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Journal articles on the topic 'Covid 19 and air pollution'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

M, Luisetto, and Naseer Al-Mukthar. "Air Pollution COVID-19 and Forensic Implications." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 7 (July 31, 2021): 602–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1284.

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COVID-19 and the new variant are a classic example of viral and environmental toxicology link. Observing literature related spread velocity and diffusion of this respiratory virus it is clear the role played by air pollution. The high rate of this environmental pollutant produced a worsening factors that increased mortality rate also.

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2

Contini, Daniele, and Francesca Costabile. "Does Air Pollution Influence COVID-19 Outbreaks?" Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040377.

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3

Rieder, Hans L. "Air pollution, COVID-19, and tuberculosis interrelationship." Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 67, no. 3 (July 2020): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.07.033.

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4

Li, Wei. "Impact of Environmental Pollution on COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan." Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 3, no. 3 (2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000143.

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The global COVID-19 pandemic is not finished yet, so it’s taught us a lot of lessons already-the hard way. The current situation is dominated by studies on identifying the factors that impact, taking preventive steps and trying to find successful care at the top of the list. Countries around the globe have made some arrangement of lockdown in order to slow down their infection. However this lockdown makes some positive effect on air quality and substantial reduction in nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) air pollution worldwide. Luckily, NASA collected the images over Sentinel-5p satellite broadcasting using TROPOMI (TROPPspheric Monitoring Instrument) and issues the various images of major city of Pakistan before and after lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic and its influence on the Pakistan air pollution.

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5

Hassan, Muhammad Azher, Tariq Mehmood, Ehtisham Lodhi, Muhammad Bilal, Afzal Ahmed Dar, and Junjie Liu. "Lockdown Amid COVID-19 Ascendancy over Ambient Particulate Matter Pollution Anomaly." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 13540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013540.

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Air is a diverse mixture of gaseous and suspended solid particles. Several new substances are being added to the air daily, polluting it and causing human health effects. Particulate matter (PM) is the primary health concern among these air toxins. The World Health Organization (WHO) addressed the fact that particulate pollution affects human health more severely than other air pollutants. The spread of air pollution and viruses, two of our millennium’s most serious concerns, have been linked closely. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can spread through the air, and PM could act as a host to spread the virus beyond those in close contact. Studies on COVID-19 cover diverse environmental segments and become complicated with time. As PM pollution is related to everyday life, an essential awareness regarding PM-impacted COVID-19 among the masses is required, which can help researchers understand the various features of ambient particulate pollution, particularly in the era of COVID-19. Given this, the present work provides an overview of the recent developments in COVID-19 research linked to ambient particulate studies. This review summarizes the effect of the lockdown on the characteristics of ambient particulate matter pollution, the transmission mechanism of COVID-19, and the combined health repercussions of PM pollution. In addition to a comprehensive evaluation of the implementation of the lockdown, its rationales—based on topographic and socioeconomic dynamics—are also discussed in detail. The current review is expected to encourage and motivate academics to concentrate on improving air quality management and COVID-19 control.

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NOOR, THANA. "Pandemic Covid 19 and its Effects that Limiting Air Pollution: A Review." Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 51, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36872/lepi/v51i2/301150.

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7

Fulekar, Jyoti, Radhey Shyam Kaushal, and Madhusudan H. Fulekar. "Covid-19 Lockdown: Environmental Scenario." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1106.002.

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Worldwide, Corona virus Lock down, including India has improved- Air Quality, Water Quality and Reduction in Green House Gases-Emission as Industries shut, transportation slowed, Flights grounded and Human Activities minimised; there was no Air pollution emission, there was no dumping and /or discharging of Industrial effluents, Solid wastes, Sewage etc. which are sources of pollution. India’s Corona virus –Lock down improves water quality of Rivers-Ganga and Yamuna and others water resources as well. Industrial effluents and Sewage, if not discharged, in Ganga-River, Ganga Water can be purified. People in Delhi, one of the World’s polluted Cities, are now breathing Cleaner Air. Many other Countries around the World have also seen Air Quality improved Amid the Pandemic. The Covid-19 –Lock down. Corona virus measures imposed in different countries have positive impact on Environment. There is a need to end the illegal wildlife trade globally to prevent future pandemic and biodiversity loss. The Covid-19 had positive and negative consequences on biodiversity resources. The Covid-19 pandemic remains a threat to biodiversity conservation. Worldwide- Green House Gases- Emissions reduced: India (Delhi)-70%, USA (North-East)-30%, China -10%, European Countries-58% likewise. However, Environmentalist worried- reduction in Air Pollution & GHG’s-emission is Temporary, as Work will retain to Business, the Level of Air Pollution and GHS’s –level again will come back to the level as found, before Corona virus-Lock down. European Activist call for Green Investment to restart growth after Corona virus Crises; and ensure that rebuilt Economies are stronger. Green Groups in India’s suggested to take note and rethink Policies on Industrial Development for Concern of Environment. During covid-19 lockdown period climate changes have also been highlighted.

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8

Chandu, Kavitha, D. V. Mahalakshmi, A. L. Kanchana, P. Mahesh, A. Dharmaraju, and Madhavaprasad Dasari. "Air Pollution and COVID-19: Any Causal Link?" Environmental Protection and Natural Resources 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2022-0003.

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Abstract Several studies have amply proved that air pollution negatively impacts human health. The nature of its effects on COVID-19 has, of late, become an area for investigation across the world. The present study reviews reports in the literature that centred on whether the presence and impact of air pollutants magnified the symptoms and actions of COVID-19 and whether preventive measures taken, starting with lockdown, affected air pollution levels. This may help to establish causality, if any, between pollution and COVID-19. Studies were chosen to ensure representation of all continents with diverse climatic conditions with the exception of Australia. Most of the studies concluded that air pollutants declined as a result of the lockdowns imposed to constrain the spread of COVID-19. A significant reduction in NO2 is observed along with the resultant increase in tropospheric ozone in the atmosphere. The inference is untrue in hostile meteorological conditions. According to some studies, reduction in pollutants aided in contracting the spread and severity of COVID-19. On the other hand, hostile weather conditions incited the spread and magnitude of COVID-19. A governmental policy inference could be that government intervention through imposing a lockdown would reduce air pollution and ensure the health safety of the people, but economic growth considerations need to be balanced against the benefit for public health.

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Nichol, Janet E., Muhammad Bilal, Md Arfan Ali, and Zhongfeng Qiu. "Air Pollution Scenario over China during COVID-19." Remote Sensing 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12132100.

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The unprecedented slowdown in China during the COVID-19 period of November 2019 to April 2020 should have reduced pollution in smog-laden cities. However, moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) show a marked increase in aerosols over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BHT) region and most of Northeast and Central China, compared with the previous winter. Fine particulate (PM2.5) data from ground monitoring stations show an increase of 19.5% in Beijing during January and February 2020, and no reduction for Tianjin. In March and April 2020, a different spatial pattern emerges, with very high AOD levels observed over 50% of the Chinese mainland, and including peripheral regions in the northwest and southwest. At the same time, ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) satellite-derived NO2 concentrations fell drastically across China. The increase in PM2.5 while NO2 decreased in BTH and across China is likely due to enhanced production of secondary particulates. These are formed when reductions in NOx result in increased ozone formation, thus increasing the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. Support for this explanation is provided by ground level air quality data showing increased volume of fine mode aerosols throughout February and March 2020, and increased levels of PM2.5, relative humidity (RH), and ozone during haze episodes in the COVID-19 lockdown period. Backward trajectories show the origin of air masses affecting industrial centers of North and East China to be local. Other contributors to increased atmospheric particulates may include inflated industrial production in peripheral regions to compensate loss in the main population and industrial centers, and low wind speeds. Satellite monitoring of the extraordinary atmospheric conditions resulting from the COVID-19 shutdown could enhance understanding of smog formation and attempts to control it.

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10

a, Bichi, and Mustapha Hassan Ph.D. "AIR POLLUTION AND COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A REVIEW." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11081.

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11

Rodríguez-Caballero, C. Vladimir, and J. Eduardo Vera-Valdés. "Air Pollution and Mobility, What Carries COVID-19?" Econometrics 9, no. 4 (October 11, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/econometrics9040037.

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This paper tests if air pollution serves as a carrier for SARS-CoV-2 by measuring the effect of daily exposure to air pollution on its spread by panel data models that incorporates a possible commonality between municipalities. We show that the contemporary exposure to particle matter is not the main driver behind the increasing number of cases and deaths in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Remarkably, we also find that the cross-dependence between municipalities in the Mexican region is highly correlated to public mobility, which plays the leading role behind the rhythm of contagion. Our findings are particularly revealing given that the Mexico City Metropolitan Area did not experience a decrease in air pollution during COVID-19 induced lockdowns.

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12

Manne, Ravi. "COVID-19 and Its Impact on Air Pollution." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.32139.

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13

Venter, Zander S., Kristin Aunan, Sourangsu Chowdhury, and Jos Lelieveld. "COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 32 (July 28, 2020): 18984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006853117.

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The lockdown response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented reduction in global economic and transport activity. We test the hypothesis that this has reduced tropospheric and ground-level air pollution concentrations, using satellite data and a network of >10,000 air quality stations. After accounting for the effects of meteorological variability, we find declines in the population-weighted concentration of ground-level nitrogen dioxide (NO2: 60% with 95% CI 48 to 72%), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5: 31%; 95% CI: 17 to 45%), with marginal increases in ozone (O3: 4%; 95% CI: −2 to 10%) in 34 countries during lockdown dates up until 15 May. Except for ozone, satellite measurements of the troposphere indicate much smaller reductions, highlighting the spatial variability of pollutant anomalies attributable to complex NOxchemistry and long-distance transport of fine particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5). By leveraging Google and Apple mobility data, we find empirical evidence for a link between global vehicle transportation declines and the reduction of ambient NO2exposure. While the state of global lockdown is not sustainable, these findings allude to the potential for mitigating public health risk by reducing “business as usual” air pollutant emissions from economic activities. Explore trends here:https://nina.earthengine.app/view/lockdown-pollution.

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14

Katherine Bourzac. "COVID-19 lockdowns’ strange effects on air pollution." C&EN Global Enterprise 98, no. 37 (September 28, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-09837-cover.

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15

Urrutia-Pereira, M., C. A. Mello-da-Silva, and D. Solé. "COVID-19 and air pollution: A dangerous association?" Allergologia et Immunopathologia 48, no. 5 (September 2020): 496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2020.05.004.

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16

Brandt, Eric B., Andrew F. Beck, and Tesfaye B. Mersha. "Air pollution, racial disparities, and COVID-19 mortality." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 146, no. 1 (July 2020): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.035.

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17

Dutheil, Frédéric, Julien S. Baker, and Valentin Navel. "COVID-19 as a factor influencing air pollution?" Environmental Pollution 263 (August 2020): 114466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114466.

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18

Damasceno, Reizane Maria, Rejane Ennes Cicerelli, Tati de Almeida, and Weeberb J. Requia. "Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality in Brazil." Atmosphere 14, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010005.

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Long-term exposure to poor air quality has been associated with respiratory viral infections such as influenza and measles. Some epidemiological studies in North America, Europe, and Asia also suggest that exposure to air pollution is associated with increased SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality associated with COVID-19. However, few studies have been conducted on this topic in South America. In this study, we investigate the association between ambient PM2.5, NO2, and O3 and their interaction with COVID-19-associated deaths in Brazil, the largest country in South America. We apply a negative binomial mixed model with zero inflation using municipality-level COVID-19 deaths as the endpoint and the long-term average of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 as the exposure. We added a random intercept by state to account for potential correlations between communities within the same state. After adjusting the model for several potential confounders, including meteorological variables, demographic characteristics, socioeconomic aspects, and healthcare conditions, we found a positive association between PM2.5 and COVID-19 deaths in Brazil, where a 1 μg/m3 increase in the long-term average of PM2.5 was associated with a 10.22% (95% CI: 9.35; 11.09) increase in COVID-19 deaths. In contrast, O3 and NO2 showed negative associations. As suggested by the literature in other countries, our results suggest that air pollution is an important cofactor that increases the risk of death from COVID-19 in Brazil. The effects of air pollution in Brazil are pronounced, indicating the need for improved air quality control policies.

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19

Donzelli, Gabriele, Lorenzo Cioni, Mariagrazia Cancellieri, Agustin Llopis-Morales, and María Morales-Suárez-Varela. "Air Quality during Covid-19 Lockdown." Encyclopedia 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030043.

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Air pollution exposure is one of the greatest risks to health worldwide. It is estimated to be responsible for about 4.2 million deaths around the world every year owing to many serious diseases such as heart disease, stroke, acute and chronic respiratory diseases, and lung cancer. The WHO guideline limits are exceeded in several areas around the world, and it is estimated that about 90% of the world’s population is exposed to high air pollution levels, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to implement severe mobility restriction measures to limit the spread of the virus. This represented a unique opportunity to study the impact of mobility on urban air quality. Several studies which have investigated the relations between the quality of the air and such containment measures have shown the significant reduction of the main pollutants in the urban environment so to encourage the adoption of new approaches for the improvement of the quality of air in the cities. The aims of this entry are both a brief analysis and a discussion of the results presented in several papers to understand the relationships between COVID-19 containment measures and air quality in urban areas.

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Meng, Yuan, Man Sing Wong, Hanfa Xing, Mei-Po Kwan, and Rui Zhu. "Yearly and Daily Relationship Assessment between Air Pollution and Early-Stage COVID-19 Incidence: Evidence from 231 Countries and Regions." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060401.

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The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused significantly changes in worldwide environmental and socioeconomics, especially in the early stage. Previous research has found that air pollution is potentially affected by these unprecedented changes and it affects COVID-19 infections. This study aims to explore the non-linear association between yearly and daily global air pollution and the confirmed cases of COVID-19. The concentrations of tropospheric air pollution (CO, NO2, O3, and SO2) and the daily confirmed cases between 23 January 2020 and 31 May 2020 were collected at the global scale. The yearly discrepancies of air pollutions and daily air pollution are associated with total and daily confirmed cases, respectively, based on the generalized additive model. We observed that there are significant spatially and temporally non-stationary variations between air pollution and confirmed cases of COVID-19. For the yearly assessment, the number of confirmed cases is associated with the positive fluctuation of CO, O3, and SO2 discrepancies, while the increasing NO2 discrepancies leads to the significant peak of confirmed cases variation. For the daily assessment, among the selected countries, positive linear or non-linear relationships are found between CO and SO2 concentrations and the daily confirmed cases, whereas NO2 concentrations are negatively correlated with the daily confirmed cases; variations in the ascending/declining associations are identified from the relationship of the O3-confirmed cases. The findings indicate that the non-linear relationships between global air pollution and the confirmed cases of COVID-19 are varied, which implicates the needs as well as the incorporation of our findings in the risk monitoring of public health on local, regional, and global scales.

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21

Kaur, Sharanpreet, and Satwinder Singh. "COVID-19 Infection and Air Pollution Characteristics in USA." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaec.2021040102.

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Coronavirus is diagnosed as a human-to-human infection at the initial stage by many of the researchers. As coronavirus is primarily targeting the respiratory system of the human body, the study tries to explore the relationship between pollution and increased number of cases in the states of the USA. The objective of the study is to determine whether the air quality index (AQI) of the year 2019 has a concern in the increasing number of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases in USA. This study included data of coronavirus confirmed and death cases from the dates January 22nd 2020 to June 30th 2020 for more than 45 states of the USA. Six AQI defining parameters—CO, NO2, Ozone (O3), PM10, PM2.5, and SO2—are selected for the study. The present study tried to identify whether air pollution is playing a significant role in spreading the coronavirus pandemic or not. Results confirmed that air quality index (AQI) defining parameters are not the sole factor behind the rise in the number of coronavirus cases in the USA.

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22

Chossière, Guillaume P., Haofeng Xu, Yash Dixit, Stewart Isaacs, Sebastian D. Eastham, Florian Allroggen, Raymond L. Speth, and Steven R. H. Barrett. "Air pollution impacts of COVID-19–related containment measures." Science Advances 7, no. 21 (May 2021): eabe1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe1178.

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Responses to the COVID-19 outbreak resulted in one of the largest short-term decreases in anthropogenic emissions in modern history. To date, there has been no comprehensive assessment of the impact of lockdowns on air quality and human health. Using global satellite observations and ground measurements from 36 countries in Europe, North America, and East Asia, we find that lockdowns led to reductions in NO2 concentrations globally, resulting in ~32,000 avoided premature mortalities, including ~21,000 in China. However, we do not find corresponding reductions in PM2.5 and ozone globally. Using satellite measurements, we show that the disconnect between NO2 and ozone changes stems from local chemical regimes. The COVID-related lockdowns demonstrate the need for targeted air quality policies to reduce the global burden of air pollution, especially related to secondary pollutants.

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23

AGRAWAL, Mimansha, Mamta AGRAWAL, Zafer ASLAN, İlknur DÖNMEZ, and Ali GÜNEŞ. "Monitoring Air Pollution Impacts of COVID-19 in India." EURAS Journal of Health 2, no. 2 (2020): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17932/ejoh.2020.022/ejoh_v02i2001.

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24

Lange, Carissa L., Valerie A. Smith, and David M. Kahler. "Pittsburgh Air Pollution Changes During the COVID-19 Lockdown." Environmental Advances 7 (April 2022): 100149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149.

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Cole, Matthew A., Ceren Ozgen, and Eric Strobl. "Air Pollution Exposure and Covid-19 in Dutch Municipalities." Environmental and Resource Economics 76, no. 4 (August 2020): 581–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00491-4.

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26

Du, Wei, and Gehui Wang. "Indoor Air Pollution was Nonnegligible during COVID-19 Lockdown." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 20, no. 9 (2020): 1851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2020.06.0281.

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27

Travaglio, Marco, Yizhou Yu, Rebeka Popovic, Liza Selley, Nuno Santos Leal, and Luis Miguel Martins. "Links between air pollution and COVID-19 in England." Environmental Pollution 268 (January 2021): 115859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115859.

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Dhimal, M., and R. Shrestha. "Global Burden of Disease, Air Pollution and COVID-19." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v18i3.49193.

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29

Caminati, Marco, Gabriella Guarnieri, Pierpaolo Marchetti, Fabiana Furci, Gianenrico Senna, Andrea Vianello, Albino Poli, Rosario Marchese‐Ragona, Giancarlo Ottaviano, and Alessandro Marcon. "COVID ‐19 pandemic and environment: Not only air pollution." Allergy 77, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 3699–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.15394.

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30

Pozzer, Andrea, Francesca Dominici, Andy Haines, Christian Witt, Thomas Münzel, and Jos Lelieveld. "Regional and global contributions of air pollution to risk of death from COVID-19." Cardiovascular Research 116, no. 14 (October 26, 2020): 2247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa288.

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Abstract Aims The risk of mortality from the coronavirus disease that emerged in 2019 (COVID-19) is increased by comorbidity from cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Air pollution also causes excess mortality from these conditions. Analysis of the first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) outcomes in 2003, and preliminary investigations of those for SARS-CoV-2 since 2019, provide evidence that the incidence and severity are related to ambient air pollution. We estimated the fraction of COVID-19 mortality that is attributable to the long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate air pollution. Methods and results We characterized global exposure to fine particulates based on satellite data, and calculated the anthropogenic fraction with an atmospheric chemistry model. The degree to which air pollution influences COVID-19 mortality was derived from epidemiological data in the USA and China. We estimate that particulate air pollution contributed ∼15% (95% confidence interval 7–33%) to COVID-19 mortality worldwide, 27% (13 – 46%) in East Asia, 19% (8–41%) in Europe, and 17% (6–39%) in North America. Globally, ∼50–60% of the attributable, anthropogenic fraction is related to fossil fuel use, up to 70–80% in Europe, West Asia, and North America. Conclusion Our results suggest that air pollution is an important cofactor increasing the risk of mortality from COVID-19. This provides extra motivation for combining ambitious policies to reduce air pollution with measures to control the transmission of COVID-19.

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Semczuk-Kaczmarek, Karolina, Anna Rys-Czaporowska, Janusz Sierdzinski, Lukasz Dominik Kaczmarek, Filip Marcin Szymanski, and Anna Edyta Platek. "Association between air pollution and COVID-19 mortality and morbidity." Internal and Emergency Medicine 17, no. 2 (October 12, 2021): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11739-021-02834-5.

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AbstractCoronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is affecting the world unevenly. One of the highest numbers of cases were recorded in the most polluted regions worldwide. The risk factors for severe COVID-19 include diabetes, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. It has been known that the same disease might be worsened by chronic exposure to air pollution. The study aimed to determine whether long-term average exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Poland. The cumulative number of COVID-19 cases and deaths for each voivodeship (the main administrative level of jurisdictions) in Poland were collected from March 4, 2020, to May 15, 2020. Based on the official data published by Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection voivodeship-level long-term exposure to main air pollution: PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3 (averaged from 2013 to 2018) was established. There were statistically significant correlation between COVID-19 cases (per 100,000 population) and annual average concentration of PM2.5 (R2 = 0.367, p = 0.016), PM10 (R2 = 0.415, p = 0.009), SO2 (R2 = 0.489, p = 0.003), and O3 (R2 = 0.537, p = 0.0018). Moreover, COVID-19 deaths (per 100,000 population) were associated with annual average concentration of PM2.5 (R2 = 0.290, p = 0.038), NO2 (R2 = 0.319, p = 0.028), O3 (R2 = 0.452, p = 0.006). The long-term exposure to air pollution, especially PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3 seems to play an essential role in COVID-19 prevalence and mortality. Long-term exposure to air pollution might increase the susceptibility to the infection, exacerbates the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections, and worsens the patients’ prognosis. The study provides generalized and possible universal trends. Detailed analyzes of the phenomenon dedicated to a given region require taking into account data on comorbidities and socioeconomic variables as well as information about the long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 cases and deaths at smaller administrative level of jurisdictions (community or at least district level).

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Urrutia-Pereira, Marilyn, Carlos Augusto Mello-da-Silva, and Dirceu Solé. "Household pollution and COVID-19: irrelevant association?" Allergologia et Immunopathologia 49, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/aei.v49i1.48.

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Evidence supports the link between air pollution and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, exposure to indoor pollution (IDP) is likely to be associated with the disease. The poor, refugees, and migrant workers who live in feeble conditions are the most vulnerable. The pandemic has caused many people to remain indoors, especially at-risk individuals (e.g., the elderly, diabetics, obese, cardiac, and chronic lung disease patients). Home isolation may be an underlying factor to other health problems among these populations if the place where they are socially isolating is not adequately ventilated. Therefore, understanding the consequences of the relationship between IDP and the COVID-19 pandemic is essential.

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Urrutia-Pereira, Marilyn, Carlos Augusto Mello-da-Silva, and Dirceu Solé. "Household pollution and COVID-19: irrelevant association?" Allergologia et Immunopathologia 49, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/aei.v49i1.48.

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Evidence supports the link between air pollution and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, exposure to indoor pollution (IDP) is likely to be associated with the disease. The poor, refugees, and migrant workers who live in feeble conditions are the most vulnerable. The pandemic has caused many people to remain indoors, especially at-risk individuals (e.g., the elderly, diabetics, obese, cardiac, and chronic lung disease patients). Home isolation may be an underlying factor to other health problems among these populations if the place where they are socially isolating is not adequately ventilated. Therefore, understanding the consequences of the relationship between IDP and the COVID-19 pandemic is essential.

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Miletić, Mladen, Edouard Ivanjko, Tomislav Fratrović, and Borna Abramović. "Air Pollution Modeling for Sustainable Urban Mobility with COVID-19 Impact Analysis: Case Study of Skopje." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021370.

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Air pollution is one of the major problems in today’s urban areas. With increasing development and the need for the transport of goods and people, it has become imperative to seek sustainable urban mobility solutions. The impact of restrictive COVID-19 pandemic measures provides a unique insight into the possible reductions in air pollution. This paper presents a case study on the city of Skopje, North Macedonia, and attempts to identify the effect of traffic emissions on air quality. Resultant correlation analysis and linear regression models show the impacts of multiple factors contributing to air pollution. Finally, a discussion on the impact of COVID-19 measures on air pollution is provided. The main findings of this research are the observed drop in air pollution levels during COVID-19 measures, the effects on air pollution models, and the identification of primary pollutants in the city of Skopje.

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Wardhani, Nurilmiyanti, Hamdan Gani, Sitti Zuhriyah, Helmy Gani, and Etika Vidyarini. "A Correlation Method for Meteorological Factors and Air pollution in association to covid-19 pandemic in the most affected city in Indonesia." ILKOM Jurnal Ilmiah 13, no. 3 (August 8, 2021): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/ilkom.v13i3.854.195-205.

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This study aims to validate the correlation between meteorological factors and air pollution with the spread of Covid-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia. This study examined the Covid-19 cases of Jakarta and its five municipalities. The secondary data of Covid-19 cases, includes Daily Positive Cases (DPC) and Total Daily Positive Cases (TDPC), were retrieved from the Health Office of DKI Jakarta Province, while the meteorological and air pollution parameters were obtained from the online database archives. Kendall and Spearman rank correlation tests were used to analyze correlation between DPC and TDPC with meteorological and air pollution parameters. This study found that Air Quality Index and PM10 showed a significant positive correlation with DPC in municipalities of Jakarta. Also, the average air temperature was positively correlated to TDPC in all region of Jakarta. Average air temperature, Air Quality Index, and PM10 were the factors that take into account for the spread of Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia. The warmer temperature associated to the higher number of case. Thus, there are no indications that the spread of Covid-19 in subtropical or temperate country may decrease when entering a warmer season that resembles the climatic characteristics in tropical region. Additionally, the significance of air pollutant factors implies that reducing air pollution should be promoted as it might reduce the spread of Covid-19. The findings of this study would be useful to support the strategy and policy in preventing the spread of Covid-19 in the country.

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Gomathy, V., K. Janarthanan, Fadi Al-Turjman, R. Sitharthan, M. Rajesh, K. Vengatesan, and T. Priya Reshma. "Investigating the Spread of Coronavirus Disease via Edge-AI and Air Pollution Correlation." ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 21, no. 4 (July 22, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3424222.

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Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious viral disease affecting millions of people worldwide in 2020. Several studies have shown that COVID-19 results in a severe acute respiratory syndrome and may lead to death. In past research, a greater number of respiratory diseases has been caused by exposure to air pollution for long periods of time. This article investigates the spread of COVID-19 as a result of air pollution by applying linear regression in machine learning method based edge computing. The analysis in this investigation have been based on the death rates caused by COVID-19 as well as the region of death rates based on hazardous air pollution using data retrieved from the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite. The results obtained in the investigation prove that the mortality rate due to the spread of COVID-19 is 77% higher in areas with polluted air. This investigation also proves that COVID-19 severely affected 68% of the individuals who had been exposed to polluted air.

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Ademu, Lilian Ouja, Jingjing Gao, Onah Peter Thompson, and Lawrence Anebi Ademu. "Impact of Short-Term Air Pollution on Respiratory Infections: A Time-Series Analysis of COVID-19 Cases in California during the 2020 Wildfire Season." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 5057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095057.

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The 2020 California wildfire season coincided with the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic affecting many counties in California, with impacts on air quality. We quantitatively analyzed the short-term effect of air pollution on COVID-19 transmission using county-level data collected during the 2020 wildfire season. Using time-series methodology, we assessed the relationship between short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and Air Quality Index (AQI) on confirmed cases of COVID-19 across 20 counties impacted by wildfires. Our findings indicate that PM2.5, CO, and AQI are positively associated with confirmed COVID-19 cases. This suggests that increased air pollution could worsen the situation of a health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Health policymakers should make tailored policies to cope with situations that may increase the level of air pollution, especially during a wildfire season.

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38

Rendana, Muhammad, and Leily Nurul Komariah. "The relationship between air pollutants and COVID-19 cases and its implications for air quality in Jakarta, Indonesia." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 11, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.11.1.93-100.

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World Health Organization (WHO) has announced that COVID-19 as a global pandemic and public health emergency. Previous studies have revealed that COVID-19 was an infectious disease and it could remain viable in ambient air for hours. Therefore, this study aims to examine the correlation between air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2 and O3) and COVID-19 spread in Jakarta, Indonesia. Furthermore, this study also evaluates the impact of large-scale social restriction (LSSR) on air pollution index (API). Result of study found that air pollution index of PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2 and NO2 decreased by 9.48%, 15.74%, 29.17%, 6.26% and 18.34% during LSSR period. While, for O3 showed an increase by 4.06%. Another result also found significantly positive correlations of SO2, CO and PM2.5 with COVID-19 cases. An exposure to SO2, CO and PM2.5 has driven the area become vulnerable for COVID-19 infection. Our findings indicated that the relationship between air pollutants and COVID-19 spread could provide a new notion for precaution and control method of COVID-19 outbreak.

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Wirth, Eszter, Manuel Alejandro Betancourt-Odio, Macarena Cabeza-García, and Ana Zapatero-González. "Footprints of COVID-19 on Pollution in Southern Spain." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111928.

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Background: Many annual deaths in Spain could be avoided if pollution levels were reduced. Every year, several municipalities in the Community of Andalusia, located in southern Spain, exceed the acceptable levels of atmospheric pollution. In this sense, the evolution of primary air pollutants during the March–June 2020 lockdown can be taken as reliable evidence to analyze the effectiveness of potential air quality regulations. Data and Method: Using a multivariate linear regression model, this paper assesses the levels of NO2, O3, and PM10 in Andalusia within the 2017–2020 period, relating these representative indices of air quality with lockdown stages during the pandemic and considering control variables such as climatology, weekends, or the intrusion of Saharan dust. To reveal patterns at a local level between geographic zones, a spatial analysis was performed. Results: The results show that the COVID-19 lockdown had a heterogeneous effect on the analyzed pollutants within Andalusia’s geographical regions. In general terms, NO2 and PM10 concentrations decreased in the main metropolitan areas and the industrial districts of Huelva and the Strait of Gibraltar. At the same time, O3 levels rose in high-temperature regions of Cordoba and Malaga.

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Almond, Douglas, Xinming Du, Valerie J. Karplus, and Shuang Zhang. "Ambiguous Air Pollution Effects of China’s COVID-19 Lock-down." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211032.

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Reductions in ambient pollution have been suggested as a "silver lining" to the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyze China's pollution monitor data and account for the large annual improvements in air quality following the Lunar New Year, which essentially coincided with lock-downs. With the exception of nitrogen dioxide, China's air quality improvements in 2020 are smaller than we should expect near the pandemic's epicenter, Hubei province. We see smaller improvements in sulfur dioxide than expected, while ozone concentrations roughly doubled in Hubei. Similar patterns are found for the six provinces neighboring Hubei. We conclude that COVID-19 had ambiguous impacts on China's air quality.

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Bourdrel, Thomas, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Barrak Alahmad, Cara N. Maesano, and Marie-Abèle Bind. "The impact of outdoor air pollution on COVID-19: a review of evidence from in vitro, animal, and human studies." European Respiratory Review 30, no. 159 (February 9, 2021): 200242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0242-2020.

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Studies have pointed out that air pollution may be a contributing factor to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the specific links between air pollution and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection remain unclear. Here we provide evidence from in vitro, animal and human studies from the existing literature. Epidemiological investigations have related various air pollutants to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality at the population level, however, those studies suffer from several limitations. Air pollution may be linked to an increase in COVID-19 severity and lethality through its impact on chronic diseases, such as cardiopulmonary diseases and diabetes. Experimental studies have shown that exposure to air pollution leads to a decreased immune response, thus facilitating viral penetration and replication. Viruses may persist in air through complex interactions with particles and gases depending on: 1) chemical composition; 2) electric charges of particles; and 3) meteorological conditions such as relative humidity, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and temperature. In addition, by reducing UV radiation, air pollutants may promote viral persistence in air and reduce vitamin D synthesis. Further epidemiological studies are needed to better estimate the impact of air pollution on COVID-19. In vitro and in vivo studies are also strongly needed, in particular to more precisely explore the particle–virus interaction in air.

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Shoor, Purva, Gagan Deep Kaur, and Amanjot Kaur Chauhan. "Atmospheric conditions affecting the transmission of COVID-19 virus." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210850.

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The physical environment plays an important role in the transmission of respiratory infections like COVID-19. Atmospheric conditions associated to diseases like influenza, adenovirus infections, parainfluenza, common cold viruses and so on. But we are still lacking in evidence to support the influence of meteorological conditions in spreading COVID-19. We have discussed air pollution, smoking, low air temperature, and proximity to equator, low humidity and air velocity as contributing factors in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through this narrative synthesis. Bio-aerosol or ultra-fine particulate matter seems to be the most promising mode of transmission of COVID-19. Other methods are direct contact and droplet infection. Air pollution control can prevent priming of respiratory system which shall further protect from pulmonary infections. Air sanitization and humidifiers can be considered to modify the indoor air and prevent contracting infection at workplaces, schools and other gatherings.

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43

Bonilla, Jorge A., Alejandro Lopez-Feldman, Paula C. Pereda, Nathaly M. Rivera, and J. Cristobal Ruiz-Tagle. "Association between long-term air pollution exposure and COVID-19 mortality in Latin America." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): e0280355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280355.

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Recent studies have shown a relationship between air pollution and increased vulnerability and mortality due to COVID-19. Most of these studies have looked at developed countries. This study examines the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19-related deaths in four countries of Latin America that have been highly affected by the pandemic: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. Our results suggest that an increase in long-term exposure of 1 μg/m3 of fine particles is associated with a 2.7 percent increase in the COVID-19 mortality rate. This relationship is found primarily in municipalities of metropolitan areas, where urban air pollution sources dominate, and air quality guidelines are usually exceeded. By focusing the analysis on Latin America, we provide a first glimpse on the role of air pollution as a risk factor for COVID-19 mortality within a context characterized by weak environmental institutions, limited health care capacity and high levels of inequality.

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Barnett-Itzhaki, Zohar, and Adi Levi. "Association between Chronic Exposure to Ambient Air Pollutants, Demography, Vaccination Level, and the Spread of COVID-19 during 2021 Delta Variant Morbidity Wave." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 6, 2022): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111845.

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Studies conducted in the early COVID-19 pandemic stages showed positive associations between chronic exposure to ambient air pollution and COVID-19 morbidity. Here, we examined the associations between populations’ chronic exposure to air pollutants (NO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2), demographics, and vaccination rates, to COVID-19 morbidity rates in 280 Israeli municipalities during the Delta-variant-dominated morbidity wave of summer 2021. We found that COVID-19 morbidity was positively associated with chronic exposure to air pollutants, the municipality’s population density, total population size, and the rate of elderly people. Multivariate linear regression models showed similar trends: positive associations between COVID-19 rates and density, ratio of elderly people, and most air pollutants, and a non-significant link to COVID-19 vaccine second dose ratio. Our results emphasized the effects of chronic air pollution exposure on the spread of the pandemic and strengthen the urgent need for uncompromising policy for a dramatic reduction in air pollution. They also highlighted the vulnerable populations (elderly, densely populated municipalities) during the Delta morbidity wave. These findings could assist policy makers to better inform the public and manage health policies in future COVID-19 waves, hopefully leading to a reduced impact on health.

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Villeneuve, Paul J., and Mark S. Goldberg. "Re: Links between air pollution and COVID-19 in England." Environmental Pollution 274 (April 2021): 116576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116576.

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van der Valk, Johanna P. M., and Johannes C. C. M. in ’t Veen. "The Interplay Between Air Pollution and Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 63, no. 3 (January 12, 2021): e163-e167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000002143.

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Perret, Jennifer, and Shyamali Dharmage. "COVID ‐19 hospitalizations: Another adverse impact of ambient air pollution?" Respirology 26, no. 12 (November 3, 2021): 1101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/resp.14179.

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Stieb, David M. "Strengthening the Epidemiological Evidence Linking Air Pollution and COVID-19." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 205, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 605–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202112-2813ed.

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Deek, Sarah A. "Chronic exposure to air pollution implications on COVID-19 severity." Medical Hypotheses 145 (December 2020): 110303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110303.

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Berman, Jesse D., and Keita Ebisu. "Changes in U.S. air pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic." Science of The Total Environment 739 (October 2020): 139864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139864.

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