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Journal articles on the topic 'Covert orienting'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Fimm, Bruno, Klaus Willmes, and Will Spijkers. "Differential Effects of Lowered Arousal on Covert and Overt Shifts of Attention." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 7 (June 15, 2015): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000405.

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AbstractBased on previous studies demonstrating detrimental effects of reduced alertness on attentional orienting our study seeks to examine covert and overt attentional orienting in different arousal states. We hypothesized an attentional asymmetry with increasing reaction times to stimuli presented to the left visual field in a state of maximally reduced arousal. Eleven healthy participants underwent sleep deprivation and were examined repeatedly every 4 hr over 28 hr in total with two tasks measuring covert and overt orienting of attention. Contrary to our hypothesis, a reduction of arousal did not induce any asymmetry of overt orienting. Even in participants with profound and significant attentional asymmetries in covert orienting no substantial reaction time differences between left- and right-sided targets in the overt orienting task could be observed. This result is not in agreement with assumptions of a tight coupling of covert and overt attentional processes. In conclusion, we found differential effects of lowered arousal induced by sleep deprivation on covert and overt orienting of attention. This pattern of results points to a neuronal non-overlap of brain structures subserving these functions and a differential influence of the norepinephrine system on these modes of spatial attention. (JINS, 2015,21, 545–557)

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2

Casteau, Soazig, and Daniel T. Smith. "Associations and Dissociations between Oculomotor Readiness and Covert Attention." Vision 3, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3020017.

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The idea that covert mental processes such as spatial attention are fundamentally dependent on systems that control overt movements of the eyes has had a profound influence on theoretical models of spatial attention. However, theories such as Klein’s Oculomotor Readiness Hypothesis (OMRH) and Rizzolatti’s Premotor Theory have not gone unchallenged. We previously argued that although OMRH/Premotor theory is inadequate to explain pre-saccadic attention and endogenous covert orienting, it may still be tenable as a theory of exogenous covert orienting. In this article we briefly reiterate the key lines of argument for and against OMRH/Premotor theory, then evaluate the Oculomotor Readiness account of Exogenous Orienting (OREO) with respect to more recent empirical data. These studies broadly confirm the importance of oculomotor preparation for covert, exogenous attention. We explain this relationship in terms of reciprocal links between parietal ‘priority maps’ and the midbrain oculomotor centres that translate priority-related activation into potential saccade endpoints. We conclude that the OMRH/Premotor theory hypothesis is false for covert, endogenous orienting but remains tenable as an explanation for covert, exogenous orienting.

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3

Berlucchi, Giovanni, Leonardo Chelazzi, and Giancarlo Tassinari. "Volitional Covert Orienting to a Peripheral Cue Does Not Suppress Cue-induced Inhibition of Return." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 4 (July 2000): 648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900562408.

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Detection reaction time (RT) at an extrafoveal location can be increased by noninformative precues presented at that location or ipsilaterally to it. This cue-induced inhibition is called inhibition of return or ipsilateral inhibition. We measured detection RT to simple light targets at extrafoveal locations that could be designated for covert orienting by local or distant cues. We found that cue-induced inhibition co-occurred in an additive fashion with the direct effects of covert orienting, i.e., it detracted from facilitation at attended locations and increased the disadvantage for unattended locations. Thus, cue-induced inhibition cannot be suppressed by a volitional covert orienting to the cued location; the cooccurrence of different facilitatory and inhibitory effects confirms the simultaneous operation of multiple independent, attentional mechanisms during covert orienting.

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4

Corneil, Brian D., and Douglas P. Munoz. "Overt Responses during Covert Orienting." Neuron 82, no. 6 (June 2014): 1230–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.040.

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5

Smith, Daniel T., and Soazig Casteau. "The effect of offset cues on saccade programming and covert attention." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818759468.

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Salient peripheral events trigger fast, “exogenous” covert orienting. The influential premotor theory of attention argues that covert orienting of attention depends upon planned but unexecuted eye-movements. One problem with this theory is that salient peripheral events, such as offsets, appear to summon attention when used to measure covert attention (e.g., the Posner cueing task) but appear not to elicit oculomotor preparation in tasks that require overt orienting (e.g., the remote distractor paradigm). Here, we examined the effects of peripheral offsets on covert attention and saccade preparation. Experiment 1 suggested that transient offsets summoned attention in a manual detection task without triggering motor preparation planning in a saccadic localisation task, although there were a high proportion of saccadic capture errors on “no-target” trials, where a cue was presented but no target appeared. In Experiment 2, “no-target” trials were removed. Here, transient offsets produced both attentional facilitation and faster saccadic responses on valid cue trials. A third experiment showed that the permanent disappearance of an object also elicited attentional facilitation and faster saccadic reaction times. These experiments demonstrate that offsets trigger both saccade programming and covert attentional orienting, consistent with the idea that exogenous, covert orienting is tightly coupled with oculomotor activation. The finding that no-go trials attenuates oculomotor priming effects offers a way to reconcile the current findings with previous claims of a dissociation between covert attention and oculomotor control in paradigms that utilise a high proportion of catch trials.

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6

Klein, Raymond, and Edward Hansen. "Spotlight failure in covert visual orienting." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 25, no. 6 (June 1987): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03334737.

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7

Corneil, Brian D., Douglas P. Munoz, Brendan B. Chapman, Tania Admans, and Sharon L. Cushing. "Neuromuscular consequences of reflexive covert orienting." Nature Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (December 2, 2007): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2023.

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8

Yamada, T., M. Izyuuinn, M. Schulzer, and K. Hirayama. "Covert orienting attention in Parkinson's disease." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 53, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.7.593.

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9

Brodeur, Darlene A., and James T. Enns. "Covert visual orienting across the lifespan." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 51, no. 1 (1997): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1196-1961.51.1.20.

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10

Bahri, Toufik. "Covert Orienting of Attention Controls Vigilance Decrement at Low Event Rate." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 1 (August 1994): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.83.

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Factors controlling sustained visual orienting were investigated by combining the paradigms of covert orienting and vigilance. Analysis suggests a close relationship between orienting of attention and vigilance which is dependent on the event rare during the vigilance task. At a low event rate both facilitatory and inhibitory effects of orienting are found. Vigilance decrement is related to the accumulation of inhibition over time, supporting Posner, et al.'s 1984 theory. Invalid cues reduce the decrement. At a high event rate, however, neither facilitation nor inhibition effects are reliable, and vigilance decrement is relared to limitations of the allocation of attentional capacity, supporting Parasuraman's multifactorial theory. The results suggest that facilitation and inhibition caused by orienting are important opposing mechanisms in visual attention, allowing the nervous system to control the distribution of attention both over visual space and over time.

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11

Spence, Charles, and Jon Driver. "Audiovisual links in exogenous covert spatial orienting." Perception & Psychophysics 59, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03206843.

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12

Taylor, Eric, Minal Patel, and Jay Pratt. "Hand proximity biases overt – not covert – orienting." Journal of Vision 16, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.1276.

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13

Buonocore, Antimo, Niklas Dietze, and Robert D. McIntosh. "Time-dependent inhibition of covert shifts of attention." Experimental Brain Research 239, no. 8 (July 3, 2021): 2635–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06164-y.

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AbstractVisual transients can interrupt overt orienting by abolishing the execution of a planned eye movement due about 90 ms later, a phenomenon known as saccadic inhibition (SI). It is not known if the same inhibitory process might influence covert orienting in the absence of saccades, and consequently alter visual perception. In Experiment 1 (n = 14), we measured orientation discrimination during a covert orienting task in which an uninformative exogenous visual cue preceded the onset of an oriented probe by 140–290 ms. In half of the trials, the onset of the probe was accompanied by a brief irrelevant flash, a visual transient that would normally induce SI. We report a time-dependent inhibition of covert orienting in which the irrelevant flash impaired orientation discrimination accuracy when the probe followed the cue by 190 and 240 ms. The interference was more pronounced when the cue was incongruent with the probe location, suggesting an impact on the reorienting component of the attentional shift. In Experiment 2 (n = 12), we tested whether the inhibitory effect of the flash could occur within an earlier time range, or only within the later, reorienting range. We presented probes at congruent cue locations in a time window between 50 and 200 ms. Similar to Experiment 1, discrimination performance was altered at 200 ms after the cue. We suggest that covert attention may be susceptible to similar inhibitory mechanisms that generate SI, especially in later stages of attentional shifting (> 200 ms after a cue), typically associated with reorienting.

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14

Foster, Joshua J., David W. Sutterer, John T. Serences, Edward K. Vogel, and Edward Awh. "Alpha-Band Oscillations Enable Spatially and Temporally Resolved Tracking of Covert Spatial Attention." Psychological Science 28, no. 7 (May 24, 2017): 929–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617699167.

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Covert spatial attention is essential for humans’ ability to direct limited processing resources to the relevant aspects of visual scenes. A growing body of evidence suggests that rhythmic neural activity in the alpha frequency band (8–12 Hz) tracks the spatial locus of covert attention, which suggests that alpha activity is integral to spatial attention. However, extant work has not provided a compelling test of another key prediction: that alpha activity tracks the temporal dynamics of covert spatial orienting. In the current study, we examined the time course of spatially specific alpha activity after central cues and during visual search. Critically, the time course of this activity tracked trial-by-trial variations in orienting latency during visual search. These findings provide important new evidence for the link between rhythmic brain activity and covert spatial attention, and they highlight a powerful approach for tracking the spatial and temporal dynamics of this core cognitive process.

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15

Blair and Ristic. "Attention Combines Similarly in Covert and Overt Conditions." Vision 3, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3020016.

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Attention is classically classified according to mode of engagement into voluntary and reflexive, and type of operation into covert and overt. The first distinguishes whether attention is elicited intentionally or by unexpected events; the second, whether attention is directed with or without eye movements. Recently, this taxonomy has been expanded to include automated orienting engaged by overlearned symbols and combined attention engaged by a combination of several modes of function. However, so far, combined effects were demonstrated in covert conditions only, and, thus, here we examined if attentional modes combined in overt responses as well. To do so, we elicited automated, voluntary, and combined orienting in covert, i.e., when participants responded manually and maintained central fixation, and overt cases, i.e., when they responded by looking. The data indicated typical effects for automated and voluntary conditions in both covert and overt data, with the magnitudes of the combined effect larger than the magnitude of each mode alone as well as their additive sum. No differences in the combined effects emerged across covert and overt conditions. As such, these results show that attentional systems combine similarly in covert and overt responses and highlight attention’s dynamic flexibility in facilitating human behavior.

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16

Scolari, Miranda, and Edward Awh. "Object-based biased competition during covert spatial orienting." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 81, no. 5 (January 25, 2019): 1366–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-018-01656-6.

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17

Batson, M., A. Beer, and T. Watanabe. "Specificity of crossmodal links in exogenous covert orienting." Journal of Vision 7, no. 9 (March 30, 2010): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/7.9.877.

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18

Awh, E., M. Scolari, and J. Ishikawa. "Object-based biased competition during covert spatial orienting." Journal of Vision 8, no. 6 (March 20, 2010): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/8.6.224.

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19

Slavutskaya, Maria, and Valerii V. Shulgovskii. "Presaccadic Brain Potentials in Conditions of Covert Attention Orienting." Spanish Journal of Psychology 10, no. 2 (November 2007): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600006545.

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Twelve healthy subjects underwent investigation of averaged (electroencephalogram) EEG potentials during preparation for motor activity and in the latent period (LP) of visually evoked saccades by presentation of stimuli using Posner's (1980) design of “cost-benefit.” It has been shown that covert spatial attention orientation leads to an increase in amplitude and decrease in latency of presaccadic initiation potential peaks within the saccadic latent period (LP) (P-100, N –50). Processes of covert orientation of attention during the interstimulus interval period of anticipation of the target stimulus correlate with the increase of slow negativity of fronto-parietal-temporal localization. Spatial-temporal changes of presaccadic potentials are evidence of the fact that orientation of attention during motor preparation and saccadic initiation is reflected in intensification of fronto-parietal networks of saccadic control and attention, activating the fronto-medio-thalamic and thalamo-parietal modulating systems.

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20

Posner, Michael, and Cristopher Niell. "Illuminating the Neural Circuits Underlying Orienting of Attention." Vision 3, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3010004.

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Human neuroimaging has revealed brain networks involving frontal and parietal cortical areas as well as subcortical areas, including the superior colliculus and pulvinar, which are involved in orienting to sensory stimuli. Because accumulating evidence points to similarities between both overt and covert orienting in humans and other animals, we propose that it is now feasible, using animal models, to move beyond these large-scale networks to address the local networks and cell types that mediate orienting of attention. In this opinion piece, we discuss optogenetic and related methods for testing the pathways involved, and obstacles to carrying out such tests in rodent and monkey populations.

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21

Ben-Yehudah, G., and E. Zohary. "Stimulus and task influences in covert orienting of attention." Neuroscience Letters 237 (November 1997): S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(97)90037-9.

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22

Marrocco, R. T., and M. C. Davidson. "SYSTEMIC AND LOCAL MODULATION OF COVERT ORIENTING IN PRIMATES." Behavioural Pharmacology 9, no. 1 (August 1998): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199812001-00124.

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23

Marrocco, R. T., and M. C. Davidson. "SYSTEMIC AND LOCAL MODULATION OF COVERT ORIENTING IN PRIMATES." Behavioural Pharmacology 9, no. 1 (August 1998): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199808000-00124.

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24

Marrocco, R. T., and M. C. Davidson. "SYSTEMIC AND LOCAL MODULATION OF COVERT ORIENTING IN PRIMATES." Behavioural Pharmacology 9, Supplement (August 1998): S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199808001-00124.

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25

Folk, Charles L., Roger W. Remington, and James C. Johnston. "Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18, no. 4 (1992): 1030–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.1030.

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26

Spence, Charles J., and Jon Driver. "Covert spatial orienting in audition: Exogenous and endogenous mechanisms." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20, no. 3 (1994): 555–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.20.3.555.

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27

Enriquez, A., R. Ni, J. D. Bower, and G. J. Andersen. "Covert orienting of attention and the perception of heading." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (March 16, 2010): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.316.

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28

Klein, Raymond. "Covert Exogenous Cross-Modality Orienting between Audition and Vision." Vision 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision2010008.

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29

Schneps, M., L. T. Rose, S. Martinez-Conde, and M. Pomplun. "Covert orienting reflex: Involuntary pupil response predicts microsaccade production." Journal of Vision 9, no. 8 (March 23, 2010): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/9.8.399.

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30

Losier, Bruno J., and Raymond M. Klein. "Covert orienting within peripersonal and extrapersonal space: young adults." Cognitive Brain Research 19, no. 3 (May 2004): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.01.002.

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31

McCormick, Peter A., and Raymond Klein. "The spatial distribution of attention during covert visual orienting." Acta Psychologica 75, no. 3 (December 1990): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(90)90014-7.

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32

Tassinari, G., and G. Berlucchi. "Covert orienting to non-informative cues: reaction time studies." Behavioural Brain Research 71, no. 1-2 (November 1995): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(95)00201-4.

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33

Nobre, A. C., D. R. Gitelman, E. C. Dias, and M. M. Mesulam. "Covert Visual Spatial Orienting and Saccades: Overlapping Neural Systems." NeuroImage 11, no. 3 (March 2000): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2000.0539.

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34

Bonato, Mario, Konstantinos Priftis, Roberto Marenzi, and Marco Zorzi. "Normal and Impaired Reflexive Orienting of Attention after Central Nonpredictive Cues." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 4 (April 2009): 745–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21054.

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Recent studies suggest that stimuli with directional meaning can trigger lateral shifts of visuospatial attention when centrally presented as noninformative cues. We investigated covert orienting in healthy participants and in a group of 17 right brain-damaged patients (9 with hemispatial neglect) comparing arrows, eye gaze, and digits as central nonpredictive cues in a detection task. Orienting effects elicited by arrows and eye gaze were overall consistent in healthy participants and in right brain-damaged patients, whereas digit cues were ineffective. Moreover, patients with neglect showed, at the shortest delay between cue and target, a disengage deficit for arrow cueing whose magnitude was predicted by neglect severity. We conclude that the peculiar form of attentional orienting triggered by the directional meaning of arrow cues presents some features previously thought to characterize only the stimulus-driven (exogenous) orienting to noninformative peripheral cues.

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35

Treble-Barna, Amery, Paulina A. Kulesz, Maureen Dennis, and Jack M. Fletcher. "Covert Orienting in Three Etiologies of Congenital Hydrocephalus: The Effect of Midbrain and Posterior Fossa Dysmorphology." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 20, no. 3 (February 17, 2014): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713001501.

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AbstractCovert orienting is related to the integrity of the midbrain, but the specificity of the relation is unclear. We compared covert orienting in three etiologies of congenital hydrocephalus (aqueductal stenosis [AS], Dandy-Walker malformation [DWM], and spina bifida myelomeningocele [SBM]—with and without tectal beaking) to explore the effects of midbrain and posterior fossa malformations. We hypothesized a stepwise order of group performance reflecting the degree of midbrain tectum dysmorphology. Performance on an exogenously cued covert orienting task was compared using repeated measures analysis of covariance, controlling for age. Individuals with SBM and tectal beaking demonstrated the greatest disengagement cost in the vertical plane, whereas individuals with AS performed as well as a typically developing (TD) group. Individuals with SBM but no tectal beaking and individuals with DWM showed greater disengagement costs in the vertical plane relative to the TD group, but better performance relative to the group with SBM and tectal beaking. Individuals with AS, DWM, and SBM and tectal beaking demonstrated poorer inhibition of return than TD individuals. Impairments in attentional disengagement in SBM are not attributable to the general effects of hydrocephalus, but are instead associated with specific midbrain anomalies that are part of the Chiari II malformation. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–10)

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36

Hilchey, Matthew D., Jay Pratt, and John Christie. "Placeholders dissociate two forms of inhibition of return." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 360–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1247898.

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Decades of research using Posner’s classic spatial cueing paradigm has uncovered at least two forms of inhibition of return (IOR) in the aftermath of an exogenous, peripheral orienting cue. One prominent dissociation concerns the role of covert and overt orienting in generating IOR effects that relate to perception- and action-oriented processes, respectively. Another prominent dissociation concerns the role of covert and overt orienting in generating IOR effects that depend on object- and space-based representation, respectively. Our objective was to evaluate whether these dichotomies are functionally equivalent by manipulating placeholder object presence in the cueing paradigm. By discouraging eye movements throughout, Experiments 1A and 1B validated a perception-oriented form of IOR that depended critically on placeholders. Experiment 2A demonstrated that IOR was robust without placeholders when eye movements went to the cue and back to fixation before the manual response target. In Experiment 2B, we replicated Experiment 2A’s procedures except we discouraged eye movements. IOR was observed, albeit only weakly and significantly diminished relative to when eye movements were involved. We conclude that action-oriented IOR is robust against placeholders but that the magnitude of perception-oriented IOR is critically sensitive to placeholder presence when unwanted oculomotor activity can be ruled out.

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37

Bayless, Sarah J., Yoko Nagata, Travis Mills, and Margot J. Taylor. "MEG Measures of Covert Orienting and Gaze Processing in Children." Brain Topography 26, no. 4 (March 16, 2013): 616–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10548-013-0279-9.

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38

Mayer, Andrew R., Deborah Harrington, John C. Adair, and Roland Lee. "The neural networks underlying endogenous auditory covert orienting and reorienting." NeuroImage 30, no. 3 (April 2006): 938–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.050.

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39

Angeloni, C., J. Sy, and F. Tong. "A temporal benefit of covert spatial orienting across visual hemifields." Journal of Vision 14, no. 10 (August 22, 2014): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/14.10.345.

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40

Lawrence, B., and M. Carrasco. "Differential effects of covert and overt orienting on microsaccade rate." Journal of Vision 14, no. 10 (August 22, 2014): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/14.10.641.

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41

Awh, E., M. Matsukura, and J. Serences. "Top-down modulation of biased competition during covert spatial orienting." Journal of Vision 2, no. 7 (March 15, 2010): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/2.7.15.

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42

Maylor, Elizabeth A., and Robert Hockey. "Inhibitory component of externally controlled covert orienting in visual space." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 11, no. 6 (1985): 777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.11.6.777.

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43

Henderson, John M. "Stimulus discrimination following covert attentional orienting to an exogenous cue." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 17, no. 1 (1991): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.17.1.91.

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44

Awh, Edward, Michi Matsukura, and John T. Serences. "Top-down control over biased competition during covert spatial orienting." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 29, no. 1 (2003): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.29.1.52.

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45

Castiello, U. "Effects of left parietal injury on covert orienting of attention." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.72.1.73.

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46

Boyer, T. W., and B. I. Bertenthal. "A Comparison of Covert and Overt Orienting of Social Attention." Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (July 25, 2013): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.1128.

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47

Carlson, Joshua M., and Karen S. Reinke. "Masked fearful faces modulate the orienting of covert spatial attention." Emotion 8, no. 4 (2008): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012653.

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48

Iarocci, Grace, and Jacob A. Burack. "Intact Covert Orienting to Peripheral Cues Among Children with Autism." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34, no. 3 (June 2004): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jadd.0000029548.84041.69.

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49

Danckert, James, Paul Maruff, Simon Crowe, and Jon Currie. "Inhibitory processes in covert orienting in patients with Alzheimer's disease." Neuropsychology 12, no. 2 (1998): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.12.2.225.

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50

Randolph, Beth, and Jacob A. Burack. "Visual filtering and covert orienting in persons with Down syndrome." International Journal of Behavioral Development 24, no. 2 (June 2000): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502500383287.

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Abstract:

A forced-choice reaction time (RT) task was used to examine the efficiency of visual filtering (the inhibition of processing of irrelevant stimuli) and covert orienting (shifts of visual attention independent of eye movement) components of attention in persons with Down syndrome ( n = 20) and children of average intelligence ( n = 20) matched for mental age (MA) (average MA = approximately 5.4 years). Conditions varied with regard to presence or absence of distractors, and the validity (valid, invalid, or neutral) of location cues. Contrary to expectations, persons with Down syndrome and MA-matched children of average intelligence at approximately age 5 showed similar patterns of performance on a task that required filtering distracting stimuli and searching for relevant information in the visual field. Both groups responded more efficiently to a target preceded by a valid cue as compared to a target preceded by an invalid or neutral cue. In addition, performance was more efficient with a target that was presented without irrelevant information as compared to one that was flanked on either side by extraneous, nontarget information and therefore necessitated filtering for efficient performance. These two findings indicate that: (1) disengaging from the location of an incorrect cue, and then searching for, locating, and responding to a target requires more time and attention than simply locating and responding to a target that has been validly cued; and (2) processing and responding to a target flanked by extraneous information entails filtering, and therefore requires more time and resources than simply responding to a target without distractors. In general, the development of visual reflexive, covert orienting, and filtering are intact in persons with Down syndrome relative to their level of functioning at an MA level of approximately 5 years, a period that is critical in the development of attentional processes.

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