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Giboulot, Quentin, Rémi Cogranne, Dirk Borghys, and Patrick Bas. "Effects and solutions of Cover-Source Mismatch in image steganalysis." Signal Processing: Image Communication 86 (August 2020): 115888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2020.115888.
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Yu, Lifang, Shaowei Weng, Mengfei Chen, and Yunchao Wei. "RCDD: Contrastive domain discrepancy with reliable steganalysis labeling for cover source mismatch." Expert Systems with Applications 237 (March 2024): 121543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121543.
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Hu, Donghui, Zhongjin Ma, Yuqi Fan, Shuli Zheng, Dengpan Ye, and Lina Wang. "Study on the interaction between the cover source mismatch and texture complexity in steganalysis." Multimedia Tools and Applications 78, no. 6 (August 15, 2018): 7643–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6497-0.
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Kauko, Hanne, Daniel Rohde, Brage Rugstad Knudsen, and Terje Sund-Olsen. "Potential of Thermal Energy Storage for a District Heating System Utilizing Industrial Waste Heat." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 3923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153923.
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The potential for utilizing industrial waste heat for district heating is enormous. There is, however, often a temporal mismatch between the waste heat availability and the heating demand, and typically fossil-based peak boilers are used to cover the remaining heat demand. This study investigates the potential of applying a thermal energy storage tank at the district heating supply system at Mo Industrial Park in Norway, where waste heat from the off-gas of a ferrosilicon production plant is the main heating source. To cover peak heating demands, boilers based on CO gas, electricity, and oil are applied. The reduction in peak heating costs and emissions is evaluated as a function of tank size for two different scenarios: (1) a scenario where CO gas, which is a byproduct from another nearby industry, is the main peak heating source; and (2) a scenario where no CO gas is available, and electricity is the main peak heating source. The highest economic viability is obtained with the smallest storage tank with a volume of 1000 m3, yielding a payback period of 7.1/16.2 years and a reduction in total heat production costs of 14.6/10.0% for Scenarios 1/2, respectively. The reduction in CO2 emissions is 19.4/14.8%, equal to 820/32 ton CO2 for the analyzed period. Sensitivity analysis shows a significant reduction in payback period for Scenario 2 with increasing electricity prices, while the payback period in Scenario 1 is most sensitive to the emission factors.
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Wang, Peipei, Yun Cao, and Xianfeng Zhao. "Segmentation Based Video Steganalysis to Detect Motion Vector Modification." Security and Communication Networks 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8051389.
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This paper presents a steganalytic approach against video steganography which modifies motion vector (MV) in content adaptive manner. Current video steganalytic schemes extract features from fixed-length frames of the whole video and do not take advantage of the content diversity. Consequently, the effectiveness of the steganalytic feature is influenced by video content and the problem of cover source mismatch also affects the steganalytic performance. The goal of this paper is to propose a steganalytic method which can suppress the differences of statistical characteristics caused by video content. The given video is segmented to subsequences according to block’s motion in every frame. The steganalytic features extracted from each category of subsequences with close motion intensity are used to build one classifier. The final steganalytic result can be obtained by fusing the results of weighted classifiers. The experimental results have demonstrated that our method can effectively improve the performance of video steganalysis, especially for videos of low bitrate and low embedding ratio.
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Streckienė, Giedrė, and Salomėja Bagdonaitė. "MODELLING THE SIZE OF SEASONAL THERMAL STORAGE IN THE SOLAR DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM / SEZONINĖS ŠILUMOS AKUMULIACINĖS TALPYKLOS TŪRIO MODELIAVIMAS CENTRALIZUOTOJE SAULĖS ŠILDYMO SISTEMOJE." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2012.80.
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The integration of a thermal storage system into the solar heating system enables to increase the use of solar thermal energy in buildings and allows avoiding the mismatch between consumers’ demand and heat production in time. The paper presents modelling a seasonal thermal storage tank various sizes of which have been analyzed in the district solar heating system that could cover a part of heat demand for the district of individual houses in Vilnius. A biomass boiler house, as an additional heat source, should allow covering the remaining heat demand. energyPRO software is used for system modelling. The paper evaluates heat demand, climate conditions and technical characteristics. Santrauka Šilumos akumuliavimo sistemos integracija į saulės šildymo sistemą suteikia galimybę padidinti Saulės šiluminės energijos panaudojimą pastatuose, nes tai leidžia išvengti vartotojų poreikio ir šilumos gamybos nesutapimo laike. Šiame darbe modeliuojama sezoninė šilumos akumuliacinė talpykla, analizuojami įvairūs jos dydžiai centralizuotoje saulės šildymo sistemoje. Nagrinėjama sistema galėtų užtikrinti dalį individualių namų mikrorajono, esančio Vilniuje, šilumos poreikių. Kaip papildomas šilumos šaltinis modeliuojama biokuro katilinė, kuri leistų užtikrinti likusią šilumos poreikių dalį. Modeliavimas atliekamas energyPRO programa įvertinant pastatų poreikius, klimatines sąlygas ir technologines įrenginių charakteristikas.
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Kartini, Dede Sri, Neneng Yani Yuningsih, and Iyep Saefulrahman. "Consistency between Political Party’s Program and Policy Product in Bandung Regency." MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 33, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v33i2.2330.
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After political parties win election, several political issues will be formulated into a series of alternate policy. Based on this system, political parties have a role to collect the will of society and then use it as consideration to make various public policies. Vision and mission of Golkar as the winner of 2010 elections, has become vision and mission of all SKPD even the village chief, the realization of the programs when Golkar’s candidate used rural development policy product as source of campaign in 2010-2015 local elections for Bandung Regent, have been consistent. In the other side, the obstacles are human resources in rural areas which frequently changed when trained by BPMPD, late disbursement in rural development and grants for Uninhabitable Houses (Rumah Tidak Layak Huni) are insufficient and not equally distributed. Moreover, the policy has been already consistent between Golkar’s programs with the product of public policy, particularly in the field of rural development. If the government is able to cover up weaknesses in the implementation of rural development programs, it should fulfill the needs of rural communities for employments on dry season as priority program for the followings years. Based on this research, it can be concluded that, in the micro policy level, the policies face a distortion because of mismatch between the tasks and functions BPMPD in reality,
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Wang, Mo, Furong Chen, Dongqing Zhang, Qiuyi Rao, Jianjun Li, and Soon Keat Tan. "Supply–Demand Evaluation of Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) Based on the Model of Coupling Coordination." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 14742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214742.
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The rational spatial allocation of Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI), which is an alternative land development approach for managing stormwater close to the source, exerts a crucial effect on coordinating urban development and hydrological sustainability. The balance between the supply and demand of urban facilities has been an influential standard for determining the rationality of this allocation. However, at this stage, research on evaluating planning from the perspective of supply–demand in GSI is still limited. This study proposed an evaluation method for assessing supply–demand levels in GSIs in Guangzhou, China, using the coupling coordination model consisting of Coupling Degree (CD) and Coupling Coordination Degree (CCD). Furthermore, the spatial distributions of supply–demand balance and resource mismatch were identified. The results indicated that the supply and demand levels of GSI exhibited significant spatial differences in distribution, with most streets being in short supply. The GSI exhibited a high CD value of 0.575 and a poor CCD value of 0.328, implying a significant imbalance in facility allocation. A lot of newly planned facilities failed to effectively cover the streets in need of improvement, so it became essential to adjust the planning scheme. The findings of this study can facilitate the decision-makers in assessing the supply–demand levels in GSI and provide a reference of facility allocation for the sustainable construction of Sponge City.
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FRANCIS, ELAINE J., and ETSUYO YUASA. "A multi-modular approach to gradual change in grammaticalization." Journal of Linguistics 44, no. 1 (February 5, 2008): 45–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226707004951.
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Examining four constructions in three languages (English quantificational nouns, Japanese subordinating conjunctions, Cantonese coverbs, Japanese deverbal postpositions), this paper shows that semantic properties can change faster than syntactic properties in gradual processes of grammaticalization. In each of these cases, the syntactic properties of one category become associated with the semantic properties of a different category when an item undergoes semantic change, leading to the appearance of mixed categorial properties. We propose that this sort of change is best captured using a multi-modular framework (Sadock 1991, Yuasa 2005), which allows changes to affect semantics independently of syntax, and which shows clearly that the relevant items and constructions still conform to the separate structural constraints of syntax and semantics, despite the unusual combination of properties. These findings are important for theories of grammaticalization because they suggest that the cover term ‘decategorialization’ (the loss of grammatical properties associated with the source category) must be understood in terms of at least two separate processes: (1) the effects of semantic change on an item's distribution; and (2) the effects of frequency (Bybee & Hopper 2001) and Pressure for Structure–Concept Iconicity (Newmeyer 1998) on an item's syntactic categorization. Our case studies show that the first kind of decategorialization effects can occur even in the absence of the second kind. Implications of these findings, including possible reasons for both the instability and the long-term retention of mismatch constructions, are also considered.
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Lasch-Born, Petra, Felicitas Suckow, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Martin Gutsch, Chris Kollas, Franz-Werner Badeck, Harald K. M. Bugmann, et al. "Description and evaluation of the process-based forest model 4C v2.2 at four European forest sites." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 5311–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5311-2020.
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Abstract. The process-based model 4C (FORESEE) has been developed over the past 20 years to study climate impacts on forests and is now freely available as an open-source tool. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive description of this 4C version (v2.2) for scientific users of the model and to present an evaluation of 4C at four different forest sites across Europe. The evaluation focuses on forest growth as well as carbon (net ecosystem exchange, gross primary production), water (actual evapotranspiration, soil water content), and heat fluxes (soil temperature) using data from the PROFOUND database. We applied different evaluation metrics and compared the daily, monthly, and annual variability of observed and simulated values. The ability to reproduce forest growth (stem diameter and biomass) differs from site to site and is best for a pine stand in Germany (Peitz, model efficiency ME=0.98). 4C is able to reproduce soil temperature at different depths in Sorø and Hyytiälä with good accuracy (for all soil depths ME > 0.8). The dynamics in simulating carbon and water fluxes are well captured on daily and monthly timescales (0.51 < ME < 0.983) but less so on an annual timescale (ME < 0). This model–data mismatch is possibly due to the accumulation of errors because of processes that are missing or represented in a very general way in 4C but not with enough specific detail to cover strong, site-specific dependencies such as ground vegetation growth. These processes need to be further elaborated to improve the projections of climate change on forests. We conclude that, despite shortcomings, 4C is widely applicable, reliable, and therefore ready to be released to the scientific community to use and further develop the model.
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Luo, Zhijun, Songkai Luo, Fengchang Zhang, and Xiaofang Yang. "Spatial and Temporal Matching Measurement of Ecosystem Service Supply, Demand and Human Well-Being and Its Coordination in the Great Rivers Economic Belt—Evidence from China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt." Sustainability 16, no. 17 (August 29, 2024): 7487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16177487.
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Understanding the complex relationship between ESSD and human well-being is of paramount significance to protecting regional ecology, enhancing human well-being and achieving sustainable development. We take the Yangtze River Economic Belt as an example and use multi-source data to analyse land use and cover change, as well as the spatiotemporal evolution of ESSD and human well-being. We explore and reveal the coupling coordination relationship between ESSD and human well-being. The results show that from 2000 to 2020, the overall trend in ESs in the region improved significantly, and the supply notably increased, whereas the demand growth rate was even more pronounced. The supply–demand ratio for water yield and soil conservation showed little change, with variations of <10%. However, the supply–demand ratio for carbon sequestration declined significantly by 41.83%, whereas that for food supply increased notably by 42.93%. The overall spatial pattern in ESSD presented a mismatch, which was characterised by ‘low supply and high demand in the eastern region and high supply and low demand in the western region’. Overall, human well-being remained stable and was in line with the level of socio-economic development, thereby exhibiting a distinct trend of well-being ‘polarisation between the rich and poor’. Well-being was higher in the eastern and central urban agglomerations and lower in the western plateau and mountainous areas. Over 20 years, the degree of coupling coordination between ESSD and human well-being increased by 0.0107, and the coupling level gradually transitioned from moderate imbalance to moderate coordination. Spatially, Hubei Province, Chongqing Municipality and the Yangtze River Delta were the main ‘high–high’ agglomeration areas, whereas the Sichuan Basin and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau were the main ‘low–low’ agglomeration areas. Based on these findings, we propose the following management recommendations for the Yangtze River Economic Belt and other related great river economic belts: optimise land use structure, rationally allocate natural resources, strengthen regional and external connections and promote regional coordinated development, enhance the implementation of policies for ecological and environmental protection, establish regional ecological compensation mechanisms and coordinate ecological protection in a full scope and focus on harmonising human–land relationships, build a multi-stakeholder collaborative governance mechanism and promote regional ecological protection and the elevation of human well-being.
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Kuhlmann, Gerrit, Grégoire Broquet, Julia Marshall, Valentin Clément, Armin Löscher, Yasjka Meijer, and Dominik Brunner. "Detectability of CO<sub>2</sub> emission plumes of cities and power plants with the Copernicus Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> Monitoring (CO2M) mission." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 12 (December 19, 2019): 6695–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6695-2019.
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Abstract. High-resolution atmospheric transport simulations were used to investigate the potential for detecting carbon dioxide (CO2) plumes of the city of Berlin and neighboring power stations with the Copernicus Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Monitoring (CO2M) mission, which is a proposed constellation of CO2 satellites with imaging capabilities. The potential for detecting plumes was studied for satellite images of CO2 alone or in combination with images of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) to investigate the added value of measurements of other gases coemitted with CO2 that have better signal-to-noise ratios. The additional NO2 and CO images were either generated for instruments on the same CO2M satellites (2 km× 2 km resolution) or for the Sentinel-5 instrument (7.5 km× 7.5 km) assumed to fly 2 h earlier than CO2M. Realistic CO2, CO and NOX(=NO+NO2) fields were simulated at 1 km× 1 km horizontal resolution with the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling model extended with a module for the simulation of greenhouse gases (COSMO-GHG) for the year 2015, and they were used as input for an orbit simulator to generate synthetic observations of columns of CO2, CO and NO2 for constellations of up to six satellites. A simple plume detection algorithm was applied to detect coherent structures in the images of CO2, NO2 or CO against instrument noise and variability in background levels. Although six satellites with an assumed swath of 250 km were sufficient to overpass Berlin on a daily basis, only about 50 out of 365 plumes per year could be observed in conditions suitable for emission estimation due to frequent cloud cover. With the CO2 instrument only 6 and 16 of these 50 plumes could be detected assuming a high-noise (σVEG50=1.0 ppm) and low-noise (σVEG50=0.5 ppm) scenario, respectively, because the CO2 signals were often too weak. A CO instrument with specifications similar to the Sentinel-5 mission performed worse than the CO2 instrument, while the number of detectable plumes could be significantly increased to about 35 plumes with an NO2 instrument. CO2 and NO2 plumes were found to overlap to a large extent, although NOX had a limited lifetime (assumed to be 4 h) and although CO2 and NOX were emitted with different NOX:CO2 emission ratios by different source types with different temporal and vertical emission profiles. Using NO2 observations from the Sentinel-5 platform instead resulted in a significant spatial mismatch between NO2 and CO2 plumes due to the 2 h time difference between Sentinel-5 and CO2M. The plumes of the coal-fired power plant Jänschwalde were easier to detect with the CO2 instrument (about 40–45 plumes per year), but, again, an NO2 instrument could detect significantly more plumes (about 70). Auxiliary measurements of NO2 were thus found to greatly enhance the capability of detecting the location of CO2 plumes, which will be invaluable for the quantification of CO2 emissions from large point sources.
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Goede, Adelbert P. H. "CO2 neutral fuels." EPJ Web of Conferences 189 (2018): 00010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818900010.
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CO2 is a valuable resource, life on Earth depends on it. Rather than wasting it to the atmosphere, or burying it underground, CO2 can be combined with water and turned into valuable chemicals and fuels, the process being powered by renewable electricity. Renewable electricity generated by wind and photovoltaics (PV) is making big strides, but is limited by ill-matched supply and demand. In addition, electricity only makes up 20% to 30% of total energy demand. Domestic heating, high temperature/pressure Industrial processes and mobility/transportation gobble up the rest. Mobility and transportation prove particularly difficult to decarbonise. Aviation is a case in point. Battery-powered aircraft are unlikely to become feasible by 2050. Hydrogen has too low an energy density and is haunted by safety issues. Current policy, therefore, is directed at bio fuels. One problem, there is not enough of it. The Fuel vs. Food vs. Flora trilemma of bio-based fuel is unlikely to gain public acceptance. By converting renewable electricity into fuel, power to molecules (P2M), two birds are killed with one stone: providing fuel for long haul transportation and enabling long-term, large-scale energy storage to cover the seasonal mismatch between supply and demand of renewable electricity. Feedstock consists of air-captured carbon or nitrogen and water. Chemically combined, it creates a liquid fuel with greatly enhanced energy density, such as kerosene or ammonia, or gaseous fuel like methane which can replace natural gas in the existing gas network. Direct air capture of CO2 is currently being commercialised. The conversion technology of water and CO2 by electrolysis has recently been extended to novel plasma technology, the sub ject of this paper. For CO2 splitting by plasmolysis, the reduced electric field has been identified as the key parameter explaining and improving the energy efficiency. Energy efficiency by plasmolysis is similar to that of electrolysis, but offers advantages in energy density, upscaling and switching in response to intermittent power with no use of scarce material. A simple model explains the inverse relation between energy efficiency and particle conversion and relates input microwave power to CO2 gas density, plasma dimension and ionisation degree, allowing design parameters for a 100 kW pilot reactor to be specified. Recycling CO2 in combination with P2M is a game-changing technology to meet overall CO2 emission reduction targets. It takes advantage of existing, inexpensive infrastructure for energy storage, transport and distribution. Existing internal combustion engine technology can be maintained where necessary. Close coupled to a remote solar array or an off-shore wind farm it offers a solution to decentralised renewable fuel production at the renewable electricity source.
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Liu, Ying, Jiangqun Ni, and Wenkang Su. "Efficient Video Steganalytic Feature Design by Exploiting Local Optimality and Lagrangian Cost Quotient." Symmetry 15, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15020520.
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As the opponent of motion vector (MV)-based video steganography, the corresponding symmetric steganalysis has also developed a lot in recent years, among which the logic-based steganalytic schemes, e.g., AoSO, NPELO and MVC, are the most prevailing. Although currently achieving the best detection performance, these steganalytic schemes are less effective in detecting some logic-maintaining steganographic schemes. In view of the fact that the distributions of covers’ local Lagrangian cost quotients are normally more concentrated in the small value ranges than those of stegos and “spread” to the large values ranges after modifying the motion vector, the local Lagrangian cost quotient would thus be an efficient indicator to reflect the difference between cover videos and stego ones. In this regard, combining the logic-based (Lg) and local Lagrangian cost quotient (LLCQ)-based feature, we finally proposed a more effective and general steganalysis feature, i.e., Lg-LLCQ, which is composed of diverse subfeatures and performs much better than the corresponding single-type feature. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed method exhibits detection performance superior to other state-of-the-art schemes and even works well under cover sources and steganographic scheme mismatch scenes, which indicates our proposed feature is more conducive to real-world applications.
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Wagner, Katelyn J., John T. Whelan, Jared K. Wofford, and Karl Wette. "Template lattices for a cross-correlation search for gravitational waves from Scorpius X-1." Classical and Quantum Gravity 39, no. 7 (March 3, 2022): 075013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ac5012.
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Abstract We describe the application of the lattice covering problem to the placement of templates in a search for continuous gravitational waves from the low-mass x-ray binary Scorpius X-1. Efficient placement of templates to cover the parameter space at a given maximum mismatch is an application of the sphere covering problem, for which an implementation is available in the LatticeTiling software library. In the case of Sco X-1, potential correlations, in both the prior uncertainty and the mismatch metric, between the orbital period and orbital phase, lead to complications in the efficient construction of the lattice. We define a shearing coordinate transformation which simultaneously minimizes both of these sources of correlation, and allows us to take advantage of the small prior orbital period uncertainty. The resulting lattices have a factor of about three fewer templates than the corresponding parameter space grids constructed by the prior straightforward method, allowing a more sensitive search at the same computing cost and maximum mismatch.
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Al-Haddad, Safa Hassan Ahmed. "تطبيق نموذج تقييم جودة الترجمة الخاص بالدار (2015) على النصوص الأدبية." مجلة جامعة الملكة أروى العلمية المحكمة 1, no. 21 (January 4, 2024): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.58963/qausrj.v1i21.177.
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This study is an attempt to evaluate and assess the quality of the translation of the novel Beloved (1987) by Morrison from English into Arabic in light of House’s model in its latest modified version that has been published in 2015. The analysis covers selected parts of the source and target texts comparing the source text’s profile and target text’s profile to come up with the mismatches at the register level i.e. (field, tenor, and mode) suggested by House’s 2015 model. The analysis of the source text and target text has revealed a number of mismatches along these dimensions where these mismatches caused a change of the interpersonal functional component. The statement of quality at the end states that the end product was far less than the original work in terms of linguistic employment.
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TABRIZI, Hossein Heidani, Azizeh CHALAK, and Amir Hossein TAHERIOUN. "Assessing the Quality of Persian Translation of Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four Based on House's Model: Overt-covert Translation Distinction." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 4, no. 3 (February 17, 2015): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.4.3.29-42.
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This study aimed to assess the quality of Persian translation of Orwell's (1949) Nineteen Eighty-Four by Balooch (2004) based on House's (1997) model of translation quality assessment. To do so, about 10 percent of the source text was randomly selected. The profile of the source text register was produced and the genre was realized. The source text profile was compared to the translation text profile. The result of this comparison was dimensional mismatches and overt errors. The dimensional mismatches were categorized based on different dimensions of register. The overt errors which were based on denotative mismatches and target system errors were categorized into omissions, additions, substitutions, and breaches of the target language system. Then, the frequencies of occurrences of subcategories of overt errors along with their percentages were calculated. The dimensional mismatches and a large number of major overt errors including omissions and substitutions indicated that the translation was not in accordance with the House's view stating that literary works needed to be translated overtly. Mismatches on different levels of register showed that the cultural filter was applied in translation and the second-level functional equivalence required for overt translation was not reached. Therefore, the Persian translation of Nineteen Eighty-Four did not fulfill the criteria to be an overt translation.
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Tores, Ledesma, Piotr Lapka, Roman Domański, and Francisco Casares. "Numerical simulation of the solar thermal energy storage system for domestic hot water supply located in south Spain." Thermal Science 17, no. 2 (2013): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci111216050l.
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Nowadays, due to increase in energy consumption, a great deal of fossil fuels is being used. This latter is a consequence of the present environmental problems, such as global warming, acid rain, etc. In order to decrease these problems, the use of renewable energy sources is being promoted. But the renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy, present the drawback that there is a mismatch between the energy demand and supply. To cover this mismatch, the use of phase change thermal energy storage systems is required. In this work, the behavior of a packed bed latent heat thermal energy storage system cooperating with solar collector located in south Spain was analyzed by using a numerical method which based on Finite Volume discretization and Enthalpy Method. The model was validated by comparing obtained results with experimental data reported in the literature. The packed bed was composed of spherical capsules filled with phase change materials usable for a solar water heating system. The system was designed according to the conditions in the south Spain and by using commercial components available on the market. A series of numerical simulations were conducted applying meteorological data for several months in south Spain, particularly in M?laga.
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Tauš, Peter, Marcela Taušová, Peter Sivák, Mária Shejbalová Muchová, and Eva Mihaliková. "Parameter Optimization Model Photovoltaic Battery System for Charging Electric Cars." Energies 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174497.
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Sales of electric cars and vehicles (EVs) have recently been showing a rapidly growing trend. In connection with rising electricity prices as well as social pressure on the environmental impacts of electromobility, there is also increasing interest of EV owners in the ecological source of electricity. The largest group of owners of EVs are residents of family houses, so, logically, they focus their attention on the possibility of using photovoltaic (PV) charging systems for EV charging. The design of the PV system for supporting EV charging is problematic due to several input parameters in the calculation of energy needs and due to the inconsistencies of electricity generation with normal electric vehicle (EV) charging time. While the PV system produces electricity during the day, family homeowners require charging EVs mainly at night. This requires batteries as part of a PV system. The optimal design of the PV of the battery system must take into account the real consumption of EV, the average daily distance traveled, the location, the weather bridging time, and, last but not least, the investor’s financial situation. The timing mismatch of electricity needs and generation may result in the oversizing or sub-scaling of the PV system depending on the time period for which the investor claims full coverage. With an average daily EV consumption of 10 kWh/day, the overproduction of electricity may be at 8620 kWh per year if it is required to fully cover PV systems in January. Conversely, for the installation of PVs for full coverage in August, the year-round electricity deficit will be 1500 kWh per year. For the analyzed geographical conditions, i.e., Latitude 48.8, the optimum performance of PV system for one-day electricity storage is 3.585 kW. This corresponds to the full coverage of EV consumption in March, the price of the whole system varies from EUR 9000 to EUR 20,000 depending on the type of battery. In addition to the battery price, the required accumulation time for electricity to overcome adverse weather increases the required performance of a photovoltaic system (PVS), which again results in system overshooting and financial loss by not using the generated electricity. This cycle of interdependencies is usually very difficult to adjust optimally. In the contribution, we analyzed the mutual relationships of calculating the performance of a PVS according to the daily consumption of EV and required time of overcoming adverse weather. The input data for the analyses were normal average EV consumption and the number of daily km traveled from 10 to 100 km/day scaled to 10. The optimization process consisted of determining the necessary performance of the PVS and its production in the event of a requirement to ensure full energy demand in each month. In addition, different types of batteries that influence the investment price enter into optimization analyses. This depends on the energy density of a given battery, the depth of discharge, capacity, and type. The result of this research is a computational model for determining a new indicator—we called it the monthly deviation factor. This indicates the degree of oversizing or undersizing of the PV system in relation to the stated factors.
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Wright, Thomas D., Jamie Ward, Sarah Simonon, and Aaron Margolis. "Where’s Wally? Audio–visual mismatch directs ocular saccades in sensory substitution." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646820.
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Sensory substitution is the representation of information from one sensory modality (e.g., vision) within another modality (e.g., audition). We used a visual-to-auditory sensory substitution device (SSD) to explore the effect of incongruous (true-)visual and substituted-visual signals on visual attention. In our multisensory sensory substitution paradigm, both visual and sonified-visual information were presented. By making small alterations to the sonified image, but not the seen image, we introduced audio–visual mismatch. The alterations consisted of the addition of a small image (for instance, the Wally character from the ‘Where’s Wally?’ books) within the original image. Participants were asked to listen to the sonified image and identify which quadrant contained the alteration. Monitoring eye movements revealed the effect of the audio–visual mismatch on covert visual attention. We found that participants consistently fixated more, and dwelled for longer, in the quadrant corresponding to the location (in the sonified image) of the target. This effect was not contingent on the participant reporting the location of the target correctly, which indicates a low-level interaction between an auditory stream and visual attention. We propose that this suggests a shared visual workspace that is accessible by visual sources other than the eyes. If this is indeed the case, it would support the development of other, more esoteric, forms of sensory substitution. These could include an expanded field of view (e.g., rear-view cameras), overlaid visual information (e.g., thermal imaging) or restoration of partial visual field loss (e.g., hemianopsia).
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Kropask, Tomas, Giedrė Streckienė, and Anton Frik. "AKUMULIACINĖS TALPYKLOS DINAMINIO VEIKIMO EKSPERIMENTINIS IR SKAITINIS TYRIMAS / EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESEARCH OF DYNAMIC OPERATION OF HEAT STORAGE TANK." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 11 (October 10, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2019.10576.
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Renewable energy sources (RES) and their transformation technologies become more attractive in building sector as energy demand and emissions to the environment increase. Along with renewable energy transformation technologies, the importance of energy storage also arises as these RES are characterized by volatility and energy mismatch over time. For this reason, engineering systems which use RES are becoming increasingly dynamic. This study examines ongoing processes in a vertical cylindrical storage tank designed to cover domestic hot water demand in a building. Simultaneous dynamic mode of operation when the energy is being charged and at the same time discharged from the storage tank is analysed. Experiments are performed and stratification number describing thermal stratification is calculated. The obtained data are used for the development and validation of the numerical model. Using Ansys Fluent software, the influence of different discharge rate on operation mode of the storage tank is investigated. Graphical and numerical interpretation of results is performed.
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Al-Aizari, Ali Ali Ahmed. "THE APPLICATION OF HOUSE'S (2015) TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT MODEL TO ARABIC-ENGLISH TRANSLATION." International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies 4, no. 3 (July 25, 2023): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v4i3.349.
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Literary translation has gained momentum among scholars and researchers due to the peculiar and ambiguous nature of the literary genre(s). The salient discourse features of these genres do pose serious challenges for translators in their attempting to access the source text and to creatively transfer intentions embedded in the source text to target readerships. The selected work is written by the Sudanese novelist El Tayeb Salih, and translated into English by the Canadian-born British translator, Denys Johnson-Davies. This paper focuses on the relationship between the source text(ST)and the target text(TT) in order to identify mismatches, classify them into overt and covert errors and categorize the related overt errors into seven categories, namely not translated, slight change of meaning, significant change of meaning, distortion of meaning, breach of the target language system, creative translation and cultural filtering. The paper, to some extent, found out that the translator has translated the paper under investigation faithfully, however, a number of mismatches were found and accounted for. And since the translation is intended for a non-Arabic speaker, the translation of specific cultural terms and references should consider the limited cultural background of the target text reader (TT-R) which the translator neglected in some parts of his translation. The analysis can state that the translator is not tied to the culture, community and language of the ST; rather he gave preference more to get comparability of the TT. It was also observed that House's model of Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) is applicable and useful in the field of translation of literary works, for both the translator and the student of translation studies.
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Kretschmer, R., C. Gerbig, U. Karstens, G. Biavati, A. Vermeulen, F. Vogel, S. Hammer, and K. U. Totsche. "Impact of optimized mixing heights on simulated regional atmospheric transport of CO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 4 (February 20, 2014): 4627–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-4627-2014.
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Abstract. The mixing height (MH) is a crucial parameter in commonly used transport models that proportionally affects air concentrations of trace gases with sources/sinks near the ground and on diurnal scales. Past synthetic data experiments indicated the possibility to improve tracer transport by minimizing errors of simulated MHs. In this paper we evaluate a method to constrain the Langrangian particle dispersion model STILT (Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport) with MH diagnosed from radiosonde profiles using a bulk Richardson method. The same method was used to obtain hourly MHs for the period September/October 2009 from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which covers the European continent at 10 km horizontal resolution. Kriging with External Drift (KED) was applied to estimate optimized MHs from observed and modelled MHs, which were used as input for STILT to assess the impact on CO2 transport. Special care has been taken to account for uncertainty in MH retrieval in this estimation process. MHs and CO2 concentrations were compared to vertical profiles from aircraft in-situ data. We put an emphasis on testing the consistency of estimated MHs to observed vertical mixing of CO2. Modelled CO2 was also compared with continuous measurements made at Cabauw and Heidelberg stations. WRF MHs were significantly biased by ~10–20% during day and ~40–60% during night. Optimized MHs reduced this bias to ~5% with additional slight improvements in random errors. The KED MHs were generally more consistent with observed CO2 mixing. The use of optimized MHs had in general a favourable impact on CO2 transport, with bias reductions of 5–45% (day) and 60–90% (night). This indicates that a large part of the found CO2 model-data mismatch was indeed due to MH errors. Other causes for CO2 mismatch are discussed. Applicability of our method is discussed in the context of CO2 inversions at regional scales.
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Kretschmer, R., C. Gerbig, U. Karstens, G. Biavati, A. Vermeulen, F. Vogel, S. Hammer, and K. U. Totsche. "Impact of optimized mixing heights on simulated regional atmospheric transport of CO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 14 (July 16, 2014): 7149–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7149-2014.
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Abstract. The mixing height (MH) is a crucial parameter in commonly used transport models that proportionally affects air concentrations of trace gases with sources/sinks near the ground and on diurnal scales. Past synthetic data experiments indicated the possibility to improve tracer transport by minimizing errors of simulated MHs. In this paper we evaluate a method to constrain the Lagrangian particle dispersion model STILT (Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport) with MH diagnosed from radiosonde profiles using a bulk Richardson method. The same method was used to obtain hourly MHs for the period September/October 2009 from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which covers the European continent at 10 km horizontal resolution. Kriging with external drift (KED) was applied to estimate optimized MHs from observed and modelled MHs, which were used as input for STILT to assess the impact on CO2 transport. Special care has been taken to account for uncertainty in MH retrieval in this estimation process. MHs and CO2 concentrations were compared to vertical profiles from aircraft in situ data. We put an emphasis on testing the consistency of estimated MHs to observed vertical mixing of CO2. Modelled CO2 was also compared with continuous measurements made at Cabauw and Heidelberg stations. WRF MHs were significantly biased by ~10–20% during day and ~40–60% during night. Optimized MHs reduced this bias to ~5% with additional slight improvements in random errors. The KED MHs were generally more consistent with observed CO2 mixing. The use of optimized MHs had in general a favourable impact on CO2 transport, with bias reductions of 5–45% (day) and 60–90% (night). This indicates that a large part of the found CO2 model–data mismatch was indeed due to MH errors. Other causes for CO2 mismatch are discussed. Applicability of our method is discussed in the context of CO2 inversions at regional scales.
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Kiros, Shishay. "Ecosystem Services Demand and Supply in a City Region: Implications for Regional Spatial Planning in Mekelle City." Applied Journal of Economics, Management and Social Sciences 3, no. 3 (July 14, 2022): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53790/ajmss.v3i3.55.
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The provision of ecosystem services is determined by three factors: supply, demand, and flow. The study looked into both the demand and supply sides, as well as the spatial and temporal variations between supply and demand, from the perspective of a city region. To investigate the mismatch between demand and supply both quantitative and qualitative sources of data were employed. Landsat data, expert knowledge, document review, and qualitative data including key informant interview was utilized. The land-use patterns analyses show that ecosystem services flow in the city surroundings are higher than those within Mekelle city’s administrative boundary. Land use/land cover dynamics were the main drivers of ecosystem services supply decline in the Mekelle city region. Those changes negatively affected the capacity of ecosystems to provide goods and services to the growing urban and rural populations. This supply of bundles of ecosystem services did not match the demands of the society which endangered the sustainable utilization of natural capital. The results disclose land-use patterns over time and space as well as the capacities of different ecosystems to provide sustainable ecosystem services supply are declining. On the contrary, demands for these services are increasing due to the growth of the population and economic activities. The study can support spatial planners in addressing the sustainable use of watershed ecosystem services.
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Ravotti, Rebecca, Oliver Fellmann, Nicolas Lardon, Ludger Fischer, Anastasia Stamatiou, and Jörg Worlitschek. "Analysis of Bio-Based Fatty Esters PCM’s Thermal Properties and Investigation of Trends in Relation to Chemical Structures." Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9020225.
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As global energy demand increases while primary sources and fossil fuels’ availability decrease, research has shifted its focus to thermal energy storage systems as alternative technologies able to cover for the mismatch between demand and supply. Among the different phase change materials available, esters possess particularly favorable properties with reported high enthalpies of fusion, low corrosivity, low toxicity, low supercooling, thermal and chemical stability as well as biodegradability and being derived from renewable feedstock. Despite such advantages, little to no data on the thermal behavior of esters is available due to low commercial availability. This study constitutes a continuation of previous works from the authors on the investigation of fatty esters as novel phase change materials. Here, methyl, pentyl and decyl esters of arachidic acid, and pentyl esters of myristic, palmitic, stearic and behenic acid are synthesized through Fischer esterification with high purities and their properties are studied. The chemical structures and purities are confirmed through Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, while the determination of the thermal properties is performed through Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis. In conclusion, some correlations between the melting temperatures and the chemical structures are discovered, and the fatty esters are assessed based on their suitability as phase change materials for latent heat storage applications.
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Reynolds, Lucy. "Not Up for Discussion: Applying Lukes’ Power Model to the Study of Health System Corruption Comment on "We Need to Talk About Corruption in Health Systems"." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 12 (September 29, 2019): 723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.75.
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This companion paper suggests the potential benefits of applying Steven Lukes’ dimensions of power model to the study of corruption in health systems. Lukes’ model sets out three "faces of power" classified by their influence on political discourse, resulting in overt, covert and latent discussion of issues depending on the degree of their alignment with the agenda of dominant power interests. His concept that differential access to public discourse varies according to this alignment implies the potential for identifying more serious forms of corruption by the mismatch between their practical importance and the amount of open debate addressing them. These two variables are in practice inversely related, and do not, as might be expected, correlate, with more important topics receiving more public attention. Lukes’ model would predict and can explain such inversion of public priorities, which tells us that observed suppression of public debate might efficiently direct the interest of researchers and the efforts of those seeking to further the public good on to the key issues needing discussion and resolution. The commentary goes on to examine whether the most serious and dangerous forms of corruption might therefore also be the most invisible, and suggests that whistleblower reports should be considered a key data source for research into high-level corruption in health systems, including redirection of policy decisions away from those which are in the public interest.
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Chan, E., D. Chan, M. Ishizawa, F. Vogel, J. Brioude, A. Delcloo, Y. Wu, and B. Jin. "Investigation of error sources in regional inverse estimates of greenhouse gas emissions in Canada." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 16 (August 26, 2015): 22715–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-22715-2015.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Inversion models can use atmospheric concentration measurements to estimate surface fluxes. This study is an evaluation of the errors in a regional flux inversion model for different provinces of Canada, Alberta (AB), Saskatchewan (SK) and Ontario (ON). Using CarbonTracker model results as the target, the synthetic data experiment analyses examined the impacts of the errors from the Bayesian optimisation method, prior flux distribution and the atmospheric transport model, as well as their interactions. The scaling factors for different sub-regions were estimated by the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation and cost function minimization (CFM) methods. The CFM method results are sensitive to the relative size of the assumed model-observation mismatch and prior flux error variances. Experiment results show that the estimation error increases with the number of sub-regions using the CFM method. For the region definitions that lead to realistic flux estimates, the numbers of sub-regions for the western region of AB/SK combined and the eastern region of ON are 11 and 4 respectively. The corresponding annual flux estimation errors for the western and eastern regions using the MCMC (CFM) method are -7 and -3 % (0 and 8 %) respectively, when there is only prior flux error. The estimation errors increase to 36 and 94 % (40 and 232 %) resulting from transport model error alone. When prior and transport model errors co-exist in the inversions, the estimation errors become 5 and 85 % (29 and 201 %). This result indicates that estimation errors are dominated by the transport model error and can in fact cancel each other and propagate to the flux estimates non-linearly. <br><br> In addition, it is possible for the posterior flux estimates having larger differences than the prior compared to the target fluxes, and the posterior uncertainty estimates could be unrealistically small that do not cover the target. The systematic evaluation of the different components of the inversion model can help in the understanding of the posterior estimates and percentage errors. Stable and realistic sub-regional and monthly flux estimates for western region of AB/SK can be obtained, but not for the eastern region of ON. This indicates that it is likely a real observation-based inversion for the annual provincial emissions will work for the western region whereas; improvements are needed with the current inversion setup before real inversion is performed for the eastern region.</p>
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Martínez-Baroja, Loreto, José María Rey-Benayas, Lorenzo Pérez-Camacho, and Pedro Villar-Salvador. "Drivers of oak establishment in Mediterranean old fields from 25-year-old woodland islets planted to assist natural regeneration." European Journal of Forest Research 141, no. 1 (October 23, 2021): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-021-01423-7.
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AbstractPlanted woodland islets can provide seeds for restoring forest ecosystems in Mediterranean old fields lacking seed sources, but other factors than seed arrival can also hinder the establishment of woody species. We experimentally examined factors affecting the emergence, survival, growth and recruitment of holm oak (Quercus ilex) seedlings juveniles from 25-year-old 100-m2 oak woodland islets planted in a Mediterranean old field. Wet springs and summers increased seedling emergence and survival. Distance to the islets per se did not affect seedling performance. However, emergence and survival increased in microsites close to the islets in less sun-exposed orientations of the islets and far from the islets in more sun-exposed orientations. Damage by wild boar reduced emergence, and unsheltered seedlings had 26% lower survival than sheltered ones, reflecting herbivory. Herb community biomass and light reduction by herbs increased with distance from nearest islet; the sparse herb cover around islets was due to competition from woodland islets, not to herbivory. There was a mismatch between the pattern of seedling survival and how the abundance of naturally recruited oaks varied with distance from the nearest islet; this suggests that other drivers can counteract the spatial pattern of seedling survival. We conclude that natural regeneration of Q. ilex in old fields from planted woodland islets is slow (5.7 seedlings ha−1 yr−1) due to acorn and seedling predation, and drought during spring and summer. Despite their small size, planted islets affected survival of oak juveniles depending on the orientation and distance relative to the islets.
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Zhang, Wenqi, Huaan Jin, Ainong Li, Huaiyong Shao, Xinyao Xie, Guangbin Lei, Xi Nan, Guyue Hu, and Wenjie Fan. "Comprehensive Assessment of Performances of Long Time-Series LAI, FVC and GPP Products over Mountainous Areas: A Case Study in the Three-River Source Region, China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14010061.
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Vegetation biophysical products offer unique opportunities to examine long-term vegetation dynamics and land surface phenology (LSP). It is important to understand the time-series performances of various global biophysical products for global change research. However, few endeavors have been dedicated to assessing the performances of long-term change characteristics or LSP extraction derived from different satellite products, especially in mountainous areas with highly fragmented and rugged surfaces. In this paper, we assessed the time-series characteristics and LSP detections of Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) leaf area index (LAI), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), and gross primary production (GPP) products across the Three-River Source Region (TRSR). The performances of products’ temporal agreements and their statistical relationship as a function of topographic indices and heterogeneous pixels, respectively, were investigated through intercomparison among three products during the period 2000 to 2018. The results show that the phenological differences between FVC and two other products are beyond 10 days over more than 35% of the pixels in TRSR. The long-term trend of FVC diverges significantly from GPP and LAI for 13.96% of the total pixels, and the percentages of mismatched pixels between FVC and two other products are 33.24% in the correlation comparison. Moreover, good agreements are observed between GPP and LAI, both in terms of LSP and interannual variations. Finally, the LSP and long-term dynamics of the three products exhibit poor performances on heterogeneous surfaces and complex topographic areas, which reflects the potential impacts of environmental factors and algorithmic imperfections on the quality and performances of different products. Our study highlights the spatiotemporal disparities in detections of surface vegetation activity in mountainous areas by using different biophysical products. Future global change studies may require multiple high-quality satellite products with long-term stability as data support.
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Cevallos-Escandón, Antonia, Edgar Antonio Barragan-Escandón, Esteban Zalamea-León, Xavier Serrano-Guerrero, and Julio Terrados-Cepeda. "Assessing the Feasibility of Hydrogen and Electric Buses for Urban Public Transportation using Rooftop Integrated Photovoltaic Energy in Cuenca Ecuador." Energies 16, no. 14 (July 24, 2023): 5569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145569.
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A main restriction of renewables from intermittent sources is the mismatch between energy resource availability and energy requirements, especially when extensive power plants are producing at their highest potential causing huge energy surpluses. In these cases, excess power must be stored or curtailed. One alternative is increasing urban solar potential which could be integrated to feed electric buses directly or alternatively through hydrogen (H2) as an energy vector. H2 from renewable electricity can be stored and used directly or through fuel cells. This study aims to determine the H2 capability that could be achieved when integrating large-scale photovoltaic (PV) generation in urban areas. This analysis was carried out by determining the PV energy potentially generated by installing PV in Cuenca City downtown (Ecuador). Cuenca is in the process of adopting renewal of the public transport vehicle fleet, introducing a new model with an electric tram main network combined with “clean type buses”. The conventional diesel urban transport could be replaced, establishing a required vehicle fleet of 475 buses spread over 29 routes, emitting 112 tons of CO2 and burning 11,175 gallons of diesel daily. Between the main findings, we concluded that the electricity that could be produced in the total roof area exceeds the actual demand in the study area by 5.5 times. Taking into account the energy surplus, it was determined that the available PV power will cover from 97% to 127% of the total demand necessary to mobilize the city bus fleet. The novelty of this work is the proposal of a combined methodology to find the potential to feed urban transport with urban solar power in cities, close to the equatorial line.
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Fragoso, Anthony T., Connor T. Lee, Austin S. McCoy, and Soon-Jo Chung. "A seasonally invariant deep transform for visual terrain-relative navigation." Science Robotics 6, no. 55 (June 23, 2021): eabf3320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abf3320.
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Visual terrain-relative navigation (VTRN) is a localization method based on registering a source image taken from a robotic vehicle against a georeferenced target image. With high-resolution imagery databases of Earth and other planets now available, VTRN offers accurate, drift-free navigation for air and space robots even in the absence of external positioning signals. Despite its potential for high accuracy, however, VTRN remains extremely fragile to common and predictable seasonal effects, such as lighting, vegetation changes, and snow cover. Engineered registration algorithms are mature and have provable geometric advantages but cannot accommodate the content changes caused by seasonal effects and have poor matching skill. Approaches based on deep learning can accommodate image content changes but produce opaque position estimates that either lack an interpretable uncertainty or require tedious human annotation. In this work, we address these issues with targeted use of deep learning within an image transform architecture, which converts seasonal imagery to a stable, invariant domain that can be used by conventional algorithms without modification. Our transform preserves the geometric structure and uncertainty estimates of legacy approaches and demonstrates superior performance under extreme seasonal changes while also being easy to train and highly generalizable. We show that classical registration methods perform exceptionally well for robotic visual navigation when stabilized with the proposed architecture and are able to consistently anticipate reliable imagery. Gross mismatches were nearly eliminated in challenging and realistic visual navigation tasks that also included topographic and perspective effects.
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Ali, Sadia, Yaser Hafeez, Mamoona Humayun, N. Z. Jhanjhi, and Rania M. Ghoniem. "An Aspects Framework for Component-Based Requirements Prediction and Regression Testing." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 14563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114563.
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Component-based software development has become more popular in recent decades. Currently, component delivery only includes interface specifications, which complicates the selection and integration of suitable components to build a new system. The majority of the components are reused, after appropriate modifications in accordance with the new system, or new version of the system. After components integration, errors may occur during the interaction of their features due to incomplete, ambiguous, or mismatched terms used in requirement analysis and specification, affecting component validation. Therefore, there is a need for a study that identifies challenges and covert concepts into practice by providing solutions to these challenges. The objective of this study is to identify some attributes and information sources that are essential during component-based development. The proposed framework is based on these attributes and information sources. In this study, we provide a taxonomy of attributes and information sources among different activities of component development, and propose a framework to improve the component development process. To investigate the proposed framework, we performed an experimental study to get real-world scenario results from industrial practitioners. The results showed that the proposed framework improves the process of component specification and validation without ambiguity and component failures. Additionally, compared with other methods (random priority, clustering-based and execution rate), the proposed framework successfully outperforms other methods. As a result, the proposed framework’s accuracy, F-measures, and fault identification rate were higher (i.e., greater than 80%) than those of other methods (i.e., less than 80%). The proposed framework will provide a significant guideline for practitioners and researchers.
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Barelli, Linda, Dario Pelosi, Dana Alexandra Ciupageanu, Panfilo Andrea Ottaviano, Michela Longo, and Dario Zaninelli. "HESS in a Wind Turbine Generator: Assessment of Electric Performances at Point of Common Coupling with the Grid." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121413.
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Among Renewable Energy Sources (RES), wind energy is emerging as one of the largest installed renewable-power-generating capacities. The technological maturity of wind turbines, together with the large marine wind resource, is currently boosting the development of offshore wind turbines, which can reduce the visual and noise impacts and produce more power due to higher wind speeds. Nevertheless, the increasing penetration of wind energy, as well as other renewable sources, is still a great concern due to their fluctuating and intermittent behavior. Therefore, in order to cover the mismatch between power generation and load demand, the stochastic nature of renewables has to be mitigated. Among proposed solutions, the integration of energy storage systems in wind power plants is one of the most effective. In this paper, a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) is integrated into an offshore wind turbine generator with the aim of demonstrating the benefits in terms of fluctuation reduction of the active power and voltage waveform frequency, specifically at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). A MATLAB®/SimPowerSystems model composed of an offshore wind turbine interfaced with the grid through a full-scale back-to-back converter and a flywheel-battery-based HESS connected to the converter DC-link has been developed and compared with the case of storage absence. Simulations were carried out in reference to the wind turbine’s stress conditions and were selected—according to our previous work—in terms of the wind power step. Specifically, the main outcomes of this paper show that HESS integration allows for a reduction in the active power variation, when the wind power step is applied, to about 3% and 4.8%, respectively, for the simulated scenarios, in relation to more than 30% and 42% obtained for the no-storage case. Furthermore, HESS is able to reduce the transient time of the frequency of the three-phase voltage waveform at the PCC by more than 89% for both the investigated cases. Hence, this research demonstrates how HESS, coupled with renewable power plants, can strongly enhance grid safety and stability issues in order to meet the stringent requirements relating to the massive RES penetration expected in the coming years.
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Viktoria, Vudvud. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE SPHERE OF HEALTH PROTECTION UNDER CRISIS CONDITIONS." BULLETIN OF CHERNIVTSI INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS III, no. 87 (September 30, 2022): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34025/2310-8185-2022-3.87.03.
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In the context of reforming the health care sector, which the Government initiated back in 2015, the onset of political and financial crises, and later the military situation in the east, the COVID-19 pandemic and, as a result, the situation of the mismatch of social development with economic transformation, there is a need to improve the organization financing of healthcare institutions of Ukraine. After all, in these conditions, budget funds are not enough to cover all the costs of medical institutions, so there is a need to find additional sources of financing and to combine financial flows. The purpose of the article is to research new approaches to financing the healthcare system in Ukraine. In the process of carrying out the research, general scientific theoretical methods were used: system analysis - to clarify the main categories of the research; abstract-logical method - to make theoretical generalizations and conclusions about the essence and role of public finances, graphic method - to give a visual presentation of the mechanism for ensuring the financial security of the state. The article examines the main needs for transformational changes in the system of state health care management, reveals the task of reforming the health care system and the need for its financial support. Changes in the financing of medical institutions based on their transformation from budget institutions into medical communal non-profit enterprises were studied. Health care sector expenditures in Ukraine and current costs of health care institutions were analyzed. The key problems of public health protection are identified and ways to solve them are suggested. The article highlights modern approaches to financial support of medical communal non-profit enterprises. Financial provision of health care is considered as a method of a financial mechanism that determines the principles, sources and forms of financing the business entities whose activities are aimed at protecting, preserving and strengthening health. It requires further improvement of the government's course and increasing the effectiveness of reforms in the health care system, the mechanism for financing expenses for its maintenance and development, improving measures to financially strengthen the functioning of communal non-commercial enterprises, revision and improvement of the current legal framework in the field of health care.
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Wu, Dien, Junjie Liu, Paul O. Wennberg, Paul I. Palmer, Robert R. Nelson, Matthäus Kiel, and Annmarie Eldering. "Towards sector-based attribution using intra-city variations in satellite-based emission ratios between CO2 and CO." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 14547–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14547-2022.
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Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and air pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) are co-emitted by many combustion sources. Previous efforts have combined satellite-based observations of multiple tracers to calculate their emission ratio (ER) for inferring combustion efficiency at the regional to city scale. Very few studies have focused on combustion efficiency at the sub-city scale or related it to emission sectors using space-based observations. Several factors are important for interpreting and deriving spatially resolved ERs from asynchronous satellite measurements, including (1) variations in meteorological conditions given the mismatch in satellite overpass times, (2) differences in vertical sensitivity of the retrievals (i.e., averaging kernel profiles), (3) interferences from the biosphere and biomass burning, and (4) the mismatch in the daytime variations of CO and CO2 emissions. In this study, we extended an established emission estimate approach to arrive at spatially resolved ERs based on retrieved column-averaged CO2 (XCO2) from the Snapshot Area Mapping (SAM) mode of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) and column-averaged CO from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). To evaluate the influences of the confounding factors listed above and further attribute intra-urban variations in ERs to certain sectors, we leveraged a Lagrangian atmospheric transport model with an urban land cover classification dataset and reported ERCO values from the sounding level to the overpass and city level. We found that the differences in overpass times and averaging kernels between OCO and TROPOMI strongly affect the estimated spatially resolved ERCO. Specifically, a time difference of >3 h typically led to dramatic changes in wind directions and urban plume shapes, thereby making the calculation of accurate sounding-specific ERCO difficult. After removing such cases from consideration and applying a simple plume shift method when necessary to account for changes in wind direction and speed, we discovered significant contrasts in combustion efficiencies between (1) two megacities versus two industry-oriented cities and (2) different regions within a city, based on six nearly coincident overpasses per city. Results suggest that the ERCO impacted by heavy industry in Los Angeles is slightly lower than the overall city-wide value (<10 ppb-CO/ppm-CO2). In contrast, the ERCO related to heavy industry in Shanghai is much higher than Shanghai's city mean and more aligned with the city means of two selected industry-oriented cities in China (approaching 20 ppb-CO/ppm-CO2). Although investigations based on a larger number of satellite overpasses are needed, our unique approach (i.e., without using sector-specific information from emission inventories) provides new insights into assessing combustion efficiency within a city from future satellite missions, such as those that will map column CO2 and CO concentrations simultaneously with high spatiotemporal resolutions.
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Operto, S., P. Amestoy, H. Aghamiry, S. Beller, A. Buttari, L. Combe, V. Dolean, et al. "Is 3D frequency-domain FWI of full-azimuth/long-offset OBN data feasible? The Gorgon data FWI case study." Leading Edge 42, no. 3 (March 2023): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle42030173.1.
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Frequency-domain full-waveform inversion (FWI) is potentially amenable to efficient processing of full-azimuth long-offset stationary-recording seabed acquisition carried out with a sparse layout of ocean-bottom nodes (OBNs) and broadband sources because the inversion can be performed with a few discrete frequencies. However, computing the solution of the forward (boundary-value) problem efficiently in the frequency domain with linear algebra solvers remains a challenge for large computational domains involving tens to hundreds of millions of parameters. We illustrate the feasibility of 3D frequency-domain FWI with a subset of the 2015/2016 Gorgon OBN data set in the North West Shelf, Australia. We solve the forward problem with the massively parallel multifrontal direct solver MUMPS, which includes four key features to reach high computational efficiency: an efficient parallelism combining message-passing interface and multithreading, block low-rank compression, mixed-precision arithmetic, and efficient processing of sparse sources. The Gorgon subdata set involves 650 OBNs that are processed as reciprocal sources and 400,000 sources. Monoparameter FWI for vertical wavespeed is performed in the viscoacoustic vertically transverse isotropic approximation with a classical frequency continuation approach proceeding from a starting frequency of 1.7 Hz to a final frequency of 13 Hz. The target covers an area ranging from 260 km2 (frequency ≥ 8.5 Hz) to 705 km2 (frequency ≤ 8.5 Hz) for a maximum depth of 8 km. Compared to the starting model, FWI dramatically improves the reconstruction of the bounding faults of the Gorgon horst at reservoir depths as well as several intrahorst faults and several horizons of the Mungaroo Formation down to a depth of 7 km. Seismic modeling reveals a good kinematic agreement between recorded and simulated data, but amplitude mismatches between the recorded and simulated reflection from the reservoir suggest elastic effects. Therefore, future works involve multiparameter reconstruction for density and attenuation before considering elastic FWI from hydrophone and geophone data.
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Knight, Jasper, and Mohamed A. M. Abd Elbasit. "Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Rainfall Erosivity in Southern Africa in Extreme Wet and Dry Years." Atmosphere 15, no. 11 (October 26, 2024): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111283.
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Soil erosivity is a key indicator of the effectiveness of precipitation acting on the land’s surface and is mainly controlled by event-scale and seasonal weather and climatic factors but is also influenced by the nature of the land’s surface, including relief and vegetation cover. The aim of this study is to examine spatial and temporal variations in soil erosivity across southern Africa using rainfall data for the period 2000–2023 and a gridded raster spatial modelling approach. The two wettest and driest years in the record (±>1.5 standard deviation of rainfall values) were identified, which were 2000 and 2006, and 2003 and 2019, respectively. Monthly rainfall values in these extreme wet/dry years were then analyzed for four rainfall regions (arid, semiarid, subhumid, humid), identified according to their annual rainfall totals. These data were then used to calculate Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) values as an expression of rainfall seasonality, and the modified Fournier index (MFI) was used to quantify rainfall erosivity. The results show that there are significant differences in erosivity between the different climate regions based on rainfall seasonality and also their distinctive environmental settings. In turn, these reflect the synoptic climatic conditions in these regions, their different precipitation sources, and rainfall totals. The results of this study show that calculated MFI values at the national scale, which is the approach taken in most previous studies, cannot effectively describe or account for erosivity values that characterize different climatic regions at the sub-national scale. Furthermore, the mismatch between PCI and MFI spatial patterns across the region highlights that, under semiarid, and highly seasonal rainfall regimes, episodic rainfall events interspersed with periods of dryness result in significant variability in erosivity values that are unaccounted for by rainfall totals or seasonality alone. In these environments, flash floods and wind erosion result in regional-scale soil erosion and land degradation, but these processes and outcomes are not clear when considering MFI values alone. Fully evaluating spatial and temporal patterns of erosivity in their climatic and environmental contexts, as developed in this study, has implications for sediment and carbon exports, as well as identifying the major regions in which land degradation is an environmental and agricultural issue.
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Ye, Hailin. "Perception of Identity, Perception of Relationship and Strategic Interaction — An Analysis on China–Indian Border Disputes from the Perspective of Game Theories." East Asian Affairs 01, no. 01 (June 2021): 2150003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2737557921500030.
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Based on the continuous observation of the ongoing China–India border conflict in recent years, the author intends to answer why China has not yielded prospective policy returns from the Indian side, even if it has been pursuing a cooperative strategy toward India after the Doklam standoff. Inspired by several doctrines of game theory under the dynamic game scenario and the application of relevant gaming tactics, this essay argues that after the Doklam standoff, China has been consistently pursuing an India policy that is risk-averse in nature, represented by its fundamental goal of persevering stability in the secondary direction of China–India border area. As a supporter of this argumentation, a diachronic investigation in terms of the evolution of China–India Relations between 2017 and 2020 was conducted, in which both countries were presumed as state actors involving in repeated gaming process with observable actions and asymmetric information sources. The investigation covers the respective actions adopted by both China and India since the Doklam standoff in 2017, along with the strategic interactions between the two sides from 2018 to 2019, till the most recent standoff in the Galwan Valley and the standoff along the Panggong Tso in 2020. The major finding of this essay is that there exists a causal-effect relationship between the expected payment structures of both sides in a gaming process and the outcome of the implementation of a certain cooperative strategy. Besides, as opponents in a gaming process, either side’s self-cognition and its evaluation on the bilateral relations will pose critical impact on its policy-making. Therefore, in the specific case of China–India border conflict, it is highly advised that China should make practical efforts to avert cognition risks of all kinds while managing its relation with India; otherwise, negative consequences may occur due to the mismatch of its strategic goals and its policy devices.
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Vago, Luca, Cristina Toffalori, Müberra Ahci, Vinzenz Lange, Kathrin Lang, Sonia Todaro, Francesca Lorentino, et al. "Incidence of HLA Loss in a Global Multicentric Cohort of Post-Transplantation Relapses: Results from the Hlaloss Collaborative Study." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-112142.
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Abstract Introduction. Genomic loss of an HLA haplotype encoding incompatible alleles ("HLA loss") has been described in previous single-center studies as a mechanism by which leukemic cells evade the graft-versus-leukemia effect mediated by alloreactive donor T cells and outgrow into a clinically evident relapse. HLA loss accounts for up to 30% of relapses after HLA-haploidentical transplants (Crucitti, Leukemia 2015), but the actual frequency and clinical relevance of this phenomenon in unrelated donor HSCTs, including cord blood transplants, are largely unknown. Here we present the first global collaborative study to investigate the incidence of HLA loss across different transplant settings. Methods. Twenty transplant centers from Europe (n=16), North America (n=3) and Asia (n=1) joined to form the HLALOSS consortium. To date, we collected a total of 619 cases of hematologic relapse from adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (78.5%), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (13.9%), myelodysplastic syndromes (4%) or myeloproliferative neoplasms (1.1%) after allogeneic HSCT from HLA-haploidentical relatives (31.7%), HLA-mismatched unrelated donors (MMUD, 21.3%), 10/10-matched unrelated donors (MUD, 37.2%), or unrelated cord blood units (UCB, 9.8%). Where available, the donor and patient germlines and the patient pre-transplant disease were collected in parallel. Until today, 476 cases were analyzed using conventional HLA typing of sorted leukemic blasts, the recently developed HLA-KMR assay (Ahci and Toffalori, Blood, 2017) or a novel Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) method. The latter was developed adapting the HLA typing strategy in use at the DKMS (Lange, BMC Genomics 2013) to the study of chimeric samples, and allowing to cover all possible HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1 and -DPB1 alleles and to analyze at least 48 different cases in a single run. Results. Out of the 476 relapses analyzed to date, 396 (83.2%) were informative for the study of HLA loss. Of these, 155 occurred after haploidentical HSCT, 101 after MMUD HSCT, 93 after 10/10-matched, HLA-DPB1 mismatched MUD, and 47 after UCB HSCTs. Three-hundred-two (76.2%) of cases were analyzed using the NGS platform. This method resulted particularly robust, reliable and sensitive in analyzing large sample series: the mean coverage across the 6 sequenced loci was over 8500x, up to 0.5% of the HLA allele of interest could be detected in artificial chimerism curves, and relapse samples tested in parallel via the sequencing platform and HLA-KMR (n=10) showed remarkable concordance between the two methods (R2=0.86, p<0.0001). In total, we detected 51 HLA loss post-transplantation relapses out of the 396 cases analyzed (12.8%). Of these, 35 occurred after haploidentical HSCT (22.6% of relapses in this setting), 12 after MMUD HSCT (11.9%), 4 after 10/10 MUD HSCT (4.3%) and, notably, none after UCB HSCT. Conclusions. The present data, obtained from the largest collaborative study on the immunobiology of relapse to date, confirm the clinical relevance of HLA loss as a major mechanism of immune evasion and post-transplantation relapse after allogeneic HSCT, with an incidence which is proportional to the number of donor-recipient HLA mismatches. The only exception is represented by UCB HSCT which, despite being often performed across multiple major HLA incompatibilities, does not appear to be associated with this relapse modality. This finding might reflect the fact that in UCB HSCT, multiple HLA mismatches are often not encoded in cis on the same chromosome, thereby reducing the selective advantage for leukemic cells that undergo an HLA haplotype loss. This phenomenon might in turn contribute to the lower incidence of relapse reported for UCB HSCT compared to other stem cell sources. Disclosures Vago: Moderna TX: Research Funding; GENDX: Research Funding. Stoelzel:Neovii: Speakers Bureau. Gojo:Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Merck inc: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Research Funding; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Busca:Novartis: Speakers Bureau; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Merk: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Gilead: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Luznik:WIndMIL Therapeutics: Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Kobbe:Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Other: Travel Support, Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria, Research Funding. Kroeger:Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Sanofi: Honoraria; Riemser: Honoraria, Research Funding; Neovii: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; JAZZ: Honoraria. Finke:Neovii: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel grants, Research Funding; Medac: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel grants, Research Funding; Riemser: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel grants, Research Funding. Mohty:Takeda: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Servier: Consultancy; MaaT Pharma: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Molmed: Consultancy; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myers: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Beelen:Medac: Consultancy, Other: Travel Support. Fleischhauer:GENDX: Research Funding.
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Melnikova, Vladislava, Clara Bermejo, Richard Chien, Parul Agarwal, Alexandra Markus, Bowdoin Su, Renee Stokowski, Ronald McCord, Alex F. Herrera, and Laurie H. Sehn. "Longitudinal Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Using KAPA HyperCap Design Share Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (KAPA HyperCap DS NHL) Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Panel." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 6082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-182093.
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Introduction Studies have shown that dynamic changes in lymphoma ctDNA levels are associated with patient outcomes and that monitoring lymphoma ctDNA may help identify patients who are at risk of refractory disease or relapse. NGS panels can successfully identify patient-specific tumor reporter variants in plasma specimens using a tissue-naïve approach that avoids limitations of patient tissue availability. Recently, using the AVENIO Oncology Assay (AOA) NHL Test* validated by the Roche Molecular CAP/CLIA Laboratory, a pre-specified analysis plan using samples from ~800 DLBCL patients from the POLARIX study validated ctDNA as an early prognostic biomarker (Herrera et al., Blood 2022). To further support clinical research on early molecular response (EMR) to treatment and minimal residual disease (MRD) in NHL, we introduce a KAPA HyperCap DS NHL panel designed to cover 100% of the target regions in the AOA NHL Test used for the POLARIX study. We describe the NGS workflow and bioinformatics analysis suitable for identification and monitoring of ctDNA using a tissue-naïve approach. We further describe performance characterization studies and feasibility of ctDNA detection using plasma specimens from patients with DLBCL. Methods KAPA HyperCap DS NHL panel covers coding and/or untranslated regions of 383 genes, plus additional intergenic regions, for a total of 341 Kb. This panel is used in combination with KAPA HyperCap workflows and KAPA reagents on Illumina® platforms, to sequence plasma cfDNA and matched genomic (g)DNA to identify tumor-specific single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and monitor the dynamics of ctDNA. ctDNA detection and monitoring are supported by open-source bioinformatics tools for a fully integrated MRD analysis solution. Contrived samples for workflow characterization were comprised of commercially available reference materials with known SNV allele frequencies (AF) mimicking cfDNA (SeraSeq® Complete Mutation Mix and Twist Pan-cancer Reference Standard), as well as pre-characterized healthy donor cfDNA. Clinically annotated DLBCL samples were characterized and serially diluted to demonstrate feasibility of longitudinal mutation analysis. Results Serially diluted cfDNA samples and high molecular weight gDNA samples were used to assess the performance of the plasma cfDNA and germline workflows. Library quality control metrics met the yield and size distribution criteria for sequencing. A median of 88 M raw reads were obtained across all libraries. De-duplication yielded a median coverage depth range from 5000-9100 across samples. Median on-target rate (% selected bases) was between 74% and 80%. Average error rate was between 0.00024 or 0.00031 mismatches/read depth. 9 and 3 variants were detected after germline and blocklist filtering in the two commercial reference samples. Variant calling sensitivity was 100% across replicates at 5, 1 and 0.5% AF. In the serial dilution analysis, ctDNA was detected in all replicates at 5, 0.1 and 0.05% mean AF. For samples at 0.01% mean AF, ctDNA detection sensitivity was 83%. Initial data demonstrate that 131 SNV reporters were detected at 23% mean AF in a plasma sample from a treatment-naïve DLBCL patient. 4 SNV reporters were detected at 1.9% mean AF in a plasma sample from an immunochemotherapy-treated DLBCL patient. After 10x and 500x dilution, ctDNA positivity was accurately called at 2.3% and 0.05% mean AF levels for the patient with 131 reporters, and at 0.19% mean AF level for the patient with 4 reporters (Monte Carlo p-value <0.0001). Conclusion The use of KAPA HyperCap DS NHL panel with KAPA HyperCap workflows and open-source bioinformatics tools enables the detection and monitoring of ctDNA for NHL research applications. In contrived samples, variants were detected with high reproducibility at AF as low as 0.05% and with good reproducibility at AF of 0.01%. For a DLBCL patient with 131 SNV reporters in plasma, ctDNA was detectable down to 0.05% mean AF levels, while for a DLBCL patient with 4 SNV reporters, ctDNA was detectable down to 0.19% mean AF levels, demonstrating that sensitivity of Monte Carlo-based ctDNA detection depends on the number of reporter variants. *AVENIO Oncology Assay (AOA) NHL Test and KAPA HyperCap Design Share panels are for Research Use Only, not for use in diagnostic procedures. AVENIO and KAPA are trademarks of Roche. All other product names and trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
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WU, Lizhen, Zhefei Pan, and Yun LIU. "Visualization of Bubble Behaviors in Flow Fields of PEM Water Electrolyzer." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 42 (December 22, 2023): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02422101mtgabs.
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Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) has been considered to be a promising technology for green hydrogen production, primarily because of its significant advantages in terms of high efficiency, high purity and fast dynamic response [1]. During its operation, hydrogen/oxygen evolves from the catalyst layer (CL), transports through the diffusion layer (DL) and then releases to the flow channel, forming various two-phase flow regimes, including bubbly, slug, annular, etc [2]. The presence of bubbles not only covers the electrode surface, but also blocks the water delivery, creating a large mass transfer resistance and even terminating the cell operation [3]. Another issue associated with bubble management is that the conventional parallel and serpentine flow-field configurations showed a poor self-pumping effect, exhibiting a mismatch between bubble evolution and removal rates [4]. To address this issue, therefore, some novel flow field designs have also been proposed in recent years, but the underlying mechanism how two-phase flow regime in flow-filed channels affects the electrolyzer performance is still not clear. In this work, we investigate the effect of two-phase behavior on the electrolyzer performance via a visualization approach, as illustrated in Figure 1. Our preliminary results have shown that an increase of water supply flow rate has insignificant effect on the electrolyzer performance even at high current densities. It is observed that with increasing the water supply rate, many bubbles are still covering the electrode surface, meaning that water cannot be effectively supplied to the CL. To address this issue, a degassing layer, with a thinner rib and a wider channel, is introduced to the flow field design, which is able to promote the self-pumping effect of gas bubbles. This novel design can facilitate the rapid detachment of bubbles from the electrode surface, providing more paths for the water penetration into the CL. Acknowledgement This work was fully supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 52022003). References Razmjooei, T. Morawietz, E. Taghizadeh, et al, Increasing the performance of an anion-exchange membrane electrolyzer operating in pure water with a nickel-based microporous layer, Joule, 5(7) (2021) 1776-1799. Rakousky, U. Reimer, K. Wippermann, et al, An analysis of degradation phenomena in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis, J. Power Sources, 326 (2016) 120-128. Villagra, P. Millet, An analysis of PEM water electrolysis cells operating at elevated current densities, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 44(20) (2019) 9708-9717. O. Majasan, J.I.S. Cho, I. Dedigama, et al, Two-phase flow behaviour and performance of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysers: Electrochemical and optical characterization, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 43(33) (2018) 15659-15672. Figure 1
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Waller, R. A., and P. W. G. Sale. "Persistence and productivity of perennial ryegrass in sheep pastures in south-western Victoria: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 1 (2001): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00049.
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Loss of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) from the pasture within several years of sowing is a common problem in the higher rainfall (550–750 mm annual rainfall), summer-dry regions of south-eastern Australia. This pasture grass came to Australia from northern Europe, where it mostly grows from spring to autumn under mild climatic conditions. In contrast, the summers are generally much drier and hotter in this region of south-eastern Australia. This ‘mismatch’ between genotype and environment may be the fundamental reason for the poor persistence. There is hope that the recently released cultivars, Fitzroy and Avalon, selected and developed from naturalised ryegrass pastures in south-eastern Australia for improved winter growth and persistence will improve the performance of perennial ryegrass in the region. Soon-to-be released cultivars, developed from Mediterranean germplasm, may also bridge the climatic gap between where perennial ryegrass originated and where it is grown in south-eastern Australia. Other factors that influence perennial ryegrass persistence and productivity can be managed to some extent by the landholder. Nutrient status of the soil is important since perennial ryegrass performance improves relative to many other pasture species with increasing nitrogen and phosphorus supply. It appears that high soil exchangeable aluminium levels are also reducing ryegrass performance in parts of the region. The use of lime may resolve problems with high aluminium levels. Weeds that compete with perennial ryegrass become prevalent where bare patches occur in the pasture; they have the opportunity to invade pastures at the opening rains each year. Maintaining some herbage cover over summer and autumn should reduce weed establishment. Diseases of ryegrass are best managed by using resistant cultivars. Insect pests may be best managed by understanding and monitoring their biology to ensure timely application of pesticides and by manipulating herbage mass to alter feed sources and habitat. Grazing management has potential to improve perennial ryegrass performance as frequency and intensity of defoliation affect dry matter production and have been linked to ryegrass persistence, particularly under moisture deficit and high temperature stress. There is some disagreement as to the merit of rotational stocking with sheep, since the results of grazing experiments vary markedly depending on the rotational strategy used, climate, timing of the opening rains, stock class and supplementary feeding policy. We conclude that flexibility of grazing management strategies is important. These strategies should be able to be varied during the year depending on climatic conditions, herbage mass, and plant physiology and stock requirements. Two grazing strategies that show potential are a short rest from grazing the pasture at the opening rains until the pasture has gained some leaf area, in years when the opening rains are late. The second strategy is to allow ryegrass to flower late in the season, preventing new vegetative growth, and perhaps allowing for tiller buds to be preserved in a dormant state over the summer. An extension of this strategy would be to delay grazing until after the ryegrass seed heads have matured and seed has shed from the inflorescences. This has the potential to increase ryegrass density in the following growing season from seedling recruitment. A number of research opportunities have been identified from this review for improving ryegrass persistence. One area would be to investigate the potential for using grazing management to allow late development of ryegrass seed heads to preserve tiller buds in a dormant state over the summer. Another option is to investigate the potential, and subsequently develop grazing procedures, to allow seed maturation and recruitment of ryegrass seedlings after the autumn rains.
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Jedrzejczak, Wieslaw Wiktor, Simona Iacobelli, Jennifer D. C. Hoek, Joanna E. Drozd-Sokolowska, Michael Potter, Gerald Wulf, Patrice Chevallier, et al. "EBMT Prospective Non-Interventional Study On Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation In T-Prolymphocytic Leukemia (T-PLL). Preliminary Analysis Of 43 Patients." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 3336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.3336.3336.
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Abstract T-PLL is very rare disease with aggressive course and poor prognosis. Our earlier retrospective study (Wiktor-Jedrzejczak et al. Leukemia 2012;26:972-6) of 41 patients with T-PLL has shown that allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) may provide effective disease control in some of them. However, this study (similarly to many other retrospective studies) was based on very heterogeneous material and included mainly patients with advanced disease. Methods Since the extreme rarity of the disease and existing regulations preclude performance of prospective randomized trial in such a situation, we proposed another approach: After a careful review process expert recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of T-PLL by allo-SCT were prepared and published on the EBMT website in 2007. Subsequently a non-interventional study on the outcome of allogeneic transplantation was initiated and continued to recruit patients until 2012. Inclusion criteria were: T-PLL diagnosed at least by immunophenotype, age between 18 and 65 years, Karnofsky performance status ≥ 60% with adequate renal and liver function, first or second-line therapy before transplantation, life-expectancy at the time of screening of at least 3 months. Results This preliminary analysis covers 43 patients with T-PLL confirmed by immunophenotyping. The median age was 54 years (30 years to 63 years) and the male to female ratio was 31/12. The median time from diagnosis to transplant was 7.8 months. Twenty-six patients were in complete remission (CR), nine in partial remission, seven patients in stable or progressive disease, and one patient in unknown disease status at SCT. In line with the recommendations, 37 patients had received alemtuzumab as part of initial treatment and 6 patients did not. Donors were HLA-identical siblings in 14 patients, a matched other relative in one patient, mismatched relatives in two patients, and matched unrelated donors in 26 patients. The source of stem cells was peripheral blood in 40 patients and cord blood in 3 patients. 25 patients (58 %) received reduced intensity conditioning. In 16 patients conditioning included total body irradiation. With a median follow-up of 49.8 months in surviving patients, 3-year RFS and OS was 38% (95% CI, 25 to 57%) and 48% (95% CI, 35 to 66%), respectively. There was a tendency for better survival for patients transplanted in CR but the difference was not significant. However, non-relapse post-transplant mortality was significantly lower in this first group of patients. Other variables evaluated including use of alemtuzumab prior transplantation, type of the donor or conditioning also did not show significant differences for this number of patients. The three-year non-relapse mortality and relapse incidence were 32% and 30%, respectively. Conclusion These data confirm that allo-HSCT may provide effective disease control in selected patients with T-PLL. Preliminary results of our prospective study seem to be better than earlier reports of retrospective analyses. In part this could be due to better patient selection and compliance with EBMT recommendations to offer allogeneic SCT early in the course of disease. Disclosures: Off Label Use: alemtuzumab, use in the pretransplantation treatment of T cell prolymphocytic leukemia.
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Bahar, Asnul, Harun Ates, Maged H. Al-Deeb, Salem El Abd Salem, Hussein S. Badaam, Steef J. Linthorst, and Mohan G. Kelkar. "An Innovative Approach To Integrate Fracture, Well Test and Production Data into Reservoir Models." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 8, no. 04 (August 1, 2005): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/84876-pa.
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Summary This paper presents an innovative approach to integrate fracture, well-test, and production data into the static description of a reservoir model as an input to the flow simulation. The approach has been implemented successfully in a field study of a giant naturally fractured carbonate reservoir in the Middle East. This study was part of a full-field integrated reservoir-characterization and flow-simulation project. The main input available for this work includes matrix properties and fracture-network, well-test, and production data. Stochastic models of matrix properties were generated using a geostatistical methodology based on well logs, core, seismic data, and geological interpretation. The fracture network was described in the reservoir as lineaments (fracture swarms) showing two major fracture trends. The network and its properties (i.e., fracture porosities and permeabilities) were generated by reconciling seismic, well-log, and dynamic data (Well Test and Production Log Tool, PLT). The challenge of the study is to integrate all the input in an efficient and practical way to produce a consistent model between static and dynamic data. As a result, it is expected to reduce the history-matching effort. This challenge was solved by an innovative iterative procedure between the static and dynamic models. The static part consists of the calibration of model permeability to match the well-test permeability. It is done by comparing their flow potentials, kh. In this analysis, the dominant factor in controlling production at each well, either matrix or fracture, was determined. Based on the dominant factor, matrix or fracture permeability was modified accordingly. This way, the changes in permeability are consistent with the geological understanding of the field. The dynamic part was carried out through a full-field flow simulation to integrate production data. The flow simulation at this stage was used to match production capacity, [i.e., to determine whether the given permeability (matrix and fracture) distribution is enough to produce the fluid at the specified pressure during the producing period of the well]. The iteration is stopped once a reasonable production-capacity match is obtained. In general, a good match was achieved within three to four iterations. The generated reservoir description is expected to substantially reduce the effort required to obtain a good history match. Introduction This paper presents the approach, implementation, and results of a fracture-integration process into a reservoir model. The study is part of a fully integrated reservoir-characterization and flow-simulation study of an oilfield in the Middle East. A comprehensive integrated reservoir characterization was conducted by considering all available data, namely well logs and cores, geological interpretation, seismic (structures and inversion-derived porosity), fracture network, and pressure-buildup (PBU) tests. The approach used in the study was a stochastic approach in which multiple reservoir descriptions were generated to quantify the uncertainty in future performance. Reservoir properties for each realization were generated with a geostatistical technique that produces properties (i.e., porosity, permeability, and water saturation) consistent with the underlying rock-type description. The description was based on core and log data. Additionally, porosity, which affects the permeability description, was also constrained to the seismic-derived porosity. The permeability distribution generated by this method is referred to as the core-derived permeability in this paper. Because core measurement commonly represents the matrix property of the rock, the core-derived permeability mentioned above was also referred to as matrix permeability. It is commonly observed that the well-test permeability values do not match the thickness-weighted core-permeability averages. This is partly because of the differences in the measurement scales of core samples, which cover a few inches, and well tests, which investigate several hundred feet around the wellbore. In addition, the presence of fractures and/or high-permeability channels will further enhance the difference between the two sources of data. The mismatch between these two permeabilities may be small or as high as three orders of magnitude. Therefore, reservoir descriptions based on core measurements alone cannot honor the well-test results and need to be modified properly.
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Montméat, Pierre, Clement Castan, Noura Nadi, Frank Fournel, Emilie Bourjot, Bertrand Szelag, Karim Hassan, and Loic Sanchez. "(Invited) Die to Wafer Direct Bonding: Overview of Processes for Optoelectronic and 3D at CEA." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 33 (December 22, 2023): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02331607mtgabs.
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Direct wafer bonding of wafers is nowadays well established. However, direct bonding of dies to wafers can result in innovative devices for optoelectronic or 3D applications (Memory, High Performance Computing...). The paper will focus on specific fundamental mechanisms involved in direct bonding, III/V die-to-wafer bonding and copper hybrid bonding. Die-To-Wafer (DTW) direct hybrid bonding, using copper/oxide mixed interfaces [1] is foreseen by major microelectronics companies as essential for future memory or HPC stacks and as a support to extend Moore’s Law. It indeed increases functionalities per surface unit by optimizing space in three directions: different dies embedding specific technologies coming from different wafers can closely be assembled in one place[2] [3]. However, there are specific integration challenges such as keeping delicate surfaces clean from any degradation or particle contamination after dicing and during die handling and stacking. We describe here important progresses concerning dies preparation as well as alignment with a SET NEO HB die bonder. DTW bonding with 5µm interconnection pitch was demonstrated by CEA with an alignment of 1µm[4]. The capillary approach used during die self-alignment on wafer will notably be discussed [5]. Integrated transmitters incorporating lasers and modulators on silicon are of prime importance for communications. They are at the same time most challenging to manufacture due to a need for hybrid III-V integration [6]. In order to use III-V materials in low cost silicon platforms, direct bonding is of great interest due to difficulties encountered when growing III-V hetero-epitaxial layers directly onto silicon (presence then of anti-phase boundaries, dislocations and so on). Photonic demonstration devices are often processed using as a template a III-V stack on a III-V wafer that is transferred thanks to direct bonding onto a silicon wafer [7]. The potential low cost model of silicon photonics is however based on making full use of the surface of a 200 or 300 mm diameter SOI photonic wafer. III-V wafer direct bonding is thus not suitable for two reasons. First, the maximum diameter available for III-V wafers is up to now limited to 150 mm, while Si-based wafers are nowadays typically 300 mm in diameter. Second, the III-V stack is needed only in the emitter and receiver areas that cover only a very small fraction of the overall device area. Therefore, most of the blanket III-V stack is wasted when removing, thanks to patterning, materials in unwanted area. To overcome this wafer diameter mismatch and limit the loss of a very expensive starting material, a collective die direct bonding seems therefore well adapted. The idea is to collectively bond III-V chips only where there are needed and over the full photonic SOI surface. Until now, only a few teams focused on such an approach. Collective die bonding with an adhesive carrier wafer has however already been demonstrated [8]. At CEA, after exploring a bonding process based on a silicon die wafer holder [9], we describe here an alternative solution using a tape on a dicing frame (see figure 1). As before, throughput is favoured over die placement accuracy. This is well adapted as the transferred layer can be resized by photolithography and etching after the die substrate removal. Furthermore, this approach with a “flexible” tape presents the great advantage of being extremely tolerant regarding die thicknesses variations and enables the use of multiple die wafer sources. We will describe such DTW bonding processes with InP materials. 3 x 3 mm² dies will be used as standard die size for bonding performance evaluation. [1]L. Sanchez et al, ECTC, pp.1960-1964 [2] A. Bond et al, ECTC 2022, pp.168-176 [3] A. Jouve et al, ECTC 2021, pp.225-234 [4] E. Bourjot et al, ECTC 2021, pp 470-475 [5]J. Berthier et al, Journal of Applied Physics, 2010, 108, 054905 [6] B. Szelag et al, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2019, 25, 8201210 [7] J. Durel at al, IEEE IEDM 2016 [8] L. Xianshu et al, Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2016, 22, 8200612 [9] L. Sanchez, ECS transactions, 2018, 86, 223-231 Figure 1
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Mallet, Antoine, Martin Beneš, and Rémi Cogranne. "Cover-source mismatch in steganalysis: systematic review." EURASIP Journal on Information Security 2024, no. 1 (August 12, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13635-024-00171-6.
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Yu, Lifang, Zhuwei Zhang, Shaowei Weng, Peng Cao, and Gang Cao. "A deep steganalysis network combining source-supervised and target-unsupervised information for cover-source mismatch." Expert Systems with Applications, July 2024, 124790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124790.
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Lin, Yuzhen, Rangding Wang, Li Dong, Diqun Yan, and Jie Wang. "Tackling the Cover Source Mismatch Problem in Audio Steganalysis with Unsupervised Domain Adaptation." IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 2020, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2020.3022237.
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Petitta, Marco, Francesca Banzato, Valeria Lorenzi, Edoardo Matani, and Chiara Sbarbati. "Determining recharge distribution in fractured carbonate aquifers in central Italy using environmental isotopes: snowpack cover as an indicator for future availability of groundwater resources." Hydrogeology Journal, July 4, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02501-9.
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AbstractEnvironmental isotopes were used to determine the source and to understand the physical–chemical processes involved in groundwater movement along a flowpath. This study applies groundwater stable isotopes to assess snow-cover influence on the recharge processes of some regional carbonate aquifers of central Italy. Starting with extensively investigated aquifers, 17 springs were selected and sampled (June–October 2016) for isotope analyses. The δ18O–δD results follow the local meteoric water line; the low mismatch between the 2016 sampling surveys suggests that those springs are not influenced by seasonal variability. Nevertheless, the average elevations of recharge areas calculated using the vertical isotope gradient were higher compared to those obtained with hypsographic profiles. This means that the relevant contribution to recharge comes from higher elevation areas; hence, snowpack coverage and snowpack persistence over time on recharge areas were analysed using satellite images. Four different relationships between the snowpack characteristics and the elevation of recharge areas have been identified. These offer relevant information about the different degrees of dependence of the regional aquifers of central Italy on the recharge due to high-elevation subbasins where the snowpack cover is significant. A possible correlation emerges between computed isotope recharge elevation and mean snow cover elevation, revealing how snowmelt is a primary source for aquifer recharge. Consequently, to evaluate the risk of groundwater resource depletion in a climate-change scenario, there is discussion on how a potential snow-cover reduction would affect the recharge rate of mountainous aquifers.