Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Couverture végétale du sol – Arctique'
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Allain, Alienor. "From specific production to homogenisation of dissolved organic matter produced by vegetation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS308.pdf.
Full textAlthough dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents a small fraction of soil organic matter (OM), it is involved in many biogeochemical processes in the environment. Its composition reflects its sources of production, and the processes it has been exposed to. However, the processes taking place immediately after DOM production are still poorly understood, due to its high reactivity. In terrestrial environments, fresh leaf litter is one of the major initial sources of DOM, before it is degraded. This PhD focused on the characterisation of DOM produced by different vegetation species, and the evolution of their properties during biodegradation. The relationship between the composition of vegetation cover and the molecular signature of DOM has been assessed, in order to determine the influence of vegetation on DOM properties in the environment. The water extractable OM (WEOM) produced by 6 vegetation species (C. stellaris, F. nivalis, E. vaginatum, B. nana, B. pubescens, and Salix sp.) were characterised through complementary analytical technics. The results showed that the quantity and composition of WEOM produced by vegetation were different between plant functional types (PFT). It was also pointed out that some proxies commonly used to characterise DOM were not relevant to the study of unprocessed WEOM. However, the comparison of relevant proxies indicated that graminoids were potentially less biodegradable than lichens, but more than shrubs. WEOM biodegradation experiments were carried out under controlled conditions. For this purpose, 4 species belonging to different PFT were selected, and their WEOM extracted. These species were C. stellaris (lichen), E. vaginatum (sedge), A. polifolia (dwarf evergreen shrub), and B. nana (deciduous dwarf shrub). The results showed a significantly higher consumption of WEOM produced by C. stellaris and E. vaginatum, than A. polifolia and B. nana, at the end of the experiment. In the meantime, the accumulation of recalcitrant compounds in WEOM was observed, especially for B. nana. These results put into light a more important biodegradability of lichens and graminoids compared to shrubs. Furthermore, the molecular diversity of WEOM significantly decreased for C. stellaris and E. vaginatum, whereas it increased for B. nana. Species-specific biodegradation processes have been brought to light. Finally, samples of DOM were collected from Arctic ecosystems with contrasted vegetation cover compositions. DOM samples were analysed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Their molecular signatures were compared to each other, and to WEOM produced by vegetation. A great amount of compounds were common to all DOM samples. Despite these ubiquitous compounds, it was possible to discriminate ecosystems, based on the molecular compositions of their DOM. The contributions of each species to the vegetation cover were compared to the contributions of their WEOM to the molecular signature of DOM. These comparisons showed a significant positive correlation for B. nana, but not for other studied species. The results of this thesis show that the quantity and composition of produced WEOM are vegetation-specific. Consequently, WEOM biodegradability is also vegetation-specific. Therefore, the DOM produced by different vegetation species won’t have the same dynamic in the environment. Furthermore, the WEOM produced by vegetation are homogenised during their biodegradation
Helbert, Jérôme. "Estimation et modélisation de la distribution spatiale de l'eau au sein d'un couvert végétal : mise en oeuvre d'un dispositif multipôle fonctionnant en régime quasi-statique." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001VERS0014.
Full textCerdan, Olivier. "Analyse et modélisation du transfert de particules solides à l'échelle de petits bassins versants cultivés." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2017.
Full textMederbal, Khalladi. "Compréhension des mécanismes de transformation du tapis végétal : approches phytoécologique par télédétection aérospatiale et dendroécologique de Pinus halepensis Mill dans l'ouest Algérie." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX3A009.
Full textCollineau, Serge. "Étude expérimentale des mouvements cohérents turbulents au voisinage des couverts végétaux." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0287.
Full textDiamouangana, Jean. "Contribution à l'étude des formations herbacées pâturées de la vallée du Niari, République populaire du Congo." Bordeaux 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR30201.
Full textPetroff, Alexandre. "Etude mécaniste du dépôt sec d'aérosols sur les couverts végétaux." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22026.pdf.
Full textThe dry deposition of aerosols onto vegetated canopies is modelled through a mechanistic approach. The interaction between aerosols and vegetation is first formulated by using a set of parameters, which are defined at the local scale of one surface. The overall deposition is then deduced at the canopy scale through an up-scaling procedure based on the statistic distribution of these parameters. This model takes into account the canopy structural and morphological properties, and the main characteristics of the turbulent flow. Deposition mechanisms considered are Brownian diffusion, interception, inertial and turbulent impaction, and gravitational settling. The model is validated on existing measurement campaigns, initially with coniferous branches and then with entire canopies of different roughness, such as grass, crop field and forest
Razafimbelo, Tantely. "Stockage et protection du carbone dans un sol ferrallitique sous systèmes en semis direct avec couverture végétale des Hautes Terres malgaches." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772088.
Full textBenabdelmoumène, Mohand Salah. "Contribution à l'étude des relations sol-végétation dans les landes d'altitude de la partie orientale des Pyrénées." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30067.
Full textLe, May Christophe. "Effet de la structure du couvert végétal du pois protéagineux sur le développement spatio-temporel de l'enthracnose à Mycosphaerella pinodes : Conséquences sur l'élaboration du rendement." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NSARC063.
Full textGarrigues, Sébastien. "Hétérogénéité spatiale des surfaces terrestres en télédétection : caractérisation et influence sur l’estimation des variables biophysiques." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NSARF028.
Full textBiophysical variable estimates from remote sensing data characterize plant canopy structure and functioning. The monitoring of earth surface dynamic processes at global scale requires high temporal frequency remote sensing observations which are provided up to now thanks to coarse spatial resolution sensors. At these scales, both the spatial heterogeneity of the observed scenes and the non linearity of the relationships between the biophysical variable of interest and the radiometric data, generate a bias in the variable estimation. This work aims at reducting the biophysical variable estimation uncertainty due to scaling effects. Spatial heterogeneity is characterized by the variogram of high spatial resolution remote sensing data (NDVI, NIR, RED). The analysis is performed for different landscapes. Typical length scales as measured by the range of the variogram is between 50m and 800m. Then, a method is developed to reduce scaling effects in the estimates of the biophysical variable. It accounts for spatial heterogeneity within coarse resolution pixel and the degree of non linearity of the relationship between remote sensed data and biophysical variable. Results show good performance for coarse resolution sensors. Based on the characterization of heterogeneity over a large range of landscapes (18), the optimal resolution, i. E the resolution that would minimize the artefacts due to the spatial heterogeneity, is estimated at 30m
Nivelle, Élodie. "Évaluation des effets de l'azote et des herbicides sur les indicateurs qualitatifs du sol dans des agrosystèmes contrastés." Thesis, Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0026/document.
Full textNowadays, the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and herbicides is required to ensure cropping systems productivity and meet the demand for food of a growing population. However, the potential effects of these synthetic products on agrosystem’s below- and above-ground properties have been described to be dependent of soil physicochemical and biological characteristics on which they are applied. Especially, it seems that soils under no-till and continuous cover-cropping, characterized by contrasted edaphic properties as compared to soils managed under annual plowing, may change the non-target effects of certain herbicides. Several field experiments, as well as two mesocosm studies, evidenced that cropping systems conducted under no-till with continuous cover-cropping were associated to increased organic carbon and nitrogen contents, microbial functional activities, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore density, and maize root colonization by AMF. Secondly, nitrogen fertilization induced negative effects on soil biological indicators such as dehydrogenase activity while it improved plant productivity and nymph survival of certain above-ground pests. Thirdly, glyphosate, a total herbicide, increased degradation time of organic substrates, while it did not change AMF activity when applied alone. However, the combinaison of glyphosate plus nitrogen fertilization in a soil fertilized over a 6-year period led to a decreased root colonization of bean by AMF. Thus, the long term nitrogen fertilization is capable to change the non-target effects of glyphosate. Finally, S-Metolachlor, a selective herbicide, increased nitrate content of soils subjected to no-till, while those conducted under annual plowing revealed no effect, and increased ammonium content of earthworm casts in soils managed under no-till with nitrogen fertilization for 6 years. We conclude that the effects of herbicides on agrosystem's above- and below-ground properties are mainly due to the combination with other agricultural practices such as nitrogen fertilization
Hamidou, Boubacar. "Relations herbe-arbre en conditions pâturées : influence du recouvrement arboré dans des taillis de chêne pubescent (Quercus pubescens Willd.)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20287.
Full textDavid, Marie. "Echange d'ammoniac entre une prairie et l'atmosphère : sources et puits à l'échelle du couvert prairial et influence des pratiques agronomiques." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112057.
Full textAtmospheric ammonia is recognised as a pollutant mainly because of its negative impact, associated with acidification and eutrophication, on natural ecosystems. The ammonia exchange between plants and the atmosphere is bidirectional: both ammonia emission and deposition can occur. Semi-natural ecosystems are generally regarded as ammonia sinks and agricultural ecosystems as ammonia sources. However, less is known about the role of the vegetation in atmospheric ammonia budgets. This PhD thesis, a part of the European project GRAMINAE (GRassland AMmonia INteractions Across Europe), focuses on two main points: the study of the origin of the ammonia fluxes within the canopy and the quantification of the net exchange budgets under a semi-continental climate. A dynamic chamber was developed to measure ammonia emissions within a grassland canopy under field conditions over several days. The emissions from the green leaves, the litter and the soil were assessed. .
Cyr, Linda. "Apport des indices de végétation pour l'évaluation de la couverture du sol en vue d'une modélisation spatiale de l'érosion." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11136.
Full textSevestre, Sylvie. "Analyse d'images texturées : applications en agronomie." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112290.
Full textOuld, M. Vall Elghadi Ahmed. "Etude de la dynamique récente de la couv[e]rture végétale des bassins versants des lacs d'Aleg et de Mâl (Brakna, Mauritanie)." Angers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ANGE0024.
Full textLakes Aleg and Mâl, located in South-West Mauritania in northern Sahel, are wetlands which offer many resources to a population using essentially practices of cattle breeding and cultivation. The environment has been deteriorated because of a dryness period (during 70's / 80's) and a human pressure increase. ITarious signs of désertification can be seen today. An objective of our pluridisciplinary study was to know how a rural sahelian population could use efficiently resources of its environment and if protective measures could be compatible with a sustainable development. We propose a concept of " gestion de terroir " as an answer to the problems of the environmental resources management. This concept involves the control of resources management and land use being transferred towards local populations. Afterwards an inscription on the Ramsar List could ensure a protection of natural richness and could also have an interest for the development of the area
Rochdi, Nadia. "Un modèle générique d'agrégation des feulles dans un couvert végétal: application à la simulation du transfert radiactif." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005714.
Full textWang, Wei-Min. "Estimation of component temperatures of vegetative canopy with Vis/NIR and TIR multiple-angular data through inversion of vegetative canopy radiative transfer model." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6027.
Full textThe separation of component temperature is the basic step for the application of two-source algorithm. Multi-angular thermal infrared measurements provide a chance for the estimation of component temperatures (namely, soil and vegetation temperatures) with remotely-sensed data. The objective of this study is to explore the factors that affect the estimation of component temperatures and propose new algorithm for inverting the canopy radiative transfer models to compute component temperatures. The objectives of this dissertation include: (1) finding an appropriate candidate leaf angle distribution functions for modeling and inversion, (2) evaluating the scaling behavior of Beer's law and its effect on the estimation of component temperatures, (3) proposing an analytical model for directional brightness temperature at top of canopy, (4) retrieving component temperatures with neural network and simplex algorithms. The effects of leaf angle distribution function on extinction coefficient, which is a key parameter for simulating the radiative transfer through vegetative canopy, is explored to improve the radiative transfer modeling. These contributions will enhance our understanding of the basic problems existing in thermal IR remote sensing and improve the simulation of land surface energy balance. Further work can be conducted to continue the enhancement and application of proposed algorithm to remote sensing images
Habbib, Hazzar. "Impacts des systèmes de cultures sur l'efficience d'utilisation de l'azote chez le blé et le maïs : Influence du travail du sol, des couverts végétaux d'interculture et de l'historique de fertilisation azotée." Thesis, Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0007/document.
Full textOf all the essential nutrients, nitrogen (N) is the most important for crop growth and yield potential. The mineral N availability is a major limiting factor of quantitative and qualitative production of crops in general and cereals in particular. Maintaining the current high production levels requires managing crops to provide an optimum nitrogen nutrition. Therefore, the agricultural management practices must be at forefront of measures to sustain crop productivity and N efficiency in the intensive production systems at national level. In the last three decades, improving N use efficiency in crops (NUE) has been one of the most important challenge in modern agriculture. Therefore, various scientific, technological and agronomic approaches have been developed in parallel to improve our knowledge on the genetic and physiological basis of NUE for further breeding and agronomic applications. In particular, it has been emphasized that agricultural management practices on both short- and long-term perspectives must be at forefront of measures to develop sustainable crop productivity with regards to NUE improvement. The main objective of this work is to examine the new cropping systems, economically and environmentally efficient, based on conservation agriculture techniques. In other words, to investigate the influence of modification in agricultural practices (tillage system, cover crops) on the parameters affecting plant productivity and nitrogen nutrition of two cereals (wheat and maize). In this context, three field experiments were conducted to understand agricultural phenomena taking place during changes in farming practices, in order to examine the most sustainable agricultural system for maintaining crop productivity while rationalization of N fertilizer usage. A two-year experiment was conducted in the field to measure the combined impact of tilling and N fertilization on various agronomic traits related to NUE and to grain yield in maize cultivated in the presence of a cover crop. Four years after conversion to no-till, a significant increase in N use efficiency N harvest index, N remobilization and N remobilization efficiency was observed both under no and high N fertilization conditions. The second field study was conducted during two consecutive years to evaluate the combined effect of tilling, cover crops and N fertilization on various agronomic traits related to nitrogen use efficiency and to N nutrition in wheat. Five years after conversion to no-till, a significant increase in N use efficiency, N utilization efficiency, N agronomic efficiency, N partial factor productivity, N apparent recovery fraction and N remobilization was observed under three levels of N fertilization. Moreover, we observed that grain yield and grain N content were similar under tillage and no-till conditions. The N nutrition index was higher under no-till conditions at the three rates of N fertilization. Moreover, N use efficiency related traits and N nutrition were increased in the presence of cover crops both under no-till and conventional tilling conditions. Thus, agronomic practices based on continuous no-till in the presence of cover crops appear to be a promising strategy to increase N use efficiency and N nutrition in wheat while reducing both the use and the loss of N-based fertilizers.In the third study, wheat plants were grown under tillage and no- till conditions, with and without cover crops under no and high nitrogen fertilization conditions, to evaluate the combined effect of tilling and N fertilization on photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and photosynthetic water use efficiency through its impact on leaf physiological traits, such as photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area. Six years after conversion to no-till, in the presence and in the absence of cover crops, a significant increase in water use efficiency and soil water content was observed both under [...]
Garcia, Florence. "Mécanismes de développement de l'hétérogénéité du couvert végétal dans une prairie pâturée par des ovins." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005715.
Full textExtensive management of grassland is an alternative way of abandoning certain areas, but it leads to a spatio-temporal heterogeneity of sward, both in quality and quantity. Our aim was to determine how animal behaviour and sward dynamic would explain the development of this heterogeneity and its spatial organisation. We analysed this development of heterogeneity in relation with intake and behaviour of animals, by making ewes graze continuously two cocksfoot swards at either a high or a low stoking rate (experiment 1). The ewes modified their behaviour at bite and feeding station scales and adapted their movements between patches so as to maximize their diet quality. From ear emergence grazing paths were not randomly performed and were organized around a specific scale of 5 meters. From flowering, on sward with low stocking rate, this behaviour led to a positive feedback resulting in a more frequent grazing of the best quality patches. Sward variability was organised at a macro and micro-heterogeneity, but no specific scale of spatial organization could be identified. We then analysed the role of grazing severity and frequency on sward differentiation and sheep preferences between swards (experiment 2). Sward differentiation was mainly influenced by the overall grazing pressure. Sheep preferences were explained by the relative abundance of green leaves in swards and by grazing frequency. Results are discussed in both a temporal and spatial perspectives and in relation with theoretical models of sward heterogeneity development
Carof, Matthieu. "Fonctionnement de peuplements en semis direct associant du blé tendre d'hiver (Triticum aestivum L.) à différentes plantes de couverture en climat tempéré." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00338817.
Full textCette thèse se propose d'accroître les connaissances scientifiques sur ces systèmes particuliers pour faciliter leur conception et leur évaluation en climat tempéré. Le travail repose sur un dispositif expérimental mis en place à Grignon (Yvelines, France) en 2002 pour trois campagnes culturales. Du blé tendre d'hiver (Triticum aestivum L.) est semé (i) dans un sol labouré, (ii) directement dans les résidus de la culture précédente et, (iii) directement dans six plantes de couverture différentes. En combinant sur ce dispositif une double approche, systémique et analytique, les objectifs de la thèse sont de comprendre, selon l'espèce de couverture, (i) l'impact des différents SCV avec cultures associées sur le rendement de la culture de vente en mettant en évidence les phases de sensibilité aux stress de cette culture, (ii) les relations de compétition et/ou de facilitation pour l'azote et la lumière entre les espèces associées et, (iii) l'évolution, à court terme, de la structure du sol et de ses propriétés hydriques.
Ce travail montre que la présence d'une plante de couverture peut réduire, parfois fortement, le rendement de la culture de vente, différemment selon l'espèce de couverture, sa conduite technique et les conditions climatiques ; les phases d'élaboration du rendement qui sont perturbées dans ces situations culturales dépendent aussi de ces trois facteurs. De plus, l'étude met en évidence que la compétition pour le rayonnement lumineux entre les espèces associées est le processus le plus défavorable au rendement du blé.
A court terme, il n'apparaît pas de différences marquées entre la structure d'un sol non travaillé sans plante de couverture et celle d'un sol non travaillé avec une plante de couverture. Toutefois, l'étude révèle que les propriétés hydriques peuvent être modifiées selon l'absence ou la présence d'une plante de couverture sur un sol non travaillé sans démontrer de variations importantes de ces propriétés selon l'espèce de couverture.
La thèse fournit des informations scientifiques et techniques sur le fonctionnement, en climat tempéré, de peuplements associant sur un sol non travaillé, une culture de vente à différentes plantes de couverture. Elle montre la faisabilité mais aussi les risques des SCV avec cultures associées ; elle permet d'identifier des axes de recherche pour compléter les connaissances et fournir des références pour réduire ces risques.
Robert, Elodie. "Les risques de pertes en terre et en eau dans le bassin versant de la Doubégué (Burkina Faso) : pour une version intégrée." Bordeaux 3, 2011. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01090397.
Full textThe Doubégué catchment area (500 km2) belongs to the Bagré Lake catchment, wich is the main dam in Burkina-Faso. The agro-pastoral activies dominate in the region, which experienced profound modifications during the last thirty years : ranking from the physical sphere (climate change) to the human prevailing one (new populations, new activities, building of a dam, and a creation of a lake, exacerbation of the conflicts, agrarian and decentralization reforms). These changes had thus important repercussions on the physical and human environment, to the point that they modified the landscape of this region in Burkina Faso. This thesis attempts then to understand the processes which have been and are still currently running in this catchment area in the region Central-East, by leaning on relevant studies from both “hard” and social sciences. So, it draws up an inventory of the land use, the types of current erosion phenomena and of turbides presence in Doubégué catchment area. The turbidity is also an indicator of the risk for their health encountered by the populations. Meanwhile, this thesis has for objective to take into account and to know on one hand how the populations are aware of the current processes modifying the resources such as vegetation, lands and water, and on the other hand the solutions applied and wished by the population. Eventually, this thesis aims at the implementation of solution to reach an integrated Management in the Doubégué catchment area. These solutions have to be sustainable to protect the environmental and to help also the socioeconomic development of this region in the Bissa Country
Mariko, Adama. "Caractérisation et suivi de la dynamique de l'inondation et du couvert végétal dans le Delta intérieur du Niger (Mali) par télédétection." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20182.
Full textAlahmad, Abdelrahman. "La métagénomique, un outil pertinent pour évaluer l'impact de différentes pratiques agricoles sur les communautés microbiennes du sol." Thesis, Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0038.
Full textAccording to demographic projections, world population will reach 9 billion people by 2050. This increase will be associated with higher demand of agricultural products and an increase in wastes production. Therefore, alternative approaches in agricultural practices; such as permanent plant cover usage and/or sewage sludge application, are envisaged to meet global demands and preserve the environment. These new practices could therefore influence the properties of the soil and its functioning. Therefore moving from intensive to ecologically intensive agriculture could lead to modifications in soil biodiversity. Using different experimental systems allowing comparison between different agricultural practices, studies of the taxonomic and functional soil microbial diversity (bacteria and fungi) had been undertaken. This was achieved by next generation high-throughput sequencing of the hypervariable regions of the genes encoding RNA16S and ITS1. Sequencing was performed using an Illumina platform and the sequences obtained were analyzed using various bioinformatic tools. We inferred the ecological roles of soil micro-organisms by using taxonomic identifications, moving on to the examination of their physiology and functions in comparison with different soil physiochemical properties. We found that nitrogen fertilization negatively impacted the soil microbial diversity and altered their functionality. These negative effects have been modulated by the PPC usage or SS application. Proving that conventional agricultural practices effects the soil biodiversity and can be replaced by ecofriendly farming applications in order to preserve the ecosystem and its services
Qi, Jianbo. "Modélisation 3D du transfert radiatif dans les couverts végétaux et reconstruction de forêts à partir de mesures LiDAR." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30048.
Full textRemote sensing is needed for better managing vegetation covers. Hence, three-dimensional (3D) radiative transfer (RT) modeling is essential for understanding remote sensing signals of complex 3D vegetation covers. Due to the complexity of 3D models, one-dimensional (1D) RT models are commonly used to retrieve vegetation parameters, e.g., leaf area index (LAI), from remote sensing data. However, 1D models are not adapted to actual vegetation covers because they abstract them as schematic 1D layers, which is not realistic. Much effort is devoted to the conception of 3D RT models that can consider the 3D architecture of vegetation covers. However, developing an efficient 3D RT model that works on large and realistic scenes is still a challenging task. Major difficulties are the intensive computational costs of 3D RT simulation and the acquisition of detailed 3D canopy structures. Therefore, 3D RT models usually only work on abstracted scenes or small realistic scenes. Scene abstraction may cause uncertainties, and the small-scale approach is not compatible with most satellite observations (e.g., MODIS). The computer graphics community provides the most accurate and efficient models (i.e., renderers). However, the initial renderer models were not designed for accurate RT modeling, which explains the difficulty to use them for remote sensing applications. Recently emerged advanced techniques in computer graphics and light detection and ranging area (LiDAR) make it more possible to solve the above problems. 3D RT can be greatly accelerated due to the increasing computer power and improvement of rendering algorithms (e.g., ray-tracing acceleration and computational optimization). Also, 3D high-resolution information from LiDARs and photogrammetry become more accessible to reconstruct realistic 3D scenes. This approach requires new processing methods to combine 3D information and 3D RT models, which is of great importance for better remote sensing survey of vegetation. This thesis is focused on 1) Development of a 3D RT model based on recent ray-tracing techniques and 2) Retrieval of 3D leaf volume density (LVD) for constructing 3D forest scenes. This first chapter presents the development of an efficient 3D RT model, named LESS (LargE-Scale remote sensing data and image Simulation framework). LESS makes full use of ray-tracing algorithms. Specifically, it simulates multispectral BRF and scene radiative budget with a weighted forward photon tracing method, and sensor images (e.g., fisheye images) or large-scale (e.g. 1 km2) spectral images are simulated with a backward path tracing method. In the forward mode, a "virtual photon" algorithm is used to simulate accurate BRF with few photons. The backward mode is used to simulate thermal infrared images and also atmosphere RT. LESS efficiency and accuracy were demonstrated with a model intercomparison and field measurements. In addition, LESS has an easy-to-use graphic user interface (GUI) to input parameters, construct and visualize 3D scenes. 3D forest reconstruction is done with a simulated LiDAR dataset to assess approaches that retrieve LVD from airborne LiDAR data. The dataset is simulated with the discrete anisotropic radiative transfer model (DART)
Samain, Olivier. "Fusion multi-capteurs de données satellitaires optiques pour la restitution de variables biophysiques de surface." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30035.
Full textThis work aims at improving the determination of surface biophysical parameters, such as albedo, leaf area index or fraction of vegetation cover, by combining data from different wide field optical sensors like VEGETATION, MERIS, AVHRR, or POLDER. The multi-sensor fusion requires the application of a spectral normalization to compensate the spectral responses of the different sensors, which is validated with airborne hyperspectral measurements and MERIS and VEGETATION datasets. The fusion of measurements at different spatial resolutions is based on the use of a Kalman filter for the downscaling of the low resolution data. The latter also gives the possibility to deliver continuous products, contrarily to standard regressions methods that are limited in the case of cloud coverage
Gosseau, Florie. "Développement de nouveaux idéotypes de tournesol par une approche associant génétique quantitative et modélisation du couvert végétal." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30267.
Full textAssessing the performance and the characteristics (e.g. yield, quality, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance) of new varieties is a key component of crop performance improvement. However, the variety testing process is presently exclusively based on experimental field approaches. This reduces the number and the diversity of experienced combinations of varieties x environment x management conditions and of course testing in future climatic conditions generated by climate change. Testing, understanding genetically and predicting phenotyic plasticity of crop performance constitutes therefore a challenge for basic and applied research in order to adapt varieties to future climatic conditions and technical practices. Our aim is to design tools to leverage phenotypic plasticity and better use genetic and environmental resources to reduce yield gaps currently observed between the genotypic potential and the agricultural production. We developed two approaches to identify genetic markers associated to yield and its stability in various production situations. Both approaches are based on the combination of quantitative genetics models and crop simulation models to capture phenotypic plasticity. The first approach ("plasticity") aims to identify the genetic architecture of yield plasticity in a multi-environment trial, while the second ("optimization") rather focus of the genetic architecture of plant traits that are optimal for yield and its variance in specific growing conditions. In the first "plasticity" approach, the crop simulation model allowed assessing abiotic stress levels occurring in a multi environment trial. We then calculated yield plasticity for each genotype in a hybrid panel as the regression of the yield of the hybrid against the stress level in the environment (reaction norms). Finally, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified genetic markers linked to yield plasticity. In the second "optimization" approach, the key step was to design a multiscale model to predict the performance of new hybrids in new environments. We proceed in two steps: (1) build whole genome prediction models to predict a set of component traits as a function of allelic combination of genotypes and (2) use a crop simulation model to predict the hybrid yield as a function of component traits, environmental variables and management practices. We found that the accuracy of our multi-scale model was worse than the accuracy of a sole genome prediction model directly predicting crop yield, but we identified new bottlenecks related to the design of such models. We nevertheless used this model in an experimental simulation-based optimisation method, which allowed identifying plant traits associated to high yield level and stability in specific growing conditions and we discussed their genetic architecture. In both approaches, association studies identified numerous genomic regions controlling yield plasticity in responses to abiotic stresses and highlighted its complexity. Such information is available to plant breeders to develop new genotypes adapted to increasingly variable cropping conditions drived by climate change to fulfill the societal need to switch to more sustainable agricultural management
Triboit, Frédéric. "Les métaux dans les bassins autoroutiers du Sud-Est de la France : potentialités de dépollution des eaux et des sédiments par les plantes." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX11068.pdf.
Full textAmongst the numerous retention ponds alongside motorways from the French concession motorway company ASF, this study focused on a pool of 18 ponds in the South-East of France. The purpose was to determine the major features of the pond functioning beyond structural characters, biotic and abiotic environmental parameters and evaluate the remediation potential of the spontaneous flora. Results showed that water chemistry was not a discriminant pool of data because these parameters were under control of water renewal. However, among the sediment chemical parameters selected, carbonate content was a good discriminant. Pond vegetation showed a classical dynamic of evolution with helophytes following hydrophyte colonization. Amongst the plant taxa, Chara vulgaris was more abundant in carbonated ponds while Chara globularis occurred in less carbonated ponds. A rhizospheric effect was demonstrated enhancing trace elements biodisponibility. However no metal hyperaccumulation was observed in the analysed aquatic plants. Metal contents in plants were low compared with metal contents in sediments. The highest metal accumulation was obtained in roots of typha. Even if charophytes produced high biomass in the ponds, low levels of trace elements were accumulated in plant tissue. However, plant cover play a stabilization role in the ponds: regarding strong gusts of wind, typical of Mediterranean climate and possible pollutant dispersion, vegetation may improve particles trapping in the ponds
Schmeltz, Marjorie. "Etude de la dynamique et de la mécanique des glaciers en combinant l'interférométrie radar et les modèles numériques." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30135.
Full textMetay, Aurélie. "Séquestration de carbone et flux de gaz à effet de serreComparaison entre semis direct et système conventionnel dans les Cerrados brésiliens." Phd thesis, Institut national agronomique paris-grignon - INA P-G, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00086830.
Full textDans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les stocks de C des sols en 2003 et les avons comparés aux stocks initiaux (1998). Nous avons constaté une augmentation du stockage de C en surface (0-10 cm) sous SCV, en comparaison avec OFF, de l'ordre de 0,35 t C.ha-1.an-1, ce qui correspond à 10% environ des résidus de couverture restitués au sol. Une analyse par fractionnement granulométrique de la matière organique (MO) a montré que le C nouvellement stocké est localisé essentiellement dans les fractions fines (< 50 µm) dont la MO est généralement considérée comme relativement stable. Cependant, si les pratiques de non-travail augmentent le stockage de C dans le sol, elles pourraient toutefois favoriser les émissions de N2O et CH4.
Dans un second temps, nous avons donc mesuré les flux de CH4 et N2O à la surface du sol à l'aide de chambres statiques, les concentrations en CO2 et N2O à différentes profondeurs du sol, ainsi que les déterminants de production et d'émission des GES (température, azote minéral, teneur en eau). Aucune différence significative n'a été notée entre les deux systèmes pour les flux de CH4 et N2O. Les émissions annuelles mesurées de N2O correspondent à 0,03% de la quantité d'azote apportée par fertilisation sur les parcelles, ce qui est très faible mais non contradictoire avec la littérature existante sur les Cerrados. Les émissions de CH4 sont faibles également. En équivalent C-CO2, la somme des émissions de N2O et CH4 correspondent à 6,0 et 7,8 kg C.ha-1.an-1 pour SCV et OFF respectivement. Finalement, le bilan mesuré pour la séquestration du C (en équivalent C-CO2), considérant l'ensemble des flux de CO2 (approché par les variations de stocks de C du sol), de N2O et de CH4 (par mesures directes à la surface du sol) est de 351,8 kg C.ha-1.an-1, et donc bien en faveur du système SCV.
Cependant, l'estimation des bilans de N2O et CH4 au champ souffre de la grande variabilité et de la discontinuité des mesures de terrain. Aussi, avons-nous mené une expérimentation en laboratoire visant à caractériser, dans le cas de N2O, les potentiels d'émission par dénitrification et nitrification. Les résultats permettent de classer le sol étudié comme peu émetteur de N2O. Nous avons par la suite utilisé ces mesures, ainsi que la base de données acquises au champ, afin de renseigner le modèle NOE (Nitrous Oxide Emissions) de simulation des émissions de N2O. Ce modèle nécessitant une connaissance précise des humidités du sol, et celles-ci étant considérées comme un déterminant clé des émissions de N2O, elles ont été simulées par le modèle PASTIS afin de renseigner en continu le modèle NOE. Ces simulations sur l'ensemble du cycle cultural ont permis de montrer que (i) le sol étudié, qu'il soit sous SCV ou sous OFF, est très faiblement émetteur de N2O (et de CH4), (ii) les émissions de N2O par nitrification et par dénitrification s'ajoutent au cours du cycle cultural, (iii) les émissions par dénitrification représentent des évènements ponctuels, d'amplitude très importante (15 fois l'ordre de grandeur de l'émission par nitrification), (iv) la contribution de la nitrification aux émissions de N2O n'est pas négligeable et s'élève à 35 et 31% pour SCV et OFF respectivement et que (v) les mesures au champ semblent estimer essentiellement les flux de N2O liés a la nitrification. Le nouveau bilan « simulé » confirme le bilan « mesuré » au champ avec une séquestration du C sous SCV d'environ 320 kg C.ha-1.an-1.
La potentiel de séquestration du C des SCV confère à ces systèmes de culture un intérêt environnemental supplémentaire en conditions tropicales.
Bouyer, Julien. "Modélisation et simulation des microclimats urbains - Étude de l'impact de l'aménagement urbain sur les consommations énergétiques des bâtiments." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00426508.
Full textSan, Emeterio Cabañes José Luis. "Désertification ou reverdissement ? Etude multiscalaire de l'évolution du couvert végétal en Afrique Sahélienne à partir de données de télédétection." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC079.
Full textThe Sahel region has become the archetype of desertification and land degradation since the important droughts that took place during the 70s and 80s. However, the rainfall recovery since the middle of the 90s and the re-greening trend observed from remoting sensed vegetation indexes has challenged the view of an advancing desertification in the Sahel. Nevertheless, the relation between these indexes and land degradation is very complex and the conclusions made are sometimes contradictory. In fact, the high climate variability and the important landscape mutations, due to demographic growth, make of land degradation assessment a difficult task in this region. The strong interdependency between temporal and spatial scales of land degradation, led to carry out a multi-scalar analysis to understand; what is the actual situation of the Sahel concerning land degradation, and what is the most effective way to assess this phenomenon at a regional scale. This analysis has been done for the entire Sahel region during the period 1982-2011using the NDVI GIMMS-3g vegetation index and rainfall products. It has been later transposed to south-west Niger using the NDVI MODIS index and aerial and satellite photographs of the last decades
Bourlon, Nicolas. "Développement durable et gestion des bassins hydrographiques : Conception et mise en place d'Agences de bassin en Amérique latine." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES089.
Full textTaconet, Odile. "Analyse de la thermographie infrarouge satellitaire pour la modélisation de l'évaporation sur une région agricole." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112494.
Full textMarega, Oumar. "Changements socio-environnementaux et évolution des pratiques agropastorales en Afrique sahélienne : étude comparée entre le Ferlo (Sénégal), le Gourma (Mali) et le Fakara (Niger)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC228/document.
Full textIn a biophysical context characterized by important socioenvironmental changes, the main objective of this PhD is to understand how much agropastoral practices modulatein space and time the vulnerability and adaptability of agroecosystems and sahelians agropastoral societies. To reach this target, this question has been applied at macro-regional scale, relying on three micro-regional study areas: Ferlo (Senegal); Gourma (Mali) and Fakara (Niger) in which perceptions and representations of societies have been studied in a sample of villages and camps. The method developed in this PhD has two components: 1) remote sensing mapping based on satellite image processing, and 2) geo-textual analyses based on lexicometry from semi-structured interviews. The remote sensing mapping allowed to diagnose micro-regional and local scales on land cover change since the 70s until 2010. The diagnosis, based on a multiscale approach, shows intra and inter regional contrasts in the evolution of soil cover by vegetation that invite to nuance observations indicating a greening of Sahel. The articulation of remote sensing with field investigations helped to understand, first the evolution of plant resources, then to consider the variety of responses from the Sahel rural societies to the 70’s and 80’s climate crisis, and to the recent socio-economic changes experienced by sahelian countries. Through lexicometry, geo-textual analysis based on semi-structured interviews allowed to approach the livestock farmer’s perception about the vulnerability and resilience of natural resources. Thanks to the expressed perceptions, the adaptive practices were identified in their variety. It enabled to show the sociospatial reconfigurations in the trajectories of agricultural and pastoral activities that partly explain the contrasts within and between regions observed in Ferlo, Gourma and Fakara
Joffre, Richard. "Contraintes du milieu et réponses de la végétation herbacée dans les dehesas de la Sierra Norte (Andalousie, Espagne)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20284.
Full textOuar, Sadia. "Caractérisation spatio-temporelle du couvert végétal des zones à mascareignite des hauts de l'île de la Réunion." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30062.
Full textMeridja, Samir. "Approche biophysique des processus de développement et de croissance des couverts végétaux : Interaction avec le stress hydrique et optimisation des pratiques culturales en climat méditerranéen." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00776775.
Full textManetsa, Viviane. "Etude multi-échelles des précipitations et du couvert végétal au Cameroun : analyses spatiales, tendances temporelles, facteurs climatiques et anthropiques de variabilité du NDVI." Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOS075/document.
Full textDue to its shape and location (2°N-13°N – 8°E-16°E; proximity of the Atlantic Ocean), Cameroon is characterized by a panel of cross-regional climate encountered widely in tropical Africa. Over the region, the decrease rainfall during the second half of the last century has been shown to be associated with stronger recurrence of drier periods, specifically in the core of the rainy season. These conditions have favored the degradation of vegetation cover, driven by socioeconomic and demographic constraints. The substantial impacts on human activities and local society highlight the need to better understand how climate and environmental dynamics do interact locally. The aim of this study is to diagnose multi-scale rainfall variability and its relationship with vegetation cover (natural and/or grown), which is directly or indirectly associated to the land-cover and land-use dynamics at these latitudes. Using observed rainfall data (Climatic Research Unit/punctual), the spatial modes of rainfall variability at annual and intraseasonal scales are defined through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). These regionalizations lead to the discretisation of 5 climatic zones, distinguished from each other, by both the amount of rainfall and seasonality (unimodal / bimodal). New intraseasonal dry spells statistics (number, length, period of occurrence) are produced as well as dates of onset and end of the vegetative seasons by sub-regions. Using unsupervised classification methods (such as ISODATA) in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data at a 8km spatial resolution, vegetation cover spatiotemporal distribution and typology were produced. Then, based on a concomitant use of statistical and GIS approaches, higher resolutions of NDVI (SPOT-1Km) and Global Land-cover data (GLC 2000), allowed to further evaluate both the pluviometric and anthropogenic factors (demography, land use) influencing vegetation dynamics. Analysis were carried out in Northern Cameroon (6°N-13°N – 11°E-16°E), which is the most sensitive region with regards to climatic and environmental variability, that could lead to important socio-economic thread locally
Pasturel, Marine. "Pour une meilleure représentation de la diversité des biomes herbacés africains dans les modèles de végétation : apports des traits physionomiques, de l’indice de surface foliaire et des phytolithes de graminées." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4316.
Full textIntertropical african herbaceous biomes are expected to face drastic changes in a near future. However Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) simulate their modern boundaries with poor accuracy, especially at the regional scale. DGVMs fail to consider the diversity of their C4 grass cover. Efforts are thus needed to characterize this floristic and physiognomic diversity in a way that can be used for enhancing DGVMs simulations, and enabling model/data (phytoliths) comparisons. For that purpose, physiognomic traits of dominant C4 grass species settled in Senegal and South Africa were listed. Four grass physiognomic groups were statistically identified. The abundance of four of them significantly varied with biome distributions and regional precipitation. Two grass physiognomic groups were additionally strongly correlated with leaf area index (LAI) and grass biomass. In Senegal, those two groups were also well traced by the Iph phytolith index which is a tropical grass cover proxy. In South Africa the limited set of phytolith data did not allow to observe the full savanna/steppe transition. The two physiognomic groups finally fulfilled the criteria required for creating Plant Functional Types (PFTs). Those new PFTs, parameterized in the LPJ-GUESS DGVM, enhanced the simulation of modern herbaceous biomes distribution in Senegal and South Africa. Simulations were additionally performed for the 2100 horizon. They evidence that the increase of both length of the dry season and atmospheric CO2 concentration should favor the simultaneous spread of steppes and closed savannas at the expense of open savannas
Vaquié, Agathe. "Diversité intra- et interspécifique dans les systèmes céréaliers et ses effets sur la régulation des ravageurs." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0008/document.
Full textIncreasing intrafield plant diversity has been shown to regulate pest populations in various agroecosystems. Polyvarietal mixtures of a crop species (intraspecific diversity) or associations of a crop and a companion plant (interspecific diversity) are both considered as promising agroecological practices for low-input or organic agriculture systems by providing several ecosystem services such as pest, disease and weed control, and nitrogen fertilization. However, combining both diversification practices has not been studied yet in perspective of winter wheat pest control.In organic field experiments over two growing seasons, we combined both practices and examined the direct impact on aphid and natural enemy populations and on wheat production. We also investigated the potential pest regulation service through the assessment of the rate of predation by using sentinel preys.Results show that combining intra- and interspecific diversity did not outperform each practice individually in reducing aphid populations, thus not clearly showing synergetic effects. Taken separately, intercropping tended to have lower aphid infestation, while it the cultivar mixtures was more infested by aphids than the least susceptible cultivar. Yearly variation in climatic conditions strongly impacted wheat and clover development, as well as the appearance of aphid peaks. Wheat yields and grain nitrogen content were reduced in intercropping by 7 to 10%, but not in cultivar mixtures. Functional biodiversity, especially natural enemies such as ground beetles, tended to be positively correlated to the presence of a clover cover in the wheat fields (interspecific diversification), but did not respond to the wheat cultivar mixture (intraspecific diversification). Results varied according to the family of arthropods concerned and their position within the vegetation layer (ground dwelling or foliage dwelling arthropods). The cover of white clover and the field context influenced the community composition of predatory ground dwelling beetles. Rates of predation on sentinel preys were not influenced by any of the diversification practices.Under laboratory conditions, we evaluated how combining wheat and legumes (clover or pea) modifies the behaviour of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae in terms of host-plant location, and population growth. We observed that aphids’ residence time on wheat was decreased when this host-plant was intercropped with clover. At the population level, wheat-legume intercrops reduced the number of aphids on wheat plants compared to wheat sole crops but if we take into account plant biomass, only intercropping clover with wheat significantly reduced aphid densities on wheat. The species used as non-host plants and their density are important parameters that should be taken into account in studies on intercropping systems and that may explain the large variability in the results observed in the literature.Our findings suggest that intrafield diversification may regulate wheat aphids to some extent, but combining the two diversification practices did not result in an interesting trade-off between pest regulation and wheat production in real farming conditions
Rodrigues, Afonso Dias Ana Sofia. "The effect of vegetation on slope stability of shallow pyroclastic soil covers." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG002/document.
Full textThe effect of the local vegetation, composed of cultivated Castanea sativa, on slope stability was investigated on a test site in Mount Faito (Campania, Southern Italy). In Campania, shallow pyroclastic soil covers are susceptible to landslides triggered by rainfall. Prolonged rainfall periods followed by extreme short-term rainfall events trigger fast moving and highly destructive landslides in road cuts and pyroclastic scarps on rocky cliffs in the areas surrounding the Vesuvius volcano.Undisturbed pyroclastic soil samples containing roots of mature C. sativa were used for hydraulic characterization through an extensive set of laboratory experiments. Saturated permeability, evaporation and imbibition response, water content for high suction ranges, and the root dry biomass were determined.The presence of roots increased the hydraulic permeability by one order of magnitude in the most surficial soil (10-7 to 10-6 m s-1) and decreased the air-entry value of the water retention curves (6 to 4 kPa). The variability of soil permeability among soil layers was identified as conditioning of the groundwater flow with regard to the speed of the wetting front movement and generation of positive pore-water pressures within the soil profile. The calibration of hysteretic model to characterize natural pyroclastic soil provided a more approximate manner of modelling in situ hydraulic responses. A good agreement between the model and the field observations was obtained.Field monitoring was performed with the intent of showing that the distribution of roots of C. sativa is associated to the groundwater regime. The spatial and vertical distribution of root density and traits were quantified for C. sativa roots collected from several boreholes performed in Mount Faito. Minimum suction, minimum water content and minimum gradient (indicative of downward water flow), were monitored throughout the year and related to root distribution and spatial distribution of trees. An increasing root density was found to be associated to lower values of suction and higher gradients of infiltration, which can potentially have a negative influence of the slope stability.A modelling investigation on the mechanical reinforcement of soil by tree roots allowed us to understand the importance of hydraulic and mechanic components on the stability of a slope. Roots increase greatly the shear strength of soil (up to 25.8 kPa) through mechanical reinforcement and consequently, the safety factor of the slope increased significantly. Considering the root reinforcement in the estimation of potential failure surfaces safety factor showed that the weakest failure surface was found at 2.2 m, where the root reinforcement was 1.3 kPa, instead of 0.9 m without the root reinforcement of 13.8 kPa. The weakest failure surface found was in agreement with the failure surfaces observed from previous landslides. The test site did not present the characteristics of a landslide triggering area. The slope angle of the landslide triggering areas (35° to 45°) can easily exceed the soil friction angle (36.5° to 38.5°) and the hydraulic effect would not be enough to guarantee the stability of the slope during the wet season (0 to 10 kPa). However, the root reinforcement was estimated to be able to sustain the slopes until an angle of 42°.Therefore, the presence of tree roots was found to affect hydraulically and mechanically stability of pyroclastic soil covers. Such conclusions may be extended to the areas of Campania where C. sativa plantations are present. The hydraulic effect of vegetation was greatly compensated by the mechanical reinforcement of roots
Wintenberger, Coraline. "Dynamique fluviale et végétation pionnière à la Salicaceae en rivière sablo-graveleuse : études in et ex situ de la survie des semis durant les premiers stades de la succession biogéomorphologique en Loire Moyenne." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4020/document.
Full textThe present study is focused on the three first stages: geomorphic, pioneer and biogeomorphic of the Fluvial Biogeomorphological Succession applied to a sandy-gravel bed lowland river: the Loire River (in its middle reaches). This work is based on both an in and ex situ approach. It analyses the recruitment and survival during their first stages of growth of two Salicaceae trees: Populus nigra L. and Salix alba L. developed on a non-migrating (forced) bar. The dynamics of this bar influences the survival potential of seedlings during floods. The seedlings adapt morphologically according to the sedimentary structure, and as a consequence, modify their survival potential. Three conceptual models detail: (i) the dynamics of a mid-channel forced bar during floods, (ii) the longitudinal evolution of the mortality of seedlings induced by the downstream fining of sediments, (iii) the sediment archiving and time needed to reach a pioneer island state from a non-migrating vegetated bar
Vidaller, Christel. "Quels facteurs limitent l’installation de Brachypodium retusum : une espèces clé pour la restauration écologique des steppes méditerranéennes ?" Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0349/document.
Full textRamose false brome (Brachypodium retusum) is a perennial herbaceous species that dominates dry grasslands of the Western Mediterranean. In our southern French study area, spontaneous re-colonisation is very low after soil disturbance. This observation does not correspond to the results of studies from other regions showing a high colonisation capacity. The major objective of this PhD thesis was to test different hypotheses potentially explaining the different colonisation patterns.In the first chapter, we tested whether these different colonisation patterns are the result of genetic differentiation among populations. AFLP markers were used to analyse genetic structure including neutral population differentiation in 17 Western Mediterranean populations. In a sub-sample of 13 French populations, differentiation in phenotypic traits under selection was tested in a common garden and compared to neutral differentiation. In the second chapter, we present a study on adaptive differentiation in phenotypic traits testing a potentially differential response to the manipulation of key environmental factors. The last two chapters of the PhD analysed environmental factors that limit re-colonisation in the field independent of genotype or population. In the third chapter, we tested the effect of grazing and fire on vegetative recovery as well as on sexual reproduction of established B. retusum and in the fourth chapter we measured the effect of initial watering and grazing on the establishment of transplanted seedlings pre-grown in a greenhouse and of field-sown seedlings.Our results showed that populations of B. retusum are genetically differentiated in neutral markers but also in phenotypic traits. This differentiation is superior to drift alone and suggests adaptation to environmental conditions, particularly to summer temperature and winter frost frequency. A differential response to experimental manipulation of environmental factors (soil, pasture, soil moisture) confirmed the adaptive character of genetic differentiation. The field experiments showed that fire has a positive effect on B. retusum reproduction and on the associated community whereas vegetative recovery was not higher than community average. Two seasons of grazing exclosure did not affect any of the measured parameters in adult populations. Initial watering affected seedling establishment in the first season. In the second season, the watering main effect was not significant but interestingly the effect remained positive on survival in grazed plots whereas no such effect was observed in exclosures. Grazing in early life cycle stages of B. retusum had a negative effect on seedling recruitment and growth.In conclusion, adaptive differentiation between populations may have contributed to regional differences in colonisation capacity and needs to be taken into account in targeting source populations for plant introduction in ecological restoration. The positive response of B. retusum indicated that fire was an important selective force in the past which may be used to favour the species and its associated plant community in current conservation and restoration management. Short-term grazing exclosure is tolerated by mature B. retusum populations but long-term abandonment results in a decrease of cover relative to high-growing perennial grasses. In early stages of seedling establishment grazing should be avoided to guarantee introduction success - or grazing stress needs to be compensated by watering
Tardif, Antoine. "Prédiction des taux de décomposition des litières végétales par les trais fonctionnels agrégés." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957816.
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