Relevant bibliographies by topics / Covert orienting

Academic literature on the topic 'Covert orienting'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Covert orienting"

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Fimm, Bruno, Klaus Willmes, and Will Spijkers. "Differential Effects of Lowered Arousal on Covert and Overt Shifts of Attention." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 7 (June 15, 2015): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000405.

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AbstractBased on previous studies demonstrating detrimental effects of reduced alertness on attentional orienting our study seeks to examine covert and overt attentional orienting in different arousal states. We hypothesized an attentional asymmetry with increasing reaction times to stimuli presented to the left visual field in a state of maximally reduced arousal. Eleven healthy participants underwent sleep deprivation and were examined repeatedly every 4 hr over 28 hr in total with two tasks measuring covert and overt orienting of attention. Contrary to our hypothesis, a reduction of arousal did not induce any asymmetry of overt orienting. Even in participants with profound and significant attentional asymmetries in covert orienting no substantial reaction time differences between left- and right-sided targets in the overt orienting task could be observed. This result is not in agreement with assumptions of a tight coupling of covert and overt attentional processes. In conclusion, we found differential effects of lowered arousal induced by sleep deprivation on covert and overt orienting of attention. This pattern of results points to a neuronal non-overlap of brain structures subserving these functions and a differential influence of the norepinephrine system on these modes of spatial attention. (JINS, 2015,21, 545–557)
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Casteau, Soazig, and Daniel T. Smith. "Associations and Dissociations between Oculomotor Readiness and Covert Attention." Vision 3, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3020017.

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The idea that covert mental processes such as spatial attention are fundamentally dependent on systems that control overt movements of the eyes has had a profound influence on theoretical models of spatial attention. However, theories such as Klein’s Oculomotor Readiness Hypothesis (OMRH) and Rizzolatti’s Premotor Theory have not gone unchallenged. We previously argued that although OMRH/Premotor theory is inadequate to explain pre-saccadic attention and endogenous covert orienting, it may still be tenable as a theory of exogenous covert orienting. In this article we briefly reiterate the key lines of argument for and against OMRH/Premotor theory, then evaluate the Oculomotor Readiness account of Exogenous Orienting (OREO) with respect to more recent empirical data. These studies broadly confirm the importance of oculomotor preparation for covert, exogenous attention. We explain this relationship in terms of reciprocal links between parietal ‘priority maps’ and the midbrain oculomotor centres that translate priority-related activation into potential saccade endpoints. We conclude that the OMRH/Premotor theory hypothesis is false for covert, endogenous orienting but remains tenable as an explanation for covert, exogenous orienting.
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Berlucchi, Giovanni, Leonardo Chelazzi, and Giancarlo Tassinari. "Volitional Covert Orienting to a Peripheral Cue Does Not Suppress Cue-induced Inhibition of Return." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 4 (July 2000): 648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900562408.

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Detection reaction time (RT) at an extrafoveal location can be increased by noninformative precues presented at that location or ipsilaterally to it. This cue-induced inhibition is called inhibition of return or ipsilateral inhibition. We measured detection RT to simple light targets at extrafoveal locations that could be designated for covert orienting by local or distant cues. We found that cue-induced inhibition co-occurred in an additive fashion with the direct effects of covert orienting, i.e., it detracted from facilitation at attended locations and increased the disadvantage for unattended locations. Thus, cue-induced inhibition cannot be suppressed by a volitional covert orienting to the cued location; the cooccurrence of different facilitatory and inhibitory effects confirms the simultaneous operation of multiple independent, attentional mechanisms during covert orienting.
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Corneil, Brian D., and Douglas P. Munoz. "Overt Responses during Covert Orienting." Neuron 82, no. 6 (June 2014): 1230–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.040.

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Smith, Daniel T., and Soazig Casteau. "The effect of offset cues on saccade programming and covert attention." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818759468.

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Salient peripheral events trigger fast, “exogenous” covert orienting. The influential premotor theory of attention argues that covert orienting of attention depends upon planned but unexecuted eye-movements. One problem with this theory is that salient peripheral events, such as offsets, appear to summon attention when used to measure covert attention (e.g., the Posner cueing task) but appear not to elicit oculomotor preparation in tasks that require overt orienting (e.g., the remote distractor paradigm). Here, we examined the effects of peripheral offsets on covert attention and saccade preparation. Experiment 1 suggested that transient offsets summoned attention in a manual detection task without triggering motor preparation planning in a saccadic localisation task, although there were a high proportion of saccadic capture errors on “no-target” trials, where a cue was presented but no target appeared. In Experiment 2, “no-target” trials were removed. Here, transient offsets produced both attentional facilitation and faster saccadic responses on valid cue trials. A third experiment showed that the permanent disappearance of an object also elicited attentional facilitation and faster saccadic reaction times. These experiments demonstrate that offsets trigger both saccade programming and covert attentional orienting, consistent with the idea that exogenous, covert orienting is tightly coupled with oculomotor activation. The finding that no-go trials attenuates oculomotor priming effects offers a way to reconcile the current findings with previous claims of a dissociation between covert attention and oculomotor control in paradigms that utilise a high proportion of catch trials.
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Klein, Raymond, and Edward Hansen. "Spotlight failure in covert visual orienting." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 25, no. 6 (June 1987): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03334737.

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Corneil, Brian D., Douglas P. Munoz, Brendan B. Chapman, Tania Admans, and Sharon L. Cushing. "Neuromuscular consequences of reflexive covert orienting." Nature Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (December 2, 2007): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2023.

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Yamada, T., M. Izyuuinn, M. Schulzer, and K. Hirayama. "Covert orienting attention in Parkinson's disease." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 53, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.7.593.

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Brodeur, Darlene A., and James T. Enns. "Covert visual orienting across the lifespan." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 51, no. 1 (1997): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1196-1961.51.1.20.

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Bahri, Toufik. "Covert Orienting of Attention Controls Vigilance Decrement at Low Event Rate." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 1 (August 1994): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.83.

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Factors controlling sustained visual orienting were investigated by combining the paradigms of covert orienting and vigilance. Analysis suggests a close relationship between orienting of attention and vigilance which is dependent on the event rare during the vigilance task. At a low event rate both facilitatory and inhibitory effects of orienting are found. Vigilance decrement is related to the accumulation of inhibition over time, supporting Posner, et al.'s 1984 theory. Invalid cues reduce the decrement. At a high event rate, however, neither facilitation nor inhibition effects are reliable, and vigilance decrement is relared to limitations of the allocation of attentional capacity, supporting Parasuraman's multifactorial theory. The results suggest that facilitation and inhibition caused by orienting are important opposing mechanisms in visual attention, allowing the nervous system to control the distribution of attention both over visual space and over time.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Covert orienting"

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Randolph, Beth. "Visual filtering and covert orienting in persons with Down syndrome." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68131.

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A forced-choice reaction time (RT) task was used to examine the relations between covert orienting (shifts of visual attention independent of eye movement) and filtering (the inhibition of processing of irrelevant stimuli) components of attention in persons with Down syndrome (n = 17) and children of average intelligence (n = 17) matched for mental age (MA), (MA = approximately 5 years). Conditions varied with regard to presence or absence of distractors, and the validity (valid, invalid, or neutral) of location cues. RT/p(correct) scores of both groups were longer in distractor-present conditions and in conditions when the location cue provided incorrect information (invalid cue). In addition, RT/p(correct) scores of both groups were longer when it was necessary to simultaneously search for a target and filter out irrelevant information, than when each of these attention demanding tasks was utilized separately. However, there were no differences in performance between persons with Down syndrome and MA matched children of average intelligence. This evidence is used to challenge the notion of an overall deficit in selective attention abilities in persons with Down syndrome as compared to MA matched children of average intelligence. Findings are also discussed in terms of their support for a capacity sharing relationship between covert orienting and filtering.
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Butler, Joe. "Top-down and exogenous effects on covert and overt orienting." Thesis, Bangor University, 2015. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/topdown-and-exogenous-effects-on-covert-and-overt-orienting(88a8f964-f569-444a-ad9d-803c36609366).html.

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Due to numerous bottlenecks, the human brain is unable to consciously process all data available at the retina. To overcome these constraints, evolution has developed a system that breaks down retinal information into fragments and subsequently analyses them according to current goals and expectations. This biasing system is frequently referred to as attention. Yet despite a long history of itself having been the focus of analysis, there are a number of questions about attention that are clearly unanswered by the literature. Therefore, we wanted to address three problems highlighted by our literature review. Specifically, we wanted learn, (I) Are the effects of probabilistic expectations, when instructed either by spatial blocking of the target location or through a central cue, on response latencies the product of a ballistic, attentional process, or the product of an information theoretical decision-making process? (II) Can the inhibitory aspects of spatial attention be pre-deployed by using a central cue to manipulate prior expectations of where a task-irrelevant distractor is likely to appear? (III) What is the relationship between attention and eye movements?We investigated this last question by way of testing healthy participants on covert and overt versions of the behavioural paradigms designed to address questions I and II, and then in a neuropsychology patient who presented with hypometric saccades, we investigated if eye movements and attention can be dissociated. Experiments 1-4, showed that the effects of target probability - when either spatially manipulated or instructed through a central cue - can neither be fully accounted for by attentional accounts or information theoretical accounts. Additionally, the outcome of target probability is context dependent. That is, outcomes depend on how target probability was instructed. Experiment 5 showed that spatial inhibition cannot be endogenously deployed using central cues. Although we found that distractor suppression takes place when targets are invalidly cued, suggesting distractor suppression takes place during reorienting. Experiments 6-7 showed that attentional orienting can be preserved in the presence of oculomotor impairment, indicating eye movements and attention can be structurally dissociated. Whereas the results of experiments 1-5 are consistent with claims that covert and overt orienting are similarly affected by expectations due to a common attentional process. We conclude that expectations influence a mechanism common to overt and covert responses, but ultimately, both processes are distinct. In the discussion chapter, we discuss a number of future avenues of research,including how electrophysiology could be used to further understand the phenomena presented here. Overall, the contribution of this body of research is to illustrate that the relationship between top-down expectations and exogenous effects is extremely complicated, and are, currently, inadequately captured by present models of attention.
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Roggeveen, Alexa Bleiweis. "Anisotropy of covert, endogenous orienting of attention across the visual field." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31475.

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Are there advantages to voluntarily attending to some visual field locations over others? The work discussed here explores the question of whether covert, endogenous (voluntary) orienting to various visual field locations has anisotropic effects. Important to this question is understanding how paradigm parameters alter the way that attention is voluntarily distributed across possible target locations, and how that ultimately affects the anisotropy of performance at different visual field locations. When observers are cued to attend with 100% certainty to a visual field location, the effects of endogenous orienting run parallel to previous findings of perceptual and attentional anisotropy (vertical anisotropy; horizontal vs. vertical meridian). This is the first work to demonstrate an attentional benefit to voluntarily attending to the vertical meridian compared to the horizontal meridian. Lowering the cue's predictive value altered the pattern of anisotropic performance, revealing that attention had varying impact with distance from fixation, as well as a greater impact on the lower half of the vertical meridian. This result reflects how attention was distributed across possible target locations in the display, given that the target may not appear at the cued location. Further experiments showed that task parameters have a distinct effect on how attention is distributed across possible target locations. Altering the endogenous distribution of attention by eliminating or reducing an inhibitory gradient at fixation affects performance to the greatest degree close to fixation, and on the horizontal meridian. Both experiments are also the first to reveal an attentional oblique effect, whereby response time to targets presented on the intercardinal axes is consistently and significantly slower than on the cardinal axes. A key role is also demonstrated for the use of placeholders (perceptual objects) which facilitate the objects) which facilitate the voluntary distribution of attention across possible target locations. The effect of placeholders interacts with the cue's predictive value to alter how attention is voluntarily distributed across possible target locations. Overall, the answer to the overarching question is yes: covert, endogenous orienting has anisotropic effects. In light of these findings, four general guidelines are presented to illustrate the impact of covert, endogenous distribution of attention across the visual field.
Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
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Iarocci, Grace. "Visual filtering and covert orienting in developmentally disabled persons with and without autism." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26278.

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A forced choice reaction time (RT) task was used to examine the relations between covert orienting (shifts in attention independent of eye movement) and filtering (the inhibition of processing of irrelevant stimuli) components of attention in persons with autism (n = 12) and developmentally disabled persons without autism (n = 20). Conditions varied with regard to the validity of the cue (related to covert orienting) and presence of distractors (related to filtering). ?'he RT/p(correct) scores of both groups were longer in the distractor-present conditions and in conditions when a cue provided incorrect information regarding the location of the subsequent target (invalid cue). The RT/p(correct) scores of persons with autism as compared to developmentally disabled persons without autism were slower overall. However the pattern of performance of persons with autism was not significantly different from that of the developmentally disabled persons without autism. These results are inconsistent with the notions of specific deficits in covert orienting and filtering among persons with autism and indicate that certain attentional difficulties may not be unique to autism. Alternatively, they may also reflect differences in the specific mechanisms assessed in different studies. Findings are discussed in terms of the specificity of visual filtering and covert orienting impairments in autism.
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Bryant, Elizabeth. "Visual attention shifting ability in schizophrenia across covert orienting of attention and anti-saccade tasks." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31388.

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The disabling effects of schizophrenia, as well as the difficulty in addressing all the associated deficits through treatment are well documented. Recently more research has focused on characterising cognitive deficits related to schizophrenia, as due to their enduring nature, and relation to functioning ability they are viewed as a therapeutic target. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the ability of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, as well as in relation to the schizophrenia spectrum, to shift attention focus both within the visual field (covert attention) and by directing their eye-movements (overt attention). In particular the ability to use task information to modify strategies for better performance was examined. Participants, consisting of individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, an age appropriate comparison group and students assessed for schizotypal traits, completed two covert cueing tasks, and two anti-saccade tasks, designed to measure both reflexive and voluntary attention shifts. Individuals with schizophrenia showed consistent impairments across the tasks, with lower sensitivity to targets and slower response time for the covert attention studies, and higher error rates and longer latencies for the anti-saccade tasks. Schizotypy scores were also related to some performance measures, with higher scorers exhibiting lower hit rates for the cueing study, and longer latencies in the classic anti-cue task. The inability to inhibit eye-movements was also consistently related to the schizophrenia spectrum. All participants, including those in the schizophrenia group, used the task information to change their attention strategies accordingly; this suggests that individuals with schizophrenia are able to use some degree of top-down voluntary control of both overt and covert attention. Thus strategic attention appears preserved in relation to the schizophrenia spectrum, but the basic deficits, which were shown to be consistent, could present a target for treatments as they are present even when participants are receiving medication.
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Rolfs, Martin, Ralf Engbert, and Reinhold Kliegl. "Crossmodal coupling of oculomotor controland spatial attention in vision and audition." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5680/.

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Fixational eye movements occur involuntarily during visual fixation of stationary scenes. The fastest components of these miniature eye movements are microsaccades, which can be observed about once per second. Recent studies demonstrated that microsaccades are linked to covert shifts of visual attention [e.g., Engbert & Kliegl (2003), Vision Res 43:1035-1045]. Here,we generalized this finding in two ways. First, we used peripheral cues, rather than the centrally presented cues of earlier studies. Second, we spatially cued attention in vision and audition to visual and auditory targets. An analysis of microsaccade responses revealed an equivalent impact of visual and auditory cues on microsaccade-rate signature (i.e., an initial inhibition followed by an overshoot and a final return to the pre-cue baseline rate). With visual cues or visual targets,microsaccades were briefly aligned with cue direction and then opposite to cue direction during the overshoot epoch, probably as a result of an inhibition of an automatic saccade to the peripheral cue. With left auditory cues and auditory targets microsaccades oriented in cue direction. Thus, microsaccades can be used to study crossmodal integration of sensory information and to map the time course of saccade preparation during covert shifts of visual and auditory attention.
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Peterson, Scott Alan. "Effects of cue validity on the orienting of covert visual attention : evidence for implicit learning in the attentional cueing paradigm." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29861.

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Tucker, Andrew James, and n/a. "Visual space attention in three-dimensional space." Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20070301.085637.

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Current models of visual spatial attention are based on the extent to which attention can be allocated in 2-dimensional displays. The distribution of attention in 3-dimensional space has received little consideration. A series of experiments were devised to explore the apparent inconsistencies in the literature pertaining to the allocation of spatial attention in the third dimension. A review of the literature attributed these inconsistencies to differences and limitations in the various methodologies employed, in addition to the use of differing attentional paradigms. An initial aim of this thesis was to develop a highly controlled novel adaptation of the conventional robust covert orienting of visual attention task (COVAT) in depth defined by either binocular (stereoscopic) or monocular cues. The results indicated that attentional selection in the COVAT is not allocated within a 3-dimensional representation of space. Consequently, an alternative measure of spatial attention in depth, the overlay interference task, was successfully validated in a different stereoscopic depth environment and then manipulated to further examine the allocation of attention in depth. Findings from the overlay interference experiments indicated that attentional selection is based on a representation that includes depth information, but only when an additional feature can aid 3D selection. Collectively, the results suggest a dissociation between two paradigms that are both purported to be measures of spatial attention. There appears to be a further dissociation between 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional attentional selection in both paradigms for different reasons. These behavioural results, combined with recent electrophysiological evidence suggest that the temporal constraints of the 3D COVAT paradigm result in early selection based predominantly on retinotopic spatial coordinates prior to the complete construction of a 3-dimensional representation. Task requirements of the 3D overlay interference paradigm, on the other hand, while not being restricted by temporal constraints, demand that attentional selection occurs later, after the construction of a 3-dimensional representation, but only with the guidance of a secondary feature. Regardless of whether attentional selection occurs early or late, however, some component of selection appears to be based on viewer-centred spatial coordinates.
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Harris, Jonathan. "Are there anisotropies in covert and overt visual orienting?" 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/13029.

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Two recent studies suggest that Inhibition of Return (IOR) varies in magnitude as a function of target location for overt orienting tasks but not covert orienting tasks. Unfortunately, methodological differences between these studies prevent a direct comparison of their results. Thus the aim of the current study was to replicate and extend the results of these two studies within a single experiment while controlling for methodological differences. Participants (N=37) were assigned to a cue-target or a target-target group and were required to make manual (covert orienting block) or saccadic responses (overt orienting block) to peripheral stimuli occupying one of four peripheral locations. An analysis of target reaction times indicated that while IOR was present under all circumstances, it did not vary as a function of target location. A careful examination of our methods points to the importance of controlling set size (the number of possible target locations) in IOR studies.
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MacLean, Gregory. "Exploring the Dissociations between Overt and Covert Mechanisms of Spatial Attention and Inhibition of Return." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/36314.

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Prompted by oculomotor theories of attention, the present experiments explore the role of saccade activation in the generation of two cueing effects: exogenous capture (Experiment 1) and inhibition of return (IOR; Experiment 2). Exogenous capture is shortlived and marked by faster responding toward recently stimulated locations, whereas the longer-lasting IOR manifests as slower responding toward those locations. Within each experiment, Group A performed in a dual-task in which on most trials a peripheral target had to be identified but infrequently a central arrow probe called for an eye movement instead, while for Group B the tasks were the same except saccade trials were frequent and target identification trials were infrequent. In Experiment 1, for group A uninformative cues captured attention as measured by faster digit identification at the cued location, an effect not accompanied by saccade activation. For group B, cues generated saccade activation without capturing attention. Thus saccade activation need not accompany exogenous covert capture, and covert capture need not accompany saccade activation. In Experiment 2, group A exhibited IOR which slowed digit identification, but did not affect saccadic responding, while Group B exhibited no IOR in either digit identification or eye movement trials. This finding provides converging evidence that IOR can be dichotomized into two forms; one which delays motor production itself (Evidenced amply elsewhere, e.g., Taylor & Klein, 2000) and another which delays responding by applying inhibition at a perceptual-motor interface which can operate in independence from its motoric cousin.
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Books on the topic "Covert orienting"

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Spence, Charles. Orienting Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.015.

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The last 30 years or so have seen a rapid rise in research on attentional orienting from a crossmodal perspective. The majority of this research has tended to focus on the consequences of the covert orienting of attention (either to a sensory modality or spatial location) for both perception and neural information processing. The results of numerous studies have now highlighted the robust crossmodal links that exist in the case of both overt and covert, and both exogenous and endogenous spatial orienting. Neuroimaging studies have started to highlight the neural circuits underlying such crossmodal effects. Researchers are increasingly using transcranial magnetic stimulation in order to lesion temporarily putative areas within these networks; the aim of such research often being to determine whether attentional orienting is controlled by supramodal versus modality-specific neural systems that are somehow linked (this is known as the ‘separable-but-linked’ hypothesis). The available research demonstrates that crossmodal attentional orienting (and multisensory integration—from which it is sometimes hard to distinguish) can affect the very earliest stages of information processing in the human brain.
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Krauzlis, Richard J. Attentional Functions of the Superior Colliculus. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.014.

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The superior colliculus (SC) plays an important role in both overt and covert attention. In primates, the SC is well known to be a central component of the motor pathways that orient the eyes and head to important objects in the environment. Accordingly, neurons in the SC show enhanced responses that will be the target of orienting movements, compared to stimuli that will be ignored. Single-neuron recordings in the SC have revealed a variety of attention-related effects, including changes in activity related to bottom-up and top-down attention, attention capture, and inhibition of return. These findings support the view of the SC as a priority map that represents the location of important objects in the visual environment. Manipulation of SC activity by electrical microstimulation and chemical inactivation shows that the SC is not simply a recipient of attention-related effects, but plays a causal role in these processes. In particular, activity in the SC plays a major role in the selection of targets for saccades, and also for pursuit eye movements and movements of the hand. Moreover, activity in the SC is important not only for the control of overt attention, but also plays a crucial role in covert attention—the processing of visual signals for perceptual judgements even in the absence of orienting movements. The mechanisms mediating the role of the SC in the control of covert attention are not yet known, but current models emphasize interactions between the SC and areas of the cerebral cortex.
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Taljanovic, Mihra S., Imran M. Omar, Kevin B. Hoover, and Tyson S. Chadaz, eds. Musculoskeletal Imaging Volume 1. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190938161.001.0001.

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This volume meets the needs of radiology residents to become adept at interpreting musculoskeletal (MSK) imaging studies. It does so by presenting core knowledge and fundamentals that must be learned to accurately and effectively interpret MSK studies by the trainee and non-specialist. The goal is to impart to residents, as well as to refresh for practitioners, essential facts in a concise and readable format so the reader becomes conversant with all imaging modalities used and the essentials of interpretation and technique. Other resources are at too high a level for the resident in training or contain far more information than a resident can easily assimilate during a rotation. The book is part of the Rotations in Radiology series for residents, which defines and encapsulates core knowledge for areas within Radiology, offering a guided, structured approach to imaging diagnosis. It contains sections on 10 key topics in MSK radiology: trauma; arthritis; tumors and tumor-like conditions; metabolic, hematopoietic, endocrine, and deposition diseases; infectious diseases; arthrography; internal derangements of the joints; congenital diseases; and ultrasound. Each section begins with an overview chapter, orienting the reader to the specific concerns and issues related to imaging that anatomic region or category of problem. Each clinical problem or diagnosis is concisely covered to provide a targeted discussion and highlight salient points. For each topic, concise chunks of text will review: definition; clinical features; anatomy and physiology; how to appraoch the image; what not to miss; differential diagnosis; common variants if pertinent; clinical issues; key points; high yield references.
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Taljanovic, Mihra S., Imran M. Omar, Kevin B. Hoover, and Tyson S. Chadaz, eds. Musculoskeletal Imaging Volume 2. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190938178.001.0001.

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This volume meets the needs of radiology residents to become adept at interpreting musculoskeletal (MSK) imaging studies. It does so by presenting core knowledge and fundamentals that must be learned to accurately and effectively interpret MSK studies by the trainee and non-specialist. The goal is to impart to residents, as well as to refresh for practitioners, essential facts in a concise and readable format so the reader becomes conversant with all imaging modalities used and the essentials of interpretation and technique. Other resources are at too high a level for the resident in training or contain far more information than a resident can easily assimilate during a rotation. The book is part of the Rotations in Radiology series for residents, which defines and encapsulates core knowledge for areas within Radiology, offering a guided, structured approach to imaging diagnosis. It contains sections on 10 key topics in MSK radiology: trauma; arthritis; tumors and tumor-like conditions; metabolic, hematopoietic, endocrine, and deposition diseases; infectious diseases; arthrography; internal derangements of the joints; congenital diseases; and ultrasound. Each section begins with an overview chapter, orienting the reader to the specific concerns and issues related to imaging that anatomic region or category of problem. Each clinical problem or diagnosis is concisely covered to provide a targeted discussion and highlight salient points. For each topic, concise chunks of text will review: definition; clinical features; anatomy and physiology; how to appraoch the image; what not to miss; differential diagnosis; common variants if pertinent; clinical issues; key points; high yield references.
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Book chapters on the topic "Covert orienting"

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Richards, John E. "Development of Covert Orienting in Young Infants." In Neurobiology of Attention, 82–88. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012375731-9/50018-5.

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Brodeur, Darlene A. "Chapter 11 Covert Orienting in Young Children." In The Development of attention - Research and Theory, 211–26. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4115(08)60458-6.

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Bichot, Narcisse P., and Jeffrey D. Schall. "Prefrontal Selection and Control of Covert and Overt Orienting." In Neurobiology of Attention, 117–23. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012375731-9/50025-2.

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Twohig, Michael P., Michael E. Levin, and Clarissa W. Ong. "Session 1." In ACT in Steps, 47–60. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190629922.003.0004.

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This chapter outlines how a first session of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) might go. This first session typically includes two components: (1) orienting clients to what to expect from therapy generally and ACT specifically, and (2) beginning work on creative hopelessness. Key points emphasized in this chapter are learning about clients’ perception of therapy, clarifying clients’ treatment goals, collaboratively setting therapeutic expectations, exploring the effects and effectiveness of trying to control thoughts and feelings, and introducing an alternative to controlling thoughts and feelings (willingness). This content sets the stage for concepts to be covered in Chapter 5.
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Chebi, Hocine. "Optimal Camera Placement in a Virtual Environment." In Multimedia and Sensory Input for Augmented, Mixed, and Virtual Reality, 247–60. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4703-8.ch013.

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Camera placement in a virtual environment consists of positioning and orienting a 3D virtual camera so as to respect a set of visual or cinematographic properties defined by the user. Carrying out this task is difficult in practice. Indeed, the user has a clear vision of the result he wants to obtain in terms of the arrangement of the objects in the image. In this chapter, the authors identify three areas of research that are relatively little covered by the literature dedicated to camera placement and which nevertheless appear essential. On the one hand, existing approaches offer little flexibility in both solving and describing a problem in terms of visual properties, especially when it has no solution. They propose a flexible solution method which computes the set of solutions, maximizing the satisfaction of the properties of the problem, whether it is over constrained or not. On the other hand, the existing methods calculate only one solution, even when the problem has several classes of equivalent solutions in terms of satisfaction of properties. They introduce the method of semantic volumes which computes the set of classes of semantically equivalent solutions and proposes a representative of each of them to the user. Finally, the problem of occlusion, although essential in the transmission of information, is little addressed by the community. Consequently, they present a new method of taking into account occlusion in dynamic real-time environments.
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"task accuracies and latencies would have been bimo-relatively automatic or strategic. For example, automatic dal, with participants who monitored having a lower or strategic processes thought to underlie recognition average accuracy and a higher average latency than memory (e.g., Mandler, 1980; Sternberg, 1969) could participants who did not monitor. Neither frequency play a role. Alternatively, some aspect of memory re-distribution appeared to be bimodal, however, con-trieval as postulated by the Automatic Associative sistent with the expectation that participants main-Activation view or the Noticing + Search view (Einstein tained the cognitive system in a prospective memory & McDaniel, 1996) could be the process by which the retrieval mode (or maintained an increased level of ac-evaluation is made. Finally, to the extent that the ACT tivation of the prospective memory representation) architecture (J. R. Anderson, 1983) can account for but did not check for the target events on alternating strategic monitoring, the firing of production rules control trials. could explain the process of checking. Although these A significant difference in prospective memory various possible conceptions of the checking process accuracy or latency was not expected (and was not allow that checking may be automatic or strategic, the obtained) as a function of whether the experimental and reaction time task costs on experimental trials relative control trials alternated or were blocked. The two-to alternating control trials in the current experiment process view of strategic monitoring, as well as the suggest that checking was relatively strategic, at least alternate one-process views, predict that strategic in the current experiment. monitoring should be equivalent on the alternating and blocked experimental trials. The views make different predictions only with regard to the processes that ALTERNATE ONE-PROCESS should be involved on the alternating versus blocked INTERPRETATIONS control trials, where prospective memory cannot be measured (i.e., because there is no prospective memory Although the two-process monitoring view provides a task on control trials). compelling explanation of the current results, the results are open to alternate one-process interpretations. One possibility is that the costs on the experimental trials CHECKING and the alternating control trials relative to the blocked control trials reflect only a process of maintaining a The current experiment was not designed to test alter-retrieval mode (or activation): Participants maintained a nate conceptions of the checking process, but several retrieval mode (or activation) to a greater extent on possible conceptions are outlined here. Depending on experimental trials than alternating control trials, and to the characteristics of the prospective memory task, the a greater extent on alternating control trials than blocked cover task in which it is embedded, and the individual control trials, where they were not expected to maintain doing the strategic monitoring, the process of directing a retrieval mode at all (or at least to a much lesser extent). attention to the stimuli could be controlled by the envi-This seems unlikely, because research has suggested ronment and be relatively automatic or reflexive on the that a retrieval mode or an increased level of activation part of the individual (e.g., an exogenous orienting re-persists as long as the goal to perform the retrieval task sponse; Lauwereyns, 1998), or instead it could be con-exists, and there was no reason to expect that a retrieval trolled by the individual or a SAS or other type of mode or activation on alternating control trials would executive attentional system (e.g., an endogenous ori-be maintained to a lesser extent than on experimental enting response; Lauwereyns, 1998). Alternatively, trials. some aspect of automatic memory retrieval, such as Another possibility is that the costs on the automatic associative retrieval of the intended action, experimental trials and the alternating control trials which results from conscious processing of the target relative to the blocked control trials reflect only a event with which it was associated at encoding (as pos-process of checking: Participants checked for the target tulated by the Automatic Associative Activation view events to a greater extent on experimental trials than of prospective memory; Einstein & McDaniel, 1996), or on alternating control trials, and to a greater extent on a feeling of familiarity or significance for the target event alternating control trials than on blocked control trials, that causes the target event to be noticed (as postu-where they were not expected to check at all. This lated by the Noticing + Search view of prospective seems unlikely, because checking was costly, and a memory; Einstein & McDaniel, 1996), could direct at-signal was given to indicate that no target event would tention to the stimuli. appear on the control trials and that checking was The process of evaluating whether a stimulus is a therefore unnecessary, so there was no reason to retrieval cue for an intended action could also be expect checking on any control trials." In Prospective Memory: The Delayed Realization of Intentions, 61–64. Psychology Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203506752-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Covert orienting"

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Duggan, Oisin, Shruti Narasimham, Eavan Mc Govern, Owen Killian, Sean O'Riordan, Michael Hutchinson, and Richard B. Reilly. "A Study of the Midbrain Network for Covert Attentional Orienting in Cervical Dystonia Patients using Dynamic Causal Modelling." In 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857152.

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Snyder, Jon, David Cramer, and Matt White. "Improved Treatment Distribution Through Oriented Perforating." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204203-ms.

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Abstract Perforation-imaging studies have indicated highly variable results on effectively treating all perforation clusters within a given fracturing stage in horizontal well plug-and-perf applications, even when limited entry designs were used. A field test was executed to trial differing perforating designs and levels of perforation friction for identifying a preferred technique for evenly distributing treatment volume along the lateral. The test was implemented in a horizontal well in the Eagle Ford formation of south Texas. After treatment and plug drill-out operations were completed, a downhole camera was run to visualize perforation entry holes along the entire lateral section. Shaped perforating charges described as equal entry hole charges were used in all stages. The resulting images were analyzed to determine entry hole dimensions and erosion characteristics to determine if alternate perforating strategies provided improved results, as compared to the standard design of multi-phase perforating with 1200 psi of perforation friction. Test results indicate that orienting perforations in a straight line (zero-phase) along the high side of the wellbore significantly improved treatment distribution among perforation clusters. Oriented perforating achieved this benefit without needing to increase initial perforation friction beyond the area standard of 1200 psi. Another result from this project was development of a statistical process for evaluating perforation entry hole erosion data. Entry hole erosion datasets are complex and difficult to analyze. The statistical process presented in this paper demonstrates a clear way to compare the effectiveness of different perforation designs. This paper also covers the operational difficulties encountered during the project which added complexity to analyzing the results. Lastly, this paper offers suggestions for future modifications for oriented perforation designs to further improve limited entry effectiveness.
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