Academic literature on the topic 'COW DUNG SLURRY'

SUMMARYBiting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of a number of viral diseases worldwide. Following the unforeseen outbreak of bluetongue in northern Europe (2006–2009) there was a need to clarify on-farm breeding substrates utilized by temperate Culicoides spp. Six substrates (cow dung, cow slurry, horse dung, sheep dung, maize silage and soil) were investigated for Culicoides spp. emergence over a 31-week period. Overall, most Obsoletus group Culicoides emerged from the cow dung and the most Pulicaris group Culicoides emerged from the sheep dung. Furthermore, Culicoides of the Obsoletus group were found to be abundant in cow slurry and sheep dung. Temperature played a significant role in the emergence times of adult Culicoides. The Obsoletus group appear to have undergone 3 generations during the experimental period. The sex ratio of emergent Obsoletus group Culicoides was affected by substrate type, with a greater proportion of males emerging from cow dung and slurry compared with the other substrates.

Effect of raw and biologically treated lignocellulosic biomass using cow dung slurry for biogas production is reported. Biomass is an energy source. Water containing biomass such as sewage sludge, cow dung slurry and lignocellulosic waste, has several important advantages and one of the key feature is renewability. Cow dung slurry has the potential to produce large amounts of biogas. Four categories of bacteria viz., hydrolytic, fermentative, fermentative acidogenic and acidogenic-methanogenic bacteria are involved in the production of biogas. The different characteristics of the cow dung slurry were determined according to standard methods. Hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content of the lignocellulosic waste were also determined in our earlier studies. The substrates were digested under anaerobic condition for 5 days. The total biogas and methane produced during anaerobic digestion were estimated on 5th day. The total biogas produced during digestion was estimated by water displacement method. Biological methane production was estimated by using Saccharometer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12662 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 341-347

The increasing growth of cassava agro-industries in Nigeria has led to the enormous generation of cassava peels waste. The feasibility of generating biogas and biofertilizer for both domestic and agricultural applications from cassava peels waste inoculated with cow dung was investigated. Fresh and stale cassava peels were used in the study. Three pretreatment chemicals such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) buffer solutions were used in pretreating the cassava peels and cow dung slurry. Six batch anaerobic biodigesters of 10-litre capacity each were used in this study for 40 days retention period. The pH, temperature, and volumes of biogas and methane produced were monitored and recorded daily. The fertilizer qualities (total solids, volatile solids, % phosphorus, % nitrogen, etc.) of the digester slurry and the digester sludge after 40 days digestion were determined using official methods of analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The results showed that the amount of biogas generated is 2540 cm3/day. The stale cassava peels and cow dung slurry and the use of NH4Cl pretreatment chemical gave the best biogas production and methane yield of 104,961cm3 and 62.3% respectively. The digester sludge from the anaerobic digestion of cassava peels and cow dung showed and demonstrated good biofertilizer qualities.

One of the approaches for phosphorus fertilizer management is controlling the soil phosphorus adsorption behavior. To examine the effect on phosphorus adsorption behavior, three amended soil samples were prepared by mixing 10% (w/w in dry basis) cow dung, biogas slurry and vermicompost with soil. Phosphorus adsorption behavior was examined by using Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms. Initially, biogas slurry and vermicompost increased the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity (MPAC) of soil from 461 µg g-1 (control) to 558.0357 and 586.17 µg g-1 respectively, and then decreased steadily and reached 429.92 and 398.41 µg g-1 respectively in five weeks. Whereas in case of cow dung, MPAC was initially decreased, then reached maximum in 17 days and ultimately decreased. Thus application of cow dung along with phosphate fertilizer seems to increase the loss of the fertilizer through runoff and leaching. Conversely, biogas slurry and vermicompost prevent phosphorus loss by regulating phosphorus release through initial enhancement followed by gradual decrease in phosphorus adsorption capacity of soil. Both biogas slurry and vermicompost can be considered as good soil amendments as they have the ability to control the release of phosphorus fertilizer as per the need of the plants.

The purposed of this research to study effect of adding cow dung and waterhyacinth to improve biogas production from fish waste. The method of thisresearch used experimental method at batch anaerob reactor and absortion carbonatom used NaOH solution. The result of this research analysis used describtionmethod. The observed of parameter included accumulation of biogas productionand also parameter at slurry incuded temperature and pH. Qualitative parameter istest of flame of biogas. The conclusion value of pH from this research betweencontrol reactor, A1 reactor (fishwaste: cow dung: water hyacinth= 2:9:3), A2reactor (fishwaste: cow dung: water hyacinth= 1:4:2), A3 reactor (fishwaste: cowdung: water hyacinth= 1:3:3) is 5 to 10. Temperature range in 28 oC to 31oC. Theresult indicated the different composition of subtrat slurry from fishwaste, cowdung and water hyacinth in scale 2:9:3 (A1 reactor) produced biogas accumulationand metana the most than the others reactor.

Processing cow dung into biogas is one solution that can be offered to cattle breeders in Sekarmojo Pasuruan. This service uses a follow-up approach to the problem of utilizing cow dung waste in Sekarmojo Village as raw material for biogas production. The results of this assistance show additional value results for cattle breeders in Sekarmojo Village Pasuruan including (1) reduced air pollution from cow dung, (2) sharing biogas with neighbors, (3) having the potential for organic fertilizer from biogas slurry, (4) reducing the purchase burden. LPG gas for cooking, as well as (5) cleaner and healthier cowsheds

SUMMARYAmorphophallus paeoniifolius, popularly known as elephant foot yam, is an important tropical tuber crop in India. Its modified stem (corm) is consumed as a vegetable after boiling, baking or frying. Mealybug (Rhizoecus amorphophalli), a soft-bodied insect, infests the corms both in storage and in the field. Though pesticides are effective in controlling mealybugs, they can be hazardous to human health and the environment. Two experiments, one in storage followed by one in the field, were conducted during 2009 and 2010 at the Regional Centre of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Dumuduma, Bhubaneswar, India, to determine the effect of six low cost and environmentally safe management practices on mealybug. In the absence of mealybug control measures, mealybug numbers increased by 4–5 times during the storage period. The pest affected the quality of the corms and reduced subsequent field establishment and crop growth. Salt (NaCl) solution (1000 ppm), cow urine, cow dung slurry (2 kg of cow dung in 1 litre of water) and clay slurry (1 kg of clay in 1 litre of water) treatments were effective in reducing mealybug numbers and the associated corm damage. However, availability of cow urine, cow dung and clay slurry limit their usage. Common salt is cheap, widely available and easy to use in treating the corms prior to storage. Relative to untreated corms, those treated with salt solution recorded greater emergence when field planted as well as producing plants with more vigorous growth.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a plant species commonly used for phytoremediation to reduce high chromium content in tannery liquid waste in Garut, West Java. Water hyacinth materials harvested from the phytoremediation can be used for the anaerobic digestion process to produce biogas and bio-slurry. This study aimed to determine the reduction of chromium content found in water hyacinths due to the anaerobic digestion process, and utilization of bio-slurry from the anaerobic digestion process as a biocomposite material. The anaerobic digestion process was carried out for 33 d using biodigesters and the composition of the biodigesters were varied into 100% dried water hyacinths and 80% water hyacinths with the addition of 20% cow dung. The bio-slurry from the anaerobic digestion process was then used for making biocomposites with 3 different compositions, i.e., 75 and 25%; 50 and 50%; and 25 and 75% of cement and bio-slurry, respectively. The average chromium content found in water hyacinths from the phytoremediation process without anaerobic digestion process was 41.964 mg/l. The results show a reduction in the amount of chromium after the anaerobic digestion process was found in each composition of bio-slurry, which were 15.979 mg/l (100% water hyacinth) and 14.861 mg/l (80% water hyacinth + 20% cow dung). Biodigester with a composition of 80% water hyacinth + 20% cow dung produced the highest average volume of biogas which was 0.424 l. The biocomposite of 75% cement and 25% bio-slurry had the highest compressive strength value of 30.598 MPa and water absorption capacity of 37.25%. It can be concluded that biocomposite with the composition of 75% cement and 25% water hyacinth bio-slurry is promising to be used as an alternative material for buildings.

Conventional anaerobic digester such as fixed dome and floating drum are found having drawback in application in developing country. It was difficult in maintenance and operation. It was also difficult to relocate to the new site of waste processing. The portable anaerobic digester is prepared in this work as a solution. The capacity is about 500 liter so that suitable for home scale organic waste treatment. The material that is used for the digester was 304 stainless steel. The digester is completed wit agitator to optimize the biogas production. A slurry of cow dung (50% cow dung+ 50% water) is use to feed the digester. There are 2 variations of slurry loading rate that were investigated in this work, namely 5 liter slurry/day and 10 liter slurry/day. The biogas production rate is found about 51.7 liter biogas/day if loading with 5 liter slurry/ day. The biogas production rate is found increase significantly to become 82 liter biogas/day if loading with 10 liter slurry/day. The quality of biogas is found better with loading rate 5 liter slurry/day which has average CH4 content about 58.75% vol. comparing the one with loading rate 10liter slurry/day that have average CH4 content about 56.40% vol.

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effects of organicfertilizers (cow manure + dung water; cattle slurry) applied in different annual doses of nitrogen (54, 84 and 120 kg/ha) by different intensities of grassland utilization (extensive – two cuts per year, medium intensive – three cuts per year, intensive – four cuts per year) on percentage of plant functional groups, dry matter yield, and forage quality. The study was performed on small-plot trial over 7 years on moderately moist grassland in the Czech Republic. The proportion of legumes was significantly higher in the treatments fertilized with cow manure + dung-water combined with medium intensive utilization and intensive utilization (10.2% and 10.3%, respectively). Fertilization significantly increased dry matter yields by 51.9% (cow manure + dung water) and 56% (cattle slurry) compared with unfertilized controls (4.81 t/ha). Grasslands fertilized with cattle slurry showed significantly higher concentration of crude protein (142.9 g/kg) compared with unfertilized (126.4 g/kg). Extensive grassland utilization significantly affected the increase of crude fibre concentration (up to 282.1 g/kg), and decrease of the energy value (up to 4.68 MJ g/kg of NEL). Organic matter digestibility was also negatively influenced by extensive grassland utilization (61.0%, 65.42% and 67.44% for the extensive, medium intensive and intensive utilization, respectively). Our findings suggested that medium intensive and intensive grassland utilization by the organic fertilization, which corresponded to annual doses of nitrogen of 84 and 120 kg/ha were the most suitable from the viewpoint of animal nutrition.

Les deux principaux objectifs de cette thèse sont de développer les aspects théoriques et expérimentaux sur la co-méthanisation des déchets fermiers et alimentaires. Les objectifs de nos études portent sur l'élimination du maximum de déchets mis en ISDND, la réduction des pollutions des milieux naturels (eau, sol, air) par les effluents d'élevage, les boues de STEP et sur la mise en disposition d'une source énergétique renouvelable via le biogaz obtenu. Premièrement, nous avons effectué des expérimentations sur la co-méthanisation des effluents liquides, lisier de porc, boues de STEP, et de la vinasse et le mélange de ces effluents d'élevage avec les déjections solides des animaux (fumier, fientes) et des biodéchets (restes de repas). Ces expérimentations avaient pour but de suivre l'évolution du milieu réactionnel en fonction du composant du mélange ainsi co-digéré. Deuxièmement des tests des potentiels méthane et biogaz issus de mélange associant plusieurs types de déchets organiques sous différents états physiques (liquide, semi liquide, pâteux, solide) ont été effectués. La problématique qui se posait étant de savoir parmi les déchets à mélanger, quelle proportion de chaque mono-substrat donnera le meilleur potentiel méthanogène et s'il était possible de mettre en avant des effets synergétiques entre déchets. Nous avons fait appel à un outil statistique, le plan de mélange pour définir les mélanges à tester. Pour un mélange à 3 composants (fumier de vache, lisier de porc, restes de repas), le nombre d'expériences optimum à réaliser a été de 13. La réalisation du plan de mélange, c'est à dire la campagne expérimentale sur les co-méthanisations des 13 mélanges proposés nous a permis d'observer que le potentiel méthane d'un mélange dépend tout premièrement de sa texture (état physique) à l'entrée du processus. Un mélange contenant un maximum en proportion en co-produits liquides (lisier de porc) associé avec le maximum de déchets riches en substrats solubles (restes de repas) nous a donné les meilleurs potentiels méthane et biogaz. Cette observation a été confirmée par le taux de conversion de la matière sèche (MS) en matière volatile (MV) du mélange. Compte tenu du taux de MS, MV et le ratio MV/MS d'un mélange, ainsi que les interactions entre les composants du mélange, une loi permettant de prédire le potentiel biogaz d'un mélange doit considérer ces facteurs. Cette loi doit tenir compte de l'effet positif (synergisme) et l'effet négatif (antagonisme) entre les composants du mélange. Cette loi a été définie dans le but de prédire le potentiel méthane des mélanges constitués de fumier de vache, lisier de porc et restes de repas et se situant à l'intérieur du domaine expérimental défini par les limites sur les proportions minimale et maximale de chaque composant du mélange. Toutefois, cette loi définie n'est applicable qu'aux mélanges d'association de fumier de vache, de lisier de porc et des restes de repas. Cette loi a été définie pour estimer le BMP des mélanges, et ne permet pas de suivre le procédé de la méthanisation. Aussi, pour prédire le volume de biogaz (méthane) journalier ou cumulé de la cométhanisation
The two main objectives of this thesis are to develop theoretical and experimental aspects of the anaerobic co-digestion of farm wastes associated with food. Our general studies have for objectives the elimination as much as possible the maximum of organic waste into non-hazardous landfills, reduce pollution of natural environments (water, soil, air) by the effluent livestock, sewage sludge, and dispose of energy via the produced biogas.Firstly, we carried out experiments on the anaerobic co-digestion of the liquid effluents association (pig slurry, sewage sludge, vinasse effluents) and the mixture of animal slurries, manures, and food waste. The aim of these experiments was to follow the evolution of the reactor behavior according to the component of the co-digested mixture.Secondly, BMP tests of mixture of association several types of organic waste under different physical condition (liquid, semi liquid, pasty, solid) were carried out. We have been tried to know, which proportion of each mono-substrate will give the best BMP among waste to mix? We used a statistical tool, the mixture design to define the mixtures to be tested. For a mixture with 3 components (cow dung, pig slurry, food waste), the optimum number of experiments to realize was 13.The realization of the mixture design, i.e. the experiment series on the anaerobic co-digestion of the 13 proposed mixtures enabled us to observe that the BMP of a mixture firstly depends on its texture (physical state) at the entry of the process. A mixture containing a maximum in proportion in liquid substrate (pig slurry) associated with food waste gave us the best biogas and methane potential. This observation was confirmed by the conversion rate of dry matter to volatile solid (VS) of the mixture. These results were proven by the activity (synergism, antagonism) of mixtures components influencing to BMP tests.The empiric law defined to predict the BMP of a mixture must to account the rate of VS/DM of a mixture, and the interactions between components of the mixture. This law must also include the positive effect (synergism) and negative (antagonism) between components of the mixture. This law has been defined in order to predict the potential methane mixtures of cow dung, pig slurry and food wastes and being within the experimental domain defined by the limits on minimum and maximum proportions of each component of the mixture. However, this definite law is applicable only to the mixtures of cow dung, pig slurry and food waste. The definite law is limited for prediction of mixtures BMP. However, this empiric law can not be used to follow reactor process. Model with three stages (hydrolysis of soluble substrate, acidogenic production stage and methanogenic stage) was used to predict daily and cumulative of biogas and methane production of anaerobic digestion of farm waste associated with vegetable waste. This model must be adapted with substrate type used and experimentations conditions (batch and mesophilic conditions). An adjustment of the model equations describing hydrolysis polymers stage was necessary in order to take into account of the concentration of polymers in particulate forms contained in complex substrates such as manure, slurry, and vegetable food waste. This adapted model was called model of Coupling. Indeed, a calibration of the most influential parameters of the model of Coupling, on the output must be carried out in order to validate the model.Daily and cumulative predictions of biogas and methane production of anaerobic digestion of farm waste associated with food waste were obtained by using adapted dynamical model. Model parameters values depend on the substrate type using in experimentation processes. Moreover, parameters values must be verified, needing further work

In the present work, Ultrasonic pre-treatment was performed on cow dung slurry in anaerobic conditions to observe the methane quality and hydraulic retention time (HRT). There were four anaerobic digesters designated as B1, B2, B3, and B4 with the capacity of 10 litres each, had the ratio of cow dung:sludge water: food waste is 1:1.5:1 respectively with the additive of 10gm jaggery / kg-cow dung with organic loading rate (OLR) of 6 kg total solid (TS) m-3day-1. Initially, the HRT was 17 days at room temperatures varied between 28oC and 32oC respectively. B1 and B2 were treated by ultrasound for 35 minutes (230V, 18kHz, 1.5kW) at 50oC and 60oC (Thermophilic condition) respectively. It was observed that B1 had the maximum Methane (CH4) yield in the biogas which was 13.4% more than B2, 52% more than B3, and the least Methane yield in the biogas was observed in B4. At Mesophilic condition (30 oC - 40 oC) the methane yield was found 30% lower as compared to B1. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the most favourable ultrasonication time, temperature, and hydraulic retention time in this study for ultrasonic pre-treatment of cow dung for the production of biogas. This was accomplished with the help of a software programme (Design Expert 12.0.1.0). In order to analyse the result of the variables and their interlinkage to establish their optimal values, quadratic result datas for the responses were created, and a 3-Dimension response surface map was generated. The ultrasonication time, temperature, and retention period following HRT were determined by numerical optimisation to be 35 minutes, 60°C, and 8 days respectively.

AbstractAgriculture is a significant source of GHGsglobally and ruminant livestock animals are one of the largest contributors to these emissions, responsible for an estimated 14% of GHGs (CH4and N2O combined) worldwide. A large portion of GHG fluxes from agricultural activities is related to CH4 emissions from ruminants. Both direct and indirect methods are available. Direct methods include enclosure techniques, artificial (e.g. SF6) or natural (e.g. CO2) tracer techniques, and micrometeorological methods using open-path lasers. Under the indirect methods, emission mechanisms are understood, where the CH4 emission potential is estimated based on the substrate characteristics and the digestibility (i.e. from volatile fatty acids). These approximate methods are useful if no direct measurement is possible. The different systems used to quantify these emission potentials are presented in this chapter. Also, CH4 from animal waste (slurry, urine, dung) is an important source: methods pertaining to measuring GHG potential from these sources are included.

A work on the comparative analysis of selected substrates for biogas production using a developed digester is presented. The substrates utilized include cow dung and vegetable waste. The developed digester has 60 litres of substrate volume, incorporates ease of stirring the slurry and mobility of the digester within the farm. The digester was charged with cow dung and vegetable waste respectively with water in a ratio 1:2 at a mesophilic temperature range (20°C – 45 °C) for thirty days retention time and comparative yield within the same operating conditions was studied. The results obtained from the gas production showed that cow dung produced a cumulative biogas yield of 0.702 litres while vegetable waste produced a cumulative yield of 0.144 litres. This result showed that these wastes could be a source of renewable gas if operated on a large scale, while simultaneously reducing environmental pollution particularly within a farm. Also, the results highlight the selection options available to a rural farmer in terms of yield.