Journal articles: 'Covert contrasts'

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Gibbon, Fiona E., and Alice Lee. "Preface to the special issue on covert contrasts." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31, no. 1 (December 7, 2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2016.1254684.

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Roepke, Elizabeth, and Françoise Brosseau-Lapré. "Perception of Sibilants by Preschool Children With Overt and Covert Sound Contrasts." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): 3763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-19-0127.

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Purpose This study explores the role of overt and covert contrasts in speech perception by children with speech sound disorder (SSD). Method Three groups of preschool-aged children (typically developing speech and language [TD], SSD with /s/~/ʃ/ contrast [SSD-contrast], and SSD with /s/~/ʃ/ collapse [SSD-collapse]) completed an identification task targeting /s/~/ʃ/ minimal pairs. The stimuli were produced by 3 sets of talkers: children with TD, children with SSD, and the participant himself/herself. We conducted a univariate general linear model to investigate differences in perception of tokens produced by different speakers and differences in perception between the groups of listeners. Results The TD and SSD-contrast groups performed similarly when perceiving tokens produced by themselves or other children. The SSD-collapse group perceived all speakers more poorly than the other 2 groups of children, performing at chance for perception of their own speech. Children who produced a covert contrast did not perceive their own speech more accurately than children who produced no identifiable acoustic contrast. Conclusion Preschool-aged children have not yet developed adultlike phonological representations. Collapsing phoneme production, even with a covert contrast, may indicate poor perception of the collapsed phonemes.

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Eckman, Fred, Gregory Iverson, and Jae Yung Song. "Overt and covert contrast in L2 phonology." Journal of Second Language Pronunciation 1, no. 2 (September 14, 2015): 254–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jslp.1.2.06eck.

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This paper reports results on the acquisition of the English /p/–/b/ contrast by native speakers of Arabic. This contrast does not exist in the participants’ native language (NL). The central finding of this study is that some of the research participants exhibited a covert contrast between these segments in their interlanguage productions. That is, two of the five Arabic-speaking participants who were transcribed as having no contrast between [p] and [b] did, in fact, produce a statistically reliable distinction in voice onset time lags between the two target segments. The existence of such an intermediate stage of covert contrast in the learning of L2 phonology is eminently plausible, in view of the progressive nature of phonological acquisition. Our results help bring the learning of second-language contrasts into conformity with findings of the same phenomenon in the areas of L1 acquisition and phonologically disordered speech.

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Gibbon, Fiona E., and Alice Lee. "Electropalatographic (EPG) evidence of covert contrasts in disordered speech." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31, no. 1 (June 6, 2016): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2016.1174739.

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Zharkova, Natalia, Fiona E. Gibbon, and Alice Lee. "Using ultrasound tongue imaging to identify covert contrasts in children’s speech." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31, no. 1 (June 20, 2016): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2016.1180713.

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Chen, Qiaoyun. "English and Chinese existential constructions in contrast: A corpus-based semantic study." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 58, no. 4 (November 25, 2018): 717–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-0029.

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Abstract This article contrasts existential constructions in English and Chinese in terms of semantic variability and dimensions of semantic variation, distribution of Definiteness Effect and existentiality on the basis of corpus instances and their contextual features. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses show that: (1) existential construction in English varies more widely than its Chinese counterpart; (2) existential constructions in English and Chinese differ in covert/overt expression of background information, semantics of the existential verb and the noun phrase (NP) whose existence is asserted as well as an interaction between presence of a coda and NP definiteness. Contextual features such as semantics, number, quantification and modifier of NP and covert/overt expression of background information are found to have a significant effect on the distribution of Definiteness Effect. The survey on existentiality indicates that the concept has multiple manifestations in form. Reasons for these linguistic phenomena are discussed from various perspectives.

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Bosinelli, M., and P. C. Cicogna. "REM and NREM mentation: Nielsen's model once again supports the supremacy of REM." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 6 (December 2000): 913–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00274025.

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Nielsen's model presents a new isomorphic brain-mind viewpoint, according to which the sole dream generator is found in a REM-on (explicit or covert REM) mechanism. Such a model cannot explain the dreamlike activity during SWS (slow wave sleep), SO (sleep onset) and in the last period of sleep. Moreover the hypothesis contrasts with Solms's data, which show that dreaming is present also in case of destruction of the REM generator.[Nielsen; Solms]

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McINTYRE, Joseph. "Transitive L-verbs (grade 2) and transitive H-verbs (grades 1, 4, 5, and 6) in Hausa verbal compounds." STUDIES IN AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES, no. 54 (December 10, 2020): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32690/salc54.1.

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This paper examines Hausa verbal compounds in terms of the division of regular verbs (verbs in the “grade system”) into verbs which have a High or Low tone first syllable. The focus of the paper is the surprisingly small number of transitive L-verbs (verbs beginning with a Low tone – “grade 2”) and their limited use of compound markers which contrasts strongly with the frequency of transitive H-verbs (verbs beginning with a with High tone) and their markers. I also describe several devices (e.g. grade-switching and covert subjects) which “allow” the formation of verbal compounds with transitive L-verbs.

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Song, Jae Yung, and Fred Eckman. "Covert contrasts in the acquisition of English high front vowels by native speakers of Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish." Language Acquisition 26, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 436–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2019.1593415.

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Alexopoulou, Theodora, and Raffaella Folli. "Topic Strategies and the Internal Structure of Nominal Arguments in Greek and Italian." Linguistic Inquiry 50, no. 3 (June 2019): 439–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00315.

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In this article, we argue that a set of unexpected contrasts in the interpretation of clitic-left-dislocated indefinites in Greek and Italian derive from structural variation in the nominal syntax of the two languages. Greek resists nonreferential indefinites in clitic left-dislocation, resorting to the topicalization of an often bare noun for nonreferential topics. By contrast, clitic left-dislocation is employed in Italian for topics regardless of their definite/indefinite interpretation. We argue that this contrast is directly linked to the wide availability of bare nouns in Greek, which stems from a structural difference in the nominal syntax of the two languages. In particular, we hypothesize that Greek nominal arguments lack a D layer. Rather, they are Number Phrases. We situate this analysis in the context of Chierchia’s (1998) typology of nominals. We argue that, on a par with Italian nouns, Greek nouns are [−arg, +pred]. However, they do not employ a syntactic head (D) for type-shifting to e . Rather, they resort to covert type-shifting, a hypothesis that is necessary to account for the distribution and interpretations of bare nouns in Greek, vis-à-vis other [−arg, +pred] languages like Italian and French.

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Eshghi, Marziye, and David Zajac. "Covert acoustic markers of alveolar-velar stop contrasts in the speech of two-year-old children with and without repaired cleft palate." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (May 2017): 3839–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4988548.

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Grinberg, Daniel. "Tracking movements: Black activism, aerial surveillance, and transparency optics." Media, Culture & Society 41, no. 3 (November 22, 2018): 294–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443718810921.

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This article examines the 2015 Baltimore uprisings that emerged in the wake of Freddie Gray’s death and the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) covert aerial surveillance of the protesters. It does so by investigating the records that the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) extracted from the government agency through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). The article first traces the process of discovering and circulating this corpus of information. It then considers what the digital disclosures, including 18-plus hours of aerial surveillance footage, can reveal about the racial and technological dimensions of contemporary state surveillance. In considering the agency’s strategies of public admission, I develop the concept of transparency optics and identify some of its potential logics at work. I then discuss these records’ epistemological limits, such as the shortcomings of analyzing digital processes through ocularcentric approaches. Finally, this article contrasts the FBI videos’ panoptic vantage of the protests with the embodied, ground-level perspective of a local participant’s documentary film.

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Masapollo, Matthew, and Frank H. Guenther. "Engaging the Articulators Enhances Perception of Concordant Visible Speech Movements." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): 3679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-19-0167.

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Purpose This study aimed to test whether (and how) somatosensory feedback signals from the vocal tract affect concurrent unimodal visual speech perception. Method Participants discriminated pairs of silent visual utterances of vowels under 3 experimental conditions: (a) normal (baseline) and while holding either (b) a bite block or (c) a lip tube in their mouths. To test the specificity of somatosensory–visual interactions during perception, we assessed discrimination of vowel contrasts optically distinguished based on their mandibular (English /ɛ/–/æ/) or labial (English /u/–French /u/) postures. In addition, we assessed perception of each contrast using dynamically articulating videos and static (single-frame) images of each gesture (at vowel midpoint). Results Engaging the jaw selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of jaw height, whereas engaging the lips selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of their degree of lip compression and protrusion. Thus, participants perceived visible speech movements in relation to the configuration and shape of their own vocal tract (and possibly their ability to produce covert vowel production–like movements). In contrast, engaging the articulators had no effect when the speaking faces did not move, suggesting that the somatosensory inputs affected perception of time-varying kinematic information rather than changes in target (movement end point) mouth shapes. Conclusions These findings suggest that orofacial somatosensory inputs associated with speech production prime premotor and somatosensory brain regions involved in the sensorimotor control of speech, thereby facilitating perception of concordant visible speech movements. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9911846

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Halabi, Dana, Ebaa Fayyoumi, and Arafat Awajan. "I3rab: A New Arabic Dependency Treebank Based on Arabic Grammatical Theory." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 21, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3472295.

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Treebanks are valuable linguistic resources that include the syntactic structure of a language sentence in addition to part-of-speech tags and morphological features. They are mainly utilized in modeling statistical parsers. Although the statistical natural language parser has recently become more accurate for languages such as English, those for the Arabic language still have low accuracy. The purpose of this article is to construct a new Arabic dependency treebank based on the traditional Arabic grammatical theory and the characteristics of the Arabic language, to investigate their effects on the accuracy of statistical parsers. The proposed Arabic dependency treebank, called I3rab, contrasts with existing Arabic dependency treebanks in two main concepts. The first concept is the approach of determining the main word of the sentence, and the second concept is the representation of the joined and covert pronouns. To evaluate I3rab, we compared its performance against a subset of Prague Arabic Dependency Treebank that shares a comparable level of details. The conducted experiments show that the percentage improvement reached up to 10.24% in UAS and 18.42% in LAS.

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Qasim, Asifa, and Sage Lambert Graham. "The construction of self and others: A study of the identity construction in I am Malala." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/5.1.39.

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Autobiographical memoirs incorporate personal experiences of an individual and the cultural structures for recognizing lives and identities. They mediate between actions and point of view of an author to display the identity of self and others. The language of autobiographical narratives situates characters in relation to one another to distinguish between self and other. This study examines the approach adopted by Malala for her identity construction in her autobiography, explicating the ways she maintains or challenges the social customs through these ideologies. It analyses linguistic features employed by Malala for identity construction and ideological distinctions between the victims and the perpetrators, stigmatized and non-stigmatized in her story. Malala appears in her tales as an author with authority, as well as a victim of intolerance and abuse, according to the findings; however, her identity is often fluid and changing through acquiring the roles of victim, figure, and author, and depicting her characters in parallel roles. She positioned characters in her story by making overt and covert contrasts within reported events. Her narrative shows a contentious case of discrimination in which both the victim and the perpetrator are Pashtun Muslims from Pakistan of the same race, religion, and ethnicity.

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Fassi Fehri, Abdelkader. "Nominal classes, reference, and functional parameters, with particular reference to Arabic." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2004 4 (December 31, 2004): 41–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.4.03feh.

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DPs and BNs are used parametrically in Arabic (as well as in other languages) to express generic/existential contrasts, and mass/count oppositions. Unlike English and Romance, Arabic BNs behave like overt indefinites, give rise to bare singulars, and to numeral BNs, obviating scope or opacity distinctions between bare singulars, duals, or plurals. These numerous BN varieties are accounted for via various N-to-F computational processes, involving namely Numeral and Generic positions. Second, indefinite and definite generic types also make use of covert/overt D oppositions, yet they are subjected to a unifying treatment. Third, the mass/count dichotomy cannot provide an adequate base for a classificatory system. ‘Atomicity’ and ‘singulativity’ values are needed to characterize more appropriately Classifier and Number interactions in so-called ‘classifier’ and ‘number’ language types. ‘Inner’ atomicity (associated with Classifier) and ‘outer’ atomicity (provided by Number) can be properly identified, making it possible to avoid confusion of Classifier and Number contributions to structure and interpretation (e.g. the kind/generic confusion). Finally, the referential/quantificational split, usually expressed through the BN/DP opposition, finds its counterpart in proper noun (PN) and common noun distributions.

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Pan, Haihua. "Remarks on gapless relative clauses and complement clauses in Mandarin Chinese." Asian Languages and Linguistics 3, no. 1 (July 5, 2022): 109–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.21008.pan.

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Abstract This paper makes remarks on the syntactic status of Gapless Relative Clauses (GRCs) in Mandarin Chinese and shows that the arguments for their complement status are not supported by the facts in Mandarin Chinese, as almost all the arguments for the complement clause analysis of GRCs, as presented in Huang (2016), could be argued to be evidence for the relative clause (RC) analysis of GRCs. The following RC recoverability hierarchy, Argument RC > Adjunct RC > GRC, is proposed to explain the contrasts discussed in Huang (2016) and this paper, and the relevant facts and differences could be accounted for if one assumes that the RCs further to the right in the hierarchy above are more difficult to be recovered than the RCs further to the left in the above hierarchy and should thus occur closer to the head noun. This paper demonstrates that GRCs are really RCs licensed by a covert semantic variable, and suggests that the gapless requirement on complement clauses be replaced by the following two conditions: (a) no syntactic gap or semantic variable exists in the relevant clause that is related to the head noun in question and (b) a semantic condition, to be specified in this paper, is necessary on the relationship between the clause in question and the modified head noun.

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Bishop, D. V. M., B. Byers Brown, and J. Robson. "The Relationship Between Phoneme Discrimination, Speech Production, and Language Comprehension in Cerebral-Palsied Individuals." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 33, no. 2 (June 1990): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3302.210.

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Twenty-four individuals with impaired speech (anarthria or dysarthria) were compared on tests of receptive language to a control group with normal speech. All subjects were cerebral-palsied and groups were matched on age and nonverbal ability. The speech-impaired subjects performed less well than controls on a phoneme discrimination task in which they were required to judge whether pairs of nonwords were the same or different. They were also impaired relative to controls on a receptive vocabulary test, but not in understanding of grammatical structure. One year later, phoneme discrimination skills were reassessed in this sample, using another same-different task, plus a new task in which subjects were required to judge if the name of a picture was spoken correctly or altered by one sound. Speech-impaired subjects performed as well as controls on the word judgment task, indicating that they can discriminate phoneme contrasts adequately. However, the same-different task again resulted in highly significant differences between speech-impaired and control groups. It is concluded that poor performance on the same-different task reflects weak memory for novel phonological strings, rather than impaired phoneme perception. It is proposed that retention of unfamiliar words is facilitated by overt or covert repetition, so individuals who cannot speak fluently have difficulty remembering nonwords. This explanation can account both for the poor performance of speech-impaired subjects on the same-different task, and for their selective deficit in vocabulary acquisition.

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Kairuz, Eduardo, and Sam Spurr. "CO2 Interiors." idea journal 18, no. 01 (August 31, 2021): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.37113/ij.v18i01.429.

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Are there any ulterior narratives that could be mined through a close examination and interpretation of the coal mine interior spaces? CO2 Interiors is a visual essay that addresses this question. And to do so, it unpacks a meticulously curated group of archival images that expose the covert narratives of colonialism and slow violence embedded in coal mining’s (extra)ordinary interiors. This creative exercise entails integrating text into images that include a 19th Century etching of young children pushing coal-filled carriages through steep mine tunnels; and a still from an animated film produced in the 1950s by the National Coal Board Film Unit in Britain. There is an image of human tissue affected by Black Lung Disease; and a photograph of a former Australian Prime Minister enacting the mythology of the alpha male explorer, plunging into the unknown and forbidden depths of the planet. Collectively, these image/text hybrids posit an experimental narrative—an assemblage—that starkly contrasts with contemporary depictions by the mining industry, focused on the technical and quantitative aspects of the activity or greenwashing its multiscalar and devastating effects. This project engages multiple forms of visual representation (historical, spatial, political, and ideological) that have conjured a mythology of coal mining still present today. In doing so, certain refrains echo and multiply, persisting across time frames and political borders to produce a taxonomy of subterranean effects. Integrating text and images, our devices yield a performative reading that seeks to raise awareness and produce affect. As such, CO2 Interiors amplifies our understanding of coal mining beyond its economic and environmental repercussions and well into its social, political, and cultural implications—especially the spatial ones. While the 2019 Australian Federal Election results attest to the embedded mythology of coal mining that is still impossible to restrain, CO2 Interiors dismantles and reassembles it, recasting the false narrative of progress, equity, and solidarity that has been projected from within the coal mine interior space. This curated assemblage of coal stories accumulates as evidence to be critically analysed in order to truly achieve a sustainable post-carbon future.

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Strauss, B., R. Meerkoetter, B. Wissinger, P. Wendling, and M. Hess. "On the regional climatic impact of contrails: microphysical and radiative properties of contrails and natural cirrus clouds." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 11 (November 30, 1997): 1457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-1457-4.

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Abstract. The impact of contrail-induced cirrus clouds on regional climate is estimated for mean atmospheric conditions of southern Germany in the months of July and October. This is done by use of a regionalized one-dimensional radiative convective model (RCM). The influence of an increased ice cloud cover is studied by comparing RCM results representing climatological values with a modified case. In order to study the sensitivity of this effect on the radiative characteristics of the ice cloud, two types of additional ice clouds were modelled: cirrus and contrails, the latter cloud type containing a higher number of smaller and less of the larger cloud particles. Ice cloud parameters are calculated on the basis of a particle size distribution which covers the range from 2 to 2000 µm, taking into consideration recent measurements which show a remarkable amount of particles smaller than 20 µm. It turns out that a 10% increase in ice cloud cover leads to a surface temperature increase in the order of 1K, ranging from 1.1 to 1.2K in July and from 0.8 to 0.9K in October depending on the radiative characteristics of the air-traffic-induced ice clouds. Modelling the current contrail cloud cover which is near 0.5% over Europe yields a surface temperature increase in the order of 0.05K.

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Cleland, Joanne, James M. Scobbie, Cornelia Heyde, Zoe Roxburgh, and Alan A. Wrench. "Covert contrast and covert errors in persistent velar fronting." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31, no. 1 (September 9, 2016): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2016.1209788.

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Yamamoto, Tatsuya, Kenichi Matsuoka, and Renji Naruse. "Observation of internal structures of snow covers with a ground-penetrating radar." Annals of Glaciology 38 (2004): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814834.

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AbstractTo complement a technique to detect internal structures of seasonal snow covers and glacier firn with ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we carried out calibration experiments and an observation of winter snow cover (5.7m thick dry snow with numerous ice layers) with an 800 MHz GPR. In particular, we aimed to discriminate periodic noise, which is inherent in GPR, from radar echoes and to obtain a relationship between the observed reflection strength and the magnitude of density contrasts. Experiments were done in air to evaluate noise levels and receiver characteristics of this system. Based on these, we removed noise from radar echoes in the snow-cover observation. We recognized numerous marked echoes in a noise-free radargram. The depths of these echoes coincided roughly with those of large density contrasts observed in the snow pit. Thus, we argue that the echoes correspond to thin ice layers. Furthermore, the minimum density contrasts detected by this GPR are found to vary from about 100 to 250 kgm–3 at 1–6m depth in the seasonal snow cover.

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Valkó, Orsolya, András Kelemen, Orsolya Kiss, and Balázs Deák. "Patch and matrix characteristics determine the outcome of ecosystem engineering by mole rats in dry grasslands." PeerJ 10 (December 15, 2022): e14582. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14582.

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Background Burrowing mammals are important ecosystem engineers, especially in open ecosystems where they create patches that differ from the surrounding matrix in their structure or ecosystem functions. Methods We evaluated the fine-scale effects of a subterranean ecosystem engineer, the Lesser blind mole rat on the vegetation composition of sandy dry grasslands in Hungary. In this model system we tested whether the characteristics of the patch (mound size) and the matrix (total vegetation cover in the undisturbed grassland) influence the structural and functional contrasts between the mounds and the undisturbed grasslands. We sampled the vegetation of 80 mounds and 80 undisturbed grassland plots in four sites, where we recorded the total vegetation cover, and the occurrence and cover of each vascular plant species. We used two proxies to characterise the patches (mounds) and the matrix (undisturbed grassland): we measured the perimeter of the mounds and estimated the total vegetation cover of the undisturbed grasslands. First, we compared the vegetation characteristics of the mounds and the surrounding grasslands with general linear models. Second, we characterised the contrasts between the mounds and the undisturbed grassland by relative response indices (RRIs) of the vegetation characteristics studied in the first step. Results Species composition of the vegetation of the mounds and undisturbed grasslands was well separated in three out of the four study sites. Mounds were characterised by lower vegetation cover, lower cover of perennial graminoids, and higher diversity, and evenness compared to undisturbed grasslands. The contrast in vegetation cover between mounds and undisturbed grasslands increased with decreasing patch size. Increasing vegetation cover in the matrix grasslands increased the contrasts between the mounds and undisturbed grasslands in terms of total cover, perennial graminoid cover, diversity, and evenness. Our results suggest that mole rat mounds provide improved establishment conditions for subordinate species, because they are larger than other types of natural gaps and are characterised by less intense belowground competition. The ecosystem engineering effect, i.e., the contrast between the patches and the matrix was the largest in the more closed grasslands.

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Paneru, Pragya. "Visual Images and Interpretations: A Semiotic Analysis of Textbook Covers." SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2022): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sjah.v4i1.43051.

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This article presents a comparative visual interpretation of the cover images of the selected textbooks. A social semiotic approach was used to analyse various compositional and thematic differences among two sets of textbook covers. The compositional interpretation was applied to explore the differences and similarities in an image composition and discourse analysis was used to explore their implied social discourses. The findings show some significant shift as well as continuum in the image composition and underlined social discourses. For example, the newly published textbooks focus on settings, character details and character connection, and use various colours in contrast to the old textbook covers. More activities promoting gender equality were found in the new textbook covers than in the old textbook covers. Overall, the new textbooks propose positive changes in their cover image composition in quality and gender discourses. However, the images only feature-specific religious symbols, regional culture and geography rather than multicultural, multiregional and multi-religious context of Nepali society. It seems that minority religion, ethnicity and regional variations that are found in Nepal are missing in the cover images across the curriculum. This article is expected to address the gap seen in the Nepali school educational research and helpful to provide insights that the cover images used in the textbooks are important and powerful meaning makers.

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Solomon, J. A. "Covert attention does NOT affect contrast sensitivity." Journal of Vision 2, no. 7 (March 14, 2010): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/2.7.436.

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Barbot, A., M. S. Landy, and M. Carrasco. "Covert attention affects second-order contrast sensitivity." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 3, 2010): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.262.

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Capaitzis, Dimitri G. "Risk Management of Shipbuilding Contracts." Marine Technology and SNAME News 43, no. 04 (October 1, 2006): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2006.43.4.180.

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The choices and decisions involved in ordering a new ship are essentially entrepreneurial and culminate in the letter of intent based on financial and business considerations. The contract follows and covers the size, type, and quality of the ship, her construction, and eventually her operation. Drafting the builder/buyer contract is a major station in a shipbuilding venture and, although this paper mainly covers the contract negotiation, it relates by necessity to elements before and after contract finalization.

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Morris, Kim, and Martin O. Jeffries. "Seasonal contrasts in snow-cover characteristics on Ross Sea ice floes." Annals of Glaciology 33 (2001): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781818608.

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AbstractSnow-cover characteristics on ice floes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, were examined during cruises in autumn 1998 and summer 1999. The autumn snow cover was shallower, colder and had higher and more variable salinity, and smaller single and composite grain-sizes than the summer snow cover. The autumn snow cover was dominated by rounded particles in chains of grains and clusters, while the summer snow cover was composed primarily of melt clusters. There was extensive flooding of the summer snow cover at the snow/ice interface. The summer snow cover was nearly isothermal and close to the melting point. It exhibited obvious signs of melting and refreezing in the form of ice lenses, pipes and superimposed ice, although no melt ponds were evident. Many of the ice lenses were located directly above the saline standing water found on most of the summer ice floes.

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McAllister Byun, Tara, Peter Richtsmeier, and Edwin Maas. "Covert contrast in child phonology is not necessarily extragrammatical." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 4 (May 7, 2013): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.786.

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Carpenter, P. J., S. F. Calkin, and R. S. Kaufmann. "Assessing a fractured landfill cover using electrical resistivity and seismic refraction techniques." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 11 (November 1991): 1896–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443001.

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Fracturing or erosion of landfill cover materials may lead to escape of landfill gases and creation of leachate through infiltration of surface water. Periodic geophysical surveys could be used to assess landfill covers noninvasively and identify fractured or thinned areas. Models derived from electrical resistivity and seismic refraction measurements were evaluated over various portions of a closed municipal landfill in west surburban Chicago. Resistivity soundings could not delineate cover thickness over areas of fractured or new cover where resistivity contrasts with the underlying refuse were minor. Cover thickness estimates accurate to within 0.7 m, however, were obtained over unfractured mature cover where resistivities were 10–20 ohm‐m higher than in the refuse. Azimuthal resistivity variations as large as 16 ohm‐m indicate opening of cover fractures during dry weather; these same areas showed little or no azimuthal resistivity variation under moist conditions. Strong absorption of seismic energy and a velocity inversion in the refuse prevented calculation of cover thickness from seismic refraction profiles using a sledgehammer source. However, higher direct P-wave velocities (740 m/s) characterized areas of intact cover and lower velocities (370 m/s) characterized highly fractured cover. Qp for cover materials ranged from 3 to 9 and did not differ between fractured and unfractured areas.

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Schlotgauer, S. D. "Local contrasts of the central Okhotia vegetation cover." Regional problems 22, no. 2 (2019): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31433/2618-9593-2019-22-2-5-12.

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Snyman, Maritha. "buitebladkunswerk." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 13, no. 1 (November 7, 2022): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v13i1.1972.

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In this article it is postulated that the cover designs of works of Interature are increasingly becoming a part of the "apparell para-textuel" (vide Ge nette and Goldenstein) of the text. According to existing contracts between publishers and writers as well as according to statements made by publishers (vide Ellhahoo et al.), publishers still have a final veto on covers. There is ample evidence however a cover design must, from a semiotic point of view, be regarded as an iconic complement to the linguistic text. Examples are cited of recent works In Afrikaans where covers were specifically chosen with the object of preparing the receiver for the content of the verbal text. Co vers must thus be considered part of the encoded text and can there fore be analysed as such. In the rest of the article the cover designs of four volumes of poetry, of Afrikaans poet Johann de Lange's first, are discussed 88 Iconic representations of the verbal texts. The origin and possible signi fication of the cover designs of Waterwoestyn, Snel grys fantoom, Wordende naak, and Nagsweet are elaborated upon while comparing them to the verbal signs of the poems. This interpretation not only shows that In De Lange's work Iconic and verbal signs stand in Intratextual relation to each other, but also that the Iconic signs of the cover designs can be regarded as Interpretative hipersigns (vide RI faterre et al) making possible a more complete signification of the text.

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Cameron, E. Leslie, Joanna C. Tai, and Marisa Carrasco. "Covert attention affects the psychometric function of contrast sensitivity." Vision Research 42, no. 8 (April 2002): 949–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00039-1.

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Pestilli, F., J. Viera, and M. Carrasco. "On the interaction between covert attention and contrast adaptation." Journal of Vision 6, no. 6 (March 24, 2010): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/6.6.604.

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Meerkötter, R., U. Schumann, D. R. Doelling, P. Minnis, T. Nakajima, and Y. Tsushima. "Radiative forcing by contrails." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 8 (August 31, 1999): 1080–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1080-7.

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Abstract. A parametric study of the instantaneous radiative impact of contrails is presented using three different radiative transfer models for a series of model atmospheres and cloud parameters. Contrails are treated as geometrically and optically thin plane parallel homogeneous cirrus layers in a static atmosphere. The ice water content is varied as a function of ambient temperature. The model atmospheres include tropical, mid-latitude, and subarctic summer and winter atmospheres. Optically thin contrails cause a positive net forcing at top of the atmosphere. At the surface the radiative forcing is negative during daytime. The forcing increases with the optical depth and the amount of contrail cover. At the top of the atmosphere, a mean contrail cover of 0.1% with average optical depth of 0.2 to 0.5 causes about 0.01 to 0.03 Wm-2 daily mean instantaneous radiative forcing. Contrails cool the surface during the day and heat the surface during the night, and hence reduce the daily temperature amplitude. The net effect depends strongly on the daily variation of contrail cloud cover. The indirect radiative forcing due to particle changes in natural cirrus clouds may be of the same magnitude as the direct one due to additional cover.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (aerosols and particles) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (climatology · radiative processes)

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Frolov, Denis Maximovich. "Calculating scheme for ground freezing depth variations and its application in different landscapes." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 104, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021bmg4/166-171.

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Snow study is important because snow, after the ocean, is the second largest interface between the atmosphere and Earth's surface and it covers considerable part of the land during winter. Changes in snow cover extent and snowpack properties in recent decades in response to warming are ongoing and will likely continue in future. Ground thermal regime, despite the simplicity of measuring the ground temperature, remains an insufficiently studied field of landscapes. For determination of air-temperature influence, snow cover thickness, absolute values and the dynamics on the depth of ground freezing and thawing, a number of ground freezing models have been developed. In this work, the calculation is done with calculating scheme for ground freezing constructed on the basis of three-layer media heat conductivity problem (snow cover, frozen and thawed ground) with phase transition on the boundary of frozen and unfrozen ground. The heat balance equation includes phase transition energy, inflow of heat from unfrozen ground and outflow to frozen ground, snow cover and atmosphere. The heat flux is calculated on basis of Fourier law as a product of heat conductivity and temperature gradient. It is supposed that temperature changes linearly in each media. The calculations of ground freezing depth variations are done for plain and mountain regions. The ground freezing depth calculation results correspond to the observed values. Hence, the influence of the recent climate and weather contrasts and snow cover spatial and temporal variations on underlying ground freezing depth variations are investigated and reviled. This is vital, although climatic norms between 1961–1990 and 1991–2020 did not illustrate significant changes, but some strong weather variation extremes and contrasts (such as hotness in last 2020 year and weather anomalies of this 2020/2021 winter) are present in recent decades causing danger and risks for population and economics.

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Li, Fangfang, Jan Edwards, and Mary E. Beckman. "Contrast and covert contrast: The phonetic development of voiceless sibilant fricatives in English and Japanese toddlers." Journal of Phonetics 37, no. 1 (January 2009): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2008.10.001.

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McAllister Byun, Tara, Adam Buchwald, and Ai Mizoguchi. "Covert contrast in velar fronting: An acoustic and ultrasound study." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 30, no. 3-5 (September 2015): 249–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2015.1056884.

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Rajsic, J., and D. Wilson. "Does covert attention alter perceived contrast? Evidence from gender perception." Journal of Vision 11, no. 11 (September 23, 2011): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.246.

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Wolfe, David W., Louis D. Albright, and Jonathan Wyland. "Modeling Row Cover Effects on Microclimate and Yield: I. Growth Response of Tomato and Cucumber." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 4 (July 1989): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.4.562.

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Abstract Several polyethylene and fabric row cover materials, and clear and black polyethylene mulch, were evaluated in a 2-year field study. For cucumbers [Cucumis sativus (L.)], visible wilting and slowed growth rates of young transplants exposed to cold nights were minimized when grown under row covers that maintained high humidities and higher air and soil temperatures than in the exposed controls. Early cucumber yields were increased 2- to 6-fold by the use of covers. In contrast, tomatoes [Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.)] showed no significant early yield increases, but a 63% reduction in early yield in 1985 under a perforated clear polyethylene cover. The frequency and duration of daytime air temperatures exceeding 35C had a negative impact on tomato fruit size, quality, and percentage marketable. For cucumber, the relationship between cumulative degree days (during the covered interval) and biomass, early, and total yields was linear (r2 between 0.70 and 0.82) with positive slope. Tomato yields could not be accurately predicted using this approach, but correlations were improved (for the 1985 data set) by using modified degree-day formulas incorporating a negative high-temperature factor.

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Stenke, A., V. Grewe, and S. Pechtl. "Do supersonic aircraft avoid contrails?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 5 (September 4, 2007): 12927–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-12927-2007.

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Abstract. The impact of a potential future fleet of supersonic aircraft on contrail coverage and contrail radiative forcing is investigated by means of simulations with the general circulation model ECHAM4.L39(DLR) including a contrail parameterization. The model simulations consider air traffic inventories of a subsonic fleet and of a combined fleet of sub- and supersonic aircraft for the years 2025 and 2050, respectively. In case of the combined fleet, part of the subsonic fleet is replaced by supersonic aircraft. Supersonic aircraft fly at higher cruise levels (18 to 20 km) than subsonic aircraft (10 to 12 km). The different ambient meteorological conditions in terms of temperature and humidity affect the formation of contrails. At subsonic cruise levels, the combined air traffic scenario reveals a reduction in contrail cover in northern extratropics, especially over the North Atlantic and Pacific. At supersonic flight levels, contrail formation is mainly restricted to tropical regions. The northern extratropical stratosphere is only in winter cold enough for the formation of contrails. Total contrail coverage is only marginally affected by the shift in flight altitude. The model simulations indicate a global annual mean contrail cover of 0.372% for the subsonic and 0.366% for the combined fleet in 2050, respectively. The simulated contrail radiative forcing is most closely correlated to the total contrail cover, although contrails in the tropical lower stratosphere are found to be optically thinner than contrails in the extratropical upper troposphere. The global annual mean contrail radiative forcing in 2050 (2025) amounts to 24.7 mW m−2 (9.4 mW m−2) for the subsonic fleet and 24.2 mW m−2 (9.3 mW m−2) for the combined fleet. A reduced supersonic cruise speed (Mach 1.6 instead of Mach 2.0) leads to a downward shift in contrail cover, but does not affect global mean total contrail cover and contrail radiative forcing. Hence the partial substitution of subsonic air traffic leads to a shift of contrail occurrence from mid to low latitudes, but the resulting change in contrail-induced climate impact is almost negligible.

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Stenke, A., V. Grewe, and S. Pechtl. "Do supersonic aircraft avoid contrails?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 4 (February 25, 2008): 955–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-955-2008.

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Abstract. The impact of a potential future fleet of supersonic aircraft on contrail coverage and contrail radiative forcing is investigated by means of simulations with the general circulation model ECHAM4.L39(DLR) including a contrail parameterization. The model simulations consider air traffic inventories of a subsonic fleet and of a combined fleet of sub- and supersonic aircraft for the years 2025 and 2050, respectively. In case of the combined fleet, part of the subsonic fleet is replaced by supersonic aircraft. The combined air traffic scenario reveals a reduction in contrail cover at subsonic cruise levels (10 to 12 km) in the northern extratropics, especially over the North Atlantic and North Pacific. At supersonic flight levels (18 to 20 km), contrail formation is mainly restricted to tropical regions. Only in winter is the northern extratropical stratosphere above the 100 hPa level cold enough for the formation of contrails. Total contrail coverage is only marginally affected by the shift in flight altitude. The model simulations indicate a global annual mean contrail cover of 0.372% for the subsonic and 0.366% for the combined fleet in 2050. The simulated contrail radiative forcing is most closely correlated to the total contrail cover, although contrails in the tropical lower stratosphere are found to be optically thinner than contrails in the extratropical upper troposphere. The global annual mean contrail radiative forcing in 2050 (2025) amounts to 24.7 mW m−2 (9.4 mW m−2) for the subsonic fleet and 24.2 mW m−2 (9.3 mW m−2) for the combined fleet. A reduction of the supersonic cruise speed from Mach 2.0 to Mach 1.6 leads to a downward shift in contrail cover, but does not affect global mean total contrail cover and contrail radiative forcing. Hence the partial substitution of subsonic air traffic leads to a shift of contrail occurrence from mid to low latitudes, but the resulting change in contrail-induced climate impact is almost negligible.

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Schmitt, Melissa H., Keenan Stears, Mary K. Donovan, Deron E. Burkepile, and Dave I. Thompson. "Integrating herbivore assemblages and woody plant cover in an African savanna to reveal how herbivores respond to ecosystem management." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): e0273917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273917.

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African savannas are experiencing anthropogenically-induced stressors that are accelerating the increase of woody vegetation cover. To combat this, land managers frequently implement large-scale clearing of trees, which can have a cascading influence on mammalian herbivores. Studies rarely focus on how differences in woody cover influence the herbivore assemblage, making it difficult to assess how aggressive measures, or the lack of management, to counteract increasing woody cover affect the local composition and biodiversity of herbivores. We address this knowledge gap by applying a model-based clustering approach to field observations from MalaMala Game Reserve, South Africa to identify multiple herbivore–vegetation ‘configurations,’ defined as unique sets of herbivore assemblages (i.e., groups of herbivores) associated with differing woody plant covers. Our approach delineated how tree-clearing influences the distribution and abundance of the herbivore community in relation to surrounding savanna areas, which represent a natural mosaic of varying woody cover. Regardless of season, both intensively managed areas cleared of trees and unmanaged areas with high tree cover contained configurations that had depauperate assemblages of herbivores (low species richness, low abundance). By contrast, habitats with intermediate cover of woody vegetation had much higher richness and abundance. These results have substantial implications for managing African savannas in a rapidly changing climate.

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Zhu, Hou Yao, Chun Liang Zhang, and Wu Xin Wang. "Optimization of Refrigerator Door Structure Based on ABAQUS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 807–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.807.

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The refrigerator door cover deformation or cracking is a major flaw in the BCD268 refrigerator. In this paper we create a simplified model of the refrigerator door. Based on the standard modules of ABAQUS finite element analysis software, this paper analyzed the deformation mechanism of the refrigerator door, and determined the parts of the deformation. Aiming at the deformation and cracking, the numerical simulation of BCD 268 door cover was conducted, and two kinds of different options to strengthen the ribs were proposed, then the two programs were carried out through finite element analysis, and prototypes were fabricated high and low temperature impact test for validation. Optimal structure scheme was verified by contrast. The designed lower-door covers were produced in small scale, and it proved to be consistent with the numerical results of finite element.

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Arnout, K., and B. Meyer. "Cover feature - Uncovering hidden contracts: the .net example." Computer 36, no. 11 (November 2003): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.2003.1244535.

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Maksym, Ted. "Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Change: Contrasts, Commonalities, and Causes." Annual Review of Marine Science 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 187–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060610.

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Arctic sea ice has declined precipitously in both extent and thickness over the past four decades; by contrast, Antarctic sea ice has shown little overall change, but this masks large regional variability. Climate models have not captured these changes. But these differences do not represent a paradox. The processes governing, and impacts of, natural variability and human-induced changes differ markedly at the poles largely because of the ways in which differences in geography control the properties of and interactions among the atmosphere, ice, and ocean. The impact of natural variability on the ice cover is large at both poles, so modeled ice trends are not entirely inconsistent with contributions from both natural variability and anthropogenic forcing. Despite this concurrence, the coupling of natural climate variability, climate feedbacks, and sea ice is not well understood, and significant biases remain in model representations of the ice cover and the processes that drive it.

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Cvitanić, Jakša, Xuhu Wan, and Jianfeng Zhang. "Optimal contracts in continuous-time models." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis 2006 (July 12, 2006): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jamsa/2006/95203.

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We present a unified approach to solving contracting problems with full information in models driven by Brownian motion. We apply the stochastic maximum principle to give necessary and sufficient conditions for contracts that implement the so-called first-best solution. The optimal contract is proportional to the difference between the underlying process controlled by the agent and a stochastic, state-contingent benchmark. Our methodology covers a number of frameworks considered in the existing literature. The main finance applications of this theory are optimal compensation of company executives and of portfolio managers.

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GOVERNATORI, GUIDO. "REPRESENTING BUSINESS CONTRACTS IN RuleML." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 14, no. 02n03 (June 2005): 181–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843005001092.

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This paper presents an approach for the specification and implementation of translating contracts from a human-oriented form into an executable representation for monitoring. This will be done in the setting of RuleML. The task of monitoring contract execution and performance requires a logical account of deontic and defeasible aspects of legal language; currently such aspects are not covered by RuleML; accordingly we show how to extend it to cover such notions. From its logical form, the contract will thus be transformed into a machine readable rule notation and eventually implemented as executable semantics via any mark-up languages depending on the client's preference, for contract monitoring purposes.

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HAMANN, SILKE, and LAURA J. DOWNING. "*NT revisited again: An approach to postnasal laryngeal alternations with perceptual Cue constraints." Journal of Linguistics 53, no. 1 (August 6, 2015): 85–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000213.

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Phonological alternations in homorganic nasal–stop sequences provide a continuing topic of investigation for phonologists and phoneticians alike. Surveys like Herbert (1986), Rosenthal (1989), Steriade (1993) and Hyman (2001) demonstrate that cross-linguistically the most common process is for the postnasal stop to become voiced, as captured by Pater’s (1999) markedness constraint *NT. However, as observed since Hyman (2001), *NT alone does not account for all postnasal patterns of laryngeal alternation. In this paper, we focus on three problematic patterns. First, in some languages with a two-way laryngeal contrast, voiceless stops are aspirated postnasally, i.e. the contrast between NT and ND is enhanced, not neutralized. Second, in some languages with a three-way laryngeal contrast, the voicing contrast is maintained postnasally, while the aspiration contrast neutralizes in favour of aspiration. Third, in other languages with a three-way laryngeal contrast we find the opposite postnasal aspiration neutralization: aspiration is lost. We argue that an analysis based on perceptual cues provides the best account for this range of alternations. It demonstrates the crucial role of perceptual cues and laryngeal contrasts in a particular language while fitting the range of patterns into an Optimality Theoretic factorial typology that covers a wider range of postnasal laryngeal alternations than previous analyses.

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Hulstijn, Joris. "Ensuring Data Protection by Private Law Contract Monitoring: A Legal and Value-Based Approach." European Review of Private Law 26, Issue 5 (October 1, 2018): 635–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2018043.

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Abstract: Current legal frameworks for data protection are based on public law. They have a number of flaws. The notion of informed consent does not work in practice. Public legislation only covers the protection of personal data, but it doesn’t cover data about groups and it doesn’t cover conditions on usage of data for certain purposes. Moreover, in order to function in practice, businesses need to adopt these conditions as part of privacy policies and processes such as audits and impact assessments. Supervision by means of public entities is limited as regulatory agencies have little capacity. This gives private actors room for designing tools to protect their personal data. In this article, we will therefore suggest to utilize private law instruments for data protection. By incorporating conditions on usage of sensitive data in contracts and by setting up platforms for monitoring contract fulfilment, end users can be empowered to take enforcement into their own hands. We will propose a platform for assisting users in drafting contracts that take data protection into account, and for monitoring contract fulfilment. Feasibility of the proposal is illustrated by an application scenario, the sports tracker app. Résumé: Les cadres juridiques actuels en matière de protection des données sont basés sur le droit public. Ils ont plusieurs inconvénients. La notion de ‘consentement éclairé’ ne fonctionnne pas dans la pratique. La législation de droit public couvre seulement la protection de données personnelles, mais ne couvre pas les données concernant des groupes et ne couvre pas non plus les conditions de l’usage de données dans certains buts. De plus, afin de fonctionner dans la pratique, les entreprises doivent adopter ces conditions comme faisant partie de politiques de protection de la vie privée et de méthodes telles que audits et évaluations d’impact. Le contrôle exercé par des organismes publics est limité car les agences de réglementation ont peu de pouvoirs. Ceci offre la possibilité aux acteurs privés de créer des outils permettant de protéger leurs données personnelles. Par conséquent nous proposons dans cet article d’utilizer des instruments de droit privé pour la protection des données. En incorporant des conditions concernant l’usage de données sensibles dans des contrats et en mettant en place des plateformes permettant de surveiller l’exécution du contrat, l’utilisateur final peut être habilité à se charger lui-même de l’exécution. Nous proposons une plateforme qui aide les utilisateurs à rédiger des contrats qui prennent en compte la protection des données et surveillent l’exécution du contrat. La faisabilité de la proposition est illustrée par un modèle d’application, l’application Sports Tracker.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Covert contrasts'

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