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Brooks, Zoe C., and Saswati Das. "COVID-19 Testing." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, no. 5 (August 28, 2020): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa141.
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Abstract Objectives To illustrate how patient risk and clinical costs are driven by false-positive and false-negative results. Methods Molecular, antigen, and antibody testing are the mainstay to identify infected patients and fight the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To evaluate the test methods, sensitivity (percent positive agreement [PPA]) and specificity (percent negative agreement [PNA]) are the most common metrics utilized, followed by the positive and negative predictive value—the probability that a positive or negative test result represents a true positive or negative patient. The number, probability, and cost of false results are driven by combinations of prevalence, PPA, and PNA of the individual test selected by the laboratory. Results Molecular and antigen tests that detect the presence of the virus are relevant in the acute phase only. Serologic assays detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the recovering and recovered phase. Each testing methodology has its advantages and disadvantages. Conclusions We demonstrate the value of reporting probability of false-positive results, probability of false-negative results, and costs to patients and health care. These risk metrics can be calculated from the risk drivers of PPA and PNA combined with estimates of prevalence, cost, and Reff number (people infected by 1 positive SARS-CoV-2 carrier).
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Cameron, Erinn C., Samantha L. Hemingway, Janine M. Ray, Fiona J. Cunningham, and Kristine M. Jacquin. "COVID-19 and Women." International Perspectives in Psychology 10, no. 3 (July 2021): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2157-3891/a000019.
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Abstract. Modern slavery is a significant global human rights crisis that disproportionately affects women and girls, and research indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing vulnerabilities to exploitation. Early evidence suggests that the pandemic has disproportionately affected women and girls, including an increase in lack of access to family planning and adequate sexual and reproductive care and an increase in maternal mortality rates. Additionally, the pandemic has instigated a reduction in economic opportunities and access to education for women and girls and increased violence against women. For this study, regression analysis was used to examine country-level data from 197 UN member countries. Predictor variables included indicators reflecting key areas addressed by UN Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG-5): gender inequality, educational and economic opportunities for females, women's leadership, gendered violence, and women's health. SDG-5 calls for gender equality and empowerment of women and girls. The criterion variable was the estimated prevalence of modern slavery across UN countries. Regression analysis revealed significant results across all models. Literacy rates and expected years of schooling for females, femicide, lifetime prevalence of violence, and several indicators of women's health were found to be strongly and significantly related to increased estimated prevalence of modern slavery. Furthermore, we propose that the pandemic has increased vulnerability to exploitation for women and girls by regressing progress across all areas addressed by SDG-5.
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Tsigaris, Panagiotis, and Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva. "Smoking Prevalence and COVID-19 in Europe." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 1646–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa121.
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Abstract Introduction This ecological study investigates the association between smoking prevalence and COVID-19 occurrence and mortality in 38 European nations as of May 30, 2020. Methods Data were collected from Our World in Data. Regression analysis was conducted to adjust for potential confounding factors such as economic activity (gross domestic product), the rate of COVID-19 testing, and the stringency of COVID-19 control policies. Results There was a statistically significant negative association between smoking prevalence and the prevalence of COVID-19 across the 38 European nations after controlling for confounding factors (p = 0.001). A strong association was found between the prevalence of COVID-19 per million people and economic activity (p = 0.002) and the rate of COVID-19 testing (p = 0.0006). Nations with stricter policy enactment showed fewer COVID-19 cases per million people, but the association was not significant (p = 0.122). Delaying policy enactment was associated with a greater prevalence of COVID-19 (p = 0.0535). Evidence of a direct association between smoking prevalence and COVID-19 mortality was not found (p = 0.626). There was a strong positive association between COVID-19 mortality rate and the prevalence of COVID-19 cases (p < 0.0001) as well as the proportion of the population over 65 years of age (p = 0.0034) and a negative association with the rate of COVID-19 testing (p = 0.0023). Conclusions We found a negative association between smoking prevalence and COVID-19 occurrence at the population level in 38 European countries. This association may not imply a true or causal relationship, and smoking is not advocated as a prevention or treatment of COVID-19. Implications Given the evidence of this ecological study, and of several other studies that found an underrepresentation of smoking prevalence in hospitalized cases, it may be worth examining, in laboratory experiments and controlled human trials, if nicotine offers any protection against COVID-19. Most importantly, to date, no study, including this one, supports the view that smoking acts as a treatment intervention or prophylaxis to reduce the impact or ameliorate the negative health impacts of COVID-19.
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Mulholland, Sean Eric. "Covid-19 prevalence and empty college seats." Applied Economics 53, no. 15 (February 16, 2021): 1716–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1841884.
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Uaprasert, Noppacharn, Chatphatai Moonla, Darintr Sosothikul, Ponlapat Rojnuckarin, and Thita Chiasakul. "Systemic Coagulopathy in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 27 (January 1, 2021): 107602962098762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029620987629.
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Coagulation activation has been reported in several cohorts of patients Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the true burden of systemic coagulopathy in COVID-19 remains unknown. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we performed a literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database to identify studies that reported the prevalence of systemic coagulopathy using established criteria in patients with COVID-19. The primary outcome was the prevalence of systemic coagulopathy (disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC] and/or sepsis-induced coagulopathy [SIC]). Pooled prevalences and 95% confidence intervals [CIs] were calculated using random-effects model. A total of 5 studies including 1210 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were included. The pooled prevalence of systemic coagulopathy was 7.1% (95%CI: 3.2%,15.3%, I2 = 93%). The pooled prevalence of DIC (N = 721) and SIC (N = 639) were 4.3% (95%CI 1.7%, 10.4%, I2 = 84%) and 16.2% (95%CI: 9.3%, 26.8%, I2 = 74%), respectively. Only 2 studies reported the prevalence of elevated D-dimer levels with the pooled prevalence of 84.6% (95%CI: 52.0%,96.5%, I2 = 94%). Average D-dimer and fibrinogen levels were remarkably increased, while platelet counts, PT, and aPTT ratios were minimally affected in COVID-19. The estimated prevalence of systemic coagulopathy in patients with COVID-19 was low despite D-dimer elevation in most patients. Relatively low systemic coagulopathy in COVID-19 may contribute to the high incidence of thrombosis rather than bleeding in patients with COVID-19.
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Filho, Irami. "Covid-19: gastroenterology perspectives." Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports 2, no. 3 (June 22, 2020): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8794/021.
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The clinical syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 was called COVID-19 and became a pandemic from March 2020. Fever, dry cough, and dyspnoea are the predominant clinical manifestations of the disease. However, symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort can also be found in infected patients. Despite the increased prevalence since the second phase of the recent epidemic in China, scientific evidence on the gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 has received little attention. This study aimed to report gastrointestinal signs and pathological findings in patients with COVID-19, in addition to discussing the possibility of fecal transmission. SARS-CoV-2 penetrates gastrointestinal epithelial cells, making patients' feces potentially infectious. Although viral RNA can be detected in feces, it is not clear whether fecal-oral transmission occurs. The gastrointestinal characteristics and abdominal manifestations of COVID-19 were reviewed based on case reports and retrospective clinical studies related to the digestive system. It is essential to know that, as the pandemic spreads, new studies are published, and knowledge about gastrointestinal symptoms is better known and reported.
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Das, Liza, Pinaki Dutta, Sanjay Kumar Bhadada, Ashu Rastogi, Rama Walia, Soham Mukherjee, Goverdhan Dutt Puri, and Anil Bhansali. "Endocrine Dysfunction in Covid-19." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A627—A628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1280.
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Abstract Introduction: Evidence pertaining to new-onset endocrine dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 is currently limited and extrapolated from prior SARS epidemics. Further, identifying whether the quantum of this dysfunction is associated with the severity of disease in patients with COVID-19 is unknown. We aimed to to comprehensively explore the prevalence, nature and degree of endocrine dysfunction stratified based on disease severity at a dedicated COVID care centre. Patients and Methods: Consecutive patients enrolled at PGIMER Chandigarh, were stratified on the basis of disease severity as: group I (moderate to severe disease including oxygen saturation <94% on room air or those with comorbidities) and group II (mild disease, with oxygen saturation >94% and without comorbidities). Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal, thyroid, gonadal axes and lactotroph function were evaluated. Inflammatory and cell-injury markers were also analysed. Results: Patients in group I had higher prevalence of hypocortisolism (38.5 vs 6.8%, p=0.012), lower ACTH (16.3 vs 32.1pg/ml, p=0.234) and DHEAS (86.29 vs 117.8µg/dl, p= 0.086) as compared to group II. Low T3 syndrome was a universal finding, irrespective of disease severity. Sick euthyroid syndrome (apart from low T3 syndrome) (80.9 vs 73.1%, p= 0.046) and atypical thyroiditis (low T3, high T4, low or normal TSH) (14.3 vs 2.4%, p= 0.046) were more frequent in group I than group II. Male hypogonadism was also more prevalent in group I (75.6% vs 20.6%, p=0.006) than group II, with higher prevalence of both secondary (56.8 vs 15.3%, p=0.006) and primary (18.8 vs 5.3%, p=0.006) hypogonadism. Hyperprolactinemia was observed in 42.4% patients, without significant difference between both groups. Conclusion: COVID-19 can involve multiple endocrine organs and axes, with a greater prevalence and degree of endocrine dysfunction in those with more severe disease. Involvement of multiple axes, particularly at hypothalamo-pituitary level suggests the possibility of hypophysitis as an underlying etiology. We also observed less characterised findings like atypical thyroiditis and normal DHEAS despite secondary hypocortisolism. Follow-up surveillance of these patients at periodic intervals and estimation of anti-pituitary antibodies could be considered to elucidate viral cytopathic effect or inflammation as the major underlying mechanism of endocrine dysfunction.
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Garg, Kawish, Harsh Goel, and Shefali D Gupta. "High prevalence of insomnia during COVID-19 pandemic." Sleep Medicine and Disorders: International Journal 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/smdij.2020.04.00074.
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Villamizar-PEÑA, Rhuvi, Estefanía Gutiérrez-Ocampo, and Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales. "Pooled Prevalence of Diarrhea Among COVID-19 Patients." Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 18, no. 10 (September 2020): 2385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.05.014.
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Butler, Marcus W., Aoife O’Reilly, Eleanor M. Dunican, Patrick Mallon, Eoin R. Feeney, Michael P. Keane, and Cormac McCarthy. "Prevalence of comorbid asthma in COVID-19 patients." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 146, no. 2 (August 2020): 334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.061.
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Akhtar, Zaki, Lisa WM Leung, Christos Kontogiannis, Zia Zuberi, Abhay Bajpai, Sumeet Sharma, Zhong Chen, Ian Beeton, Manav Sohal, and Mark M. Gallagher. "Prevalence of bradyarrhythmias needing pacing in COVID‐19." Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 44, no. 8 (July 19, 2021): 1340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pace.14313.
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Droste, Michael, and James H. Stock. "Adapting to the COVID-19 Pandemic." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211063.
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From early in the COVID-19 pandemic, economists have stressed the importance of individuals endogenously changing their behavior to reduce their risk of infection. This paper quantifies time variation in the endogenous behavioral response of economic activity to the prevalence of the virus using an estimated behavioral SIR model with time-varying parameters. We find significant variation in both the relationship between economic activity and viral prevalence and the relationship between transmissibility and economic activity. This variation reflects adaptation to the pandemic and has implications both for specification of behavioral SIR models and for the next stage of the pandemic.
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Sitanggang, Johan S., Kamal B. Siregar, Henry H. Sitanggang, and Noverita Sprinse Vinolina. "Prevalence and characteristics of cancer patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis study." F1000Research 10 (September 27, 2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.53539.1.
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Background: Cancer patients are considered susceptible to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) due to an immunosuppressive state. This study determined the prevalence of cancer in COVID-19 patients, severe events, case fatality rate, history of anticancer therapy associated with severe events, and type of cancer in cancer patients with COVID-19 in the world. Methods: This study used a meta-analysis study approach, sourcing studies from various countries related to cancer and COVID-19. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to select studies. A PRISMA flowchart was presented to assess the selection process. Data from inclusion studies were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4. Results: The prevalence of cancer in COVID-19 patients was 4.63% (95% CI, 3.78-5.49%) worldwide. The lowest prevalence was the Asian study group with 2.36% (95% CI, 1.86-2.87%) and the highest prevalence was the European study group with 10.93% (95% CI, 6.62-15.24%). About 43.26% (95% CI, 34.71-51.80%) of cancer patients with COVID-19 experienced severe events of COVID-19. In total, 58.13% (95% CI, 42.79-73.48%) of cancer patients with COVID-19 who in the last month had a history of anticancer therapy experienced severe events. The prevalence of lung cancer in cancer patients with COVID-19 was 20.23% (95% CI, 7.67-32.78%). Forest plots are also presented related to the results of meta-analysis research. Conclusions: High prevalence of cancer among COVID-19 patients indicates the susceptibility of cancer patients to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cancer in COVID-19 patients and use of anticancer therapy increase severe events of COVID-19.
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Kamar, Amanda J., Meghana Doniparthi, Nhan Nhan, Ying Zhou, James A. Colton, and Eli D. Ehrenpreis. "445. Correlative Factors for State to State Differences in the Prevalence and Case Fatality Rates of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Infections in the United States of America." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S290—S291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.638.
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Abstract Background Individual States of the USA have ethnic, economic, community health and education differences that influence the prevalence and outcomes of COVID-19 infection. We hypothesized that Statewide differences in the prevalence and fatality rates of COVID-19 infections are dependent on factors that may be determined by mathematical modeling. Methods Two separate statistical regression models were developed using COVID-19 case prevalence and case fatality rates functioning as dependent variables. We obtained data from the prevalence and deaths from COVID-19 cases for each state in the USA that was posted at 4 PM Central Standard Time on April 29, 2020 from the Worldometer website. Publicly available databases were utilized to obtain data for the independent variables in the model. Results Models are represented as follows: Statewide COVID-19 Prevalence Model Log (Statewide COVID_19 case prevalence) = 1.847* (100–250 individuals/mile2) +3.0025*(250+ individuals/mile2) + 1.021* (% African American population) +1.029* (% Hispanic American population +2.164 *(% adults aged 85+) Model results are shown in Table 1. Statewide COVID-19 Case Fatality Rate Model Log (Statewide COVID_19 case fatality rate) =2.194* (100–250 individuals/mile2) +2.758* (250+ individuals/mile2) +1.031* (% African American population) + 1.032* (% Hispanic American population) + 0.942 (% Native American population)+ 1.108 (% Asian American population) + 2.275 (% adults aged 85+) Model results are shown in Table 2. Table 1: COVID-19 Statewide Prevalence Model Table 2: COVID-19 Statewide Case Fatality Model Conclusion Higher State population density (See Figure 1 and Figure 2) and higher State populations of elderly persons correspond to increased prevalence and case-fatality rates of COVID-19 infections. Statewide data also shows health disparities for COVID-19 infections in Hispanic Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans. Paradoxically, States with larger populations of Native Americans who have known poor outcomes from COVID-19 infection demonstrate a decrease in case-fatality rates, suggesting a large effect of healthcare inequality in this population. Figure 1: ANOVA one-way analysis of the association between COVID-19 prevalence and population density Figure 2: ANOVA one-way analysis of the association between COVID-19 death prevalence and population density Disclosures Eli D. Ehrenpreis, MD, FACG, AGAF, E2Bio Consultants (Board Member, Chief Executive Officer)E2Bio Life Sciences (Shareholder, Chief Executive Officer)Level Ex, Inc. (Consultant)
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A. Yasin, Shehla. "PREVALENCE, INTENSITY AND MANIFESTATION OF COVID-19 FEAR: A CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS." Psychiatria Danubina 32, no. 3-4 (December 24, 2020): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.499.
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Ames, Jennifer L., Assiamira Ferrara, Lyndsay A. Avalos, Sylvia E. Badon, Mara B. Greenberg, Monique M. Hedderson, Michael W. Kuzniewicz, et al. "COVID-19 prevalence, symptoms, and sociodemographic disparities in infection among insured pregnant women in Northern California." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): e0256891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256891.
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Background Research on COVID-19 during pregnancy has mainly focused on women hospitalized for COVID-19 or other reasons during their pregnancy. Little is known about COVID-19 in the general population of pregnant women. Objective To describe the prevalence of COVID-19, symptoms, consequent healthcare use, and possible sources of COVID-19 exposure among a population-based sample of pregnant women residing in Northern California. Methods We analyzed data from 19,458 members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California who were pregnant between January 2020 and April 2021 and responded to an online survey about COVID-19 testing, diagnosis, symptoms, and their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical diagnosis of COVID-19 during pregnancy was defined separately by self-report and by documentation in electronic health records (EHR). We examined relationships of COVID-19 with sociodemographic factors, underlying comorbidities, and survey measures of COVID-19-like symptoms, consequent healthcare utilization, and possible COVID-19 exposures. Results Among 19,458 respondents, the crude prevalence of COVID-19 was 2.5% (n = 494) according to self-report and 1.4% (n = 276) according to EHR. After adjustment, the prevalence of self-reported COVID-19 was higher among women aged <25 years compared with women aged ≥35 years (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.75, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.49) and among Hispanic women compared with White women (PR, 1.91, 95% CI: 1.53, 2.37). Prevalence of self-reported COVID-19 was higher among women affected by personal or partner job loss during the pandemic (PR, 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.47) and among women living in areas of high vs. low neighborhood deprivation (PR, 1.74, 95% CI: 1.33, 2.27). We did not observe differences in self-reported COVID-19 between women with and without underlying comorbidities. Results were similar for EHR-documented COVID-19. Loss of smell or taste was a unique and common symptom reported among women with COVID-19 (42.3% in self-reported; 54.0% in EHR-documented). Among women with symptomatic COVID-19, approximately 2% were hospitalized, 71% had a telehealth visit, and 75% quarantined at home. Over a third of women with COVID-19 reported no known exposure to someone with COVID-19. Conclusions Observed COVID-19 prevalence differences by sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors underscore social and health inequities among reproductive-aged women. Women with COVID-19 reported unique symptoms and low frequency of hospitalization. Many were not aware of an exposure to someone with COVID-19.
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Caminati, Marco, Alessandra Vultaggio, Andrea Matucci, Gianenrico Senna, Francesco Almerigogna, Diego Bagnasco, Fulvia Chieco-Bianchi, et al. "Asthma in a large COVID-19 cohort: Prevalence, features, and determinants of COVID-19 disease severity." Respiratory Medicine 176 (January 2021): 106261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106261.
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Gopalsami, A., and S. Torbati. "25 Correlations Between Community COVID-19 Prevalence, Vaccine Availability and Emergency Department Non-COVID-19 Utilization." Annals of Emergency Medicine 78, no. 2 (August 2021): S12—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.07.026.
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Sanborn, Victoria, Lauren Todd, Hanna Schmetzer, Nasha Manitkul-Davis, John Updegraff, and John Gunstad. "Prevalence of COVID-19 Anxiety in Division I Student-Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2020-0057.
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Anxiety and depressive symptoms are prevalent in athletes. The pandemic of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) may increase risk for symptoms due to fear of exposure during competition or uncertainty regarding participation. The current study examined the prevalence of COVID-19 anxiety in 437 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes and its association with psychological symptoms. Only 0.2% of participants endorsed COVID-19 anxiety symptoms above cutoff. COVID-19 anxiety did not change after postponement of fall sports or differ between persons competing in different seasons. However, higher levels of COVID-19 anxiety were significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Though student-athletes generally reported low levels of psychological symptoms, females endorsed significantly higher levels than males. Low levels of COVID-19 anxiety in student-athletes may reflect protective factors (e.g., health knowledge, emotion regulation) or the tendency for this population to minimize psychological symptoms. Further investigations on the psychological impact of COVID-19 in athletes is needed.
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Atkeson, Andrew G., Karen Kopecky, and Tao Zha. "Behavior and the Transmission of COVID-19." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211064.
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A simple model of COVID-19 that incorporates feedback from disease prevalence to disease transmission through an endogenous response of human behavior does a remarkable job fitting the main features of the data on the growth rates of daily deaths observed across a large number of countries and states in the United States in 2020. This finding, however, suggests a new empirical puzzle: very large wedges that shift disease transmission rates holding disease prevalence fixed are required both across regions and within a region over time for the model to match the data on deaths from COVID-19 as an equilibrium outcome exactly.
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Chi, Hsin, Nan-Chang Chiu, Chun-Chih Peng, Chao-Hsu Lin, Yu-Lin Tai, Ming-Dar Lee, Yu-Jyun Cheng, Boon Fatt Tan, and Chien-Yu Lin. "One-Seventh of Patients with COVID-19 Had Olfactory and Gustatory Abnormalities as Their Initial Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Life 10, no. 9 (August 22, 2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10090158.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients exhibited protean clinical manifestations. Olfactory and gustatory abnormalities (anosmia and ageusia) were observed in COVID-19 patients, but the reported prevalence varied. In this systematic review, the prevalence of olfactory and gustatory abnormalities (OGA) was evaluated in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients. On 8 May 2020, 14,506 articles were screened, while 12 of them were enrolled. A total of 1739 COVID-19 patients were analyzed, with a wide range of prevalence observed (5.6–94%). The pooled prevalence was 48.5% with high heterogeneity (I2, 98.8%; p < 0.0001). In total, 15.5% had OGA as their first symptom (I2, 22.6%; p = 0.27) among the patients analyzed. Contradictory to COVID-19 negative controls, patients with COVID-19 had a higher risk of OGA (odds ratio, 5.3; I2, 66.5%; p = 0.03). In conclusion, approximately half of COVID-19 patients had OGA, and one-seventh of them had OGA as their initial symptoms. OGA were cardinal symptoms of COVID-19, which may serve as clues for early diagnosis. Diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 was suggested in patients with OGA during the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate quarantine.
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Kishore, Jugal. "Child Sexual Abuse during COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Preventive, Curative & Community Medicine 06, no. 01 (September 29, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.325x.202005.
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Prevalence of child sexual abuse during epidemic and disaster is common. There are evidences that children are victims of sexual exploitation during the lockdown period. They undergo multiple physical and mental injuries which could last lifelong. In presence of law, the child sexual abuse will not stop till the society is sensitive enough for the child emotional and physical health need. Responsibility of care lies not only on parents but also on everybody because they are the asset of nation. Mass awareness program along with behaviour change communication could be better solution during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Karyono, Dionita Rani, and Anggi Lukman Wicaksana. "Current prevalence, characteristics, and comorbidities of patients with COVID-19 in Indonesia." Journal of Community Empowerment for Health 3, no. 2 (August 6, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.57325.
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Indonesia is currently fighting against a novel coronavirus disease, known as COVID-19. Current information of COVID-19 is crucial for healthcare providers. This study aimed to explore the current prevalence, characteristics, and comorbidities of patients with COVID-19 in Indonesia. We obtained data of the confirmed cases of COVID-19, characteristics and comorbidities from the official website of Indonesia COVID-19 Task Force. The data were extracted, explored and discussed to respond to the research aims. Up to June 3rd, 2020, it was reported there were 28,233 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia. The current prevalence of COVID-19 case was 0.11‰ and transmission was distributed to all provinces in Indonesia. Almost one-third of the COVID-19 infections were in the age group of 31-45 years (29.3%) but the highest mortality rate occurred in elderly people (17.68%). Overall, males slightly dominated and contributed only 6.84% to the mortality rate. Cough (76.2%), history of fever (50.4%), and current fever (47.1%) were the most common symptoms among the patients with COVID-19. For comorbidities, patients with COVID-19 had higher numbers of hypertension (52.1%), diabetes (33.6%), and other cardiovascular diseases (20.9%). Those three comorbidities led the greater proportion of deaths among other comorbidities. The COVID-19 pandemic is still a new challenge for Indonesia.
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Leon-Abarca, Juan Alonso, Arianna Portmann-Baracco, Mayte Bryce-Alberti, Carlos Ruiz-Sánchez, Roberto Alfonso Accinelli, Jorge Soliz, and Gustavo Francisco Gonzales. "Diabetes increases the risk of COVID-19 in an altitude dependent manner: An analysis of 1,280,806 Mexican patients." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): e0255144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255144.
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Aims The objective of this study is to analyze how the impact of Diabetes Mellitus [DM] in patients with COVID-19 varies according to altitudinal gradient. Methods We obtained 1,280,806 records from adult patients with COVID-19 and DM to analyze the probability of COVID-19, development of COVID-19 pneumonia, hospitalization, intubation, admission to the Intensive Care Unit [ICU] and case-fatality rates [CFR]. Variables were controlled by age, sex and altitude of residence to calculate adjusted prevalence and prevalence ratios. Results Patients with DM had a 21.8% higher prevalence of COVID-19 and an additional 120.2% higher prevalence of COVID-19 pneumonia. The adjusted prevalence was also higher for these outcomes as well as for hospitalization, intubation and ICU admission. COVID-19 and pneumonia patients with DM had a 97.0% and 19.4% higher CFR, respectively. With increasing altitudes, the probability of being a confirmed COVID-19 case and the development of pneumonia decreased along CFR for patients with and without DM. However, COVID-19 patients with DM were more likely to require intubation when residing at high altitude. Conclusions The study suggests that patients with DM have a higher probability of being a confirmed COVID-19 case and developing pneumonia. Higher altitude had a protective relationship against SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, it may be associated with more severe cases in patients with and without DM. High altitude decreases CFR for all COVID-19 patients. Our work also shows that women are less affected than men regardless of altitude.
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Panchatcharam, Murugan, and Sravanthi Lakshmi Mukku. "COVID-19 challenges in clinical trials." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 10, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212092.
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Clinical research involves working with human subjects to answer questions relevant to their well-being in an ethical manner. The current scenario from the past one year has drastically changed the face of the clinical trials. The present COVID prevalence and simultaneously conducting the research with all the regulations and the precautions has been the difficult task for the contract research organisations (CRO).
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Shah, Syed Tahir Ali, Abeer Iftikhar, Muhammad Imran Khan, Majad Mansoor, Adeel Feroz Mirza, and Muhammad Bilal. "PREDICTING COVID-19 INFECTIONS PREVALENCE USING LINEAR REGRESSION TOOL." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, Spl-1- SARS-CoV-2 (October 8, 2020): S01—S08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(spl-1-sars-cov-2).s01.s08.
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Li, Dongmei, Daniel P. Croft, Deborah J. Ossip, and Zidian Xie. "The association between statewide vaping prevalence and COVID-19." Preventive Medicine Reports 20 (December 2020): 101254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101254.
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Lukman, Adewale F., Rauf I. Rauf, Oluwakemi Abiodun, Olajumoke Oludoun, Kayode Ayinde, and Roseline O. Ogundokun. "COVID-19 prevalence estimation: Four most affected African countries." Infectious Disease Modelling 5 (2020): 827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2020.10.002.
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Huart, Justine, Antoine Bouquegneau, Laurence Lutteri, Pauline Erpicum, Stéphanie Grosch, Guillaume Résimont, Patricia Wiesen, et al. "Proteinuria in COVID-19: prevalence, characterization and prognostic role." Journal of Nephrology 34, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00931-w.
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Abstract Background Proteinuria has been commonly reported in patients with COVID-19. However, only dipstick tests have been frequently used thus far. Here, the quantification and characterization of proteinuria were investigated and their association with mortality was assessed. Methods This retrospective, observational, single center study included 153 patients, hospitalized with COVID-19 between March 28th and April 30th, 2020, in whom total proteinuria and urinary α1-microglobulin (a marker of tubular injury) were measured. Association with mortality was evaluated, with a follow-up until May 7th, 2020. Results According to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes staging, 14% (n = 21) of the patients had category 1 proteinuria (< 150 mg/g of urine creatinine), 42% (n = 64) had category 2 (between 150 and 500 mg/g) and 44% (n = 68) had category 3 proteinuria (over 500 mg/g). Urine α1-microglobulin concentration was higher than 15 mg/g in 89% of patients. After a median follow-up of 27 [14;30] days, the mortality rate reached 18%. Total proteinuria and urinary α1-microglobulin were associated with mortality in unadjusted and adjusted models. This association was stronger in subgroups of patients with normal renal function and without a urinary catheter. Conclusions Proteinuria is frequent in patients with COVID-19. Its characterization suggests a tubular origin, with increased urinary α1-microglobulin. Tubular proteinuria was associated with mortality in COVID-19 in our restropective, observational study.
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Unim, Brigid, Luigi Palmieri, Cinzia Lo Noce, Silvio Brusaferro, and Graziano Onder. "Prevalence of COVID-19-related symptoms by age group." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 33, no. 4 (March 1, 2021): 1145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01809-y.
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Mutiawati, Endang, Syahrul Syahrul, Marhami Fahriani, Jonny Karunia Fajar, Sukamto S. Mamada, Helnida Anggun Maliga, Nur Samsu, et al. "Global prevalence and pathogenesis of headache in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis." F1000Research 9 (November 12, 2020): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27334.1.
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Background: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of headache in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to assess its association as a predictor for COVID-19. This study also aimed to discuss the possible pathogenesis of headache in COVID-19. Methods: Available articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched as of September 2nd, 2020. Data on characteristics of the study, headache and COVID-19 were extracted following the PRISMA guidelines. Biases were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The cumulative prevalence of headache was calculated for the general population (i.e. adults and children). The pooled odd ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) was calculated using the Z test to assess the association between headache and the presence of COVID-19 cases. Results: We included 104,751 COVID-19 cases from 78 eligible studies to calculate the global prevalence of headache in COVID-19 and 17 studies were included to calculate the association of headache and COVID-19. The cumulative prevalence of headache in COVID-19 was 25.2% (26,464 out of 104,751 cases). Headache was found to be more prevalent, approximately by two-fold, in COVID-19 patients than in non-COVID-19 patients with symptoms of other respiratory viral infections, OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.94, 2.5 with p=0.04. Conclusion: Headache is common among COVID-19 patients and seems to be more common in COVID-19 patients compared to those with the non-COVID-19 viral infection. No definitive mechanisms on how headache emerges in COVID-19 patients but several possible hypotheses have been proposed. However, extensive studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020210332 (28/09/2020)
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Mutiawati, Endang, Syahrul Syahrul, Marhami Fahriani, Jonny Karunia Fajar, Sukamto S. Mamada, Helnida Anggun Maliga, Nur Samsu, et al. "Global prevalence and pathogenesis of headache in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis." F1000Research 9 (March 10, 2021): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27334.2.
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Background: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of headache in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to assess its association as a predictor for COVID-19. This study also aimed to discuss the possible pathogenesis of headache in COVID-19. Methods: Available articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched as of September 2nd, 2020. Data on characteristics of the study, headache and COVID-19 were extracted following the PRISMA guidelines. Biases were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The cumulative prevalence of headache was calculated for the general population (i.e. adults and children). The pooled odd ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) was calculated using the Z test to assess the association between headache and the presence of COVID-19 cases. Results: We included 104,751 COVID-19 cases from 78 eligible studies to calculate the global prevalence of headache in COVID-19 and 17 studies were included to calculate the association of headache and COVID-19. The cumulative prevalence of headache in COVID-19 was 25.2% (26,464 out of 104,751 cases). Headache was found to be more prevalent, approximately by two-fold, in COVID-19 patients than in non-COVID-19 patients (other respiratory viral infections), OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.94, 2.5 with p=0.04. Conclusion: Headache is common among COVID-19 patients and seems to be more common in COVID-19 patients compared to those with the non-COVID-19 viral infection. No definitive mechanisms on how headache emerges in COVID-19 patients but several possible hypotheses have been proposed. However, extensive studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020210332 (28/09/2020)
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Ferri, Clodoveo, Dilia Giuggioli, Vincenzo Raimondo, Massimo L’Andolina, Antonio Tavoni, Riccardo Cecchetti, Serena Guiducci, et al. "COVID-19 and rheumatic autoimmune systemic diseases: report of a large Italian patients series." Clinical Rheumatology 39, no. 11 (August 27, 2020): 3195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-020-05334-7.
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Abstract Introduction Covid-19 infection poses a serious challenge for immune-compromised patients with inflammatory autoimmune systemic diseases. We investigated the clinical-epidemiological findings of 1641 autoimmune systemic disease Italian patients during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method This observational multicenter study included 1641 unselected patients with autoimmune systemic diseases from three Italian geographical areas with different prevalence of Covid-19 [high in north (Emilia Romagna), medium in central (Tuscany), and low in south (Calabria)] by means of telephone 6-week survey. Covid-19 was classified as (1) definite diagnosis of Covid-19 disease: presence of symptomatic Covid-19 infection, confirmed by positive oral/nasopharyngeal swabs; (2) highly suspected Covid-19 disease: presence of highly suggestive symptoms, in absence of a swab test. Results A significantly higher prevalence of patients with definite diagnosis of Covid-19 disease, or with highly suspected Covid-19 disease, or both the conditions together, was observed in the whole autoimmune systemic disease series, compared to “Italian general population” (p = .030, p = .001, p = .000, respectively); and for definite + highly suspected diagnosis of Covid-19 disease, in patients with autoimmune systemic diseases of the three regions (p = .000, for all comparisons with the respective regional general population). Moreover, significantly higher prevalence of definite + highly suspected diagnosis of Covid-19 disease was found either in patients with various “connective tissue diseases” compared to “inflammatory arthritis group” (p < .000), or in patients without ongoing conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs treatments (p = .011). Conclusions The finding of a higher prevalence of Covid-19 in patients with autoimmune systemic diseases is particularly important, suggesting the need to develop valuable prevention/management strategies, and stimulates in-depth investigations to verify the possible interactions between Covid-19 infection and impaired immune-system of autoimmune systemic diseases. Key Points• Significantly higher prevalence of Covid-19 is observed in a large series of patients with autoimmune systemic diseases compared to the Italian general population, mainly due to patients’ increased susceptibility to infections and favored by the high exposure to the virus at medical facilities before the restriction measures on individual movement.• The actual prevalence of Covid-19 in autoimmune systemic diseases may be underestimated, possibly due to the wide clinical overlapping between the two conditions, the generally mild Covid-19 disease manifestations, and the limited availability of virological testing.• Patients with “connective tissue diseases” show a significantly higher prevalence of Covid-19, possibly due to deeper immune-system impairment, with respect to “inflammatory arthritis group”.• Covid-19 is more frequent in the subgroup of autoimmune systemic diseases patients without ongoing conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, mainly hydroxyl-chloroquine and methotrexate, which might play some protective role against the most harmful manifestations of Covid-19.
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Kefale, Belayneh, Gobezie T. Tegegne, Amsalu Degu, Melaku Tadege, and Desalegn Tesfa. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Thromboembolism among Patients With Coronavirus Disease-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 26 (January 1, 2020): 107602962096708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029620967083.
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Emerging evidence shows that the recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is characterized by coagulation activation and endothelial dysfunction. This increases the risk of morbidity, mortality and economic loss among COVID-19 patients. Therefore, there was an urgent need to investigate the extent and risk factors of thromboembolism among COVID-19 patients. English-language based databases (PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, and Cochrane library) were exhaustively searched to identify studies related to prevalence of thromboembolism among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence of thromboembolism. The pooled prevalence of thrombotic events was computed using STATA 16.0 software. Heterogeneity analysis was reported using I2. A total of 19 studies with 2,520 patients with COVID-19 were included. The pooled prevalence of thrombotic events of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 was 33% (95% CI: 25-41%, I2 = 97.30%, p < 0.001) with a high degree of heterogeneity across studies. Elevated D-dimer hospitalized in the intensive care unit and being under mechanical ventilation were the most frequently associated factors for the development of thrombotic events. The pooled prevalence of thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients was 33%. The prevalence of thrombotic event is variables on the basis of study design and study centers. Several risk factors such as, elevated D-dimer, hospitalized in the intensive care unit and being under mechanical ventilation, were the most frequently reported risk factors identified. Therefore, healthcare professionals should consider these risk factors to optimally manage thromboembolism in COVID-19 patients.
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Iyanda, Ayodeji, Kwadwo Boakye, and Yongmei Lu. "COVID-19: Evidenced Health Disparity." Encyclopedia 1, no. 3 (August 5, 2021): 744–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030057.
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Health disparity is an unacceptable, unjust, or inequitable difference in health outcomes among different groups of people that affects access to optimal health care, as well as deterring it. Health disparity adversely affects disadvantaged subpopulations due to a higher incidence and prevalence of a particular disease or ill health. Existing health disparity determines whether a disease outbreak such as coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), will significantly impact a group or a region. Hence, health disparity assessment has become one of the focuses of many agencies, public health practitioners, and other social scientists. Successful elimination of health disparity at all levels requires pragmatic approaches through an intersectionality framework and robust data science.
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Mutiawati, Endang, Marhami Fahriani, Sukamto S. Mamada, Jonny Karunia Fajar, Andri Frediansyah, Helnida Anggun Maliga, Muhammad Ilmawan, et al. "Anosmia and dysgeusia in SARS-CoV-2 infection: incidence and effects on COVID-19 severity and mortality, and the possible pathobiology mechanisms - a systematic review and meta-analysis." F1000Research 10 (January 21, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.28393.1.
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Background: The present study aimed to determine the global prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to assess their association with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Moreover, this study aimed to discuss the possible pathobiological mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19. Methods: Available articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and preprint databases (MedRxiv, BioRxiv, and Researchsquare) were searched on November 10th, 2020. Data on the characteristics of the study (anosmia, dysgeusia, and COVID-19) were extracted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to assess research quality. Moreover, the pooled prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia were calculated, and the association between anosmia and dysgeusia in presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was assessed using the Z test. Results: Out of 32,142 COVID-19 patients from 107 studies, anosmia was reported in 12,038 patients with a prevalence of 38.2% (95% CI: 36.5%, 47.2%); whereas, dysgeusia was reported in 11,337 patients out of 30,901 COVID-19 patients from 101 studies, with prevalence of 36.6% (95% CI: 35.2%, 45.2%), worldwide. Furthermore, the prevalence of anosmia was 10.2-fold higher (OR: 10.21; 95% CI: 6.53, 15.96, p < 0.001) and that of dysgeusia was 8.6-fold higher (OR: 8.61; 95% CI: 5.26, 14.11, p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients compared to those with other respiratory infections or COVID-19 like illness. To date, no study has assessed the association of anosmia and dysgeusia with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Conclusion: Anosmia and dysgeusia are prevalent in COVID-19 patients compared to those with the other non-COVID-19 respiratory infections. Several possible mechanisms have been hypothesized; however, future studies are warranted to elucidate the definitive mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19. Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD42020223204.
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Mishra, Abhishek Kumar, Chhaya Mittal, Tanveer Bano, Arun Kumar, Ganesh Singh, Anglica Kanaujia, and Niharika Verma. "Prevalence of COVID symptoms, their severity and duration: a gender based analysis." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 4463. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213553.
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Background: COVID -19 is the most important public health problem of recent time. Approximately (60%) of those infected develop symptoms. Study is needed to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 symptoms, their severity and duration, secondary attack rate and COVID-19 appropriate behaviour for prevention and control of infection. The aim was to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 symptoms, secondary attack rate and COVID-19 appropriate behaviour of infected person.Methods: Present cross sectional study was done among patients who recovered from COVID-19 in Meerut district. After obtaining mobile numbers of patients, they were asked about their experience about pre-COVID, COVID and post-COVID period. Total 100 patients were contacted using simple random sampling and information was collected on predesigned Google form.Results: Out of total respondents 98% developed one or more symptoms. Fever was reported to be most common problem (72%) followed by body ache (62%). Most classified their symptoms as mild and moderate (36% and 43% respectively). There was no statistically significant difference for duration and severity of illness based on gender. While 21% categorized their symptoms as severe and very severe. All 100% patients followed COVID-19 appropriate behaviour post infection frequent hand washing and use of sanitizer being the most common behaviour (79%). Other commonly followed COVID-19 appropriate behaviours were use of face mask (68%), maintaining distance of more than 6 feet (65%).Conclusions: COVID-19 symptoms are common among patients but are usually less severe. Most of the patients are following COVID-19 appropriate behaviour to lessen burden of infection to others. Results also highlight the need of early testing to reduce infection in family members.
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Bendavid, Eran, Bianca Mulaney, Neeraj Sood, Soleil Shah, Rebecca Bromley-Dulfano, Cara Lai, Zoe Weissberg, et al. "COVID-19 antibody seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California." International Journal of Epidemiology 50, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab010.
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Abstract Background Measuring the seroprevalence of antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is central to understanding infection risk and fatality rates. We studied Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-antibody seroprevalence in a community sample drawn from Santa Clara County. Methods On 3 and 4 April 2020, we tested 3328 county residents for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 using a rapid lateral-flow assay (Premier Biotech). Participants were recruited using advertisements that were targeted to reach county residents that matched the county population by gender, race/ethnicity and zip code of residence. We estimate weights to match our sample to the county by zip, age, sex and race/ethnicity. We report the weighted and unweighted prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. We adjust for test-performance characteristics by combining data from 18 independent test-kit assessments: 14 for specificity and 4 for sensitivity. Results The raw prevalence of antibodies in our sample was 1.5% [exact binomial 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–2.0%]. Test-performance specificity in our data was 99.5% (95% CI 99.2–99.7%) and sensitivity was 82.8% (95% CI 76.0–88.4%). The unweighted prevalence adjusted for test-performance characteristics was 1.2% (95% CI 0.7–1.8%). After weighting for population demographics, the prevalence was 2.8% (95% CI 1.3–4.2%), using bootstrap to estimate confidence bounds. These prevalence point estimates imply that 53 000 [95% CI 26 000 to 82 000 using weighted prevalence; 23 000 (95% CI 14 000–35 000) using unweighted prevalence] people were infected in Santa Clara County by late March—many more than the ∼1200 confirmed cases at the time. Conclusion The estimated prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Santa Clara County implies that COVID-19 was likely more widespread than indicated by the number of cases in late March, 2020. At the time, low-burden contexts such as Santa Clara County were far from herd-immunity thresholds.
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Altaf Qadir Khan. "COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND MENTAL HEALTH IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Postgraduate Medical Journal 31, no. 03 (March 9, 2021): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v31i03.391.
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Mental Health problems and illnesses have accelerated at an alarming rate due to COVID-19 pandemic worldwide as well as in Pakistan with the potential of worsening due to crucial mismatch of available resources and burden of disease. Pakistan is the world’s fifth most populous country with an estimated population of 220 million as of 20201. With an increase in societal awareness and much needed de-stigmatization in recent years, increasing numbers of people are seeking help for common mental illnesses and the few studies that have been done in Pakistan have documented a much higher prevalence of mental health issues in Pakistan compared to Western countries. There are an estimated six million drug addicts in the country. Serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia are estimated to have a prevalence rate of 1.5% in the population2. Child mental health problems also are common with a mean prevalence of 15%3.
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Ibekwe, Titus Sunday, Ayotunde James Fasunla, and Adebola Emmanuel Orimadegun. "Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Smell and Taste Disorders in COVID-19." OTO Open 4, no. 3 (July 2020): 2473974X2095797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473974x20957975.
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Objective Loss of smell and taste are considered potential discriminatory symptoms indicating triaging for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and early case identification. However, the estimated prevalence essential to guide public health policy varies in published literature. This meta-analysis aimed to estimate prevalence of smell and taste loss among COVID-19 patients. Data Sources We conducted systematic searches of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for studies published on the prevalence of smell and taste loss in COVID-19 patients. Review Methods Two authors extracted data on study characteristics and the prevalence of smell and taste loss. Random-effects modeling was used to estimate pooled prevalence. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were conducted to explore potential heterogeneity sources. This study used PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. Results Twenty-seven of 32 studies reported a prevalence of loss of smell, taste, or both from a combined sample of 20,451 COVID-19 patients. The estimated global pooled prevalence of loss of smell among 19,424 COVID-19 patients from 27 studies was 48.47% (95% CI, 33.78%-63.29%). Loss of taste was reported in 20 studies and 8001 patients with an estimated pooled prevalence of 41.47% (95% CI, 3.13%-31.03%), while 13 studies that reported combined loss of smell and taste in 5977 COVID-19 patients indicated a pooled prevalence of 35.04% (95% CI, 22.03%-49.26%). Conclusions The prevalence of smell and taste loss among COVID-19 patients was high globally, and regional differences supported the relevance of these symptoms as important markers. Health workers must consider them as suspicion indices for empirical diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.
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Clerkin, Kevin J., Justin A. Fried, Jayant Raikhelkar, Gabriel Sayer, Jan M. Griffin, Amirali Masoumi, Sneha S. Jain, et al. "COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease." Circulation 141, no. 20 (May 19, 2020): 1648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.046941.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic affecting 185 countries and >3 000 000 patients worldwide as of April 28, 2020. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which invades cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Among patients with COVID-19, there is a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and >7% of patients experience myocardial injury from the infection (22% of critically ill patients). Although angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 serves as the portal for infection, the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers requires further investigation. COVID-19 poses a challenge for heart transplantation, affecting donor selection, immunosuppression, and posttransplant management. There are a number of promising therapies under active investigation to treat and prevent COVID-19.
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Herman, Collin, Kirby Mayer, and Aarti Sarwal. "Scoping review of prevalence of neurologic comorbidities in patients hospitalized for COVID-19." Neurology 95, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009673.
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ObjectiveThe emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents a challenge for neurologists caring for patients with preexisting neurologic conditions hospitalized for COVID-19 or for evaluation of patients who have neurologic complications during COVID-19 infection. We conducted a scoping review of the available literature on COVID-19 to assess the potential effect on neurologists in terms of prevalent comorbidities and incidence of new neurologic events in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO), and Scopus databases for adult patients with preexisting neurologic disease who were diagnosed and hospitalized for COVID-19 or reported incidence of secondary neurologic events following diagnosis of COVID-19. Pooled descriptive statistics of clinical data and comorbidities were examined.ResultsAmong screened articles, 322 of 4,014 (8.0%) of hospitalized patients diagnosed and treated for COVID-19 had a preexisting neurologic illness. Four retrospective studies demonstrated an increased risk of secondary neurologic complications in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (incidence of 6%, 20%, and 36.4%, respectively). Inconsistent reporting and limited statistical analysis among these studies did not allow for assessment of comparative outcomes.ConclusionEmerging literature suggests a daunting clinical relationship between COVID-19 and neurologic illness. Neurologists need to be prepared to reorganize their consultative practices to serve the neurologic needs of patients during this pandemic.
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Albalate, M., P. Arribas, E. Torres, M. Cintra, R. Alcázar, M. Puerta, M. Ortega, et al. "High prevalence of asymptomatic COVID-19 in hemodialysis. Daily learning during first month of COVID-19 pandemic." Nefrología (English Edition) 40, no. 3 (May 2020): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2020.06.013.
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Abate, Biruk Beletew, Ayelign Mengesha Kassie, Mesfin Wudu Kassaw, Teshome Gebremeskel Aragie, and Setamlak Adane Masresha. "Sex difference in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e040129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040129.
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ObjectiveTo assess the sex difference in the prevalence of COVID-19 confirmed cases.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.SettingPubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched for related information. The authors developed a data extraction form on an Excel sheet and the following data from eligible studies were extracted: author, country, sample size, number of female patients and number of male patients. Using STATA V.14 for analysis, the authors pooled the overall prevalence of men and/or women using a random-effect meta-analysis model. The authors examined the heterogeneity in effect size using Q statistics and I2 statistics. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Publication bias was also checked.ParticipantsStudies on COVID-19 confirmed cases were included.InterventionSex (male/female) of COVID-19 confirmed cases was considered.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was prevalence of COVID-19 among men and women.ResultsA total of 57 studies with 221 195 participants were used in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of COVID-19 among men was found to be 55.00 (51.43–56.58, I2=99.5%, p<0.001). Sensitivity analysis showed the findings were not dependent on a single study. Moreover, a funnel plot showed symmetrical distribution. Egger’s regression test p value was not significant, which indicates absence of publication bias in both outcomes.ConclusionsThe prevalence of symptomatic COVID-19 was found to be higher in men than in women. The high prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption contributed to the high prevalence of COVID-19 among men. Additional studies on the discrepancies in severity and mortality rate due to COVID-19 among men and women and the associated factors are recommended.
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Zeb, Shaista, Kamran Almani, Imran Arshad, Shakir Hussain Keerio, and Saqib Ali. "Prevalence, Mechanism, and Implications of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in COVID-19." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 2206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211582206.
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Background; The COVID-19 pandemic has steered the exceptional disorder among the health care system. Gastrointestinal disorder and mortality are considerably associated with the utilization of health care which is disrupted by coronavirus pandemic. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence, mechanism and implications of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on consecutive patients of laboratory tested severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and received inpatients/ emergency care at Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad for duration of six months between November 2020 to April 2021. The SARS-CoV-2 tested patients of either symptomatic or asymptomatic were enrolled in this study. The prevalence, mechanism, and implications of gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated with COVID-19 among patients. The basic parameters such as GI symptoms, health care utilization, clinical predictor, and medication used were assessed with three Functional gastrointestinal and motility disorders (familial dysautonomia (FD), gastroparesis, and Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)). The nasopharyngeal swab was used for SARS-CoV-2 testing. The COVID-19 sensitivity and specificity were 95% and 98% respectively. STATA version 15.1 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total SARS-CoV-2 tested patients in our hospital, 1540 FGIMD patients underwent testing for SARS-CoV-2 were enrolled. COVID-19 RNA positive test rate was found 15.3% (235/1540) during the same period. Of all the tested patients, SARS-CoV-2 positive rate was higher (p<0.05) in COVID-19 patients with risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, autoimmune disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease) at 57.5% (885/1540) compared to 42.5% (655/1540) without risk factors. The COVID-19 prevalence in FGIMD patients was 3.3% (51/1540), 4.8% in IBS (56/1174), gastroparesis3.12% (24/770), and FD 2.4% (30/1250) in our hospital. Increased diarrhea, vomiting/nausea, weight loss, abdominal pain, and constipation were observed in FGIMD patients along with increases in H2 blocker, proton pump inhibitor and opioid use. The outpatient’s visits, diagnostic tests such as lower and upper endoscopies and hospitalization were higher during COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pandemic prior period. Conclusion: The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms was found higher in functional gastrointestinal and motility disorders patients during COVID-19 pandemic with increase healthcare utilization and medication usage. Key words: Gastrointestinal Symptoms, COVID-19 pandemic, Respiratory syndrome
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Wallace, Danielle, John M. Eason, Jason Walker, Sherry Towers, Tony H. Grubesic, and Jake R. Nelson. "Is There a Temporal Relationship between COVID-19 Infections among Prison Staff, Incarcerated Persons and the Larger Community in the United States?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 6873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136873.
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Background: Our objective was to examine the temporal relationship between COVID-19 infections among prison staff, incarcerated individuals, and the general population in the county where the prison is located among federal prisons in the United States. Methods: We employed population-standardized regressions with fixed effects for prisons to predict the number of active cases of COVID-19 among incarcerated persons using data from the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) for the months of March to December in 2020 for 63 prisons. Results: There is a significant relationship between the COVID-19 prevalence among staff, and through them, the larger community, and COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons in the US federal prison system. When staff rates are low or at zero, COVID-19 incidence in the larger community continues to have an association with COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons, suggesting possible pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission by staff. Masking policies slightly reduced COVID-19 prevalence among incarcerated persons, though the association between infections among staff, the community, and incarcerated persons remained significant and strong. Conclusion: The relationship between COVID-19 infections among staff and incarcerated persons shows that staff is vital to infection control, and correctional administrators should also focus infection containment efforts on staff, in addition to incarcerated persons.
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Gold, Jeffrey E., Ramazan A. Okyay, Warren E. Licht, and David J. Hurley. "Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060763.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients sometimes experience long-term symptoms following resolution of acute disease, including fatigue, brain fog, and rashes. Collectively these have become known as long COVID. Our aim was to first determine long COVID prevalence in 185 randomly surveyed COVID-19 patients and, subsequently, to determine if there was an association between occurrence of long COVID symptoms and reactivation of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in 68 COVID-19 patients recruited from those surveyed. We found the prevalence of long COVID symptoms to be 30.3% (56/185), which included 4 initially asymptomatic COVID-19 patients who later developed long COVID symptoms. Next, we found that 66.7% (20/30) of long COVID subjects versus 10% (2/20) of control subjects in our primary study group were positive for EBV reactivation based on positive titers for EBV early antigen-diffuse (EA-D) IgG or EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM. The difference was significant (p < 0.001, Fisher’s exact test). A similar ratio was observed in a secondary group of 18 subjects 21–90 days after testing positive for COVID-19, indicating reactivation may occur soon after or concurrently with COVID-19 infection. These findings suggest that many long COVID symptoms may not be a direct result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but may be the result of COVID-19 inflammation-induced EBV reactivation.
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Ssentongo, Paddy, Anna E. Ssentongo, Emily S. Heilbrunn, and Ping Du. "393. Prevalence of HIV in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 and Associated Mortality Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.588.
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Abstract Background As of June 3rd, 2020, the number of confirmed cases of novel SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, was approximately 6,538,456, with 386,503 deaths globally. Individuals with pre-existing conditions are particularly susceptible to and more likely to die from Covid-19. However, individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are unique due to their use of antiretroviral therapy, including protease inhibitors, which have been used to treat COVID-19. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the prevalence and prevalence of HIV in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and delineating the mortality rates. Methods MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library databases and medrxiv.org were searched from January 1st, 2020, to June 15th, 2020. Studies reporting on the prevalence of HIV among hospitalized COVID-19 patients among and outcome of mortality were extracted. Two reviewers independently extracted appropriate data of interest and assessed the risk of bias. All analyses were performed using random-effects models on log-transformed proportions and risk ratio estimates, and heterogeneity was quantified. Results A total of 144,795 hospitalized COVID-19 patients were identified from 14 studies (United States 8, Spain 3, China 1, Italy1, and Germany 1). The pooled prevalence of HIV in COVID-19 patients was 1.22 % [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61%-2.43%)] translating to a 2-fold increase compared to the respective local-level pooled HIV prevalence in the general population of 0.65% (95% CI: 0.48%-0.89%. When we stratified the analysis by country, pooled HIV prevalence among COVID-19 patients in United States (1.43%, 95% CI: 0.98% -2.07%) was significantly higher compared to Spain (0.26%, 95% CI: 0.23%-0.29%) but not different from China (0.99 %, 95% CI: 0.25 %-3.85%). The pooled mortality rates in HIV-positive patients hospitalized for COVID-19 was 14.1 % 95% CI: 5.78%-30.50% and was substantially higher in the United States compared to other countries. Conclusion The prevalence of HIV among COVID-19 patients may be higher compared to the general population, suggesting higher susceptibility to COVID-19. The mortality rates are high but vary significantly across countries. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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de Havenon, Adam, Shadi Yaghi, Eva A. Mistry, Alen Delic, Samuel Hohmann, Ernie Shippey, Eric Stulberg, et al. "Endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke patients with COVID-19: prevalence, demographics, and outcomes." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 12, no. 11 (September 28, 2020): 1045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016777.
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BackgroundWe aimed to compare the outcome of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients who received endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) with confirmed COVID-19 to those without.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis using the Vizient Clinical Data Base and included hospital discharges from April 1 to July 31 2020 with ICD-10 codes for AIS and EVT. The primary outcome was in-hospital death and the secondary outcome was favorable discharge, defined as discharge home or to acute rehabilitation. We compared patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 to those without. As a sensitivity analysis, we compared COVID-19 AIS patients who did not undergo EVT to those who did, to balance potential adverse events inherent to COVID-19 infection.ResultsWe identified 3165 AIS patients who received EVT during April to July 2020, in which COVID-19 was confirmed in 104 (3.3%). Comorbid COVID-19 infection was associated with younger age, male sex, diabetes, black race, Hispanic ethnicity, intubation, acute coronary syndrome, acute renal failure, and longer hospital and intensive care unit length of stay. The rate of in-hospital death was 12.4% without COVID-19 vs 29.8% with COVID-19 (P<0.001). In mixed-effects logistic regression that accounted for patient clustering by hospital, comorbid COVID-19 increased the odds of in-hospital death over four-fold (OR 4.48, 95% CI 3.02 to 6.165). Comorbid COVID-19 was also associated with lower odds of a favorable discharge (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.61). In the sensitivity analysis, comparing AIS patients with COVID-19 who did not undergo EVT (n=2139) to the AIS EVT patients with COVID-19, there was no difference in the rate of in-hospital death (30.6% vs 29.8%, P=0.868), and AIS EVT patients had a higher rate of favorable discharge (32.4% vs 47.1%, P=0.002).ConclusionIn AIS patients treated with EVT, comorbid COVID-19 infection was associated with in-hospital death and a lower odds of favorable discharge compared with patients without COVID-19, but not compared with AIS patients with COVID-19 who did not undergo EVT. AIS EVT patients with COVID-19 were younger, more likely to be male, have systemic complications, and almost twice as likely to be black and over three times as likely to be Hispanic.
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Clement, Nicholas D., Nathan Ng, Cameron J. Simpson, Robyn F. L. Patton, Andrew James Hall, A. Hamish R. W. Simpson, and Andrew D. Duckworth. "The prevalence, mortality, and associated risk factors for developing COVID-19 in hip fracture patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Bone & Joint Research 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.912.bjr-2020-0473.r1.
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Aims The aims of this meta-analysis were to assess: 1) the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hip fracture patients; 2) the associated mortality rate and risk associated with COVID-19; 3) the patient demographics associated with COVID-19; 4) time of diagnosis; and 5) length of follow-up after diagnosis of COVID-19. Methods Searches of PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar were performed in October 2020 in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Search terms included “hip”, “fracture”, and “COVID-19”. The criteria for inclusion were published clinical articles reporting the mortality rate associated with COVID-19 in hip fracture patients. In total, 53 articles were identified and following full text screening 28 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria. Results A total of 28 studies reported the mortality of COVID-19-positive patients, of which 21 studies reported the prevalence of COVID-19-positive patients and compared the mortality rate to COVID-19-negative patients. The prevalence of COVID-19 was 13% (95% confidence interval (CI) 11% to 16%) and was associated with a crude mortality rate of 35% (95% CI 32% to 39%), which was a significantly increased risk compared to those patients without COVID-19 (odds ratio (OR) 7.11, 95% CI 5.04 to 10.04; p < 0.001). COVID-19-positive patients were more likely to be male (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.96; p = 0.002). The duration of follow-up was reported in 20 (71.4%) studies. A total of 17 studies reported whether a patient presented with COVID-19 (n = 108 patients, 35.1%) or developed COVID-19 following admission (n = 200, 64.9%), of which six studies reported a mean time to diagnosis of post-admission COVID-19 at 15 days (2 to 25). Conclusion The prevalence of COVID-19 was 13%, of which approximately one-third of patients were diagnosed on admission, and was associated with male sex. COVID-19-positive patients had a crude mortality rate of 35%, being seven times greater than those without COVID-19. Due to the heterogenicity of the reported data minimum reporting standards of outcomes associated with COVID-19 are suggested. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(12):873–883.