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Journal articles on the topic 'Courtyard houses in Homs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Jawad Shakir Haraty, Hayder, Mohammad Yazah Mat Raschid, and Mohd Yazid Mohd Yunos. "Assessment Of Morphological Analysis Of Iraqi Traditional Courtyards Houses." MATEC Web of Conferences 266 (2019): 06007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926606007.

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The traditional Iraqi courtyards house demonstrates fundamentals principles in term of construction, its spatial organization and design can be compared with the modern home. The research claims the current housing design in Iraq does not fulfill the cultural and the social need of their residence; the traditional courtyard houses have manifested that in the uniqueness form in the plan. This research attempts to analyze the historical and traditional courtyard house as the arisen construction of houses in Iraq. The research objective is to document the architectural forms of the courtyards houses in Iraq. The form of the house is one of the aspects to be studied and understood as it measures and establishes the architecture design concept of these dwellings. Morphological study on the form of eight case studies of the Iraqi Traditional Courtyards Houses has been utilized. The aim is to discuss and inspect the uniqueness of these units that served their residences for decades. Additionally, the author used computer software (AutoCAD and 3d Max) to redraw the cases to be more representative. The study’s significance is to add a distinct understanding among designers, planners and decision-makers to put into consideration the future architecture of houses design and to preserve the traditional houses from vanishing. The findings revealed that privacy has a great influence on the design layout of the traditional house which presented in the simplicity of design and the separation between zones.

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Farzaneh, A. "HOW TO COPE WITH HEAT AND COMBINED WITH HOT AND DRY CLIMATE IN CHAHAR-SOFE (FOUR-SIDED) HOUSES OF THE ZOROASTRIAN VILLAGE OF MAZRAEH KALANTAR, YAZD, IRAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-219-2020.

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Abstract. The body of every village like Mazraeh Kalantar village was formed based on geographical, economic and cultural factors. The geographic factor itself consists of two categories, namely artificial geography and natural geography. Many factors can be classified under the heading of natural geography. In the field of physical architecture, the focus is mostly on climate factors, such as water, wind, cold, heat, humidity, sunlight, shape and the substances of the land. The Zoroastrian Village of Mazraeh Kalantar is located in the Meybod city (Yazd, Iran) and a hot and dry area. There are Chahar-Sofe (four-sided) houses in this village and various methods and considerations have been proposed to prevent the sunlight in these houses; therefore, in this study, in order to find the solutions for coping with heat and Combined with dry and hot climate in Chahar-Sofe houses of the Mazraeh Kalantar village, five houses have been investigated. Some of these solutions include: selecting the right geographical location, creating sofe (porch), Creating shadows, choosing a suitable type, colour, and size for the building materials, choosing the right type of roof covering, central courtyard, having the suitable architectural body and mass for houses, etc. These items show how much environmental factors, especially the climate of a village, can affect every aspect of a house, including: the type of home materials, the physics and shape of the house, elements of the home, how the house is Geographic orientation and the spaces inside it, etc.

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Hosagrahar, Jyoti. "Mansions to Margins: Modernity and the Domestic Landscapes of Historic Delhi, 1847-1910." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991677.

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This essay examines the ways in which the private, domestic landscape of historic Delhi changed between 1847 and 1910. I look at Delhi's ubiquitous introverted courtyard house, the haveli, during a time of dramatic cultural dislocation. Modernity and the British colonial presence together had the consequence of fragmenting sprawling princely mansions to modest dwellings and tenement houses or redefining them as more rational and efficient homes. Tracing the transformation of the haveli in form and meaning serves as a mirror to the changes in the city during the time. In Delhi, monolithic and oppositional categorization of "traditional" and "modern" masked more complex identities as the quintessential "traditional" city grew and changed in ways that were distinctly "untraditional." The landscapes of domestic architecture reveal a city struggling to define itself as modern-on its own terms.

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4

Perring, Dominic, Paul Reynolds, and Reuben Thorpe. "The Archaeology of Beirut: A Report on Work in the Insula of the House of the Fountains." Antiquaries Journal 83 (September 2003): 195–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500077696.

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This insula, which lay on the western margin of the earlier Iron Age city, was uncovered during post-war reconstruction work carried out in Beirut during 1994–6. Laid out in the Hellenistic period, the insula was filled out with a series of small courtyard houses after the Roman annexation. A public portico was added along a main street in the second quarter of the second century, before a period of relative inactivity. The district was revived and rebuilt in the middle of the fourth century and was home to a series of handsome town houses in the fifth century, before being devastated by earthquake in AD 551. The site was then left derelict until the early nineteenth century. This interim report sets these findings within their broader historical and archaeological context, as well as summarizing the results of recent work on the site's ceramics and stratigraphy.

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5

Berry, Joanne. "Boundaries and control in the Roman house." Journal of Roman Archaeology 29 (2016): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104775940007207x.

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How should we read the structure of the atrium house? On the one hand, it is an open space; its rooms are arranged around the central courtyard or atrium. From its narrow entrance it is often possible to see straight through to the back of the garden or peristyle, and it is hardly surprising that scholars have claimed that the house was intentionally designed to allow people to see within, to guide their gaze to special features in order to demonstrate the wealth and status of the owner, or to make outsiders want to enter and see more. On the other hand, the house was also a sacred space that carried a potent symbolic value. It was protected by the household gods, and was sustained by religious, social and economic resources. Symbolically, the house was private even when it was used for public business. It was also strictly monitored and controlled.Scholars are increasingly challenging the idea that the inhabitants of Roman houses were more concerned with display than with privacy, and are suggesting methods by which privacy was established. I will argue here that in the Roman house display and privacy are not mutually exclusive, but of equal importance. Within the open atrium plan there were both physical and symbolic boundaries that functioned to control movement and protect the home from visitors who were not members of the household or family. My aim is to explore the creation and deployment of such boundaries in a society that often used aesthetic markers to control space, and to discuss how what may seem to have been free movement within the atrium house may actually have been restricted.

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6

Al-Azzawi, Subhi. "Indigenous courtyard houses." Renewable Energy 5, no. 5-8 (August 1994): 1099–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(94)90137-6.

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7

Al-Nafea', Nada, and Rosie Llewellyn-Jones. "Riyadh's vanishing courtyard houses." Asian Affairs 28, no. 3 (November 1997): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714041334.

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8

Bouvier, Hélène. "An Ethnographic Approach to Role-Playing in a Performance of Madurese Loddrok." Theatre Research International 19, no. 1 (1994): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300018812.

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20 October 1986: the Rukun Kemala troupe is hired to perform at a wedding in Kalianget Barat, its home village from 8.30 p.m. to 2.30 a.m. In a courtyard between two houses, the stage is erected on poles, with a floor of woven bamboo panelling; one whole side will collapse in the middle of the night under the strain of the actors' entrances and exits, without so much as the performance being interrupted. The gamelan orchestra begins to play at 8.30 p.m. exactly, as contracted. Fifty minutes later, slides are projected onto the lowered stage curtain depicting names of the head and leading members of the troupe together with words of welcome to the audience. At 9.30 p.m. the curtain is raised for the first time to reveal a ten-minute dance number: four female dancers appear before the monumental split gates of a Hindu kingdom bathed in red light and strobe effects with Catherine wheels whirling. Next, photos of clowns are projected while the public is harangued to take an active participation in the forthcoming elections, family planning and family education organizations. The curtain rises again to reveal a painted backdrop depicting a street scene in an imaginary modern town, to accompany the clown programme which lasts forty minutes. A final set of slides, ten minutes long, this time shows the actors dressed in the costumes of the characters they are about to portray, with a brief introduction to the story by the scriptwriter. At 10.30 p.m. the curtain opens on the first scene of the play which will last four hours without an interval: ‘Black Mask, in the Story of Yuliati Awaiting Happiness’ (Topeng Hitam dalam kisah Yuliati menanti bahagia).

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Abuarkub, Mumen. "Courtyard in Traditional Houses in Palestine." Prostor 27, no. 1 (57) (June 28, 2019): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31522/p.27.1(57).7.

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Dvorište kao arhitektonska kompozicija u tradicijskoj arhitekturi trajno je prisutno u povijesti graditeljstva. Svojom praktičnom i logičnom organizacijom prostora, dvorište je oduvijek omogućavalo zaštitu i privatnost. Kako iz lokalne tako i iz strane perspektive, tradicijska palestinska kuća s dvorištem predstavlja važan tip stambene arhitekture pa bi ga stoga trebalo pomnije istražiti kako bi se omogućile promjene tijekom procesa obnove.

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10

Verma, Lalit Akash, and Farheen Bano. "Methodology for Effective Daylighting in Courtyard Houses of Composite Climate." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 5 (March 30, 2021): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.e8687.0310521.

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Studies have shown the relevance of the courtyard houses and passive strategy that plays a significant role in energy reduction, providing thermal comfort and visual comfort. Generally, designing the courtyards was considered suitable for thermal comfort. North India lies in the composite climatic zone, and courtyard houses in this region have a distinctly vernacular style. Many studies all around the world were conducted to analyse courtyard houses and followed different methodologies. The aim of this paper is to uncover and formulate a research methodology to analyse effective daylighting in courtyard houses of composite climate; approximately forty research papers were reviewed to find out the research methodology. The year of publication, climate zone, sky models used, weather file, building type, verifying method, simulation tools, daylight matrices, and methodology adopted were studied in the reviewed literature to formulating the methodology. The study concludes that experimental models were commonly used for daylight analysis, moreover climate-based sky can be used for detailed simulation instead of the Daylight factor with overcast sky conditions.

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11

Tahseen, Fariha. "TRADITIONAL VALUES VERSUS MODEM CONVENIENCES: AN ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL COURTYARD AND CONTEMPORARY HOUSE DESIGN TRENDS IN LAHORE." Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning 28, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap2812020_3.

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Courtyard house, as one of oldest forms of housing tradition, is a remarkable form of residential architecture due to its attributes of naturally climate controlled spaces, spaces of peace and seclusion and as a central nucleus (a social space) around which domestic life revolves. In Lahore, visible transformation of housing trends has continued after independence (1947) with several emerging issues of growing population, rapid densification and exponentially rising land value. By 1960s and 70s, bungalow style of housing with a flavor of modernism inspired middle and upper middle income people to adopt modern life style. All these facts impelled courtyard style of housing into complete disuse. Researchers and designers are certainly aware of the need to cope with local climatic and energy crisis problems in residential architecture to enhance physical comfort of inhabitants which needs to analyze design and performance patterns of traditional courtyard houses, in comparison to modern detached houses. This research paper, through analysis of two local case studies in Lahore, explores how a courtyard house can be revived with minimal interventions to achieve climatically responsive houses that would be address adequately the climatic concerns. Findings on evolution and aspects of housing typologies (courtyard house, detached and semidetached houses), followed by comparative case studies analysis, and field investigation through questionnaire and interviews supplement research methodology for this paper.

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12

Uniek Praptiningrum, W. "Roof Fruit and Vegetable Garden, is Accurate as the Element Eco Green Settlement, Housing in the City Today? Case Study: House Live in Downtown Surabaya Indonesia." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.774.

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To implement an architecture work, such as residential , residential houses and the like , atmosphere and a healthy environment has a very important role . To be categorized as a good architecture work , the building should be : interesting in terms of the appearance, comfortable to occupied, beautiful views , safety in construction , have the local wisdom and friendly to nature and the environment . In the era of globalization , these values began to shift , especially residential buildings , residential on the center of the city. For examples, narrow courtyard, the dominance of concrete and glass building material , and barren surrounding environments , green plants are very minimal . The selection of building materials , such as air conditioning with its CFC content , electronic equipment within the building that are not environmentally friendly , the complement of air pollution both within and outside the residential buildings This happens due to the high price of land in urban area , community and individualism are more viscous , the long-term health awareness that less attention , and prioritizing practicality in activities and maintenance of their home . In Surabaya, Eco Green to meet the government regulation has been established and implemented for green space solutions. And impact of global warming have already exceeded the 30 % required . But the percentage of RTH Private relative still small. also RTH option is needed in order more efficient in land and comsution,provide more benefits such value . Fruit and Vegetable Roof Garden , has not been widely applied , particularly for the residential in the city's center such as Surabaya . The purpose of the assessment is to analyze the results of several researchers who have collected additional benefits obtained on the utilization of natural resources including the application of roof greening fruit and vegetable garden at home, if applicable accurate to a big city like Surabaya . .The method used in this study is to do with the spaciousness survey , study references , browsing through the internet , collect some data from studies that have been done by some competent source , then perform the analysis . While the results obtained are not significantly appear on the application of the RTH Privat, even trend looks to be making investments that material's large profit-oriented , ease of maintenance and trends , compared with consideration would preserve local knowledge , and friendliness to the environment and natural healthy . It can be seen from the increasing number of existing homes , both of the simple type , medium and luxury using modern building materials , with a fairly large area of the building and the lack of balance in an open area for reforestation , especially with the application

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13

Samofalova, Malysheva, and Vagin. "PARASITOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SOIL OF INDOOR PLANTS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.441-446.

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In modern conditions, interior planting has great importance and distribution. For growing indoor plants, along with ready-made soil, growers often use home-made mixtures. The article presents the results of parasitological studies of the soil from flower pots and the soil used for growing house plants, as well as the soil from forest park zones, and courtyard territories, and sand from playgrounds used in floriculture for composing soil mixtures in urban conditions. The results of the conducted sanitary and parasitological studies found that 4.7% of the home-made soil samples were positive. Eggs of geohelminths Toxocara spp. and Ascaris suum were found in the samples. Eggs of Toxocara spp., Trichocephalus vulpis and Dipylidium caninum were found in soil samples from forest park zones; eggs of Toxocara spp. and Taenia spp. were found in samples from courtyards. The main sources of invasive material in forest-park areas are dogs, while cats along with dogs take part in the contamination of the soil from the adjacent territories. The detection of geohelminth eggs in the soil from flower pots indicates that it is unsafe to use self-prepared soil mixtures without preliminary disinfection.

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14

Florio, Wilson, and Ana Tagliari. "Rethinking Vilanova Artigas: his unbuilt courtyard-houses." Dearq, no. 24 (January 2019): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18389/dearq24.2019.09.

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15

Zolfagharkhani, Mina, and Michael J. Ostwald. "The Spatial Structure of Yazd Courtyard Houses: A Space Syntax Analysis of the Topological Characteristics of the Courtyard." Buildings 11, no. 6 (June 19, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11060262.

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An important “architectural type” in Iranian history is the Yazd courtyard house. This historic building type features a walled boundary that contains a complex pattern of open (to the sky), semi-enclosed and enclosed spaces. The planning of the courtyard in these houses has typically been interpreted as either a response to changing socio-cultural values or to local climatic conditions. Such theories about the planning of these houses are based on a series of assumptions about (i) the numbers of courtyards and rooms they contain, (ii) their unchanging nature over time and (iii) a topological pattern existing in the relationship between the courtyard and the rest of the plan. Yet, these assumptions, all of which have an impact on the socio-cultural or climatic interpretation of this famous architectural type, have never been tested. In response, this paper uses a computational and mathematical method drawn from Space Syntax to measure the spatial topology of 37 plans of Yazd’s most significant courtyard houses. These houses, which are classified by the Yazd Cultural Heritage Organization, were constructed between the 11th and 20th CE centuries and are all exemplars of this type. This paper develops three hypotheses around the assumptions found in past research about the characteristic planning of the Yazd courtyard house. Then, using quantitative measures derived from plan graph analysis, the paper develops a series of longitudinal trends to test the hypotheses and explore changes that have occurred in this architectural type over time.

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16

Nejadriahi, Halleh, and Ozgur Dincyurek. "Identifying Privacy Concerns on the Formation of Courtyards." Open House International 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2015-b0004.

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Rapid changes due to the globalization process, cause in disappearance of traditional values and identity in the new architectural designs, particularly in the historical settlements. Presence of courtyard in the houses of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean countries dates back to nearly six thousand years ago. Privacy is one of the fundamental notions in the spatial organization of the traditional houses in this region and courtyard is the main component that assists achieving privacy in such houses. Kashan as one of the ancient cities of Iran possessing a considerable number of distinctive traditional courtyard houses, is crucial to be interrogated in terms of its traditional architecture to maintain its values and to sustain identity of the city. Space syntax as an effective method to clarify the spatial pattern of buildings and the degree of privacy in the interior spaces is applied in this study to identify privacy concerns on the formation of courtyards in the spatial organization of the traditional houses of Kashan. This paper may contribute in providing an approach for distribution of spaces in the house according to their level of privacy and its relationship in the process of current house layout design

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17

Han, Li. "Hybridization: Traditional Chinese Courtyard Houses and Contemporary Design." International Journal of Critical Cultural Studies 12, no. 1 (2014): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2327-0055/cgp/v12i01/43743.

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18

UEKITA, Yasufumi, Hidehiko TANIMURA, Junji SAKAMOTO, Tomohiko YOSHIDA, Masaki FUJIKAWA, and Shun WATANABE. "RESIDENCE IN COURTYARD HOUSES AT FENGSHENG DISTRICT, BEIJING." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 70, no. 591 (2005): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.70.25_4.

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19

Agha, Rand H. M., and John M. Kamara. "Adaptations in traditional courtyard houses in Baghdad, Iraq." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 35, no. 4 (August 14, 2017): 348–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-03-2017-0013.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the adaptations that have been made to traditional courtyard houses (TCHs) in Baghdad, Iraq. The aim is to develop an understanding of various factors in the adaptation of these buildings to suit contemporary lifestyles, which will contribute to the wider field of building adaptability. Design/methodology/approach Empirical evidence was collected through case studies of 12 TCHs in the Al-Kadhimiya area of Baghdad, which involved a physical survey of buildings and semi-structured interviews with 24 occupants. Findings Case study analysis show that building adaptability involves both a change to physical spaces and also to lifestyles; with the latter being more likely when there are limitations in how much change can be made to the physical structure. Research limitations/implications The focus of this research is mainly on users’ adaptation of spaces and therefore does not consider the full range of stakeholders involved in the adaptation process. The findings also only apply to the cases considered and may not be applicable to other house types or locations. Originality/value Studies on building adaptability mostly focus on the ease of change to the building fabric, although the role of users is acknowledged. This study provides insights into the complexity and variety of changes that users can make, which are influenced by lifestyles and driven by the need for comfort. These insights are represented in an adaptation model, which can serve as a basis for further research.

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Nugroho, Agung Murti, Andika Citraningrum, Wasiska Iyati, and Mohd Hamdan Ahmad. "Courtyard as Tropical Hot Humid Passive Design Strategy: Case Study of Indonesian Contemporary Houses in Surabaya Indonesia." Journal of Design and Built Environment 20, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jdbe.vol20no2.1.

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Courtyard in building contributes to indoor thermal environment. Courtyard element is commonly applied as passive cooling strategy in the design of boarding house in Indonesia. Courtyard has a potential aspect of being micro climate-modifier to reduce indoor air temperature during the day. This paper discusses the effects of courtyards on indoor thermal environment in Indonesian contemporary boarding houses using field measurement. This paper focuses on the indoor air temperature reduction of 5 courtyard houses design of the contemporary boarding house in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. The field experiment method was used for two physical environmental variables: the air temperature and relative humidity. Each sensor was shaded with a paper cups wrapped with the aluminum foil to prevent the effect of direct thermal radiation. Measurement was taken for approximately 23 days continuously in each building. The results of the measurement exposed that the form and enclosure element is pivotal in its thermal environment design consideration for tropical climate. Meanwhile, utilizing ventilation blocks as the primary enclosure also help reduce air temperature in hot-humid climates. The results showed that the indoor air temperatures in the courtyard and surrounding room were approximately 0.3-1.7Â°C lower than the outdoor air temperature during daytime. During night-time, indoor air temperatures inside swing to 0.8-1.9Â°C higher than the outdoor. The results of the thermal environment evaluation revealed that indoor air temperatures can be categorized as a neutral temperature of the measurement period. Therefore, the application of courtyards in contemporary boarding houses have proven as possible means of achieving sufficient cooling effects through full-day ventilation strategy, and showed improved performance when combined with ventilated blocks.

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21

NABAVI, FAEZEH, and YAHAYA AHMAD. "IS THERE ANY GEOMETRICAL GOLDEN RATIO IN TRADITIONAL IRANIAN COURTYARD HOUSES?" International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 10, no. 1 (April 26, 2016): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i1.744.

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The traditional architecture of Iran always places heavy emphasis upon beauty and harmony. This architecture is renowned for detectable principles such as modular design, geometry and specific systems of proportion. This paper involves analyzing these principles, especially geometrical golden ratio embedded within traditional houses, to confirm whether or not they are a perfect match with for the proportion system and modular design used. Eighty traditional courtyard houses in Iran were selected as a case study. The research employs the qualitative method involving archival documents, direct observation, on-site documentation and design analysis. This paper presents a detailed analysis of both proportioning and geometrical principles utilized in the facades of traditional houses and courtyards and their respective roles in creating harmony and beauty. This article concludes that despite the fact that public traditional buildings were made based on geometry and a proportioning system, this is not the case for courtyard houses. The vital factors in this case are the repetitive scale and module of openings in most traditional houses being crucial to the creation of harmony and beauty.

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22

Zhang, Donia. "Classical Courtyard Houses of Beijing: Architecture as Cultural Artifact." Journal of Space and Communication 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15340/2148172511881.

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23

Taha, Siba Ibrahim, and Sahar Hilal Al-Dujaili. "Adaptive Use of the Courtyard in Contemporary Residential Houses." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 2, Special Issue No. 1 (2018): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.si.2018.n1a14.

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24

Abdelkader, Reem, and Jin-Ho Park. "Spatial Principles of Traditional Cairene Courtyard Houses in Cairo." Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 17, no. 2 (May 2018): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.17.245.

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25

Khatibi, Maryam. "Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, Iran." International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development 4, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/essd.v4i3.677.

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The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential shortcomings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.

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Hao, Shimeng, Changming Yu, Yuejia Xu, and Yehao Song. "The Effects of Courtyards on the Thermal Performance of a Vernacular House in a Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter Climate." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061042.

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Achieving comfort in hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) climate zones can be challenging, since the climate is characterized by high temperatures in the summer and relatively colder temperatures in the winter. Courtyards, along with other semi-open spaces such as verandas and overhangs, play an important role in mitigating outdoor climate fluctuations. In this research, the effects of courtyards on the thermal performance of vernacular houses in HSCW climate zones were studied via field measurements and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. The selected courtyard house was a representative vernacular timber dwelling situated in the southeast of Chongqing, China. The indoor and outdoor air temperature measurements revealed that the courtyard did play an active role as a climatic buffer and significantly reduced the temperature’s peak value in the summer, while during the winter, the courtyard prevented the surrounding rooms from receiving direct solar radiation, and thus to some extent acted as a heat barrier. The contributions of thermal mass are quite limited in this area, due to insufficient solar radiation in winter and general building operations. The natural ventilation mechanism of courtyard houses in HSCW zones was further studied through CFD simulations. The selected opened courtyard was compared to an enclosed structure with similar building configurations. The airflow patterns driven by wind and buoyancy effects were first simulated separately, and then together, to illustrate the ventilation mechanisms. The simulation results show that the courtyard’s natural ventilation behavior benefited from the proper openings on ground level.

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Haddad, Naif Adel, Fatima Y. Jalboosh, Leen A. Fakhoury, and Romel Ghrayib. "URBAN AND RURAL UMAYYAD HOUSE ARCHITECTURE IN JORDAN: A COMPREHENSIVE TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AT AL-HALLABAT." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 10, no. 2 (July 29, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i2.835.

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The Umayyad period represents one of the most prosperous periods in the history of Jordan. Most of the studies, however, have long been focused on palatial and luxurious architecture. In Jordan, few examples of Umayyad houses have survived in their entirety. However, the new discoveries at al-Hallabat rural houses allow an architectural enrichment of our knowledge for that period, even from a socio-economic point of view. In contrast with the better-known desert palaces that dominate the evidence for this period, they also assist in establishing the houses’ typological patterns. This paper attempts to present and discuss the main Umayyad urban and rural house architecture in Jordan, while addressing al-Hallabat Umayyad houses based on recent unpublished reports and preliminary results of excavations. It aims to present a comparative typological pattern analysis of al-Hallabat houses excavated at two phases (1979-1982, 2002-2006) with parallel examples from Bilad al-Sham. The paper defines three typological patterns; nucleus, courtyard, and complex houses. All have at least one courtyard. The study shows that there were continuity and parallelism in Bilad al-Sham between these types and those used at least in early Byzantine and early Islamic period, such as these at ar-Risha and Khirbet al-Askar in Jordan.

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Mustafa, Faris Ali, and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan. "Spatial-Functional Analysis of Kurdish Courtyard Houses in Erbil City." American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2010.560.568.

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Zhang, Donia. "New courtyard houses of Beijing: direction of future housing development." URBAN DESIGN International 11, no. 3-4 (September 2006): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000173.

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SHITARA, Ryoichi, Junzo MUNEMOTO, Tetsu YOSHIDA, and Oussouby SACKO. "A STUDY ON COLLECTIVE LIVING IN CONVENTIONAL COURTYARD HOUSES IN BAMAKO : Specificity of multifamily's courtyard common use." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 64, no. 519 (1999): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.64.115_3.

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Du, Rong, and Jin Ping Wang. "From the View of Qujia Courtyard House of Shan Xi Dwellings Traditional Cultural Value." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.851.

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Traditional houses spirit and culture should be inheritance and development, also should give traditional houses with angry, the rich vitality, to make it a really safe, comfortable, adapt to the environment and convenient use of all kinds of building space environment. Based on the Qujia courtyard, for example, from the plane layout, environment characteristics, the space structure, decoration and the damaged and protection of Shan Xi， residence this traditional cultural value.

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Xu, Guan Yi, and Jin Ping Wang. "The Influence of Social Class in Human Settlements - Take Yen Hsi-Shan's Former Residence and Zhang Jiata Villages as an Example." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 1136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.1136.

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The Chinese officers and the people, this two big social hierarchies have been long-term antagonistic and coexistent situation for thousand years, under the influence of which the Chinese traditional houses also seems to head to the two different roads. This article selects two typical local-style dwelling houses building communities of Shanxi Province and shows the two different residential types of features from the layout, courtyard pattern to architectural form.

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Dormohamadi, M. "TYPOLOGY OF HISTORICAL HOUSES IN MUZAFFARID ERA: CASE STUDY OF ARDAKAN CITY, YAZD, IRAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-945-2020.

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Abstract. MOZAFFARIDS established the Mozaffarid dynasty in Yazd, Iran. This era witnessed a development in architectural and decorative features of Yazd buildings. Ardakan, in particular, enjoyed a period of prosperity in the 14th century, which led to a flourishing growth of architectural production. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical and historical-comparative method to investigate the typology of 12 historical houses of Ardakan city in the Muzaffarid era. By using literature review and field studies, four of these houses have been studied in detail in terms of architectural and decorative features and construction methods. The results of the study show that Mozaffarid houses in Ardakan have certain and distinguishable patterns and follow a general rule. Main Iwan as an outstanding feature in Mozaffarid houses, as well as a central courtyard and a Soffeh in front of the Iwan, repeated in all houses and other parts, are formed in their surroundings. With the change in the location of the main Iwan in the northern or southern part of the central courtyard and the fact that whether or not there is a garden, significant differences in organization and the quality of spaces have been made. Mozaffarid houses in Ardakan can be described as two main types each of which can be divided into two subcategories based on the Iwan position. The knowledge of typological characteristics of these historical architecture needs to be gathered to preserve the built heritage and a comprehensive document is essential for the preservation and conservation of the houses.

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Han, Wei Cheng, and Chong En Wang. "Researches on the Space and Architectural Construction of Stone Cave-Houses at Diantou Village." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.909.

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Diantou village cave-houses are close to the mountains and are faced with the Fengyu valley mouth. There are many hidden tunnels and burrows in the stone cave-houses in the village which mutually connect. The stone construction similar to barracks has important military function. The construction here is mostly of the floor type, the upper of the pavilion style with the bricks and stones, the top and the bottom being courtyard houses. The transportation, the structure and the defense thought are unique, with the extremely high scientific value and local esthetics connotation.

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Zheng, Jin, and Su Liu. "Research on Environment Adaptability of Traditional Town Houses in Changsha." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.173.

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Based on the investigation of traditional town houses in Changsha, the traditional building design strategies of town houses to environment are analyzed from the viewpoint of building technology. By analyzing the plan, the courtyard, the roof and measures for fire proof and moisture proof, and citing typical examples, the sustainable development principle of building and environment are elaborated. Furthermore, it provides several helpful reference and clue for ecological construction at present and in future.

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AL-Mohannadi, Asmaa, Raffaello Furlan, and Mark David Major. "A Cultural Heritage Framework for Preserving Qatari Vernacular Domestic Architecture." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 6, 2020): 7295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187295.

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Architecture and urbanism in the Arabian Gulf region, and specifically in the State of Qatar, offer many scenes to observe the loss of urban identity and cultural heritage in the various components of the built environment, including residential architecture. Many people attribute this to rapid development in globalization and the adoption of Western standardization in planning and design practice. Conversely, in the field of architectural sociology, scholars argue that socio-cultural factors such as privacy, gender segregation, and hospitality are the important variables for determining the spatial form of Islamic residential architecture. This research study aims to investigate the degree to which the shaping of the spatial form in a sample of Qatari vernacular courtyard houses embeds socio-cultural factors based on morphological analysis of human behavior and activities in domestic space. The study utilizes space syntax analysis to explore the spatial connectivity of four Qatari vernacular courtyard houses related to domestic functions as a realization of inhabitants’ system of activities and a manifestation of culture as a way of life. The study’s findings shed light on the spatial formation of Qatari vernacular courtyard houses as a realization of socio-cultural imperatives, thus reflecting the essence of societal formation in the domestic architecture of old Qatari settlements. The insights from this research study can help to contribute to a cultural heritage-framework for the preservation of distinctive Qatari Vernacular Residential Architecture based on the analytical criteria of housing spatial form, socio-cultural factors, and the interrelation between both.

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Long, L., Z. Gan, D. Zhang, and G. Semprebon. "STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HMONG MINORITY'S VERNACULAR DWELLINGS AT HUAYUAN COUNTY IN XIANGXI AREA (CHINA)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-57-2020.

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Abstract. Hmong vernacular dwellings are an indispensable and essential branch of traditional Chinese architecture, which bears the profound history of the integration of minority culture and Han culture for thousands of years. As a typical representative of the Hmong settlement in China, the Hmong Village in Huayuan County, western Hunan Province, has the distinct characteristics of respecting nature and making good use of terrain in the construction of vernacular dwellings, which embodies the unique regional, historical, cultural and national character. Firstly, the article analyzes the influence of terrain, landform, climatic environment, historical culture, and social structure on the layout, shape, and materials of the rural homes of the Hmong people in Huayuan County. Secondly, by analyzing the elements of the courtyard space, the layout characteristics of the courtyard, and the organization mode of the courtyard group, the overall spatial characteristics of the residential courtyard are analyzed. At the same time, from the perspective of a single residential house, to sort out the characteristics of its type as well as the floor plan, building structure, material colour, and detailed decoration. Finally, it emphasizes that the Hmong vernacular dwellings in Huayuan County, embody the distinctive cultural connotation of the Hmong nationality, and show the unique aesthetic and romantic sentiment of the Hmong vernacular architecture to the world.

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MURATA, Ryo, and Asumi KANEKO. "SECTIONAL COMPOSITION AND LIGHT ENVIRONMENT IN WINTER OF THE COURTYARD AND ADJACENT ROOMS IN CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE COURTYARD HOUSES." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 79, no. 700 (2014): 1321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.79.1321.

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Zhang, Xue Yan, Bin Chen, Yan Qing Liu, and Xv Liang Han. "Analysis on the Relationship between Typical House Mode and Heating Energy Consumption in Cold Rural Areas of Eastern China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.607.

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In cold rural areas of Eastern China, heating energy consumption was increased year by year, affected by some factors such as building materials, different courtyard layouts and residential constructions. Based on field measurements and multiple perspectives analysis of typical houses, the heat of cold air infiltration in one house could be reduced by 18.3 %, while the courtyard design was adapted to local climatic conditions. Heating energy consumption could be reduced by 15% for reasonable energy utilization, and which could be reduced by 50% for rational design of building layout and correct selection of materials for building envelope.

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Soflaei, Farzaneh, Mehdi Shokouhian, and Wenyi Zhu. "Socio-environmental sustainability in traditional courtyard houses of Iran and China." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69 (March 2017): 1147–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.130.

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AlKubaisy, Falah. "Greenery buildings Significance of courtyard houses design in the Arab world." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 5 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2019010.

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Serious and sober architecture comes from the concept that evolves through time and across generations, and shows its sustainability through innovation and business which is becoming a crucial move along with the product at the time and place of occurrence. Aspirations of the community, cultural identity and urban context are linked to the environment in which they arise. To some extent and up to the middle of the Twentieth Century, the architecture of each country and region reflected the heritage and environment of the residents who dwelled in that part of the area. With the effect of globalization and misuse of the “copy-paste” method, ready-deformed designs have disintegrated architecture in societies. This is inherited through a primitive thought fully dependent on the least efforts of designing. The consequences of this behavior have produced buildings without identity which do not meet the requirements of sustainable development. This article highlights the best practices by ensuring a sustainable environmental community in Bahrain and shows that this has been tackling the issue from top to bottom, by setting a sustainable strategy for the country and introducing a guideline of green building code. However, lack of building regulations is obvious and needs to be revised in favorites of greenery and saving lands to allow housing developers to build on the edge of the land plot without a setback from three sides of the land. This will have a flexible solution in designing a court-yard type which demonstrated a successful solution for the need of families as well as saving energy. Environmental best practices are led by the private sector, and some good examples of design have the quality of life. Creative designs can be appreciated when they reflect and inspire the past for the need of the present and looking forward to the future.

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Mao, Ruoxuan. "The Commercialization of Beijing Hutongs." Journal of Geography and Geology 10, no. 4 (November 26, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v10n4p39.

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This paper addresses the transition of Hutongs from alleys connecting the main streets to fully commercialized districts. Hutongs are narrow streets formed by rows of Siheyuans (quadrangle dwellings), a traditional type of Chinese architecture consists of four houses surrounding a courtyard. The architectural layout of Siheyuan is four houses surrounding a courtyard. There are several types of Siheyuans, including the Beijing Siheyuan. Along with the development of Beijing since 1949, numerous Siheyuans were demolished. However, since the 1980s, many Hutongs were brought under national and local protection. Some of the best preserved Hutongs, especially those in the center areas of Beijing, are now more commercialized than they were prior to the ‘80s. This paper discusses the causes as well as consequences of such commercialization. Literature concerning the Hutongs frequently discusses the Hutongs' history and the shift in their architectural design, as well as other aspects that have changed over time. By contrast, this paper discusses a special phenomenon of Hutongs in Beijing — commercialization — and focuses on the causes and results of it.

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BOZKURT, Selvinaz. "A STUDY ON THE COURTYARD FEATURES OF THE TRADITIONAL HOUSES OF ANTAKYA." TURKISH JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.469627.

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MURATA, Ryo, Toshiyuki NAGANO, and Koichi YASUDA. "THE ARRANGEMENT AND OPENNESS OF OUTDOOR SPACES IN CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE COURTYARD HOUSES." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 76, no. 661 (2011): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.76.569.

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45

Tkhorzhevska, Tetiana, and Kateryna Vynohradova. "COURTYARD OF THE HOUSING AREA IN THE EYES OF THREE GENERATIONS OF ITS INHABITANTS." City History, Culture, Society, no. 8 (June 17, 2020): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2020.08.080.

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This article examines changeability/non-changeability of the notions of the common communicative area at the example of one courtyard in the housing area of Odesa. Since "present city life includes numerous and various cultural features, styles of life and forms of owning of city space" (Holston, Appadurai, 1996), and anthropology gives a possibility to explore how exactly "global processes reflect on the particular person's life and the whole communities on the macrolevel" (Prato, Pardo, 2013), it seemed possible for us to choose as an exploration object one "courtyard", meaning the space in between of multi-story houses. XX century's second half known as the time of global urbanization, as a result of which at the beginning of the XXI century most of humanity turns out in the cities. Soviet modernization, including urbanization, was a part of those processes. USSR's dissipation and Ukraine's formation led to the change of many of every day's practics. All those processes influenced human societies and various local communities. We tried to find out how courtyard's inhabitants under all those complex processes changed their view on the notion of common space. Chronologically this research covers the period since first settlers in the new houses (1979–1980 yy.) until today (the research was set in the spring of 2018 y.). Were used methods of profound themed interview and mental mapping, with the help of which are explored views of three age groups of surrounding houses at common space between them. That way lets to embrace inhabitant's understanding of the courtyard as the common space for the examined period. The main research strategy is started by structuralists method of binary oppositions. For the analysis of changeability/non-changeability of the notions about the courtyard's common space were used binary oppositions collective/individual, activity/indifference, owned/foreign. Noticed by us tendencies of development of the notions about the courtyard's common space directed from collectiveness to individualism, from activity to indifference, from commonality and "our" space to the obscurity of foreign and incomprehension of owning the space."

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Qudsi, Adli. "Old Aleppo: Upgrading an Historic Residential Environment." Open House International 31, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2006-b0012.

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The Old City of Aleppo, a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site, a living town of 110,000 inhabitants residing in thousands of historical courtyard houses and an important commercial centre is now the subject of an internationally recognized rehabilitation scheme. This paper describes the history of this project and identifies a series of lessons to be learnt about the complex process of rehabilitation in a living historic environment.

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Smogorzewska, Anna. "Houses with a Central Courtyard. House Concepts in the Late Ninevite 5 Period at Tell Arbid." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 110, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2020-0010.

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AbstractHouses with central courtyards, examples of which were uncovered at Tell Arbid, show that standardization in house plans and spatial organization characteristic for EJZ 3 domestic architecture, can be traced back to the late Ninevite 5 period. Houses of this type were built at plots of lands and had a regular internal layout. Also in terms of socio-economic organization houses with central courtyards of late Ninevite 5 date can be regarded as a reference to the EJZ 3 period.

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Chiu, Chen-Yu, Philip Goad, Peter Myers, and Cem Yılgın. "Ideas and ideals in Jørn Utzon’s courtyard houses: dwelling, nature, and Chinese architecture." Journal of Architecture 25, no. 5 (July 3, 2020): 513–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2020.1788115.

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MURATA, Ryo, Aiko NEGAYAMA, and Koichi YASUDA. "FURNISHING OF COURTYARDS AND CONNECTION WITH LIVING ROOMS IN CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE COURTYARD HOUSES." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 77, no. 676 (2012): 1365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.77.1365.

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González-Redondo, Esperanza. "Building and repairing historic timber-framed courtyard houses: Corralas in Madrid (1747–1898)." Journal of Architectural Conservation 26, no. 2 (March 9, 2020): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2020.1735089.

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