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Hong, Xuefei. "Quantitative Evaluation of Big Data Development Policy: Text Data Analysis Based on Coword Network and Policy Tools." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5141431.
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In the context of the continuous promotion of China’s big data development strategy, this paper quantitively analyses China’s existing national-level big data policies from the perspective of policy instruments and coword networks, discusses the rationality of existing policies, explores ways to improve policies, and provides a reference for the innovation of China’s big data policies. This paper carries out a quantitative textual analysis of China’s national big data policy from the perspective of policy instruments using word frequency analysis to obtain a keyword coword matrix and visualization analysis tools to obtain a coword network. This paper further studies the network node characteristics and structure using social network analysis methods, including degree centrality, clustering analysis, and multidimensional scale analysis, to identify the policy structure and characteristics. Improving big data policy requires improvements in policy instruments on the supply side, resolving existing policy gaps, and strengthening coordination with other policies.
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Courtial, J. P. "A coword analysis of scientometrics." Scientometrics 31, no. 3 (November 1994): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02016875.
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Fan, Chao, and Yu Li. "Coword and Cluster Analysis for the Romance of the Three Kingdoms." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (April 1, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5553635.
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The Romance of the Three Kingdoms (RTK) is a classical Chinese historical novel by Luo Guanzhong. This paper establishes a research framework of analyzing the novel by utilizing coword and cluster analysis technology. At the beginning, we segment the full text of the novel, extracting the names of historical figures in the RTK novel. Based on the coword analysis, a social network of historical figures is constructed. We calculate several network features and enforce the cluster analysis. In addition, a modified clustering method using edge betweenness is proposed to improve the effect of clustering. Finally, both quantified and visualized results are displayed to confirm our approach.
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Karamali, Mazyar, Mohammadkarim Bahadori, Ramin Ravangard, and Maryam Yaghoubi. "Knowledge mapping of hospital accreditation research: a coword analysis." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 33, no. 6 (July 13, 2020): 429–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-03-2020-0050.
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PurposeHospital accreditation has been adopted internationally as a way and solution for healthcare quality improvement in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to review and knowledge mapping of bibliographic data about “Hospital Accreditation” and assess the current quantitative trends.Design/methodology/approachScientometric methods and knowledge visualization using the coword analysis techniques conducted in three steps based on the data related to the field of hospital accreditation from 1975 to 2018 obtained from the MEDLINE database. Bibliographic data for titles, abstracts and keywords articles were saved in CSV format and MEDLINE templates by applying filters. Data extracted were exported into an Excel spreadsheet and were preprocessed. The authors applied the text mining and visualization using VOSviewer software.FindingsHospital accreditation studies have been increased rapidly over the past 30 years. 6,661 documents in the field of hospital accreditation had been published from 1975 to 2018. Hospitals or organizations active in the field of hospital accreditation were in the United States, Italy and Canada. The 10 most productive authors identified in the area of hospital accreditation with a higher influence were identified. “The United States”, “accreditation”, “Joint commission on accreditation” and “quality assurance, healthcare” had, respectively, the highest frequency. The cluster analysis identified and categorized them into four major clusters. Hospital accreditation field had a close relationship with the quality improvement, patient safety, risk and standards.Originality/valueHospital accreditation had focused on the scopes of implementation of accreditation programs, adherence to JCI standards, and focus on safety and quality improvement. Future studies are recommended to be conducted on design interventions and paying attention to all dimensions of hospital accreditation.
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Hu, Jiming, Kai Xing, Yan Zhang, Miao Liu, and Zhiwei Wang. "Global Research Trends in Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Coword and Visualization Study." JMIR Medical Informatics 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): e34548. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/34548.
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Background Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have achieved revolutionary results in the treatment of a wide range of tumors, and many studies on this topic continue to be published every year. Some of the published reviews provide great value for us to understand TKIs. However, there is a lack of studies on the knowledge structure, bibliometric analysis, and visualization results in TKIs research. Objective This paper aims to investigate the knowledge structure, hotspots, and trends of evolution of the TKIs research by co-word analysis and literature visualization and help researchers in this field to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current status and trends. Methods We retrieved all academic papers about TKIs published between 2016 and 2020 from the Web of Science. By counting keywords from those papers, we generated the co-word networks by extracting the co-occurrence relationships between keywords, and then segmented communities to identify the subdirections of TKIs research by calculating the network metrics of the overall and local networks. We also mapped the association network topology, including the network within and between TKIs subdirections, to reveal the association and structure among varied subdirections. Furthermore, we detected keyword bursts by combining their burst weights and durations to reveal changes in the focus of TKIs research. Finally, evolution venation and strategic diagram were generated to reveal the trends of TKIs research. Results We obtained 6782 unique words (total frequency 26,175) from 5584 paper titles. Finally, 296 high-frequency words were selected with a threshold of 10 after discussion, the total frequency of which accounted for 65.41% (17,120/26,175). The analysis of burst disciplines revealed a variable number of burst words of TKIs research every year, especially in 2019 and 2020, such as HER2, pyrotinib, next-generation sequencing, immunotherapy, ALK-TKI, ALK rearrangement. By network calculation, the TKIs co-word network was divided into 6 communities: C1 (non-small–cell lung cancer), C2 (targeted therapy), C3 (chronic myeloid leukemia), C4 (HER2), C5 (pharmacokinetics), and C6 (ALK). The venation diagram revealed several clear and continuous evolution trends, such as non-small–cell lung cancer venation, chronic myeloid leukemia venation, renal cell carcinoma venation, chronic lymphocytic leukemia venation. In the strategic diagram, C1 (non-small–cell lung cancer) was the core direction located in the first quadrant, C2 (targeted therapy) was exactly at the junction of the first and fourth quadrants, which meant that C2 was developing; and C3 (chronic myeloid leukemia), C4 (HER2), and C5 (pharmacokinetics) were all immature and located in the third quadrant. Conclusions Using co-word analysis and literature visualization, we revealed the hotspots, knowledge structure, and trends of evolution of TKIs research between 2016 and 2020. TKIs research mainly focused on targeted therapies against varied tumors, particularly against non-small–cell lung cancer. The attention on chronic myeloid leukemia and pharmacokinetics was gradually decreasing, but the focus on HER2 and ALK was rapidly increasing. TKIs research had shown a clear development path: TKIs research was disease focused and revolved around “gene targets/targeted drugs/resistance mechanisms.” Our outcomes will provide sound and effective support to researchers, funders, policymakers, and clinicians.
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Cambrosio, A., C. Limoges, J. P. Courtial, and F. Laville. "Historical scientometrics? Mapping over 70 years of biological safety research with coword analysis." Scientometrics 27, no. 2 (June 1993): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02016546.
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Zhang, Xinjia, Yang Song, Shijun Wang, and Sitong Qian. "Exploring Research Trends and Building a Multidisciplinary Framework Related to Brownfield: A Visual Analysis Using CiteSpace." Complexity 2021 (January 22, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8882415.
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Brownfield has become one of the critical issues in modern cities. Over the past few decades, a considerable number of papers on brownfield research have been published. This study reviewed 773 documents themed with “brownfield” in the Web of Science core database between 1980 and 2020 and used the CiteSpace software to sort out the spatial and temporal distribution, knowledge groups, subject structures and hotspot fields, and evolutionary trends of global brownfield research. The analysis focuses on distribution of lead authors and their institutions, high-frequency categories and keywords, high influential journals, author contribution, and evolutionary trends based on coword analysis, coauthor analysis, cocitation analysis, and cluster analysis of documents. On the basis of the aforementioned keywords, clusters, and citation bursts analysis, this paper establishes a multidisciplinary framework for brownfield research, suggesting the main research directions for the future development, which provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the research direction of future brownfield research.
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Liu, Guoqing, and Weihong Li. "Topic Characteristics of Large-Scale Online Public Opinion Based on Coword Networks and Event-Driven Methods." Social Sciences 11, no. 3 (2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20221103.13.
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Li, Yanping, Suresh Kumar, Lihu Zhang, and Hongjie Wu. "Klebsiella pneumonia and Its Antibiotic Resistance: A Bibliometric Analysis." BioMed Research International 2022 (June 6, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1668789.
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The rapid development of antibiotic resistance in K. pneumonia has led to a major concern. In order to analyze the hotspots and develop trends in this field through visual the analysis, this study used CiteSpace software to summarize the available data in the literature to provide insights. A total of 9366 research articles were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection, and the number of published papers is increasing year by year. The country with the most articles was the USA, followed by China and India. The institution with the highest number of publications was LERU. The author with the highest number of articles was Li. The journal with the highest citation rate was Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. In addition, based on keyword coword analysis and cited literature prominence analysis by CiteSpace, the current research focus in the field was therapy, CRKP, and resistance genes. This paper provides a new quantitative visualization way for the development of the field in the recent ten years. The results show global trends that researchers can use to determine future directions.
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Kang, Hyo-Jin, Jieun Han, and Gyu Hyun Kwon. "Determining the Intellectual Structure and Academic Trends of Smart Home Health Care Research: Coword and Topic Analyses." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): e19625. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19625.
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Background With the rapid development of information and communication technologies, smart homes are being investigated as effective solutions for home health care. The increasing academic attention on smart home health care has primarily been on the development and application of smart home technologies. However, comprehensive studies examining the general landscape of diverse research areas for smart home health care are still lacking. Objective This study aims to determine the intellectual structure of smart home health care in a time series by conducting a coword analysis and topic analysis. Specifically, it investigates (1) the intellectual basis of smart home health care through overall academic status, (2) the intellectual foci through influential keywords and their evolutions, and (3) intellectual trends through primary topics and their evolutions. Methods Analyses were conducted in 5 steps: (1) data retrieval from article databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed) and the initial dataset preparation of 6080 abstracts from the year 2000 to the first half of 2019; (2) data preprocessing and refinement extraction of 25,563 words; (3) a descriptive analysis of the overall academic status and period division (ie, 4 stages of 3-year blocks); (4) coword analysis based on word co-occurrence networks for the intellectual foci; and (5) topic analysis for the intellectual trends based on latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling, word-topic networks, and researcher workshops. Results First, regarding the intellectual basis of smart home health care, recent academic interest and predominant journals and research domains were verified. Second, to determine the intellectual foci, primary keywords were identified and classified according to the degree of their centrality values. Third, 5 themes pertaining to the topic evolution emerged: (1) the diversification of smart home health care research topics; (2) the shift from technology-oriented research to technological convergence research; (3) the expansion of application areas and system functionality of smart home health care; (4) the increased focus on system usability, such as service design and experiences; and (5) the recent adaptation of the latest technologies in health care. Based on these findings, the pattern of technology diffusion in smart home health care research was determined as the adaptation of technologies, the proliferation of application areas, and an extension into system design and service experiences. Conclusions The research findings provide academic and practical value in 3 aspects. First, they promote a comprehensive understanding of the smart home health care domain by identifying its multifaceted intellectual structure in a time series. Second, they can help clinicians discern the development and dispersion level of their respective disciplines. Third, the pattern of technology diffusion in smart home health care could help scholars comprehend current and future research trends and identify research opportunities based on upcoming research waves of newly adapted technologies in smart home health care.
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Huang, Xin, Jin Bai, Xu Liu, Zhaosong Meng, Yuli Shang, Tiejun Jiao, Gang Chen, and Jiayin Deng. "Scientometric Analysis of Dental Implant Research over the Past 10 Years and Future Research Trends." BioMed Research International 2021 (April 13, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6634055.
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Background. We conducted a bibliometrics analysis to explore the recent trends in dental implant research which could help researchers have a clear grasp of the relevant research hotspots and prospects. Material and Methods. Altogether, 15,770 articles on dental implants, from January 1, 2010, to October 31, 2019, were selected from the Web of Science Core Collection. We used BICOMB software to extract the high-frequency MeSH terms and construct binary and coword matrices. gCLUTO software was used for biclustering and visual analysis, Ucinet 6 software for social network analysis, SCIMAT software for strategic diagram building, Citespace 5.5 software to form timeline visualization, and VOSviewer software, eventually, for bibliometrics cocitation network. Results. Altogether, 72 high-frequency keywords were extracted from the selected articles and 4 clusters and 7 subcategories were identified through biclustering analysis in the dental implant research field. The use of the strategic diagram also enabled us to find the research hotspot and development trends. Conclusions. The survival rate of dental implants and subsequent restoration have always been the core focus of research. Sinus floor elevation and guided bone regeneration are worthy of constant exploration owing to their reliability. With continuous improvement in technology, immediate loading could become a future research hot spot.
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Zou, Bo, Chaofan Cao, Yue Fu, Dianzhu Pan, Wei Wang, and Lingfei Kong. "Berberine Alleviates Gastroesophageal Reflux-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness in a Transient Receptor Potential A1-Dependent Manner." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (May 9, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7464147.
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Background. To investigate the beneficial effect of berberine on gastroesophageal reflux-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (GERAHR) and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods. Coword cluster analysis and strategic coordinates were used to identify hotspots for GERAHR research, and an online tool (STRING, https://string-db.org/) was used to predict the potential relationships between proteins. Guinea pigs with chemically induced GERAHR received PBS or different berberine-based treatments to evaluate the therapeutic effect of berberine and characterize the underlying mechanism. Airway responsiveness was assessed using a plethysmography system, and protein expression was evaluated by western blotting, immunohistochemical staining, and quantitative PCR analysis. Results. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that TRP channels are hotspots of GERAHR research, and TRPA1 is related to the proinflammatory neuropeptide substance P (SP). Berberine, especially at the middle dose tested (MB, 150 mg/kg), significantly improved lung function, suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration, and protected inflammation-driven tissue damage in the lung, trachea, esophagus, and nerve tissues in GERAHR guinea pigs. MB reduced the expression of TRPA1, SP, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in evaluated organs and tissues. Meanwhile, the MB-mediated protective effects were attenuated by simultaneous TRPA1 activation. Conclusions. Mechanistically, berberine was found to suppress GERAHR-induced upregulation of TRPA1, SP, and TNF-α in many tissues. Our study has highlighted the potential therapeutic value of berberine for the treatment of GERAHR.
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Yan, Erjia, and Ying Ding. "Scholarly network similarities: How bibliographic coupling networks, citation networks, cocitation networks, topical networks, coauthorship networks, and coword networks relate to each other." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 63, no. 7 (May 31, 2012): 1313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.22680.
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Huang, Xin, Xu Liu, Yuli Shang, Feng Qiao, and Gang Chen. "Current Trends in Research on Bone Regeneration: A Bibliometric Analysis." BioMed Research International 2020 (May 27, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8787394.
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Background. Bone regeneration is a frequent research topic in clinical studies, but macroscopic studies on the clinical application of bone regeneration are rare. We conducted a bibliometric analysis, using international databases, to explore the clinical application and mechanism of bone regeneration, to highlight the relevant research hotspots and prospects. Material and Methods. Scientific reports on bone regeneration published during 2009–2019 were retrieved from PubMed. VOSviewer for cooccurrence keywords and authorship analysis. BICOMB software was used to retrieve high-frequency words and construct a text/coword matrix. The matrix was inputted into gCLUTO software, managed by biclustering analysis, in order to identify hotspots, which could achieve mountain and matrix visualizations. The matrix was also analyzed by using Ucinet 6 software for social network analysis. A strategic diagram was used for further analysis of the research hotspots of bone regeneration by “SCIMAT” software. We searched the Web of Science for relevant articles. Results. Eighty-nine high-frequency major MeSH terms were obtained from 10237 articles and were divided into 5 clusters. We generated a network visualization map, an overlay visualization mountain map, and a social network diagram. Then, the MeSH terms were subdivided into 7 categories according to each diagram; current research hotspots were identified as scaffold, drug effect, osseointegration in dental implant, guided bone regeneration, factors impacting bone regeneration, treatment of bone and tissue loss, and bone regeneration in dental implants. Conclusion. BICOMB, VOSviewer, and other bibliometric tools revealed that dental implants, scaffolds, and factors impacting bone regeneration are hot research topics, while scaffolds also hold promise from the perspective of bone tissue regeneration.
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Kim, Tae-Hun, and Jung Won Kang. "Research Status Quo in Traditional Mongolian Medicine: A Bibliometric Analysis on Research Documents in the Web of Science Database." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (December 28, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5088129.
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Objective. In this study, the current state of research on traditional Mongolian medicine (TMM) through a bibliometric analysis of research documents located in the Web of Science (WoS) database was assessed. Methods. The WoS database was searched on September 2021 with the keywords “traditional Mongolian medicine.” Publications on TMM scientific research were included in this study, without any language limitations. Bibliometric data from such publications were retrieved from the WoS database. Full records with cited reference lists were descriptively analyzed. To assess trends in TMM research topics, authors’ keywords were analyzed. A thematic evolution map based on coword analysis was suggested. To analyze research networks among co-authors, affiliations, or countries of the authors, collaboration networks were evaluated. The Bibliometrix R package (3.1) was used for the analysis. Results. A total of 234 scientific publications were included in the analysis. The top three countries of origin of the corresponding authors were China (n = 153), Japan (n = 28), and South Korea (n = 9). The top three relevant affiliations of the authors in the included publications were “Inner Mongolia Medical University,” “Inner Mongolia University of Nationalities,” and “National University of Mongolia.” “Flavonoids,” “cytotoxicity,” “NMR,” and “Tibetan medicine” were the most frequently used keywords in the included documents. Most publications focused on the chemical analysis and mechanism of effects of Mongolian herbal medications. There were few publications on nonpharmacological interventions such as bloodletting or TMM diagnostics, which should be promoted in future publications. Conclusion. There were only a limited number of publications on TMM identified through a search of the WoS database, using the keywords “Traditional Mongolian medicine.” More improved strategy for searching for TMM publications must be established. Research publications on TMM, especially regarding nonpharmacological interventions, need to be promoted. In addition, collaboration with researchers worldwide needs to be encouraged in the future.
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Liu, Hui, Ruixiang Zhang, Hang Zhang, Hongbing Jiang, and Qianqian Ju. "Identification and Analysis of Key Barriers of BIM Application for Small- and Medium-Sized Fire Protection Enterprises." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (September 29, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9240224.
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The application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in fire protection discipline has been sufficiently proved to be useful, but has encountered many barriers in China. Among which, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are considered sensitive to adoption costs and external funding support, play a critical role in the BIM adoption process in fire protection discipline. Therefore, identifying and analyzing the barriers of BIM application are essential to help small- and medium-sized fire protection enterprises to overcome these barriers. In this study, semantic analysis, which includes word frequency analysis and coword analysis, based on literature review was utilized to identify the main barriers. 20 main barriers, which were classified into software, people, organization, and environment group, were obtained. Then, Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) approach and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) analysis were utilized to hierarchically analyze and categorize the main barriers of BIM application in Chinese SMFEs. The findings revealed that the lack of external support and the lack of BIM laws and regulations applicable to fire protection discipline are the key barriers in general for the application of BIM in SMFEs. For the barriers at the enterprise level, through further analysis and discussion based on barriers in the people and organization clusters, the lack of funding support for proper BIM training and the lack of organization culture support were concluded as the key barriers of BIM application inside the scope of SMFEs. According to 80-20 principle, more effort should be focused on the key barriers to gain maximum management effect. The research result categorizes the barriers for easy intervention of fire protection enterprises’ managers and policymakers. It contributes to the nascent studies of BIM application and provides guidance for the application of BIM in fire protection discipline.
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Gross, Robert F., Frances Grey, and B. A. Young. "Noel Coward." Theatre Journal 41, no. 2 (May 1989): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3207880.
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Rusinko, Susan, and Robert F. Kiernan. "Noel Coward." World Literature Today 61, no. 2 (1987): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40143143.
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Carter, Bill. "John Coward." Irish Geography 22, no. 1 (January 1989): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00750778909478789.
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Roberts, Andy. "The Coward." Affilia 3, no. 4 (December 1988): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088610998800300413.
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Mensh, Ivan. "Combat Hero or Coward?" Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 34, no. 5 (May 1989): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/028065.
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Keeney, Patricia, and Don Rubin. "A Barrage of Coward." New Theatre Quarterly 26, no. 3 (August 2010): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x10000485.
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The Shaw Festival, held annually in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, highlights plays from or about Shaw's lifetime. Patricia Keeney and Don Rubin, who teach at York University in Toronto, here report on the 2009 festival.
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Igl, Lawrence D., and Douglas H. Johnson. "Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater, Parasitism and Abundance in the Northern Great Plains." Canadian Field-Naturalist 121, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v121i3.471.
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The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) reaches its highest abundance in the northern Great Plains, but much of our understanding of cowbird ecology and host-parasite interactions comes from areas outside of this region. We examine cowbird brood parasitism and densities during two studies of breeding birds in the northern Great Plains during 1990–2006. We found 2649 active nests of 75 species, including 746 nonpasserine nests and 1902 passerine nests. Overall, <1% of nonpasserine nests and 25% of passerine nests were parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds. Although the overall frequency of cowbird parasitism in passerine nests in these two studies is considered moderate, the frequency of multiple parasitism among parasitized nests was heavy (nearly 50%). The mean number of cowbird eggs per parasitized passerine nest was 1.9 ± 1.2 (SD; range = 1–8 cowbird eggs). The parasitism rates were 9.5% for passerines that typically nest in habitats characterized by woody vegetation, 16.4% for grassland-nesting passerines, 4.7% for passerines known to consistently eject cowbird eggs, and 28.2% for passerines that usually accept cowbird eggs. The Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) was the most commonly parasitized species (43.1% parasitism, 49.6% multiple parasitism, 71.2% of all cases of parasitism). Passerine nests found within areas of higher female cowbird abundance experienced higher frequencies of cowbird parasitism than those found in areas of lower female cowbird abundance. Densities of female cowbirds were positively related to densities and richness of other birds in the breeding bird community.
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José, F. Sionil. "A Coward in the War." World Literature Today 74, no. 2 (2000): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40155579.
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Liu, Bisheng, Jerry T. Chiang, Jason J. Haas, and Yih-Chun Hu. "Coward attacks in vehicular networks." ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review 14, no. 3 (December 27, 2010): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1923641.1923654.
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Walsh, Maureen L. "III. The Contemplative Pedagogy Coward." Horizons 46, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hor.2019.5.
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When I was asked about contributing to this roundtable on contemplative pedagogy, I was honored to be included in the mix. Yes, I have experimented in my teaching with contemplative practices for about five years now, and so I fit the group's focus in that way. And yes, my postdoctoral work focused on university pedagogy, and so it would seem like I would be a natural for this sort of roundtable. But before I go any further, I feel as though I need to out myself for who I truly am—instead of being a contemplative professor, I am a contemplative coward. No doubt, I have been impressed reading about and witnessing other professors’ thoughtful uses of contemplative practices in the classroom. And I even dabble in having my world religions students “go through the motions” of religious practices from Buddhism and Islam. But as I spent time thinking through my approach in anticipation of this roundtable, it became clear that my efforts have been nothing short of cowardly, due to the fact that, first, I have questioned my own ability to lead students in contemplative exercises, and second, I have been wary of asking students to engage in the practices of religious others in a serious way.
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Mann, D. V., C. S. Ho, and M. Hjelm. "Reply to Schoeller and Coward." International Journal of Obesity 31, no. 6 (May 28, 2007): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803647.
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Dourley, John P. "Response to Bock and Coward." International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 5, no. 2 (April 1995): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0502_4.
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Fraga, Rosendo M., Hernán Casañas, and Germán Pugnali. "Natural history and conservation of the endangered Saffron-cowled Blackbird Xanthopsar flavus in Argentina." Bird Conservation International 8, no. 3 (September 1998): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927090000191x.
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SummaryBased on 21,518 km of road surveys, the Argentinian range of the endangered Saffron-cowled Blackbird Xanthopsar flavus now seems confined to two small and disjunct areas in Corrientes and Entre Rios provinces, north-east Argentina. In Corrientes the species inhabits natural pastures and rice-fields; in Entre Rios agropastoral land. Estimates based on numbers of localities and flock sizes suggest a Saffron-cowled Blackbird population of 500–1,000 individuals. This blackbird is highly gregarious. Mean flock size (n = 30, non-breeding period) was 31.9 birds (range: 6–102), and was significantly larger in Entre Rios. In Corrientes foraging blackbird flocks associated mostly with the Black-and-White Monjita Xolmis dominicana, in Entre Rios with the Brown-and-Yellow Marshbird Pseudoleistes virescens. Nesting in both provinces was colonial, with up to 24 nests in a 0.43 ha plot. Nests were built in native and introduced herbaceous plants. The Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis parasitized 29.2% of the nests in one colony; its eggs and chicks are larger than those of the host. Plausible reasons for the species's extinction or decline at a local level are drainage of wetlands (south-west Buenos Aires Province) and the replacement of pastures with pine and eucalypt plantations in Corrientes. General threats include trapping for the pet trade and increased cowbird parasitism. Flocks below a minimum size may not be viable. An urgent measure of protection would be the fencing and preservation of traditional colony sites.En base a 21.518 km de censos de rutas parece que la distributión actual del amenazado Tordo Amarillo o Dragón Xanthopsar flavus en Argentina está limitada a dos pequeñas áreas disyuntas en las provincias de Corrientes y Entre Rios. En Corrientes la especie se encuentra en pasturas naturales y arroceras, mientras que en Entre Rios usa campos agrícola-ganaderos. Una estimatión basada en el número de localidades y tamaños de bandadas indicaría una población total de 500 a 1.000 individuos. El tamaño promedio de bando (n = 30, período no reproductive) fue 31,9 individuos (rango 6–102) y es significativamente mayor en Entre Rios. En Corrientes las bandadas se asocian principalmente con la Monjita Dominica Xolmis dominicana, y en Entre Rios con el Pecho Amarillo Pseudoleistes virescens. La nidificación fue colonial en ambas provincias, con una densidad de hasta 24 nidos en 0,43 ha. Los nidos se construyeron en plantas herbáceas nativas y exóticas. El Tordo Renegrido Molothrus bonariensis parasitó 29,4 % de los nidos de una colonia, siendo sus huevos y polios significativamente mayores. Posibles razones para la extinción y declinatión a nivel local de la especie serían el drenaje de humedales (SO de Buenos Aires) y el reemplazo de pasturas por bosques implantados de pinos y eucaliptos (Corrientes). Las amenazas a nivel generales incluyen la captura para el comercio de aves de jaula, y un mayor parasitismo de cría. Una medida urgente de protectión de la especie sería cercar y preservar sitios tradicionales de nidificación.
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Jensen, William E., and Jack F. Cully. "Geographic Variation in Brown-Headed Cowbird (Molothrus Ater) Parasitism on Dickcissels (Spiza Americana) in Great Plains Tallgrass Prairie." Auk 122, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 648–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.2.648.
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Abstract The incidence of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater; hereafter “cowbirds“) within host species typically reflects the continental pattern in cowbird abundance across North America, where parasitism is heaviest in the Great Plains. However, we found considerable variation in cowbird parasitism on Dickcissel (Spiza americana) nests within a subregion of the Great Plains (the Flint Hills), where the highest levels of cowbird parasitism on grassland bird nests had been previously reported. Local parasitism frequencies on Dickcissel nests varied latitudinally across the Flint Hills, ranging from 0% to 92% of nests parasitized. Interestingly, we found no obvious patterns in habitat or host attributes that were associated with this steep geographic gradient in brood parasitism. Cowbird parasitism on Dickcissel nests was not correlated with the vertical density of local prairie vegetation, mean nest distance to edge, proportion of forest to grassland habitat surrounding study sites (≤5 to 10 km), geographic variation in host abundance, or Dickcissel density or nest initiation dates. Parasitism frequencies and intensities (number of cowbird eggs per parasitized nest) on Dickissel nests were only significantly related to variation in local female cowbird density. Dickcissel clutch size and apparent fledging success were negatively correlated with local cowbird parasitism levels. Geographic patterns in cowbird abundance within and among regions should be considered when establishing conservation areas for grassland birds or other cowbird hosts of concern.
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Peer, Brian D., Kevin S. Ellison, and Spencer G. Sealy. "Intermediate Frequencies of Egg Ejection by Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) Sympatric with Two Cowbird Species." Auk 119, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.3.855.
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Abstract We experimentally parasitized Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) nests to determine whether that species is more likely to eject immaculate eggs of the Bronzed Cowbird (Molothrus aeneus) or the spotted eggs of the Brown-headed Cowbird (M. ater); the latter species lays eggs that more closely resemble mockingbird eggs. Mockingbirds ejected 69% of model Bronzed Cowbird eggs, indicating that contrary to previous evidence Northern Mockingbirds eject Bronzed Cowbirds eggs at a high frequency. Mockingbirds also ejected 60% of model and real Brown-headed Cowbird eggs. Bronzed Cowbird eggs were ejected faster than Brown-headed Cowbird eggs (1.3 and 2.1 days, respectively). Ejection by mockingbirds may account for the lack of observed parasitism at our study sites in southern Texas, but it is more likely that cowbirds did not parasitize mockingbirds.
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Sealy, Spencer G., and Diane L. Neudorf. "Reactions of Four Passerine Species To Threats of Predation and Cowbird Parasitism: Enemy Recognition or Generalized Responses?" Behaviour 123, no. 1-2 (1992): 84–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00138.
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AbstractFour host species of the parasitic brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) were exposed to taxidermic mounts of a female cowbird, fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca), and common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) at their nests during their egg-laying or nestling stage. Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), a species that accepts cowbird eggs laid in their nests, responded more aggressively to cowbird models early in their nesting cycle, indicating that they recognized the unique threat the cowbird posed. Gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis), northern orioles (Icterus galbula), and cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) can remove cowbird eggs from their nests and for the most part they responded similarly to cowbird models and the "nonthreatening control," i.e. a fox sparrow. Cedar waxwings were nonaggressive to all the models and may rely on concealment to protect their nests from enemies. Removal of cowbird eggs by puncture ejection is more risky than grasp ejection. Despite this, orioles and waxwings (puncture ejectors) were not significantly more aggressive to cowbird models at egg laying than catbirds (grasp ejectors). Responses of the three rejector species toward the cowbird model did not change over the nesting cycle, indicating further that they do not recognize cowbirds as a unique threat. Rejector species may not recognize cowbirds because they have little experience with them. With the exception of waxwings, all of the hosts recognized the grackle as an enemy and increased their levels of defence from the laying to nestling stages. Three of the host-species did not simply respond in a generalized manner to any intruder at their nests but indeed recognized specific enemies. Considerable interspecific variability exists amongst the four species in defensive behaviours, which may reflect their different nesting habitats.
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Hammill, Faye. "Noël Coward, Rebecca West, and the Modernist Scene." Modernist Cultures 11, no. 3 (November 2016): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2016.0145.
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Noël Coward and Rebecca West shared a long friendship, and often met each other at theatrical openings, on transatlantic liners, and at parties hosted by the ‘international set’. Their wary negotiation with one another's celebrity and cultural value played out not only at these social events but also in print, through reviews, gossip columns, and memoirs. Using the relationship between Coward and West as a case study, this essay explores the social scene of modernism, paying particular attention to the suggestion of theatricality in the word ‘scene’. It takes up the notion of the ‘modernist party’ as, on the one hand, a kind of stage on which celebrities from different spheres performed together, and, on the other, a happening which, through reports in print, contributed to the forming of literary reputations and to the public fascination with modern style.
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Kilpatrick, A. Marm. "Variation in growth of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) nestlings and energetic impacts on their host parents." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-217.
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I tested several hypotheses about the plasticity of avian growth by comparing growth of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) nestlings in 20 different host species. Growth of cowbird nestlings was not strongly correlated with host adult mass and nearly all hosts were able to provision cowbirds with enough food to grow at nearly the highest observed rate. Cowbird growth was positively correlated with site latitude (which negatively covaried with maximum temperature) and negatively correlated with the nestling period of the host species. The metabolizable energy expenditure of cowbird and host nestlings was estimated as an approximate measure of the food provisioned by parents. As host adult mass varied from 6 to 113 g, one cowbird nestling was equivalent to 3.40.56 host nestlings in terms of peak daily energy intake. Cowbird nestlings impose a substantial energetic demand on smaller host parents that may reduce their future survival or fecundity. The quantity of energy delivered to parasitized nests demonstrates that parents are often willing to provision nests at a much higher rate than for an average clutch of their own young.
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Bryden, M. "Beckett and Coward: Dreadfully Un-Like?" Notes and Queries 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/49.1.93.
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Bryden, Mary. "Beckett and Coward: Dreadfully Un ‐Like?" Notes and Queries 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/490093.
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Carcache, Marian. "Heathcliff and Catherine: No Coward Souls." Brontë Society Transactions 19, no. 3 (January 1987): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030977687796446359.
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Stanley Weintraub. "Noël Coward and The Avuncular Shaw." Shaw 31, no. 1 (2011): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/shaw.31.1.0156.
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Yoklavich, Mary M., Milton S. Love, and Karin A. Forney. "A fishery-independent assessment of an overfished rockfish stock, cowcod (Sebastes levis), using direct observations from an occupied submersible." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 1795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-145.
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A meaningful assessment of cowcod (Sebastes levis) has been conducted using visual, nonextractive, habitat-specific methods. Following the precipitous decline of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) stocks along the Pacific coast, it was evident that more effective methods were needed to assess several species in untrawlable habitats. Cowcod were surveyed within large Cowcod Conservation Areas (CCAs) off southern California using direct observations from the research submersible Delta over eight major offshore rocky banks in depths of 74 to 322 m. Maps of seafloor substratum and bathymetry were used to identify and quantify these areas. A line-transect analysis of fish counts, perpendicular distances of fish from the track line, lengths of survey tracks, and area of each rocky bank was used to estimate abundance. Biomass, calculated from abundance, fish length, and a weight–length relationship, varied with mean size of cowcod on these banks. These fishery-independent results have contributed to the recent assessment of cowcod by the Pacific Fishery Management Council. A time series of results from visual surveys is now necessary to evaluate a trend in cowcod biomass with respect to increased time of protection within the CCAs.
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Peer, Brian D., Lyndon R. Hawkins, Edwin P. Steinke, Patricia Blair Bollinger, and Eric K. Bollinger. "Eastern Bluebirds Eject Brown-Headed Cowbird Eggs." Condor 108, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.3.741.
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Abstract The relationship between the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) and its cavity-nesting hosts has received little attention because of the assumption that cowbirds rarely parasitize these hosts. We tested the Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis), a host that is sometimes heavily parasitized by cowbirds, for egg ejection behavior. Bluebirds ejected 65% of experimentally added cowbird eggs (n = 20), but ejected no experimentally added conspecific eggs (n = 66). This suggests that cowbird parasitism, not conspecific brood parasitism, is the selective pressure responsible for egg ejection in this species. This level of rejection may be conservative because bluebirds nest in dark cavities, which may make cowbird eggs difficult to detect by bluebirds.
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Astie, Andrea A., and Juan C. Reboreda. "Creamy-Bellied Thrush Defenses Against Shiny Cowbird Brood Parasitism." Condor 107, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 788–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.4.788.
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AbstractWe studied Creamy-bellied Thrush (Turdus amaurochalinus) defenses against brood parasitism by Shiny Cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis). Shiny Cowbirds decrease the reproductive success of Creamy-bellied Thrushes, and having historical habitats and ranges that overlap, we expected that thrushes possess antiparasitic defenses. We analyzed nest attendance during prelaying, laying and incubation; responses to the presentation of a model of a female cowbird or a control species close to the nest; nest abandonment associated with parasitism; and responses to experimental parasitism with white or spotted cowbird eggs (with or without the simultaneous presentation of a female cowbird model). Nest attendance was 58%–68% during prelaying and 83%–90% during laying and incubation. Thrushes had a shorter latency in returning near the nest and visited nests more frequently when we presented the cowbird model than the control model. The frequency of abandonment of parasitized nests was low and was not temporally associated with parasitism. Thrushes ejected white eggs more frequently than spotted eggs when parasitism was associated with the presentation of the cowbird model, but there were no differences when the model was absent. Our results indicate that Creamy-bellied Thrushes recognize cowbirds as a threat and eject white but not spotted cowbird eggs. We postulate that the low impact of cowbird parasitism on thrush hatching success and chick survival and the likelihood of recognition errors when parasite eggs resemble host eggs may have prevented the evolution of egg ejection in this host.
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Smith, James N. M., Mary J. Taitt, Liana Zanette, and Isla H. Myers-Smith. "How do Brown-Headed Cowbirds (Molothrus Ater) CAUSE NEST FAILURES IN SONG SPARROWS (MELOSPIZA MELODIA)? A REMOVAL EXPERIMENT." Auk 120, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 772–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.3.772.
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Abstract A removal experiment was conducted to measure how much and by what mechanisms brood parasitic Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) cause nest failures in a commonly used host, the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia). When numbers of female cowbirds were reduced experimentally, nest failures fell from 65.0% (n = 663 nests) to 49.9% (n = 331). Cowbird reduction reduced the frequency of nest failure to one-third of control levels in Song Sparrows during the last 80 days of the sparrow's breeding season, the period when most parasitic laying took place. Cowbird reduction decreased nest failures strongly at the egg stage, and weakly at the nestling stage. Daily nest-failure rates were independent of whether or not a nest was parasitized by cowbirds. Two hypotheses were tested to explain how cowbirds cause host nests to fail: first, egg removal by female cowbirds lowers clutch size below a threshold where the host deserts; second, cowbirds cause host nests to fail by destroying entire clutches or broods. In support of the first hypothesis, desertion following parasitism and egg removal was less frequent when cowbird numbers were reduced (8.9% of n = 158 nests) than for unmanipulated controls (16.5% of n = 424 nests). In support of the second hypothesis, there were fewer cases where young were killed in the nest, or found dead near it, after cowbird numbers were reduced (2.5% of 158 nests) than in controls (4.7% of 424 control nests). In contrast, proportions of nests that failed after the disappearance of all eggs, young, or both, and after unparasitized clutches were deserted, increased when cowbird numbers were reduced. Although our study supports both hypotheses, cowbird-induced desertion had a greater effect on nest failure rates than did cowbird predation. Our study suggests that cowbird removal programs are likely to benefit commonly used and endangered hosts by reducing rates of nest failure.
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Mermoz, Myriam E., and Gustavo J. Fernández. "Breeding Success of a Specialist Brood Parasite, the Screaming Cowbird, Parasitizing an Alternative Host." Condor 105, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.1.63.
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Abstract The Screaming Cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxillaris) is a specialized brood parasite that primarily parasitizes the Bay-winged Cowbird, (Agelaioides badius; Screaming Cowbirds parasitize 80–100% of this species' nests). In contrast, the Shiny Cowbird (M. bonariensis) parasitizes more than 200 hosts. According to the differential reproductive success hypothesis, we expect that Screaming Cowbirds would have a lower reproductive success than Shiny Cowbirds when parasitizing other hosts. We assessed the breeding success of the Screaming Cowbird using an alternative host, the Brown-and-yellow Marshbird (Pseudoleistes virescens). This species is a common host of the Shiny Cowbird with 60–70% of nests parasitized, and is also regularly parasitized by the Screaming Cowbird but with lower frequency (6–20% of the nests). We compared the breeding success of Screaming and Shiny Cowbirds parasitizing this host species. No differences were found in the number of fledglings produced per egg laid between cowbird species. About 8–10% of cowbird eggs produced fledglings. The daily survival rate of Screaming Cowbird eggs was higher than daily survival rates for Shiny Cowbird eggs, but no differences were detected in the nestling daily survival rates. Moreover, we could not detect any difference in the hatching success (nestlings per egg), fledging success (fledglings per nestling), or growth rates of the two parasitic cowbird chicks. Furthermore, breeding success and growth rates of Screaming Cowbird chicks were similar to those previously reported while parasitizing the Bay-winged Cowbird. Our results are not consistent with the differential reproductive success hypothesis proposed as an explanation for the specialized parasitism of Screaming Cowbirds. Éxito Reproductivo del Parásito de Cría Especialista, Molothrus rufoaxillaris, Parasitando un Hospedador Alternativo Resumen. Molothrus rufoaxillaris es un parásito de cría especialista que parasita principalmente a Agelaioides badius (80–100% de los nidos son parasitados). Contrariamente, Molothrus bonariensis parasita más de 200 especies. Basándonos en la hipótesis del éxito reproductivo diferencial, esperamos que M. rufoaxillaris tenga un menor éxito reproductivo que M. bonariensis al parasitar a otros hospedadores. En este trabajo evaluamos el éxito reproductivo de M. rufoaxillaris parasitando un hospedador alternativo, Pseudoleistes virescens. Esta especie es un hospedador común de M. bonariensis con 60–70% de los nidos parasitados, y es también regularmente parasitado por M. rufoaxillaris pero con menor frecuencia (6–20% de los nidos). Comparamos el éxito reproductivo de M. rufoaxillaris y M. bonariensis parasitando esta especie. No encontramos diferencias en el número de volantones producidos por huevo puesto entre ambos parásitos. Alrededor del 8–10% de los huevos puestos por los Molothrus produjeron volantones. La tasa de supervivencia diaria de los huevos de M. rufoaxillaris fue más alta que la de huevos de M. bonariensis. Tampoco encontramos diferencias en el éxito de eclosión (pichón por huevo), éxito de emplumamiento (volantón por pichón), ni en las tasas de crecimiento de los pichones de Molothrus. Además, el éxito reproductivo de M. rufoaxillaris y las tasas de crecimiento de sus pichones fueron similares a las previamente descritas cuando parasita a A. badius. En consecuencia, nuestros resultados no avalan la hipótesis del éxito reproductivo diferencial para explicar la especialización en el parasitismo de M. rufoaxillaris.
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Rasmussen, J. L., T. J. Underwood, and S. G. Sealy. "Functional morphology as a barrier to the evolution of grasp-ejection in hosts of the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 12 (December 2010): 1210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-088.
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Acceptance of eggs of the Brown-headed Cowbird ( Molothrus ater (Boddaert, 1783)) by hosts is enigmatic because hosts usually raise fewer of their own young when parasitized. Ejection may not be adaptive for small hosts because they cannot eject cowbird eggs efficiently. Grasp-ejection apparently has a negligible cost but requires a bill of a minimum length that is not known. In this study, we examined the limits of grasp-ejection of the American Robin ( Turdus migratorius L., 1766) and the Gray Catbird ( Dumetella carolinensis (L., 1766)). We determined the largest object width that each species is capable of grasping (limit width) by observing individuals grasping models larger than cowbird eggs in 104 video-recorded ejections and one direct observation. We standardized the limit width to the tomial length of each species (limit ratio) and extrapolated to the width of a cowbird egg to predict the minimum tomial length required for grasp-ejection. Our results suggest that the minimum tomial length required to grasp-eject a cowbird egg is 15.9–16.1 mm and the probability of host-egg damage during grasp-ejection does not increase as the limit ratio increases. Bill length may prevent the evolution of grasp-ejection in cowbird hosts with bills shorter than 16 mm.
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Goguen, C. B., D. R. Curson, and N. E. Mathews. "Costs of multiple parasitism for an avian brood parasite, the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 12 (December 2011): 1237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-104.
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The Brown-headed Cowbird ( Molothrus ater (Boddaert, 1783)) is a generalist brood parasite that often lays into nests that contain conspecific eggs. Although it has often been assumed that this multiple parasitism reduces Cowbird survival, this has rarely been evaluated. We measured Cowbird survival in nests of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher ( Polioptila caerulea (L., 1766)), Plumbeous Vireo ( Vireo plumbeus Coues, 1866), and Western Tanager ( Piranga ludoviciana (A. Wilson, 1811)) in New Mexico, USA. Our objectives were to measure the costs of intraspecific competition on Cowbird survival in multiply-parasitized nests, evaluate if these costs were related to host size, and to compare the costs of multiple parasitism relative to other mortality sources that occur over the entire nesting cycle. Intraspecific competition reduced Cowbird survival during the nestling period in nests of all three hosts, and was of particular importance in nests of the two smaller hosts. When all sources of egg mortality were considered, however, the costs of multiple parasitism were small compared with the large effects of predation and nest desertion. Given that multiple parasitism reduces Cowbird egg survival, it is unclear why Cowbirds multiply-parasitize. Possible explanations depend on an improved understanding of fecundity and level of host nest selectivity by female Cowbirds.
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Fisher, James. "Noel Coward by Robert F. Kiernan, and: Noel Coward by Frances Gray (review)." Modern Drama 31, no. 4 (1988): 596–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mdr.1988.0017.
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Louder, Matthew I. M., Wendy M. Schelsky, Amber N. Albores, and Jeffrey P. Hoover. "A generalist brood parasite modifies use of a host in response to reproductive success." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (September 7, 2015): 20151615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1615.
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Avian obligate brood parasites, which rely solely on hosts to raise their young, should choose the highest quality hosts to maximize reproductive output. Brown-headed cowbirds ( Molothrus ater ) are extreme host generalists, yet female cowbirds could use information based on past reproductive outcomes to make egg-laying decisions thus minimizing fitness costs associated with parasitizing low-quality hosts. We use a long-term (21 years) nest-box study of a single host, the prothonotary warbler ( Protonotaria citrea ), to show that local cowbird reproductive success, but not host reproductive success, was positively correlated with the probability of parasitism the following year. Experimental manipulations of cowbird success corroborated that female cowbirds make future decisions about which hosts to use based on information pertaining to past cowbird success, both within and between years. The within-year pattern, in particular, points to local cowbird females selecting hosts based on past reproductive outcomes. This, coupled with high site fidelity of female cowbirds between years, points to information use, rather than cowbird natal returns alone, increasing parasitism rates on highly productive sites between years.
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ROTHSTEIN, STEPHEN I., JOSEPH C. ORTEGA, and ADRIAN O'LOGHLEN. "Cowbird song." Nature 339, no. 6219 (May 1989): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/339021b0.
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WEST, MEREDITH J., and ANDREW P. KING. "Cowbird song." Nature 339, no. 6219 (May 1989): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/339022a0.
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Hay, P., and J. Kent. "Noel coward: View from a psychiatrist's “chair”." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, s1 (January 2000): A29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000486700633.
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