Journal articles: 'Covid-19 exposure'

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Kang, Minji, Christopher Granda, Francesca J. Torriani, Randy Taplitz, Frank Myers, Marcia Isakari, and Shira Abeles. "499. Infection with Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Personnel with Exposure to COVID-19." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.692.

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Abstract Background As of June 2, 2020, 67,113 cases and 321 deaths due to Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) have been reported in healthcare personnel (HCP) in the United States. Given the close contact of HCP with individuals with COVID-19, it is important to quantify the risk of acquiring COVID-19 in the healthcare setting. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of HCP exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at our academic medical center from March 15, 2020 to May 16, 2020. Exposure during the study period was defined as having contact with patients or other HCP with COVID-19 within 6 feet of distance for at least 90 seconds when HCP’s eyes, nose, or mouth were not covered. HCP with exposures were monitored for symptoms consistent with COVID-19 for 14 days from last exposure and those who developed symptoms were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR. Results We identified 33 exposure events; 19 of which were patient-to-HCP exposures and 14 of which were HCP-to-HCP exposures. These 33 events resulted in 959 exposed HCP among whom 238 (25%) developed one or more symptoms of COVID-19 and required SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing. Testing was performed at 7.1 ± 5.0 (mean ± SD) days from exposure. Of the 238 HCP who were tested, 82% were female and 49% were registered nurses (Table 1). Five HCP tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR, but one was presumed to have acquired the disease from a household member with confirmed COVID-19. Among the four HCP who were infected due to occupational exposure, three were nurses while one was an environmental service worker (Table 1). Conclusion Despite exposures among HCP, the risk of acquiring symptomatic COVID-19 in the healthcare setting was low with less than 1% of HCP with occupational exposure subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19. With the definition of exposure now changed to at least 15 minutes of close contact without personal protective equipment, we anticipate fewer exposures at our healthcare facility and that much of COVID-19 transmission affecting HCP are due to community exposures. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Fadel, Marc, Jerome Salomon, and Alexis Descatha. "COVID-19 Job Exposure Matrix." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 63, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): e168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000002148.

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Qureshi, Adnan I., Carol Rheaume, Wei Huang, Iryna Lobanova, Raghav Govindarajan, Brandi R. French, Farhan Siddiq, Camilo R. Gomez, and Pradeep K. Sahota. "COVID-19 Exposure During Neurology Practice." Neurologist 26, no. 6 (November 2021): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nrl.0000000000000346.

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Cabas, Paolo, Stefano Di Bella, Mauro Giuffrè, Michele Rizzo, Carlo Trombetta, Roberto Luzzati, Roberta Maria Antonello, Ketty Parenzan, and Giovanni Liguori. "Community pharmacists' exposure to COVID-19." Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 17, no. 1 (January 2021): 1882–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.05.020.

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Silva, Sandra, Thriveen Mana, Davinder Bhullar, Beatrice Tabor, and Curtis Donskey. "451. Evaluation of Exposure History in Healthcare Personnel with Coronavirus 2019 Disease." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.644.

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Abstract Background During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many healthcare personnel (HCP) have developed COVID-19. However, there is uncertainty regarding whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was acquired at work versus in the community. Methods We conducted a cohort study to examine exposure history of personnel with COVID-19 infection or asymptomatic carriage in a VA healthcare system. High-risk exposures were classified based Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Results Of 578 personnel tested, 49 (8%) had nasopharyngeal swabs with positive PCR results, including 45 (92%) with and 4 (8%) without COVID-19 symptoms. Of the 49 cases, 21 (43%) had a documented high-risk exposure at work, including 14 exposures to COVID-19 patients and 7 exposures to colonized or infected personnel. Exposures to infected patients most often were a result of delays in recognition of COVID-19 due to atypical presentations. Exposures to personnel with COVID-19 most often involved activities such as meals when facemasks were not worn. Most cases occurred among nurses (26, 53%) and administrative personnel (10, 20%); only 3 physicians developed COVID-19. No cases occurred in personnel working on COVID-19 wards. All personnel had mild or moderate disease. Conclusion Forty-three percent of healthcare personnel with COVID-19 had prior high-risk exposures at work. Improved detection of patients with atypical presentations and efforts to reduce high-risk contacts among personnel may reduce the risk for acquisition of SARS-CoV-2. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Choi, Ma-I., and Bo-Young Park. "Differences Between Dental Hygienists" Awareness of Vaccination and COVID-19 Vaccination According to Exposure to COVID-19." Health & Welfare 24, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.23948/kshw.2022.09.24.3.173.

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Nurfitri, Nurfitri, Basri Basri, Nour Sriyanah, Andi Rizky Amaliah, Suradi Efendi, and Muhammad Hatta. "The Covid-19 Exposure Risk to Nurses from Covid-19 Patients: A Descriptive Study." Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v4i1.416.

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Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from mild to severe symptoms. The data on nurses who were infected with COVID-19 in the Camar room of the Dadi Hospital, South Sulawesi Province, Makassar City were 13 nurses. Objective: This study aims to describe the risk of exposure to the COVID-19 virus on nurses in the Camar Room at the Dadi Hospital, South Sulawesi Province, Makassar City. Method: This type of research is descriptive research. The sample of this research is nurses who treat COVID-19 patients as many as 51 respondents using the total sampling technique. Results: Based on a Nurse care activities have a very high risk of being exposed to COVID-19 as many as 51 respondents (100.0%), based on biological material accidents of nurses who do not experienced a biological material accident with a low risk of being exposed to COVID-19 as many as 45 respondents (88.2%) and those who experienced a high risk of exposure to biological material accidents as many as 6 respondents (11.8%) and based on bedience in carrying out the IPC, nurses who obedient the IPC at low risk of exposure to COVID-19 as many as 38 respondents (74.5%) and nurses who disobedient with the IPC at high risk of exposure to COVID-19 as many as 13 respondents (22.5 %). Conclusions: The conclusions of the study are those who have a high risk of being exposed to COVID-19 are respondents who carry out activities to care for COVID-19 patients and those who are at low risk of being exposed to COVID-19 are respondents who have not experienced biological material accidents as well as respondents who are bedient in carrying out IPC procedures. Suggestions for further researchers can develop further research on the description of the risk of exposure to COVID-19 in nurses.

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Sasser, Jade S., Bronwyn Leebaw, Cesunica Ivey, Brandon Brown, Chikako Takeshita, and Alexander Nguyen. "Commentary: Intersectional perspectives on COVID-19 exposure." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 31, no. 3 (May 2021): 401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00336-2.

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Gentile, Ivan, Alberto Enrico Maraolo, Prisco Piscitelli, and Annamaria Colao. "COVID-19: Time for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 3997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113997.

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From a healthcare perspective, infection due to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and the ensuing syndrome called COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) represents the biggest challenge the world has faced in several decades. Particularly worrisome are the high contagiousness of the virus and the saturation of hospitals’ capacity due to overwhelming caseloads. Non-pharmaceutical interventions such as quarantine and inter-personal distancing are crucial to limiting the spread of the virus in the general population, but more tailored interventions may be needed at an individual level on a case-by-case basis. In this perspective, the most insidious situation is when an individual has contact with a contagious subject without adequate protection. If rapidly recognized afterwards, this occurrence may be promptly addressed through a post-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PEP) with antiviral drugs. This strategy has been implemented for other respiratory viruses (influenza above all) and was successfully used in South Korea among healthcare workers against the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, by providing people who were exposed to high-risk contacts with lopinavir-ritonavir plus ribavirin. Initial experiences with the use of hydroxychloroquine to prevent COVID-19 also seem promising. Post-exposure chemoprophylaxis might help mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the current phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Widiastuti, Anindita, Kunto Adi Wibowo, and Benazir Bona Pratamawaty. "Partisan Selective Exposure in COVID-19 News." Ultimacomm: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/ultimacomm.v13i1.1999.

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Partisan selective exposure to online COVID-19 news articles is hypothesized to increase one’s exposure time to politically opinion-reinforcing news when exposed to a more opinion-reinforcing news environment and to increase one’s exposure time to politically opinion-challenging news when exposed to a more opinion-challenging news environment. This blocked 2x3 within-subjects experimental study crossed partisan stance (Pro Jokowi vs. Pro Anies) as the blocking factor with news conditions as the experimental factors (Pro vs. Contra vs. Control). The study randomly assigned 216 participants living in the Jakarta metropolitan area during the COVID-19 pandemic to two experimental and one control group for each stance (Pro Stance, Contra Stance, Control). Data shows how participants significantly spent more time on politically opinion-reinforcing news when in the Pro Stance condition, compared to when in the Contra Stance condition, and compared to when in the Control condition. Participants only significantly spent more time on politically opinion-challenging news when in the Contra Stance condition as compared to when in the Pro Stance condition, but not significantly as when compared to in the Control condition. The study took a look at how partisan selective exposure may play out in a certain news environment and found how a polarized news environment would lead to a more polarized exposure, which could get disastrous as it may play a role in people’s behavior towards the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, getting ourselves accustomed to perspectives from an equal news environment could lead us to be less polarized, and therefore be wiser at determining our standpoints towards the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Herţa, Dana-Cristina, Bogdana Miclea, Raluca Trifu, and Doina Cozman. "The psychological trauma of COVID-19 exposure." Psihiatru.ro 2, no. 65 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/psih.65.2.2021.4971.

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Granados, Galo, María Sáez-López, Cristina Aljama, Júlia Sampol, María-Jesús Cruz, and Jaume Ferrer. "Asbestos Exposure and Severity of COVID-19." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 16305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316305.

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Background: The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between occupational exposure to asbestos and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We evaluated patients who survived admission in our centre for COVID-19 pneumonia. Demographic, analytical, and clinical variables were collected during admission. After discharge, a previously validated occupational exposure to asbestos questionnaire was administered. Spirometry, CO diffusion test, the 6-min walk test, and high-resolution chest CT were performed. Patients who required respiratory support (oxygen, CPAP, or NIV) were considered severe. Results: In total, 293 patients (mean age 54 + 13 years) were included. Occupational exposure to asbestos was detected in 67 (24%). Patients with occupational exposure to asbestos had a higher frequency of COVID-19 pneumonia requiring respiratory support (n = 52, 77.6%) than their unexposed peers (n = 139, 61.5%) (p = 0.015). Asbestos exposure was associated with COVID-19 severity in the univariate but not in the multivariate analysis. No differences were found regarding follow-up variables including spirometry and the DLCO diffusion, the 6-min walk test, and CT alterations. Conclusions: In hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, those with occupational exposure to asbestos more frequently needed respiratory support. However, an independent association between asbestos exposure and COVID-19 severity could not be confirmed.

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Seidelman, Jessica, Ibukunoluwa Akinboyo, Maya Rinehart, Matthew Stiegel, Rebekah W. Moehring, Deverick J. Anderson, Kristen Said, Carol A. Epling, Sarah S. Lewis, and Becky Smith. "418. Low Frequency of Healthcare Worker Infections Following Occupational Exposures to COVID-19." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S309—S310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.618.

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Abstract Background Data on occupational acquisition of COVID-19 in healthcare settings are limited. Contact tracing efforts are high resource investments. Methods Duke Health developed robust COVID-19 contact tracing methods as part of a comprehensive prevention program. We prospectively collected data on HCW exposures and monitored for development of symptomatic (SYX) and asymptomatic (ASYX) COVID-19 infection after documented high-, medium, and low-risk exposures. HCWs were required to self-report exposures or were identified through contact tracing as potentially exposed to COVID-19 positive HCWs, patients or visitors. Contact tracers interviewed exposed HCWs and assessed the risk of exposure as high-, medium-, or low-risk based on CDC guidance (Table 1). Testing was recommended at 6 days after high- or medium-risk exposures and was provided upon HCW request following low-risk exposures. Our vaccination campaign began in 12/2020. Results 12,916 HCWs registered in the contact tracing database. From March 2020-May 2021, we identified 6,606 occupational exposures (0.51 exposures/HCW). The highest incidence of workplace exposures per number of HCWs in each job category was among respiratory therapists (RT) (0.95 exposures/RT), nursing assistants (NA) (0.79 exposures/NA), and physicians (0.64 exposures/physician). The most common exposure risk level was medium (51.4%), followed by low (35.5%), and then high (13.1%). A total of 260 (2%) HCW had positive tests/conversions; 28 (10.8%) were ASYX at the time of testing. High-risk exposures had a significantly greater number of post-exposure infections compared to medium- and low-risk exposures (12.5% vs. 4.2%, vs. 0.4%; p < 0.001). The rate of SYX infection following exposure to a fellow HCW (179/3,198; 5.6%) was higher than that following exposure to a patient (81/3,408; 2.4%; p< 0.001). Conclusion Conversion following exposure to COVID-19 in the healthcare setting with appropriate protective equipment was low. Incomplete testing of all exposed individuals was a limitation and our data may under-estimate the true conversion rate. Our findings support our local practice of not quarantining HCWs following non-household exposures. Limiting contact tracing to only high or medium risk exposures may best utilize limited personnel resources. Disclosures Rebekah W. Moehring, MD, MPH, UpToDate, Inc. (Other Financial or Material Support, Author Royalties)

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Benarba, Bachir, and Adel Gouri. "Pre-exposure and Post-exposure new prophylactic treatments against COVID-19 in healthcare workers." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 7 (April 22, 2020): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.7.260-267.

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The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 or novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection pandemic continues to spread. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 in Wuhan (China), healthcare workers have been infected and are considered at high risk of contamination. Moreover, in addition to the physical effects of COVID-19, the pandemic results in important mental health issues among healthcare workers such as anxiety, stress, depression, and further nervous or mental disorders. Despite the increasing number of clinical trials aiming to develop vaccines or test antiviral molecules, till now no efficient anti- SARS-CoV-2 drugs have been validated. The COVID-19 pandemic led us to call for an urgent nutritional intervention model that should be established to prevent and/or reduce the negative impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. In the present paper, we suggest a safe nutritional supplementation of Mg-Zn- B vitamins (B1, B6, B9, and B12) in healthcare workers as pre-exposure and post-exposure new prophylactic treatments. Furthermore, the paper reports the scientific arguments and the possible mechanisms by which the Mg-Zn- B vitamins supplementation may exert its beneficial effects in the healthcare workers facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the Mg-Zn- B vitamins supplementation would enhance the immune response against SARS-CoV2, prevent inflammatory processes and oxidative stress, fight or alleviate the COVID-19-related mental health issues, or even reduce the replication. Each element of the supplementation possesses important and promising effects contributing to the possible efficiency of the suggested Mg-Zn- B vitamins supplementation in healthcare workers. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Supplementation, Zinc, Magnesium, Vitamins B.

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Shah, Babar Hussain, Zaheer Khan, and Saqib Riaz. "Challenges in Tackling COVID-19." Információs Társadalom 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22503/inftars.xxi.2021.4.4.

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This study aimed to investigate the influence of mass media and interpersonal communication channels in the adoption of preventive measures against the Covid-19 pandemic (coronavirus). The study hypothesises that higher exposure to media content increases interpersonal communication and increased interpersonal communication is positively associated with the adoption of preventive behaviour. To test this hypothesis, this study used a quantitative research technique employing a survey method. The results, when assessed through Pearson correlation, elaborated that there was a stronger association between media exposure and increased interpersonal communication and the adoption level of Covid prevention measures. The result of the thematic analysis revealed that interpersonal communication was an important contributor towards changing behaviour. Hence, the two-step flow of communication showed strong support for accepting the role of interpersonal communication alongside the mass media. This study findings provide insights to communicators and planners for devising different communication strategies for combating the pandemic.

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Widayanti, Neng Dheni, Rini Marini, and Inez Noviani Indah. "Analisis Uji Paparan Radiasi di Ruang Isolasi Covid-19 RSUD Karawang." Jurnal Pengawasan Tenaga Nuklir 1, no. 1 (July 26, 2021): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53862/jupeten.v1i1.007.

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Introduction: WHO has declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a global pandemic. The Indonesian government stated that COVID-19 was a national disaster. Objective: Conduct a radiation exposure examination for the workplace area around the isolation room for COVID-19 at Kerawang Hospital. This examination ensures radiation safety, which is then used as an evaluation material to improve radiation safety. Methods: Descriptive study with direct measurements in the COVID-19 isolation room with measurement points in several treatment rooms frequently examined chest X-rays. Calculation of the exposure test by calculating the measured value minus the background value then multiplying the calibration factor. Results and Discussion: Measurement of radiation exposure test was carried out in 3 locations, namely in the emergency covid x-ray room, room 107, and room 112. The measurement results from the emergency COVID-19 x-ray room showed that the exposure to the parking area was 0.13 μSv. Measurements from room 107 obtained exposure in the changing room for nurses of 0.113 μSv / h, Nurse Station of 0.063 μSv / h, and the doctor’s room of 0.149 μSv /h. For measurements from room 112, radiation exposure in the anteroom room was 0.205 μSv /h, Nurse Station was 0.123 μSv /h, and the doctor’s room was 0.183 μSv /h. Thus, the radiation exposure tests in several locations in the COVID-19 isolation room at the Karawang Hospital were below 0.25 μSv /h for the general public or were declared safe. Conclusions and suggestions: The results of radiation exposure tests in several locations of the COVID-19 isolation room at Karawang Hospital are still within safe limits, carried out to provide safety and comfort for doctors and paramedics working in their respective workspaces and working in the covid room area both in terms of safety in dealing with patients or from radiation safety.

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Sripanidkulchai, Kantarida, Pinyo Rattanaumpawan, Winai Ratanasuwan, Nasikarn Angkasekwinai, Susan Assanasen, Peerawong Werarak, Oranich Navanukroh, Phatharajit Phatharodom, and Teerapong Tocharoenchok. "A Risk Prediction Model and Risk Score of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Following Healthcare-Related Exposure." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7090248.

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Hospital workers are at high risk of contact with COVID-19 patients. Currently, there is no evidence-based, comprehensive risk assessment tool for healthcare-related exposure; so, we aimed to identify independent factors related to COVID-19 infection in hospital workers following workplace exposure(s) and construct a risk prediction model. We analyzed the COVID-19 contact tracing dataset from 15 July to 31 December 2021 using multiple logistic regression analysis, considering exposure details, demographics, and vaccination history. Of 7146 included exposures to confirmed COVID-19 patients, 229 (4.2%) had subsequently tested positive via RT-PCR. Independent risk factors for a positive test were having symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 4.94, 95%CI 3.83–6.39), participating in an unprotected aerosol-generating procedure (aOR 2.87, 1.66–4.96), duration of exposure >15 min (aOR 2.52, 1.82–3.49), personnel who did not wear a mask (aOR 2.49, 1.75–3.54), exposure to aerodigestive secretion (aOR 1.5, 1.03–2.17), index patient not wearing a mask (aOR 1.44, 1.01–2.07), and exposure distance <1 m without eye protection (aOR 1.39, 1.02–1.89). High-potency vaccines and high levels of education protected against infection. A risk model and scoring system with good discrimination power were built. Having symptoms, unprotected exposure, lower education level, and receiving low potency vaccines increased the risk of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 following healthcare-related exposure events.

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Kandel, Christopher, Allison McGeer, Joshua Friedland, Altynay Shigayeva, and Samira Mubareka. "411. Significance of a Known Epidemiological Link to a COVID-19 Index Case and Severity of COVID-19 Infection." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.612.

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Abstract Background Several factors have been associated with severity of COVID-19 disease, but there remains a paucity of data surrounding whether the nature of exposure is impactful. Evidence demonstrating the correlation between initial viral exposure dose and disease severity exists for many viral infections. Observational studies have suggested that the exposure context, which can be considered a proxy for magnitude of viral inoculum, may influence severity of COVID-19 infection. We aimed to assess whether having a known exposure, as a proxy for higher inoculum dose to COVID-19, was associated with more severe outcomes for individuals hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods We created a retrospective cohort of community-dwelling adults hospitalized for COVID-19 in south-central Ontario from April 1, 2020 - January 14, 2021. Individuals or next of kin were contacted to ascertain exposure history. The primary outcome was death, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or mechanical ventilation (MV) within 30 days of admission. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine whether a known exposure was associated with worse outcomes. Results 1097 individuals with community acquired COVID-19 required hospitalization; of these, 942 (86%) had available exposure data. In this group, the median age was 65, 44% were women, 84% lived in a private residence, 59% had a frailty score (FS) of 1 – 3 while 40% had a FS of 4 – 9, and 28% had a known exposure. Overall, the primary outcome occurred in 368/942 (39%) patients. Having a known exposure was not associated with worse outcome (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.84–1.54, p = 0.41). Male gender (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.06–1.89; p = 0.018), age (OR 1.01/year, 95% CI 1.00–1.03, p = 0.03), frailty (OR 1.22/point, 95% CI 1.09–1.36, p = 0.001) and living with at least one other person (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.09–2.28, p = 0.017) were all associated with death, ICU admission, or MV within 30 days of admission. Conclusion While having a known exposure to a person with COVID-19 was not associated with worse outcome, the identified increased severity of illness associated with cohabitation suggests context of exposure may have a role in disease severity. This data and future studies can be used to guide public health recommendations to not only minimize transmission, but severity of COVID-19 infection. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Trannel, Alexandra, Takaaki Kobayashi, Oluchi Abosi, Kyle Jenn, Holly Meacham, Lorinda Sheeler, William Etienne, et al. "COVID-19 Conversion after Exposure in a Semiprivate Room at a Tertiary Care Center in Iowa, July–December 2020." Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 1, S1 (July 2021): s20—s21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ash.2021.37.

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Background: Hospital semiprivate rooms may lead to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient exposures. We investigated the risk of COVID-19 patient-to-patient exposure in semiprivate rooms and the subsequent risk of acquiring COVID-19. Methods: The University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics is an 811-bed tertiary care center. Overall, 16% of patient days are spent in semiprivate rooms. Most patients do not wear masks while in semiprivate rooms. Active COVID-19 surveillance included admission and every 5 days nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. We identified inpatients with COVID-19 who were in semiprivate rooms during their infectious periods during July–December 2020. Testing was repeated 24 hours after the first positive test. Cycle threshold (Ct) values of the two tests (average Ct <30), SARS-CoV-2 serology results, clinical assessment, and COVID-19 history were used to determine patient infectiousness. Roommates were considered exposed if in the same semiprivate room with an infectious patient. Exposed patients were notified, quarantined (private room), and follow-up testing was arranged (median seven days). Conversion was defined as having a negative test followed by a subsequent positive within 14 days after exposure. We calculated the risk of exposure: number of infectious patients in semiprivate rooms/number of semiprivate patient-days (hospitalization days in semiprivate rooms). Results: There were 16,427 semiprivate patient days during July–December 2020. We identified 43 COVID-19 inpatients who roommates during their infectious periods. Most infectious patients (77%) were male; the median age was 67 years; and 22 (51%) were symptomatic. Most were detected during active surveillance: admission testing (51%) and serial testing (28%). There were 57 exposed roommates. The risk of exposure was 3 of 1,000 semiprivate patient days. In total, 16 roommates (28%) did not complete follow-up testing. Of 41 exposed patients with follow-up data, 8 (20%) converted following their exposure. Median time to conversion was 5 days. The risk of exposure and subsequent conversion was 0.7 of 1,000 semiprivate patient days. Median Ct value of the source patient was 20 for those who converted and 23 for those who did not convert. Median exposure time was 45 hours (range, 3–73) for those who converted and 12 hours (range, 1–75) for those who did not convert. Conclusions: The overall risk of exposure in semiprivate rooms was low. The conversion rate was comparable to that reported for household exposures. Lower Ct values and lengthier exposures may be associated with conversion. Active COVID-19 surveillance helps early detection and decreases exposure time.Funding: NoDisclosures: None

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Fritzen, Matheus, Gabriella Di Giunta Funchal, Mariana Oliveira Luiz, and Giovanna Steffenello Durigon. "Leukocytoclastic vasculitis after exposure to COVID-19 vaccine." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 97, no. 1 (January 2022): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abd.2021.09.003.

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Bank, Tracy Caroline, Kathryn Vollum, Emily Nuss, Ghamar Bitar, and Matthew Hoffman. "Aspirin Exposure in Pregnancies Complicated by COVID-19." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 226, no. 1 (January 2022): S613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.1010.

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Shukla, Vershalee, Christine S. M. Lau, Mikayla Towns, Jennifer Mayer, Kara Kalkbrenner, Steve Beuerlein, and Pablo Prichard. "COVID-19 Exposure Among First Responders in Arizona." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 62, no. 12 (September 18, 2020): 981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000002027.

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Wang, Andrew Pindi. "Exposure of PM2.5 Exacerbates COVID-19 In Vivo." SHS Web of Conferences 148 (2022): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214803017.

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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affects many tissues and organs, especially lung damage. The respiratory system related comorbidities can increase the COVID-19 clinical symptoms and cause more damages. Since high PM2.5 exposure decreases the respiratory system function, I hypothesize that PM2.5 can induce aggravated COVID-19 symptoms. I propose to construct the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) knock in mice model to mimic COVID-19 patients. PM2.5 particulates will be delivered into the mice container in the aerosol form for consecutive 5 days ending on day -7 (Day 0 is the day of SARS-CoV-2 virus challenge). On day 21, we will sacrifice the mice and analyze the autopsy samples via ELISA, flow cytometry and histology assays and so forth, which determine the secretion level of inflammatory cytokines and characterize the function of related tissue or organs. It will be shown that pre-PM2.5 exposure induces more severe COVID-19 symptoms with highly activated inflammatory responses.

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Cristian Fioriglio. "New study on Covid-19." International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive 3, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 008–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijstra.2022.3.1.0050.

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The study focused on the subject of COVID is based on the possibility of assuring the prevention of serious clinical onset in cases of exposure to SARS CoV2, performing, alternatively to vaccination, a periodic self-prophylaxis of neutralizing Ig antibodies from previous passive / or active prophylaxis against spike protein of SARS CoV2.

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Morales, Javier S., Pedro L. Valenzuela, Adrián Castillo-García, Javier Butragueño, David Jiménez-Pavón, Pedro Carrera-Bastos, and Alejandro Lucia. "The Exposome and Immune Health in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Nutrients 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010024.

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Growing evidence supports the importance of lifestyle and environmental exposures—collectively referred to as the ‘exposome’—for ensuring immune health. In this narrative review, we summarize and discuss the effects of the different exposome components (physical activity, body weight management, diet, sun exposure, stress, sleep and circadian rhythms, pollution, smoking, and gut microbiome) on immune function and inflammation, particularly in the context of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We highlight the potential role of ‘exposome improvements’ in the prevention—or amelioration, once established—of this disease as well as their effect on the response to vaccination. In light of the existing evidence, the promotion of a healthy exposome should be a cornerstone in the prevention and management of the COVID-19 pandemic and other eventual pandemics.

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Grandjean, Philippe, Clara Amalie Gade Timmermann, Marie Kruse, Flemming Nielsen, Pernille Just Vinholt, Lasse Boding, Carsten Heilmann, and Kåre Mølbak. "Severity of COVID-19 at elevated exposure to perfluorinated alkylates." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0244815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244815.

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Background The course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seems to be aggravated by air pollution, and some industrial chemicals, such as the perfluorinated alkylate substances (PFASs), are immunotoxic and may contribute to an association with disease severity. Methods From Danish biobanks, we obtained plasma samples from 323 subjects aged 30–70 years with known SARS-CoV-2 infection. The PFAS concentrations measured at the background exposures included five PFASs known to be immunotoxic. Register data was obtained to classify disease status, other health information, and demographic variables. We used ordered logistic regression analyses to determine associations between PFAS concentrations and disease outcome. Results Plasma-PFAS concentrations were higher in males, in subjects with Western European background, and tended to increase with age, but were not associated with the presence of chronic disease. Of the study population, 108 (33%) had not been hospitalized, and of those hospitalized, 53 (16%) had been in intensive care or were deceased. Among the five PFASs considered, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) showed an unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.19 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.39–3.46) for increasing severities of the disease. Among those hospitalized, the fully adjusted OR for getting into intensive care or expiring was 5.18 (1.29, 20.72) when based on plasma samples obtained at the time of diagnosis or up to one week before. Conclusions Measures of individual exposures to immunotoxic PFASs included short-chain PFBA known to accumulate in the lungs. Elevated plasma-PFBA concentrations were associated with an increased risk of a more severe course of COVID-19. Given the low background exposure levels in this study, the role of exposure to PFASs in COVID-19 needs to be ascertained in populations with elevated exposures.

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Lee, Jung Jae, Kyung-Ah Kang, Man Ping Wang, Sheng Zhi Zhao, Janet Yuen Ha Wong, Siobhan O'Connor, Sook Ching Yang, and Sunhwa Shin. "Associations Between COVID-19 Misinformation Exposure and Belief With COVID-19 Knowledge and Preventive Behaviors: Cross-Sectional Online Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): e22205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22205.

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Background Online misinformation proliferation during the COVID-19 pandemic has become a major public health concern. Objective We aimed to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 misinformation exposure and beliefs, associated factors including psychological distress with misinformation exposure, and the associations between COVID-19 knowledge and number of preventive behaviors. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 1049 South Korean adults in April 2020. Respondents were asked about receiving COVID-19 misinformation using 12 items identified by the World Health Organization. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for the association of receiving misinformation with sociodemographic characteristics, source of information, COVID-19 misinformation belief, and psychological distress, as well as the associations of COVID-19 misinformation belief with COVID-19 knowledge and the number of COVID-19 preventive behaviors among those who received the misinformation. All data were weighted according to the Korea census data in 2018. Results Overall, 67.78% (n=711) of respondents reported exposure to at least one COVID-19 misinformation item. Misinformation exposure was associated with younger age, higher education levels, and lower income. Sources of information associated with misinformation exposure were social networking services (aOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.20-2.32) and instant messaging (aOR 1.79, 1.27-2.51). Misinformation exposure was also associated with psychological distress including anxiety (aOR 1.80, 1.24-2.61), depressive (aOR 1.47, 1.09-2.00), and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (aOR 1.97, 1.42-2.73), as well as misinformation belief (aOR 7.33, 5.17-10.38). Misinformation belief was associated with poorer COVID-19 knowledge (high: aOR 0.62, 0.45-0.84) and fewer preventive behaviors (≥7 behaviors: aOR 0.54, 0.39-0.74). Conclusions COVID-19 misinformation exposure was associated with misinformation belief, while misinformation belief was associated with fewer preventive behaviors. Given the potential of misinformation to undermine global efforts in COVID-19 disease control, up-to-date public health strategies are required to counter the proliferation of misinformation.

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Dembek, Zygmunt F., and Robert A. Lordo. "Influence of Perfluoroalkyl Substances on Occurrence of Coronavirus Disease 2019." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 5375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095375.

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Epidemiologic evidence indicates exposure to polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) influences immunosuppression, with diminished vaccination response. The relationship between PFAS blood levels and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurrence by age warrants further examination. This assessment identified blood PFAS exposure levels in discrete populations. Recent PFAS population studies summarizing age and gender results were identified and included. Geographically corresponding COVID-19 incidence data were determined for selected counties in North Carolina (NC) and Ohio (OH), and the state of New Jersey (NJ). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 databases were accessed for national incidence data by age groupings. We assessed associations between blood PFAS concentrations, COVID-19 incidence rates, and key demographic characteristics, within subpopulations. COVID-19 incidence counts and blood PFAS concentration were obtained for each age group, along with estimated U.S. Census total population. A general trend observed is higher PFAS levels in older age groups. Younger age groups contained fewer COVID-19 cases. Global COVID-19 mortality is highest in elderly populations with hospitalization and death greatly increasing from age 50. PFAS exposures occurring early in life may cause deleterious health effects later in life, including decreased antibody response and reduced disease resistance. Highest levels of both PFAS exposure and COVID-19 were found in the oldest populations. While this does not determine causality, such associations should help promote further study.

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Mohr, Nicholas M., Anusha Krishnadasan, Karisa K. Harland, Patrick Ten Eyck, William R. Mower, Walter A. Schrading, Juan Carlos C. Montoy, et al. "Emergency department personnel patient care-related COVID-19 risk." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 22, 2022): e0271597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271597.

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Objectives Emergency department (ED) health care personnel (HCP) are at risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. The objective of this study was to determine the attributable risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection from providing ED care, describe personal protective equipment use, and identify modifiable ED risk factors. We hypothesized that providing ED patient care increases the probability of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods We conducted a multicenter prospective cohort study of 1,673 ED physicians, advanced practice providers (APPs), nurses, and nonclinical staff at 20 U.S. centers over 20 weeks (May to December 2020; before vaccine availability) to detect a four-percentage point increased SARS-CoV-2 incidence among HCP related to direct patient care. Participants provided monthly nasal and serology specimens and weekly exposure and procedure information. We used multivariable regression and recursive partitioning to identify risk factors. Results Over 29,825 person-weeks, 75 participants (4.5%) acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection (31 were asymptomatic). Physicians/APPs (aOR 1.07; 95% CI 0.56–2.03) did not have higher risk of becoming infected compared to nonclinical staff, but nurses had a marginally increased risk (aOR 1.91; 95% CI 0.99–3.68). Over 99% of participants used CDC-recommended personal protective equipment (PPE), but PPE lapses occurred in 22.1% of person-weeks and 32.1% of SARS-CoV-2-infected patient intubations. The following factors were associated with infection: household SARS-CoV-2 exposure; hospital and community SARS-CoV-2 burden; community exposure; and mask non-use in public. SARS-CoV-2 intubation was not associated with infection (attributable risk fraction 13.8%; 95% CI -2.0–38.2%), and nor were PPE lapses. Conclusions Among unvaccinated U.S. ED HCP during the height of the pandemic, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection was similar in nonclinical staff and HCP engaged in direct patient care. Many identified risk factors were related to community exposures.

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Spilchuk, V., V. H. Arrandale, and J. Armstrong. "Potential risk factors associated with COVID-19 in health care workers." Occupational Medicine 72, no. 1 (November 3, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqab148.

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Abstract Background Health care workers (HCWs) have been recognized as being at higher risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection; however, relevant factors and magnitude have not been clearly elucidated. Aim This study was aimed to describe COVID-19 infections among hospital employees at a large tertiary care hospital located in Ontario, Canada from March to July 2020, towards better understanding potential risk factors. Methods Data on all HCWs with either a positive COVID test or a high-risk exposure from March to July 2020 were analyzed. HCWs with positive COVID test results and high-risk exposures were described. Those who developed COVID-19 following high-risk exposure were compared to those who did not. Data were also analyzed to determine trends over time. Results Over the period of observation, 193 staff (2% of total working staff) had a positive COVID-19 test. Incidence of HCW infections closely followed community incidence. Overall, 31% of COVID-19 cases were deemed occupationally acquired. Of these, 41% were acquired from a patient, with the remainder (59%) from fellow staff. Over the same period, 204 staff were identified as having a high-risk exposure. The majority of exposures (55%) were patient-associated, with the remaining (45%) resulting from staff-to-staff contact. Overall, 13% went on to develop COVID-19. Of these cases, 58% were patient-associated and 42% were a result of staff-to-staff transmission. Conclusions HCWs are at risk for work-related COVID-19. Given the number of infections attributed to staff–staff transmission, greater attention could be paid to implementing prevention measures in non-clinical areas.

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Wu, X., R. C. Nethery, M. B. Sabath, D. Braun, and F. Dominici. "Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: Strengths and limitations of an ecological regression analysis." Science Advances 6, no. 45 (November 2020): eabd4049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd4049.

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Assessing whether long-term exposure to air pollution increases the severity of COVID-19 health outcomes, including death, is an important public health objective. Limitations in COVID-19 data availability and quality remain obstacles to conducting conclusive studies on this topic. At present, publicly available COVID-19 outcome data for representative populations are available only as area-level counts. Therefore, studies of long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 outcomes using these data must use an ecological regression analysis, which precludes controlling for individual-level COVID-19 risk factors. We describe these challenges in the context of one of the first preliminary investigations of this question in the United States, where we found that higher historical PM2.5 exposures are positively associated with higher county-level COVID-19 mortality rates after accounting for many area-level confounders. Motivated by this study, we lay the groundwork for future research on this important topic, describe the challenges, and outline promising directions and opportunities.

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Ehsanifar, Mojtaba, Mehravar Rafati, and Jie Wang. "Neurological complications related to COVID-19 infections following exposure to airborne aerosol particles." Clinical Research and Clinical Trials 5, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-4779/081.

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Some of the recent researches show that air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), including fine particles (PM<2.5μm, PM2.5) and very fine particles (PM <0.1μm, PM 0.1) can reach the brain and affect CNS health. Neurological complications with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been observed. The aim of this review the relationship between air pollutants exposure and COVID-19 was focused on the role of airborne aerosol particles in the prevalence of the disease, as well as the neurological effects of COVID-19. It is not yet clear how the virus is transmitted from one sick person to another and why it is so transmissible. Viruses can be probably transmitted through speech and exhalation aerosols. Findings show that SARS-CoV-2 aerosol transmission is possible. Spike (S) proteins of SARS‑CoV‑2 determine tissue tropism using an angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor type2 (ACE-2) to bind to the cells. ACE-2 receptor is found in the tissues of the nervous system. Neurological disorders that occur with COVID-19 can have many pathophysiological backgrounds. Some are the result of a direct viral attack on tissues of the nervous system, others appear to be an autoimmune process post-viral, and still others appear to be the result of systemic and metabolic complications associated with critical illness.

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Pittinsky, Todd L. "Backtalk: Managing COVID-19 anxiety." Phi Delta Kappan 102, no. 3 (October 26, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031721720970709.

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As school buildings have reopened during the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers have been understandably anxious about their own health, and that of their students. But should students know how worried their teachers are? Todd Pittinsky suggests that teachers avoid shielding students from knowledge of the risks of exposure while also being thoughtful in their teaching approaches and managing their own anxiety to serve as role models. He also encourages teachers and administrators to share helpful practices for reducing anxiety.

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Lu, Chen, Xiaodi Yi, and Xiaocui Ren. "Social Group Differences in the Exposure Risk of COVID-19: A Case Study in Beijing, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031121.

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Taking Beijing as a case, this paper conducted a survey to collect the characteristics of residents’ daily activities, including the mode of frequency and duration of travel, the type and environment of activities, and the duration and frequency of activities. We calculated the COVID-19 exposure risk of residents in different activities based on the exposure risk formula; the influencing factors of residents’ exposure risk were analyzed by regression analysis. The variance of residents’ COVID-19 exposure risk was calculated by coefficient of variation. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) There are differences in activity types of COVID-19 exposure risk, which are survival activity, daily activity and leisure activity from high to low. (2) There are differences in populations of COVID-19 exposure risk. Education level, occupation and income are the main factors affecting residents’ COVID-19 exposure risk. (3) There is internal inequity in the risk of COVID-19 exposure. The exposure risk was higher on work days than on rest days. Health inequities at work are highest on both work days and rest days. Among the different population characteristics, male, 31–40 years old, married, with a high school education, income level of 20,001–25,000 yuan, with a non-local rural hukou, rental housing, farmers, three generations or more living together have a greater degree of COVID-19 exposure risk.

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Park, Jaeseok, Jaekwon Jung, Hyunsoo Kim, Changkeun Park, Daejin Kim, Jaekwang Lee, and Hanjun Ryu. "COVID-19 Mimicking Acute Colitis." Korean Journal of Medicine 96, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2021.96.2.143.

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On 11 February, 2020, the World Health Organization announced that COVID-19 was a novel coronavirus disease first detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The complete clinical picture is not fully known. Illness ranges from mild to fatal. The common symptoms include fever, cough, and dyspnea usually developing 2-14 days after exposure. However, diarrhea was present in a few patients with COVID-19. We report a case of COVID-19 mimicking acute colitis.

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V. Jituri, Vishwajeet. "MACROECONOMICS AFTER COVID-19 PANDEMIC." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 7 (July 24, 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.581.

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Macroeconomics concerns with total income, employment, investment etc. at countries level. The modern economy follows 4-sector model; wherein there is engagement of household sector, firms sector, government sector and the foreign sector. The volume of exports and imports of a country in percentage of its GDP gives indication of their exposure to the foreign sector. Post Covid-19, there is tendency of many countries to follow 3-sector economic model and reduce their dependency on the foreign sector. This paper does overview of the economic models in view of the pandemic Covid-19.

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Moss, Brandon P., Kedar R. Mahajan, Robert A. Bermel, Kelsey Hellisz, Le H. Hua, Timothy Hudec, Scott Husak, et al. "Multiple sclerosis management during the COVID-19 pandemic." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 26, no. 10 (August 10, 2020): 1163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458520948231.

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Background: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) may be at higher risk for complications from the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic due to use of immunomodulatory disease modifying therapies (DMTs) and greater need for medical services. Objectives: To evaluate risk factors for COVID-19 susceptibility and describe the pandemic’s impact on healthcare delivery. Methods: Surveys sent to MS patients at Cleveland Clinic, Johns Hopkins, and Vall d’Hebron-Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya in April and May 2020 collected information about comorbidities, DMTs, exposures, COVID-19 testing/outcomes, health behaviors, and disruptions to MS care. Results: There were 3028/10,816 responders. Suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases were more likely to have a known COVID-19 contact (odds ratio (OR): 4.38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 18.54). In multivariable-adjusted models, people who were younger, had to work on site, had a lower education level, and resided in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas were less likely to follow social distancing guidelines. 4.4% reported changes to therapy plans, primarily delays in infusions, and 15.5% a disruption to rehabilitative services. Conclusion: Younger people with lower socioeconomic status required to work on site may be at higher exposure risk and are potential targets for educational intervention and work restrictions to limit exposure. Providers should be mindful of potential infusion delays and MS care disruption.

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Smathers, Sarah, Regan Deming, Lauren Le Goff, David Lenar, Cheryl Gebeline-myers, Jeanette Trella, Susan E. Coffin, Susan E. Coffin, and Julia S. Sammons. "487. Patient Outcomes of Contact Tracing for COVID-19 in a Pediatric Hospital." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S309—S310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.680.

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Abstract Background Contact tracing is a critical component in controlling the spread of infectious diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the demands for contract tracing far exceeded the resources available to infection prevention and control (IPC) programs. Leveraging our Poison Control Center, our organization established a Contact Tracing Center (CTC) with content expertise and oversight by IPC and Occupational Health. The CTC identifies exposed patients and employees, provides testing guidance and scheduling, and offers post-exposure recommendations for employees. We describe patient outcomes due to employee exposures in a pediatric healthcare system. Methods Exposure data about employee to patient exposures (EPE) were captured real-time by scripted telephone interviews by our CTC. Chart review was performed to determine outcomes of exposed patients. A concerning exposure from a direct patient care provider to a patient was defined as unprotected contact at less than 6 feet for greater than 5 minutes in the 24 hours prior to developing symptoms. Data were analyzed to determine COVID-19 conversion rates for children exposed to pre-symptomatic and symptomatic employees based upon exposure risk stratification, window of exposure, and employees who worked with symptoms. Results From March 2020 – present, we identified 38 EPE that involved 10 employees; 26 EPE were pre-symptomatic and 12 EPE symptomatic exposures. The average number of EPE per employee was 3.8 (SD 3.01). There were no secondary transmission events to patients from either pre-symptomatic or symptomatic employees. After instituting universal masking, the number of concerning exposures to patients were 3 compared to 35 prior to universal masking. Conclusion We describe the experience of a novel Contact Tracing Center, leveraging alternate staffing pools to track EPE resulting in no secondary transmission to patients either before or after universal masking. We credit sick policy adherence, high hand hygiene compliance, use of standard precautions, universal masking, robust contact tracing operations and a strong data collection system to identify process gaps. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Murphy, David L., Leslie M. Barnard, Christopher J. Drucker, Betty Y. Yang, Jamie M. Emert, Leilani Schwarcz, Catherine R. Counts, et al. "Occupational exposures and programmatic response to COVID-19 pandemic: an emergency medical services experience." Emergency Medicine Journal 37, no. 11 (September 21, 2020): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2020-210095.

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Rigorous assessment of occupational COVID-19 risk and personal protective equipment (PPE) use is not well-described. We evaluated 9-1-1 emergency medical services (EMS) encounters for patients with COVID-19 to assess occupational exposure, programmatic strategies to reduce exposure and PPE use. We conducted a retrospective cohort investigation of laboratory-confirmed patients with COVID-19 in King County, Washington, USA, who received 9-1-1 EMS responses from 14 February 2020 to 26 March 2020. We reviewed dispatch, EMS and public health surveillance records to evaluate the temporal relationship between exposure and programmatic changes to EMS operations designed to identify high-risk patients, protect the workforce and conserve PPE. There were 274 EMS encounters for 220 unique COVID-19 patients involving 700 unique EMS providers with 988 EMS person-encounters. Use of ‘full’ PPE including mask (surgical or N95), eye protection, gown and gloves (MEGG) was 67%. There were 151 person-exposures among 129 individuals, who required 981 quarantine days. Of the 700 EMS providers, 3 (0.4%) tested positive within 14 days of encounter, though these positive tests were not attributed to occupational exposure from inadequate PPE. Programmatic changes were associated with a temporal reduction in exposures. When stratified at the study encounters midpoint, 94% (142/151) of exposures occurred during the first 137 EMS encounters compared with 6% (9/151) during the second 137 EMS encounters (p<0.01). By the investigation’s final week, EMS deployed MEGG PPE in 34% (3579/10 468) of all EMS person-encounters. Less than 0.5% of EMS providers experienced COVID-19 illness within 14 days of occupational encounter. Programmatic strategies were associated with a reduction in exposures, while achieving a measured use of PPE.

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Descatha, Alexis, Marc Fadel, Sabrina Pitet, Catherine Verdun-Esquer, Yolande Esquirol, Clement Legeay, Aurelien Dinh, et al. "“Mat-O-Covid”: a SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Job Exposure Matrix." Safety and Health at Work 13 (January 2022): S169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.12.1279.

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Baker, Meghan A., Chanu Rhee, Karen Fiumara, Carin Bennett-Rizzo, Robert Tucker, Sarah A. Williams, Paige Wickner, et al. "COVID-19 infections among HCWs exposed to a patient with a delayed diagnosis of COVID-19." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, no. 9 (May 27, 2020): 1075–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.256.

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AbstractWe report on COVID-19 risk among HCWs exposed to a patient diagnosed with COVID-19 on day 13 of hospitalization. There were 44 HCWs exposed to the patient before contact and droplet precautions were implemented: of these, 2 of 44 (5%) developed COVID-19 potentially attributable to the exposure.

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Narváez Olalla, Alberto, Jonathan Melena Zapata, Jhon Guerrero González, Diana Solís Cárdenas, Lilian Calderón Layedra, Jorge Albán Villacis, Jefferson Piedra Andrade, and Rocío Padilla Contreras. "EXPOSICIÓN Y RIESGO OCUPACIONAL DE COVID-19 EN ESTUDIANTES, DOCENTES Y PROFESIONALES DE LA SALUD." Revista Medica Vozandes 31, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.48018/rmv.v31.i2.5.

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IntroductionHealth professional’s exposure to the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) as well as their risk of acquiring COVID-19 “its associated disease”, has been higher compared to other population groups. Nevertheless, the correct implementation of biosecurity measures could reduce their infection risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of personal protective equipment “PPE”, occupational risks and its relationship with COVID-19 in health professionals.Patients and methods603 subjects among students, teachers, and health professionals were included in a cross-sectional descriptive observational study. Occupational exposure and incidence of COVID-19 were the main measurements. ResultsMost of the subjects were women (73.5%) and young adults (92.6%) and 23.55% (95% CI 20.3-27.1) referred a diagnosis of COVID-19 (15% confirmed, 8% suspected). People who worked in Pichincha’s province and those who did not have soap presented a higher risk of COVID-19 infection (adjusted OR= 2.85 and 2.68 respectively). Contact with confirmed and suspicious cases were the variables that were associated with the highest risk of infection (adjusted OR= 9.28 and 3.07 respectively).Conclusions The high incidence of COVID-19 in the subjects was associated with PPE deficiencies. Health professional’s protection must be a priority for health and labor authorities, who must also provide the PPE and necessary supplies. A periodic screening in this occupational group to assess the impact of protective measures and analyze the implementation of necessary corrections.is recommended.

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Stainback, Kevin, Brittany N. Hearne, and Monica M. Trieu. "COVID-19 and the 24/7 News Cycle: Does COVID-19 News Exposure Affect Mental Health?" Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6 (January 2020): 237802312096933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023120969339.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has upended nearly every aspect of social life in the United States and abroad. People turn to news to provide public health updates about the virus, such as reports of new cases and deaths, but also to understand how COVID-19 is affecting jobs and the economy. The news, irrespective of its format, serves as a central conduit of information during the pandemic. Prior research examining public traumas, such as terrorist attacks, suggests that greater media intake may also amplify perceived threats about the virus and therefore have a negative effect on mental health. We argue that in the absence of a solution to the virus, such as a vaccine, greater COVID-19 media viewing is likely to heighten uncertainty and anxiousness about the future threat the virus poses to health and well-being, which should in turn increase psychological distress. Drawing on a unique data set of U.S. residents in mid- to late March 2020, the authors examine the relationships among COVID-19 news consumption, perceptions of COVID-19 threats to health and economic well-being, and psychological distress. The findings suggest that greater COVID-19 media consumption is associated with greater psychological distress and that approximately two thirds of this effect operates indirectly through increased perceptions of COVID-19 threats.

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Elizalde, Ruben Rodríguez. "COVID-19 in the Construction Sector." Encyclopedia 2, no. 2 (April 13, 2022): 717–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2020050.

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This section analyzes the influence of COVID-19 in the construction sector. Construction workers’ high vulnerability to the spread of the virus motivated this entry. The construction sector’s peculiarities and some work procedure characteristics in this sector make telecommuting impossible in most activities. In addition, most of the states and national governments declared the construction sector essential activity due to its high economic impact. The working conditions in this sector are very special: constant trips to work in groups, work group execution with little interpersonal distance, group travel, stays and accommodations away from home, meals in restaurants or work canteens, lunch in restaurants or work canteens, etc. Due to all of this, the contagion rate was very high during the pandemic months. Even today, it is still considered one of the most dangerous sectors for these purposes. With all this in mind, here we discuss why it is difficult to minimize the spread of the virus for construction workers, summarize how to assess exposure risk grades for construction job tasks, and provide possible protection requirements for the different exposure risk grades.

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Frimpong, Jemima A., and Stéphane Helleringer. "Strategies to increase downloads of COVID–19 exposure notification apps: A discrete choice experiment." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): e0258945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258945.

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Exposure notification apps have been developed to assist in notifying individuals of recent exposures to SARS-CoV-2. However, in several countries, such apps have had limited uptake. We assessed whether strategies to increase downloads of exposure notification apps should emphasize improving the accuracy of the apps in recording contacts and exposures, strengthening privacy protections and/or offering financial incentives to potential users. In a discrete choice experiment with potential app users in the US, financial incentives were more than twice as important in decision-making about app downloads, than privacy protections, and app accuracy. The probability that a potential user would download an exposure notification app increased by 40% when offered a $100 reward to download (relative to a reference scenario in which the app is free). Financial incentives might help exposure notification apps reach uptake levels that improve the effectiveness of contact tracing programs and ultimately enhance efforts to control SARS-CoV-2. Rapid, pragmatic trials of financial incentives for app downloads in real-life settings are warranted.

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Shumsky, Robert A., Laurens Debo, Rebecca M. Lebeaux, Quang P. Nguyen, and Anne G. Hoen. "Retail store customer flow and COVID-19 transmission." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 11 (February 26, 2021): e2019225118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019225118.

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We examine how operational changes in customer flows in retail stores affect the rate of COVID-19 transmission. We combine a model of customer movement with two models of disease transmission: direct exposure when two customers are in close proximity and wake exposure when one customer is in the airflow behind another customer. We find that the effectiveness of some operational interventions is sensitive to the primary mode of transmission. Restricting customer flow to one-way movement is highly effective if direct exposure is the dominant mode of transmission. In particular, the rate of direct transmission under full compliance with one-way movement is less than one-third the rate under two-way movement. Directing customers to follow one-way flow, however, is not effective if wake exposure dominates. We find that two other interventions—reducing the speed variance of customers and throughput control—can be effective whether direct or wake transmission is dominant. We also examine the trade-off between customer throughput and the risk of infection to customers, and we show how the optimal throughput rate drops rapidly as the population prevalence rises.

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Ames, Jennifer L., Assiamira Ferrara, Lyndsay A. Avalos, Sylvia E. Badon, Mara B. Greenberg, Monique M. Hedderson, Michael W. Kuzniewicz, et al. "COVID-19 prevalence, symptoms, and sociodemographic disparities in infection among insured pregnant women in Northern California." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): e0256891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256891.

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Background Research on COVID-19 during pregnancy has mainly focused on women hospitalized for COVID-19 or other reasons during their pregnancy. Little is known about COVID-19 in the general population of pregnant women. Objective To describe the prevalence of COVID-19, symptoms, consequent healthcare use, and possible sources of COVID-19 exposure among a population-based sample of pregnant women residing in Northern California. Methods We analyzed data from 19,458 members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California who were pregnant between January 2020 and April 2021 and responded to an online survey about COVID-19 testing, diagnosis, symptoms, and their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical diagnosis of COVID-19 during pregnancy was defined separately by self-report and by documentation in electronic health records (EHR). We examined relationships of COVID-19 with sociodemographic factors, underlying comorbidities, and survey measures of COVID-19-like symptoms, consequent healthcare utilization, and possible COVID-19 exposures. Results Among 19,458 respondents, the crude prevalence of COVID-19 was 2.5% (n = 494) according to self-report and 1.4% (n = 276) according to EHR. After adjustment, the prevalence of self-reported COVID-19 was higher among women aged <25 years compared with women aged ≥35 years (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.75, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.49) and among Hispanic women compared with White women (PR, 1.91, 95% CI: 1.53, 2.37). Prevalence of self-reported COVID-19 was higher among women affected by personal or partner job loss during the pandemic (PR, 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.47) and among women living in areas of high vs. low neighborhood deprivation (PR, 1.74, 95% CI: 1.33, 2.27). We did not observe differences in self-reported COVID-19 between women with and without underlying comorbidities. Results were similar for EHR-documented COVID-19. Loss of smell or taste was a unique and common symptom reported among women with COVID-19 (42.3% in self-reported; 54.0% in EHR-documented). Among women with symptomatic COVID-19, approximately 2% were hospitalized, 71% had a telehealth visit, and 75% quarantined at home. Over a third of women with COVID-19 reported no known exposure to someone with COVID-19. Conclusions Observed COVID-19 prevalence differences by sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors underscore social and health inequities among reproductive-aged women. Women with COVID-19 reported unique symptoms and low frequency of hospitalization. Many were not aware of an exposure to someone with COVID-19.

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Fesler, Melissa C., and Raphael B. Stricker. "Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 in Pregnant Women." International Journal of General Medicine Volume 14 (January 2021): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s295627.

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Elias, Steve, and Sam Elias. "COVID-19 and the Vascular Laboratory: Decreasing Exposure Risk." Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders 9, no. 2 (March 2021): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.12.014.

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Hussein, Tareq, Jakob Löndahl, Sara Thuresson, Malin Alsved, Afnan Al-Hunaiti, Kalle Saksela, Hazem Aqel, Heikki Junninen, Alexander Mahura, and Markku Kulmala. "Indoor Model Simulation for COVID-19 Transport and Exposure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 2927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062927.

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Transmission of respiratory viruses is a complex process involving emission, deposition in the airways, and infection. Inhalation is often the most relevant transmission mode in indoor environments. For severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the risk of inhalation transmission is not yet fully understood. Here, we used an indoor aerosol model combined with a regional inhaled deposited dose model to examine the indoor transport of aerosols from an infected person with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to a susceptible person and assess the potential inhaled dose rate of particles. Two scenarios with different ventilation rates were compared, as well as adult female versus male recipients. Assuming a source strength of 10 viruses/s, in a tightly closed room with poor ventilation (0.5 h−1), the respiratory tract deposited dose rate was 140–350 and 100–260 inhaled viruses/hour for males and females; respectively. With ventilation at 3 h−1 the dose rate was only 30–90 viruses/hour. Correcting for the half-life of SARS-CoV-2 in air, these numbers are reduced by a factor of 1.2–2.2 for poorly ventilated rooms and 1.1–1.4 for well-ventilated rooms. Combined with future determinations of virus emission rates, the size distribution of aerosols containing the virus, and the infectious dose, these results could play an important role in understanding the full picture of potential inhalation transmission in indoor environments.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Covid-19 exposure'

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