberate France – hence Cobra II.Written in a journalistic and investigative style, it chronicles the developmentsand events leading to the Bush administration’s decision to attackIraq. Described as a war of “choice” rather than of “necessity” (p. xxxi), itswiftly defeated the Iraqi army and toppled Saddam Hussein’s regime.However, it was a failure insofar as it generated a virulent insurgencythat the occupyingAmerican army could not suppress. This insurgency wasan unexpected by-product of the program of “transformation” espoused byformer Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. As part of President GeorgeW. Bush’s vision of overhauling theAmerican military, this programbecamea sort of “official ideology” (p. 8) and response to two main concerns: (1)the long time (six months) it took to plan and amassAmerican forces duringthe lead-up to the 1992 GulfWar that had reversed Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait(this length of time was considered to fall short of credible “superpower”projection), and (2) the American military’s ability to fight two major warssimultaneously, which came to be known as the “two-war doctrine” (pp. 5and 9). The problem with the second consideration was that it required largeground forces to implement the doctrine, at a time when the foreseen transformationsought to trim American forces in favor of high-tech space andprecision weapons ...
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VOVELLE, José. "Cobra / Surréalisme." Pleine Marge 34 (December 1, 2001): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/pm.34.0.565786.
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Waller, Genevieve. "Cobra Woman." Quarterly Review of Film and Video 27, no. 5 (September 30, 2010): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2010.494559.
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Foster, Hal. "Creaturely Cobra." October 141 (July 2012): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00095.
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KURCZYNSKI, KAREN, and NICOLA PEZOLET. "Primitivism, humanism, and ambivalence: Cobra and Post-Cobra." Res: Anthropology and aesthetics 59-60 (March 2011): 282–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/resvn1ms23647795.
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Dietl, J. ""CORA" type gas-air mix firing system." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 58, no. 4 (2006): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2006.21.
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