Relevant bibliographies by topics / Covert contrasts

Academic literature on the topic 'Covert contrasts'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Covert contrasts"

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Gibbon, Fiona E., and Alice Lee. "Preface to the special issue on covert contrasts." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31, no. 1 (December 7, 2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2016.1254684.

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Roepke, Elizabeth, and Françoise Brosseau-Lapré. "Perception of Sibilants by Preschool Children With Overt and Covert Sound Contrasts." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): 3763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-19-0127.

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Purpose This study explores the role of overt and covert contrasts in speech perception by children with speech sound disorder (SSD). Method Three groups of preschool-aged children (typically developing speech and language [TD], SSD with /s/~/ʃ/ contrast [SSD-contrast], and SSD with /s/~/ʃ/ collapse [SSD-collapse]) completed an identification task targeting /s/~/ʃ/ minimal pairs. The stimuli were produced by 3 sets of talkers: children with TD, children with SSD, and the participant himself/herself. We conducted a univariate general linear model to investigate differences in perception of tokens produced by different speakers and differences in perception between the groups of listeners. Results The TD and SSD-contrast groups performed similarly when perceiving tokens produced by themselves or other children. The SSD-collapse group perceived all speakers more poorly than the other 2 groups of children, performing at chance for perception of their own speech. Children who produced a covert contrast did not perceive their own speech more accurately than children who produced no identifiable acoustic contrast. Conclusion Preschool-aged children have not yet developed adultlike phonological representations. Collapsing phoneme production, even with a covert contrast, may indicate poor perception of the collapsed phonemes.
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Eckman, Fred, Gregory Iverson, and Jae Yung Song. "Overt and covert contrast in L2 phonology." Journal of Second Language Pronunciation 1, no. 2 (September 14, 2015): 254–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jslp.1.2.06eck.

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This paper reports results on the acquisition of the English /p/–/b/ contrast by native speakers of Arabic. This contrast does not exist in the participants’ native language (NL). The central finding of this study is that some of the research participants exhibited a covert contrast between these segments in their interlanguage productions. That is, two of the five Arabic-speaking participants who were transcribed as having no contrast between [p] and [b] did, in fact, produce a statistically reliable distinction in voice onset time lags between the two target segments. The existence of such an intermediate stage of covert contrast in the learning of L2 phonology is eminently plausible, in view of the progressive nature of phonological acquisition. Our results help bring the learning of second-language contrasts into conformity with findings of the same phenomenon in the areas of L1 acquisition and phonologically disordered speech.
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Gibbon, Fiona E., and Alice Lee. "Electropalatographic (EPG) evidence of covert contrasts in disordered speech." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31, no. 1 (June 6, 2016): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2016.1174739.

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Zharkova, Natalia, Fiona E. Gibbon, and Alice Lee. "Using ultrasound tongue imaging to identify covert contrasts in children’s speech." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 31, no. 1 (June 20, 2016): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2016.1180713.

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Chen, Qiaoyun. "English and Chinese existential constructions in contrast: A corpus-based semantic study." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 58, no. 4 (November 25, 2018): 717–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-0029.

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Abstract This article contrasts existential constructions in English and Chinese in terms of semantic variability and dimensions of semantic variation, distribution of Definiteness Effect and existentiality on the basis of corpus instances and their contextual features. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses show that: (1) existential construction in English varies more widely than its Chinese counterpart; (2) existential constructions in English and Chinese differ in covert/overt expression of background information, semantics of the existential verb and the noun phrase (NP) whose existence is asserted as well as an interaction between presence of a coda and NP definiteness. Contextual features such as semantics, number, quantification and modifier of NP and covert/overt expression of background information are found to have a significant effect on the distribution of Definiteness Effect. The survey on existentiality indicates that the concept has multiple manifestations in form. Reasons for these linguistic phenomena are discussed from various perspectives.
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Bosinelli, M., and P. C. Cicogna. "REM and NREM mentation: Nielsen's model once again supports the supremacy of REM." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 6 (December 2000): 913–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00274025.

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Nielsen's model presents a new isomorphic brain-mind viewpoint, according to which the sole dream generator is found in a REM-on (explicit or covert REM) mechanism. Such a model cannot explain the dreamlike activity during SWS (slow wave sleep), SO (sleep onset) and in the last period of sleep. Moreover the hypothesis contrasts with Solms's data, which show that dreaming is present also in case of destruction of the REM generator.[Nielsen; Solms]
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McINTYRE, Joseph. "Transitive L-verbs (grade 2) and transitive H-verbs (grades 1, 4, 5, and 6) in Hausa verbal compounds." STUDIES IN AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES, no. 54 (December 10, 2020): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32690/salc54.1.

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This paper examines Hausa verbal compounds in terms of the division of regular verbs (verbs in the “grade system”) into verbs which have a High or Low tone first syllable. The focus of the paper is the surprisingly small number of transitive L-verbs (verbs beginning with a Low tone – “grade 2”) and their limited use of compound markers which contrasts strongly with the frequency of transitive H-verbs (verbs beginning with a with High tone) and their markers. I also describe several devices (e.g. grade-switching and covert subjects) which “allow” the formation of verbal compounds with transitive L-verbs.
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Song, Jae Yung, and Fred Eckman. "Covert contrasts in the acquisition of English high front vowels by native speakers of Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish." Language Acquisition 26, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 436–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2019.1593415.

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Alexopoulou, Theodora, and Raffaella Folli. "Topic Strategies and the Internal Structure of Nominal Arguments in Greek and Italian." Linguistic Inquiry 50, no. 3 (June 2019): 439–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00315.

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In this article, we argue that a set of unexpected contrasts in the interpretation of clitic-left-dislocated indefinites in Greek and Italian derive from structural variation in the nominal syntax of the two languages. Greek resists nonreferential indefinites in clitic left-dislocation, resorting to the topicalization of an often bare noun for nonreferential topics. By contrast, clitic left-dislocation is employed in Italian for topics regardless of their definite/indefinite interpretation. We argue that this contrast is directly linked to the wide availability of bare nouns in Greek, which stems from a structural difference in the nominal syntax of the two languages. In particular, we hypothesize that Greek nominal arguments lack a D layer. Rather, they are Number Phrases. We situate this analysis in the context of Chierchia’s (1998) typology of nominals. We argue that, on a par with Italian nouns, Greek nouns are [−arg, +pred]. However, they do not employ a syntactic head (D) for type-shifting to e . Rather, they resort to covert type-shifting, a hypothesis that is necessary to account for the distribution and interpretations of bare nouns in Greek, vis-à-vis other [−arg, +pred] languages like Italian and French.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Covert contrasts"

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Козловська, Ганна Борисівна, Анна Борисовна Козловская, and Hanna Borysivna Kozlovska. "Translation of business contracts: overt and covert obstacles." Thesis, Міністерство освіти і науки України; Одеський національний університет імені І.І. Мечникова, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/72759.

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У дослідженні розглядаються деякі мовні особливості ділових контрактів, які можуть викликати труднощі в їх перекладі. При перекладі бізнес-контрактів перекладач повинен враховувати специфічні граматичні, стилістичні та лексичні характеристики. Контракти потребують особливої уваги у виборі граматичних, лексичних та стилістичних еквівалентів. Кожен крок комерційної угоди повинен бути підтриманий у законному порядку, в офіційній формі за допомогою ділових контрактів.
В исследовании рассматриваются некоторые лингвистические особенности деловых контрактов, которые могут вызвать трудности при их переводе. При переводе деловых контрактов переводчик должен учитывать конкретные грамматические, стилистические и лексические характеристики. Контракты требуют особого внимания при выборе грамматических, лексических и стилистических эквивалентов. Каждый шаг коммерческой сделки должен поддерживаться в законном порядке, в официальной форме с помощью деловых контрактов.
The research deals with some linguistic peculiarities of business contracts which can cause difficulties in their translation. While translating business contracts specific grammatical, stylistic and lexical characteristics should be taken into account by a translator. Contracts being formal, complete, clear, concrete, correct, and concise, need special attention in choice of grammatical, lexical and stylistic equivalents. Every step of a business deal must be supported in a legal way, in an official form with the help of business contracts.
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Mar, Li-Ya. "covert contrast| The acquisition of Mandarin tone 2 and tone 3 in L2 production and perception." Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10123605.

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This dissertation investigates the occurrence of an intermediate stage, termed a covert contrast, in the acquisition of Mandarin Tone 2 (T2) and Tone 3 (T3) by adult speakers of American English. A covert contrast is a statistically reliable distinction produced by language learners that is not perceived by native speakers of the target language (TL). In second language (L2) acquisition, whether a learner is judged as having acquired a TL phonemic contrast has largely depended on whether the contrast was perceived and transcribed by native speakers of the TL. However, categorical perception has shown that native listeners cannot perceive a distinction between two sounds that fall within the same perceptual boundaries on the continuum of the relevant acoustic cues. In other words, it is possible that native speakers of the TL do not perceive a phonemic distinction that is produced by L2 learners when that distinction occurs within a phonemic boundary of TL.

The data for the study were gathered through two elicitations of tone production, a longitudinal analysis, and two perception tasks. There were three key findings. First, both elicitations showed that most of the L2 participants produced a covert contrast between T2 and T3 on at least one of the three acoustic measures used in the study. Second, the longitudinal analysis reveals that some L2 participants progressed from making a covert contrast to a later stage of implementing an overt one, thereby supporting the claim that making a covert contrast is an intermediate stage in the process of acquiring a L2 phonemic contrast. Third, results of the perceptual tasks showed no reliable difference in identifying and discriminating Mandarin T2 and T3 on the part of the L2 learners who produced a covert contrast and those who produced an overt contrast, indicating that there was no reliable difference in the two groups’ ability to perceive the target tones.

In all, the occurrence of a covert contrast in the process of acquiring Mandarin T2 and T3 suggests that L2 acquisition of a tonal contrast is a gradient process, one in which an intermediate step occurs before a L2 learner reaches the final stage of implementing an overt contrast that is perceived as target-like by the native speakers of the TL.

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Rodrigues, Luciana Lessa 1982. "Aquisição dos roticos em crianças com queixa fonoaudiologica." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270647.

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Orientador: Eleonora Cavalcante Albano
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o processo de aquisição dos róticos por crianças com queixa fonoaudiológica relacionada ao sistema fônico. Foram coletados dados de fala de dois sujeitos com dificuldades de pronúncia de sons róticos. O quadro de referência teórico adotado na análise foi a Fonologia Gestual (Fonologia Articulatória ¿ FAR ¿ proposta por Browman e Goldstein, 1992, na versão denominada Fonologia Acústico-Articulatória ¿ FAAR ¿ proposta por Albano, 2001). Os resultados permitiram observar a presença de contrastes fônicos nas produções de fala dos sujeitos que, por meio de análise de outiva, foram classificadas como: (a) omissão do tap [R]; e (b) substituição tanto do tap [R] quanto da aproximante retroflexa [¿] pela semivogal [j]. Esse achado permitiu confirmar a existência de contrastes fônicos encobertos durante o processo de aquisição do sistema fônico, ou seja, contrastes já em andamento na fala dos sujeitos que ainda não são perceptíveis para o ouvinte. Esses resultados trouxeram, portanto, importantes contribuições para a área de pesquisa sobre Aquisição Fonológica e, conseqüentemente, para a prática clínica relativa a crianças com queixa fonoaudiológica relacionada ao sistema fônico. Tais contribuições foram possíveis devido à metodologia e análise dos dados baseados em princípios da FAAR, que permitiu a observação de fatos fônicos tanto categóricos quanto gradientes
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the acquisition of rhotic sounds in children with so called deviant phonological systems. Speech data on two subjects with rhotic pronunciation difficulties were collected. The theoretical frame of reference adopted in the analysis was Gestural Phonology (Articulatory Phonology ¿ AP ¿ proposed by Browman and Goldstein, 1992, in the Acoustic-Articulatory version ¿ AAP ¿ proposed by Albano, 2001). The results showed the presence of covert phone contrasts in the speech productions of the subjects. Such productions had been classified, auditorily, as: (a) omission of the tap [R]; and (b) substitution of the palatal approximant [j] for both the tap [R] and the retroflex approximant [¿]. This finding suggests the existence of covert contrasts during phonological acquisition, i.e., contrasts already in progress in the speech of the subjects which are not yet perceivable for the listener. These results brought, therefore, important contributions to Phonological Acquisition research and, consequently, to the clinical practice with children diagnosed as having deviant phonological systems. Such contributions have been made possible by methodology and analysis based on principles of Gestural Phonology, which allowed for the observation of categorical and gradients phone distinctions
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística
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Sweis, Rajai K. "Construction insurance in the Arab Gulf area : an analysis of cover and contracts." Thesis, City University London, 1988. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8357/.

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Important problems have been frequently encountered in connection with the insurance covers of projects in the Arab Gulf Area. An attempt to investigate such problems and recommend solutions thereto is given in this thesis. The investigation started by a study of the economic and the legal background, the legal liabilities of the parties to the construction project and the insurance market background and practices in the area. Analysis of the insurance requirement contract conditions forms used in the ambiguities, shortfalls etc. therein, lack of insurance awareness, resulted ance covers asked for and led to most clauses in the main area, revealed many which, in addition to in inadequate insurproblems encountered. Investigation of 453 losses showed that in many claims, inadequate covers asked for and obtained resulted in amounts claimed being either much reduced or wholly repudiated. Delays in settlements following disputes were therefore frequent. In some cases significant losses occurred, seriously affecting contractors with limited means, as the losses were totally or partially not covered under the CAR policies they asked for. Analysis of 1573 CAR/EAR policies showed the present low adequacy of cover. A system adopted in some cases, for checking CAR policies, improved their protection level, to the benefit of contractors, principals and insurers. To assist engineersf accountants etc., who are not insurance experts but deal with CAR policies, an index has been formulated in the thesis to measure adequacy of cover thereunder. A limited random sample survey among contractors, employers and consulting engineers showed that they think the index would be very useful and they welcomed the idea. The study confirmed that insurers are losing a sizable portion of the market left uninsured whether totally or partially. If properly arranged, these additional covers would widen insurers' market base and protect employers and contractors at relatively small cost. To remedy the position, recommendations are given in the thesis for a suggested new wording of the insurance requirement clauses in the contract conditions. The new wording seeks clarity and adequate protection for contractors and employers without departing from normal insurance practices. Other recommendations given suggested implementing some practical steps for improvement, including the use of the aforementioned index to initiate better understanding and increased demand for more adequate construction insurance covers.
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Vaz, Raquel Menezes. "O CONTRASTE ENCOBERTO DE VOZEAMENTO EM UM CASO DE DESVIO FONOLÓGICO." Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2011. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/171.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This thesis aimed at investigating the existence of the voicing covert contrast in the Brazilian Portuguese voiceless stops [p], [t], [k], and their voiced counterparts [b], [d], [g], in the productions of an informant with phonological deviation. After the oral analysis of recordings of spontaneous speech, stops were defined as the target segments for analysis. Auditory analysis allowed the identification of changes and omissions in these segments as regards sonority. Previously, the informant had participated in recording sessions which adopted the instrument proposed by Yavas, Matzenauer-Hernandorena and Lamprecht (2001), which elicits the production of the target segments by means of spontaneous object naming. In order to auditorily understand the sonority behavior of the stops, the principles of the Autosegmental Theory were used. This theory formalizes the segment structures through features geometry. The model proposed by Clements and Hume (1995) presents an arboreal diagram in which the [±voz] feature, the target of the present research, has a binary value, that is, the disconnection of the [+voice] feature implies the connection to the [-voice] feature, which might explain the auditorily perceived phenomenon in the informant s productions. After this stage, the spectral features of the stops produced by the informant in spontaneous speech were acoustically analyzed in the software Praat (BOERSMA; WEENINK, 2010). Some phonetic cues were investigated: VOT voice onset time, the duration of stop closure, and fundamental frequency. These cues might be the ones used by the informant to acquire the phonological contrast of sonority. Duration values in milliseconds were obtained by means of automatic measurements, and variables such as syllable stress where the plosives occurred and the position of this syllable in the word were controlled. The results were statistically analyzed in the software SPSS, version 17, and reveal a percentage of voicing of only 3,9% in the production of the voiced plosives [b], [d], and [g], the equivalent of the production of three voiced stops in a total of 76 instances when the voiced plosives were not produced as expected. It was concluded that the informant does not have the voicing contrast because the cases where there was voicing were rare. Among the three voiced productions, which occurred in intervocalic context and in simple onsets, the presence of the voicing covert contrast was found, since the duration values of the voiced segments produced by the informant were smaller than the standard values produced by adult speakers, according to what findings investigating the production of Brazilian Portuguese stops indicate. Thus, it is possible to consider the existence of the covert contrast only in the three productions, while in the total productions of the voiced stops, which were devoiced, not even the covert contrast is present in the informant s speech
Neste trabalho, investiga-se a existência do contraste encoberto de vozeamento nas plosivas não-vozeadas [p], [t], [k], e vozeadas [b], [d], [g] do Português brasileiro, na fala de um sujeito com desvio fonológico. As plosivas foram os segmentos selecionados como alvo desta investigação após análise de oitiva das produções de fala espontânea da informante, a qual apresentou trocas e omissões percebidas auditivamente nestes segmentos no que diz respeito à sonoridade. Previamente, a informante passou por sessões de gravação de fala a partir do instrumento de Yavas, Matzenauer-Hernandorena e Lamprecht (2001), em que o falante elicita a mostra dos segmentos através da nomeação espontânea. Para compreender o comportamento da sonoridade das plosivas percebido auditivamente, utilizou-se dos princípios da Teoria Autossegmental, a qual formaliza a estrutura dos segmentos através da geometria de traços. Utilizou-se o modelo de Clements e Hume (1995), o qual apresenta um diagrama arbóreo em que o traço [voz], alvo de estudo desta pesquisa, possui valor binário, ou seja, o desligamento do traço [+voz] implica a ligação com o traço [-voz], o que pode explicar o fenômeno percebido auditivamente nas produções da informante. Após essa etapa, analisou-se acusticamente as características espectrais das plosivas na fala espontânea da informante através do software Praat (BOERSMA; WEENINK, 2010). Foram investigadas pistas fonéticas (VOT tempo de início do vozeamento, o tempo de closura das plosivas e a frequência fundamental) que o falante pode seguir para a aquisição do contraste fonológico de sonoridade. Através das medições, obteve-se os valores em ms para cada segmento, considerando-se como variáveis a tonicidade da sílaba em que ocorreram as produções analisadas e a posição desta sílaba na palavra. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa SPSS, versão 17. Os resultados apontaram um percentual de vozeamento de apenas 3,9% na produção das plosivas [b], [d] e [g], o equivalente a 3 produções vozeadas em 76 em que o vozeamento não foi produzido como esperado. Concluiu-se que a informante não possui o contraste de vozeamento, pois foram raros os casos nos quais se confirmou a produção de vozeamento. Dentre as três produções vozeadas, as quais ocorreram em contexto intervocálico e em onset simples, constatou-se a presença do contraste encoberto de vozeamento, pois os valores de duração dos segmentos vozeados da informante são menores que aqueles padrão para o falante adulto, conforme indicado pelas pesquisas sobre o português brasileiro. Com o tempo de vozeamento menor que o padrão, nas três produções vozeadas encontrou-se a presença de contraste encoberto, enquanto nas produções totais de plosivas sonoras que foram desvozeadas nem mesmo o contraste encoberto se faz presente na fala da informante
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Delgado, Marta Marina Santos. "Car renting? Risk mitigation at the end of the contract." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13015.

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Mestrado em Finanças
O renting é uma solução face à compra de uma frota completa. Nos dias de hoje é visto como uma opção flexível que permite uma melhor gestão e redução de custos, repassando os riscos associados à desvalorização dos carros para o locador. O renting de automóveis oferece vários serviços aos seus clientes, tais como: manutenção, seguro, cartão de combustível, assistência em viagem e veículo de substituição, gestão de sinistros, serviços administrativos, impostos entre outros. No entanto, no final do contrato, os clientes são muitas vezes confrontados com custos elevados não enquadráveis no desgaste habitual de uma viatura. Por outro lado, as locadoras ao receberem os veículos com danos, assumem uma perda no valor da venda. É assim fundamental encontrar um ponto de equilíbrio entre as duas partes - cliente e locadora. O objectivo do presente trabalho final de mestrado é desenvolver uma solução que ajude a minimizar e a gerir os riscos associados a um contrato de renting, nomeadamente no final do contrato. Tendo por base informação histórica, vamos apresentar uma cobertura de seguro que irá proteger os clientes dos custos elevados e permitirá às empresas de renting aumentarem a sua rentabilidade, não só através do resultado técnico da cobertura mas também através de uma carteira de investimentos.
Renting is a solution regarding the purchase of an entire fleet. Nowadays it is known as a flexible option which allows cost reductions, rationalization plans and passing of associated risks facing the car value - depreciation and used car sales. The car renting offers a lot of services as: maintenance, insurance, fuel card, road side assistance and replacement car, claim handling and administrative services, taxes, tyres and so on. However, in the end of the contract the customers are sometimes surprised with extra costs from damages not included on vehicle normal usage. On the other point of view, the renting companies also lose on the sales results. Thus, it is crucial finding a balance for the two involved parties - the customer and the renting company. The aim of the present master final work is to develop a solution which helps to minimize and to manage the inherent risks of a renting contract, particularly in the end of the contract. Based on historical data we'll present an insurance cover that can protect the customers from the "big costs" and also allows renting companies to improve the results not even by a profitability cover but also combined with different financial investments.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Gier, Terry. "Accuracy of /t/ Productions in Children with Cochlear Implants as Compared to Normal-Hearing, Articulation Age-Matched Peers." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5225.

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Children who receive cochlear implants (CIs) demonstrate considerable variability in speech sound production. Investigations focused on speech sound development in children with CIs have shown initial accelerated growth, followed by a plateau where consonant order of acquisition generally mirrors that of NH children, but is slower (Blamey, Barry, & Pascale, 2001; Serry & Blamey, 1999; Spencer & Guo, 2013). A notable exception to this pattern, /t/, has been shown to be acquired later-than normal in several investigations (Blamey et al., 2001; Chin, 2003; Ertmer, True Kloiber, Jongmin, Connell Kirleis, & Bradford, 2012). The primary purpose of this investigation was to 1) examine the accuracy of /t/ productions in children with CIs and 2) quantify subtle phonetic differences in correctly produced consonants and substituted consonants (or covert contrast). Two groups of children who had participated in a larger study that examined the influence of speech production abilities on speech perception scores of children with CI (Gonzalez, 2013) provided the speech stimuli for this investigation. The experimental group included nine congenitally deafened children with CI, ranging in age from 2;11 to 6;4 years (M=4;9), who were implanted by 3 years of age, had at least 12 months of device experience, and only used an oral mode of communication. These children were matched to typically developing children by articulation ability and gender. Recordings of the verbal responses on the OlimSpac were obtained from the Gonzalez (2013) study. Thirty-three graduate students in speech-language pathology rated the phonetic accuracy of /t/ and the phonemes that were found to be most often substituted for it, /d/ and /ʧ/ on a 7 point equal-appearing interval scale. A three-way ANOVA was performed to determine the differences in perceived consonant accuracy across: group, transcription category, and phoneme substitution. The significant interaction between group and transcription category was of particular interest. Results indicated that children with CIs did not show an unusually delayed development of /t/. When a confusion matrix was generated to depict overall OlimSpac performance, the NH group was noted to outperform the CI group across all phonemes. This would suggest that /t/ was not uniquely poorer in the CI group, but instead these children evidenced poorer phoneme accuracy in general. Finally, group differences also were apparent in substitutions of [t] for target /d/ and /ʧ/ productions (i.e., covert contrast). The clinical applications are described.
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Vianna, Pedro Arlindo Barroso Hardman. "Análise dos Modos de Plasmon em Fibras Ópticas com Contraste Arbitrário de Índices de Refração." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7541.

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Neste trabalho, é feita a análise dos modos de plasmon que se propagam em um filme metálico que cobre uma fibra óptica generalizada. Os modos de plasmon estudados são: Fuga pela Cobertura (lcv), Ligado Simétrico (Sb), Fuga pelo Núcleo (lcr) e Ligado Assimétrico (ab). Os filmes metálicos, para efeito de comparação, utilizados neste trabalho, são: a prata, o ouro e o paládio. Desenvolveu-se um modelo matemático do fenômeno eletromagnético e um software, que gerou um banco de dados que facilitasse a análise de estruturas, com diversas combinações de parâmetros. Com o banco de dados, foram obtidos diversos gráficos, que permitiram: analisar os modos de plasmon, verificar a atenuação das ondas e o comportamento do campo eletromagnético em cada região da estrutura. As confrontações entre as estruturas com filmes de: prata, ouro e paládio, permitiram concluir que aquelas elaboradas com os filmes de prata e de ouro são as que apresentam menores perdas, portanto, as recomendadas na confecção de sensores. Como a prata é mais acessível que o ouro, aconselha-se a sua utilização. A análise e os resultados deste trabalho são originais na literatura especializada.
In this work it is done the analysis of the ways of plasmon that developed themselves in a mettalic film that covers an optic and generalized fiber. The studied ways of plasmon are: Cover-Leaky (lcv), Symmetric Bounded (Sb), Core-Leaky (lcr) and Asymmetrical Bounded (ab). The metallic films, for reason of comparison, used in this work, are: the silver, the gold and the paladium. It was developed a mathematical model of the electricmagnetic phenomenon and a software, that created a database which could make it easy the analysis of structures with several combinations of parameters. With the database have been got several graphs that let: analyse the types of plasmon, see the reduction of waves and the behaviour of the electricmagnetic field in each area of the structure. The confrontations between the structures with films of silver, gold and paladium made it possible to conclude that those elaborated with films of silver and gold are those that present smaller losses, so, are recommended in the confection of sensors. As silver is more accecible than gold it is advisable its utilization. The analysis and the results of this work are original in the specialized literature.
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Hliněná, Martina. "Návrh na zlepšení nabídky vybraného pojistného produktu společnosti Allianz pojišťovna a.s." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221479.

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Thesis deals with analysis of the life child's insurance product of company Allianz pojišťovna a.s. and its comparsion with offer of chosen commercial insurance companies. The thesis result is a proposal for improvement of this company´s life child's insurance product offer.
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Te-Chien, Lo. "To Cover Up or Not? Executive's Incentives and the Optimal Compensation Contract." 2006. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-2707200615443200.

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Books on the topic "Covert contrasts"

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Hansen, Carina Risvig. Contracts not covered, or not fully covered, by the Public Sector Directive. Copenhagen: Djøf Publishing, 2012.

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Bridge mix: Chocolate-covered contracts and plenty of nuts. Toronto: Master Point Press, 2011.

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Construction insurance in the Arab Gulf area: An analysis of cover and contracts. London: Graham & Trotman, 1991.

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America's covert warriors: Inside the world of private military contractors. Washington, D.C: Potomac Books, 2011.

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Gentilcore, Edward B. Pennsylvania construction law: Getting started, getting covered, getting paid. Mechanicsburg, Pa. (5080 Ritter Rd., Mechanicsburg 17055-6903): PBI Press, Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 2010.

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Weiss, John. Automatic jet contrail detection and segmentation. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Weiss, John. Automatic jet contrail detection and segmentation. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Get Your Book Published!: From Contracts to Covers, Editing to eBooks, Marketing and Sales, What Every Writer and Author Should Know. New York: HigherLife Pub., 2013.

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Waldman, Thomas. Vicarious Warfare. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529206999.001.0001.

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America has been at war for most of the 20th and 21st centuries and during that time has progressively moved towards a vicarious form of warfare, where key tasks are delegated to proxies, the military's exposure to danger is limited, and special forces and covert instruments are on the increase. Important strategic decisions are taken with minimal scrutiny or public engagement. This book charts the historical emergence of this distinctive tradition of war and explains the factors driving its contemporary prominence. It argues that vicarious warfare is an extreme form of strategic alchemy, and contemporary America is its most enthusiastic guild. In simple terms, vicarious warfare refers to the prospect of war on the cheap, fought at a reduced price in blood, treasure or political capital relative to ambition. The book contrasts the tactical advantages of vicarious warfare with its hidden costs and potential to cause significant strategic harm.
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Contracts Cases & Doctrine Printed Cover. 3rd ed. Aspen Publishers, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Covert contrasts"

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Hajdu, Ákos, and Dejan Jovanović. "SMT-Friendly Formalization of the Solidity Memory Model." In Programming Languages and Systems, 224–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44914-8_9.

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AbstractSolidity is the dominant programming language for Ethereum smart contracts. This paper presents a high-level formalization of the Solidity language with a focus on the memory model. The presented formalization covers all features of the language related to managing state and memory. In addition, the formalization we provide is effective: all but few features can be encoded in the quantifier-free fragment of standard SMT theories. This enables precise and efficient reasoning about the state of smart contracts written in Solidity. The formalization is implemented in the SOLC-VERIFY verifier and we provide an extensive set of tests that covers the breadth of the required semantics. We also provide an evaluation on the test set that validates the semantics and shows the novelty of the approach compared to other Solidity-level contract analysis tools.
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Eckman, Fred R., Gregory K. Iverson, and Jae Yung Song. "Covert contrast in the acquisition of second language phonology." In Perspectives on Phonological Theory and Development, 25–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lald.56.05eck.

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Hayes, Lydia. "Sex, Class and CCTV: The Covert Surveillance of Paid Homecare Workers." In The Post-Fordist Sexual Contract, 171–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137495549_9.

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Bunni, Nael G., and Lydia B. Bunni. "Insurance covers required under the FIDIC Suite of Contracts." In Risk and Insurance in Construction, 410–30. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003222514-14.

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Naor, Moni, and Adi Shamir. "Visual cryptography II: Improving the contrast via the cover base." In Security Protocols, 197–202. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-62494-5_18.

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Egan, David. "Wittgenstein’s Pursuit of Authenticity in Philosophy." In The Pursuit of an Authentic Philosophy, 194–231. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832638.003.0008.

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An important difference between Wittgenstein and Heidegger is their use of metaphors of covering and discovery. Heidegger characterizes his phenomenological method as uncovering a concealed ontological framework whereas Wittgenstein insists that ‘nothing is hidden’ and that the only thing to be uncovered is covert nonsense. Wittgenstein’s method is marked by a resolute rejection of a hermeneutics of suspicion and relies instead on using pictures or objects of comparison to dislodge recalcitrant prejudices. The difference from Heidegger on these counts is manifest in Wittgenstein’s treatment of the problematic of realism and idealism. Wittgenstein’s method makes heavy use of questions and dialogue, inviting his readers into a mimetic engagement with the problems he addresses, which contrasts with the diegetic form of Heidegger’s investigation.
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Ingeborg, Schwenzer, and Muñoz Edgardo. "Part XII Unwinding of the Contract, 50 Unwinding of the Contract." In Global Sales and Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198871255.003.0050.

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This chapter tackles the unwinding of contracts. Contracts may be invalid from the outset because requirements for the formation of the contract have been lacking despite the efforts of parties to do their respective obligations. The chapter lists the possible reasons for the failure of a contract such as the lack of capacity, authority, agent, mistake, fraud, illegality, or initial impossibility. Property law, unjust enrichment, and tort law usually cover the unwinding of a contract. However, cases of avoidance are handled differently. The chapter then discusses the impact of a contract’s conclusion.
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Varty, Anne. "National Poets and the National Curriculum." In Women, Poetry and the Voice of a Nation, 167–93. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474489843.003.0009.

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explores tensions between each poet’s representation of school and the use of their poetry as prescribed texts in the school syllabus. Subheadings: Four Poems about School presents readings of Lochhead, ‘Kidspoem/Bairnsang’; Meehan, ‘The Exact Moment I Became a Poet’; Clarke, ‘Running Away to the Sea -1955’; Duffy, The Laughter of Stafford Girls High. Poetry by Women in the Curriculum, and the Tortured Poem examines the impoverished range of poetry taught in English schools since the introduction of the national curriculum in England in 1988; critiques methods of assessment and how these may affect students’ long term appreciation of curriculum poets. Gillian Clarke and Carol Ann Duffy in the AQA Syllabus 2004-11 (Series 4) assesses the prescribed texts by these two poets, and contrasts them with set texts by Simon Armitage and Seamus Heaney. Curriculum Interventions by Lochhead and Duffy explores controversy sparked by Duffy’s prescribed poem ‘Education for Leisure’ and her riposte, ‘Mrs Schofield’s GCSE’. It also examines Lochhead’s participation in the Scottish Studies Working Group. To conclude, Questioning Cultural Consensus, articulates the poets’ resistance against covert, consensus-building agenda of prescribed curricula and their promotion instead of education as an instrument of individuation.
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Alqassas, Ahmad. "Distribution of the negation strategies." In A Multi-locus Analysis of Arabic Negation, 134–78. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474433143.003.0005.

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This chapter explores the explanatory power of the multi-locus analysis of negation in accounting for the distributional contrasts between two negation strategies in JA and Egyptian Arabic. These two strategies are the use of discontinuous negation ma…š and non-discontinuous negation miš. The distribution of these strategies follows from analysing bipartite negation as a low negation occupying a position below TP. Following Benmamoun (2000), the analysis assumes that discontinuous negation is a result of predicate merger with negation via predicate head movement to the negative head for feature checking. The chapter argues that the Person feature of the predicate causes this movement, and departs from Benmamoun’s (2000) idea that with non-discontinuous negation, the subject NP fulfills the checking requirement of the negative head. Instead, the chapter argues that a covert copular head fulfills the checking requirement as a last-resort mechanism when the predicate lacks the person feature. The chapter also argues that Egyptian Arabic does not have this checking requirement and that, aside from with perfective verbs, predicate merger with negation is an optional post-syntactic operation. Assuming that perfective verbs undergo V-to-T movement (Benmamoun 2000; Soltan 2007), the obligatory merger between perfective verbs and negation is due to minimality constraints.
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Chen-Wishart, Mindy. "11. Direct control over terms." In Contract Law, 449–94. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192848635.003.0011.

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This chapter examines direct legal controls over the contents of contracts, with particular emphasis on the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (UCTA) and the Consumer Rights Act 2015 (CRA). The pattern of control under UCTA and CRA is discussed, compared, and contrasted in terms of: the types of contracts covered; the parties who can benefit from, or be detrimentally affected by, the contract; the types of terms subject to control; the control mechanisms such as of outright invalidity and a test of reasonableness or fairness; and the enforcement mechanism, whether by the individual complainant or by a statutory body. Other statutory and common law controls of terms are also briefly discussed, as is the question of whether control of substantive unfairness by contract law can be justified.
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Conference papers on the topic "Covert contrasts"

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Heinz, Bernd, Thomas Eisenhammer, Martin Dubs, Cem Yavaser, and Thomas Pfaff. "Blu-Ray Disc cover layer production using spin coating technology." In Contract Proceedings 2006, edited by Ryuichi Katayama and Tuviah E. Schlesinger. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.685201.

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Kovaļevska, Anita. "Faktiskās rīcības jēdziens Latvijā un Vācijā." In Latvijas Universitātes 80. starptautiskā zinātniskā konference. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/juzk.80.42.

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The concept of real action (Realakt – in German) is well known in both Latvia and Germany. In both countries, real action is contrasted with those acts of public administration that produce legal effects, thus explaining the distinction between real action and administrative acts, regulatory acts and contracts. In Germany, however, the concept of real action is broader and actually covers all activities of public administration, which do not produce legal effects. Consequently, public administration’s activities (actions) in the field of private law, activities (actions) aimed at the execution of an administrative act, simple administrative activities (actions), internal public administration activities (actions) and procedural activities (actions) are also covered by the concept of real action.
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van den Eerenbeemd, J. M. A., F. Zijp, and S. Stallinga. "Optical feasibility study on a 4-layer cover-incident near-field recording system." In Contract Proceedings 2006, edited by Ryuichi Katayama and Tuviah E. Schlesinger. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.685216.

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Verschuren, C. A., F. Zijp, D. M. Bruls, J. I. Lee, J. M. A. van den Eerenbeemd, K. Saito, and T. Ishimoto. "Cover-layer incident near-field recording: toward 4-layer discs using dynamic tilt control." In Contract Proceedings 2006, edited by Ryuichi Katayama and Tuviah E. Schlesinger. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.685211.

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Bruls, D. M., J. I. Lee, C. A. Verschuren, J. M. A. van den Eerenbeemd, F. Zijp, and B. Yin. "High data transfer rate near-field recording system with a solid immersion lens for polymer cover-layer discs." In Contract Proceedings 2006, edited by Ryuichi Katayama and Tuviah E. Schlesinger. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.685174.

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Koyama, Osamu, Haruhiko Horiguchi, Chihiro Nagura, Koichiro Nishikawa, and Osamu Nagatsuka. "A study of near field recording optics for cover-layer incident dual-layer disc with an NA=1.45 hemispherical solid immersion lens." In Contract Proceedings 2006, edited by Ryuichi Katayama and Tuviah E. Schlesinger. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.692276.

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De Wolf, Ingrid, and Kristof J. P. Jacobs. "Failure Analysis Techniques for 3D Technology." In ISTFA 2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2021tpi1.

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Abstract This presentation provides an overview of the tools and techniques that can be used to analyze failures in semiconductor devices made with 3D technology. It assesses the current state of 3D technology and identifies common problems, reliability issues, and likely modes of failure. It compares and contrasts all relevant measurement techniques, including X-ray computed tomography, scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), laser ultrasonics, ultrasonic beam induced resistance change (SOBIRCH), magnetic current imaging, magnetic field imaging, and magneto-optical frequency mapping (MOFM) as well as time domain reflectometry (TDR), electro-optical terahertz pulsed reflectometry (EOTPR), lock-in thermography (LIT), confocal scanning IR laser microscopy, infrared polariscopy, and photon emission microscopy (PEM). It also covers light-induced voltage alteration (LIVA), light-induced capacitance alteration (LICA), lock-in thermal laser stimulation (LI-TLS), and beam-based techniques, including voltage contrast (VC), electron-beam absorbed current (EBAC), FIB/SEM 3D imaging, and scanning TEM imaging (STEM). It covers the basic principles as well as advantages and limitations of each method.
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Glušac, Danijela. "Regulisanje ugovora o osiguranju života vezanom uz investicione fondove." In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.225g.

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Starting from the fact that in the Republic of Serbia life insurance is in the development phase, the author points to the significance of life insurance in national law, as a source of (additional) social security of citizens. Life insurance, as one of the main pillars of insurance in general, is a protection plan that provides beneficiaries in the event of unforeseen events in the form of insured risks covered by a life insurance policy. The work essentially determines the life insurance topic, namely the part relating to the life insurance contract linked to units of investment funds, a type of life insurance contract whose important characteristic is the connection between the classic life insurance and savings contracts in investment funds. In the accordance with current trends in insurance law, in addition to the analysis of the legal framework of the life insurance contracts linked to units of investment funds, and then some of the issues related to this topic, attention is paid to the legal nature and types of this contract. The aim of the paper, respecting article size limit, is to present specific features of the life insurance contracts linked to units of investment funds.
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Akbar, M. ,. I. "The Journey to Establish Jack-Up Drilling Rig Contract in Indonesia during Upward Demand." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-bc-408.

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The Jack-up rig market is very dynamic as it is sensitive to oil prices and drilling activities. An effective strategy must be defined to achieve a successful tender process. A market survey shall be sourced from potential bidders and credible research institutions to provide competitive cost estimation and mapped available qualified rigs. Commercial structure is another factor that must be specified clearly. Numbers of wells or long term contracts will attract more rigs to enter Indonesian water that can be achieved by collaborating with other operators. It was quite challenging to establish a rig contract at first stage of tender to cover 1 (one) year duration with an unattractive owner estimation that ended up with a failed tender. By having collaboration with the host authority, other operators and potential bidders, the new strategy to have a long term contract by increasing the number of wells and contract duration to 3 (three) years can be finalized efficiently. The enhanced commercial structure consisted of rate classification as per the Indonesian Oil, Gas and Geothermal Drilling Contractors Association, modification cost, facility support service, reimbursable cost, etc. which have attracted more bidders. Finally, the jack-up rig contract can be established and agreed within the market price. The cost saving to cover future drilling projects has resulted in a total saving of USD 9.7 Million
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Miladinović, Zoran. "OSIGURANjE LICA OD POSLEDICA NESREĆNOG SLUČAJA (NEZGODE)." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujvcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.255m.

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Accident insurance, together with life insurance are two basic types of individual insurance traditionally covered by insurance law. In this kind of insurance, the insurer for a certain insurance premium, assumes the obligation to pay the insured sum to the insured individual or other beneficiary if, during the insurance contract, the insured person or other beneficiary sustains injury or even death as a result of the accident covered by the insurance contract, as well as to reimburse the costs of medical treatment and income loss as a result of temporary work disability, if foreseen by the contract. The basic rule in accident insurance is that, in case of the accident covered by the contract, the insured person will receive the insured sum agreed in the contract, and not the reimbursement of the incurred expenses or losses. Only in rare cases this type of insurance has the elements of property insurance – only in cases when the insured is entitled, in addition to the insured sum, to reimbursement of medical expenses and income loss. Today, the insurance of the individuals against accidents is widely used. It is a specific type of services offered by insurance companies. From the original accident insurance contracts signed on voluntary bases, we have come long way to have a large number of mandatory accident insurances, which is mostly the result of the growing number of occupations with the risk of accidents. It is obvious that beneficiaries of this type of insurance have realized that for a relatively small amount of premium, they will receive protection if they suffer from unexpected accidents that may result in physical injuries, even fatalities.
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Reports on the topic "Covert contrasts"

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Phelps, R. D. DIII-D in-vessel port cover and shutter assembly for the phase contrast interferometer. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10141851.

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Beach, Rachel, and Vanessa van den Boogaard. Tax and Governance in the Context of Scarce Revenues: Inefficient Tax Collection and its Implications in Rural West Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.005.

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In recent years, domestic and international policy attention has often focused on broadening the tax base in order to include a greater share of the population in the ‘tax net’. This is based, in part, on the hope that the expansion of taxation will result in positive ‘governance dividends’ for taxpayers. However, the implications of extending the tax base in rural areas in low-income countries has been insufficiently considered. Through the case studies of Togo, Benin, and Sierra Leone, we demonstrate that extending taxation to rural areas is often highly inefficient, leading to few, if any, revenue gains when factoring in the costs of collection. Where revenues exceed the costs of collection, they often only cover local government salaries with little remaining for the provision of public goods and services. The implications of rural tax collection inefficiency are thus significant for revenue mobilisation, governance and public service delivery, accountability relationships with citizens, and taxpayer expectations of the state. Accordingly, we question the rationale for extending taxation to rural citizens in low-income countries. Instead, we argue for a reconceptualisation of the nature of the fiscal social contract, disentangling the concept of the social contract from the individual. Rather, a collective social contract places greater emphasis on the taxation of wealth and redistribution and recognises that basic rights of citizenship are not, or should not, be contingent on paying direct taxes to the government. Rather than expanding taxation, we argue for the expansion of political voice and rights to rural citizens, through a ‘services-first’ approach.
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Agusti Strid, Alma, and James Ronicle. Social Impact Bonds in Latin America: IDB Lab's Pioneering Work in the Region: Lessons Learnt. Edited by Christine Ternent. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003004.

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In recent years, Latin America has seen the introduction of innovative pay-for-success mechanisms to fund social programs, including Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) and Development Impact Bonds (DIBs), outcome-based contracts that incorporate the use of private financing from investors to cover the upfront capital required for a provider to set up and deliver a social service. In this context, IDB Lab established a SIB Facility in 2014 to promote the focus on outcomes in social programs and increase outcomes-based commissioning. The SIB Facility has resulted in IDB Lab providing support to developing SIBs in Colombia (first SIB launched in a middle-income country), Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Brazil. Since then, several employment SIBs have launched in Colombia and Argentina and prefeasibility studies for SIBs on other topics are currently underway in Chile. This Technical Note aims to capture the lessons learnt from developing SIBs in Latin America, focusing on the five countries where the SIB Facility played a pioneering role. The study takes a retrospective view in examining what has been done and a prospective view in considering how challenges can be overcome and how lessons learnt might be considered within the IDB Lab, both at SIB level and at ecosystem level looking at the SIB ecosystems that have started to emerge. In the study, we find that the SIBs that have launched in the study countries were well designed and that there had also been thorough consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the model.
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Fahima, Tzion, and Jorge Dubcovsky. Map-based cloning of the novel stripe rust resistance gene YrG303 and its use to engineer 1B chromosome with multiple beneficial traits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598147.bard.

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Research problem: Bread wheat (Triticumaestivum) provides approximately 20% of the calories and proteins consumed by humankind. As the world population continues to increase, it is necessary to improve wheat yields, increase grain quality, and minimize the losses produced by biotic and abiotic stresses. Stripe rust, caused by Pucciniastriiformisf. sp. tritici(Pst), is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat. The new pathogen races are more virulent and aggressive than previous ones and have produced large economic losses. A rich source for stripe-rust resistance genes (Yr) was found in wild emmer wheat populations from Israel. Original Project goals: Our long term goal is to identify, map, clone, characterize and deploy in breeding, novel wild emmer Yr genes, and combine them with multiple beneficial traits. The current study was aiming to map and clone YrG303 and Yr15, located on chromosome 1BS and combine them with drought resistance and grain quality genes. Positional cloning of YrG303/Yr15: Fine mapping of these genes revealed that YrG303 is actually allelic to Yr15. Fine genetic mapping using large segregating populations resulted in reduction of the genetic interval spanning Yr15 to less than 0.1 cM. Physical mapping of the YrG303/Yr15 locus was based on the complete chromosome 1BS physical map of wheat constructed by our group. Screening of 1BS BAC library with Yr15 markers revealed a long BAC scaffold covering the target region. The screening of T. dicoccoidesaccession-specific BAC library with Yr15 markers resulted in direct landing on the target site. Sequencing of T. dicoccoidesBAC clones that cover the YrG303/Yr15 locus revealed a single candidate gene (CG) with conserved domains that may indicate a role in disease resistance response. Validation of the CG was carried out using EMS mutagenesis (loss-of- function approach). Sequencing of the CG in susceptible yr15/yrG303 plants revealed three independent mutants that harbour non-functional yr15/yrG303 alleles within the CG conserved domains, and therefore validated its function as a Pstresistance gene. Evaluation of marker-assisted-selection (MAS) for Yr15. Introgressions of Yr15 into cultivated wheat are widely used now. Recently, we have shown that DNA markers linked to Yr15 can be used as efficient tools for introgression of Yr15 into cultivated wheat via MAS. The developed markers were consistent and polymorphic in all 34 tested introgressions and are the most recommended markers for the introgression of Yr15. These markers will facilitate simultaneous selection for multiple Yr genes and help to avoid escapees during the selection process. Engineering of improved chromosome 1BS that harbors multiple beneficial traits. We have implemented the knowledge and genetic resources accumulated in this project for the engineering of 1B "super-chromosome" that harbors multiple beneficial traits. We completed the generation of a chromosome including the rye 1RS distal segment associated with improved drought tolerance with the Yr gene, Yr15, and the strong gluten allele 7Bx-over-expressor (7Bxᴼᴱ). We have completed the introgression of this improved chromosome into our recently released variety Patwin-515HP and our rain fed variety Kern, as well as to our top breeding lines UC1767 and UC1745. Elucidating the mechanism of resistance exhibited by Yr36 (WKS1). The WHEAT KINASE START1 (WKS1) resistance gene (Yr36) confers partial resistance to Pst. We have shown that wheat plants transformed with WKS1 transcript are resistant to Pst. WKS1 is targeted to the chloroplast where it phosphorylates the thylakoid-associatedascorbateperoxidase (tAPX) and reduces its ability to detoxify peroxides. Based on these results, we propose that the phosphorylation of tAPX by WKS1 reduces the ability of the cells to detoxify ROS and contributes to cell death. Distribution and diversity of WKS in wild emmer populations. We have shown that WKS1 is present only in the southern distribution range of wild emmer in the Fertile Crescent. Sequence analysis revealed a high level of WKS1 conservation among wild emmer populations, in contrast to the high level of diversity observed in NB-LRR genes. This phenomenon shed some light on the evolution of genes that confer partial resistance to Pst. Three new WKS1 haplotypes displayed a resistance response, suggesting that they can be useful to improve wheat resistance to Pst. In summary, we have improved our understanding of cereals’ resistance mechanisms to rusts and we have used that knowledge to develop improved wheat varieties.
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5

McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.

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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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6

User Guide for Procurement of Works: Standard Bidding Document (FIDIC Red Book (2017)). Asian Development Bank, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tim220342-2.

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This publication provides guidance for borrowers on how to prepare a bidding document for an admeasurement (unit price) type of works contract using FIDIC Red Book (2017) general terms and conditions. It also covers how to evaluate bids and award contracts, based on the Asian Development Bank’s Standard Bidding Document for the Procurement of Works for cases “with” and “without” prequalification. The SBDs make use of the Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer (“Red book”) Second edition 2017, published by the Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseil (FIDIC). This guide applies to projects governed by the Procurement Regulations for ADB Borrowers: Goods, Works, Nonconsulting and Consulting Services (2017), as amended from time to time).
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User Guide for Design–Build–Operate Contracts for Water and Wastewater Greenfield Infrastructure Projects: Standard Bidding Document. Asian Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tim210546-2.

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This user’s guide covers the Standard Bidding Document for the Procurement of Design–Build–Operate Contracts for Water and Wastewater Greenfield Infrastructure Projects using a single-stage: two-envelope or a two-stage bidding procedure.
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8

Technical assistance to enhance the institutionalization of operations research within the Philippines Family Planning Program. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1998.1051.

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This technical assistance project supports the goal of the Asia Near East Operations Research and Technical Assistance (ANE OR/TA) project of helping strengthen family planning (FP)/reproductive health (RH) operations research (OR) capabilities in the Philippines. During the extension period of the ANE OR/TA project, four OR studies were implemented in the Philippines dealing with cross-cutting issues, including a study to assess the feasibility of integrating RTI management within FP/MCH programs; an intervention study dealing with improving quality of care via expanded FP counseling; an intervention to address high unmet need in Pangasinan Province; and an intervention study to increase male involvement in RH in Bukidnon Province. These efforts, along with a study of factors affecting use and discontinuation of the IUD, have generated demand for technical assistance, along with corresponding personnel needed to provide such assistance, thereby necessitating this initiative. Activities include providing advice on technical questions, serving as resource persons in training on research design and methodology, assisting in data analysis, disseminating project findings, traveling to project sites, and monitoring and coordinating activities. The report specifies activities undertaken to fulfill the objectives of capacity building and institutionalization of OR in the country covered under this contract.
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