Relevant bibliographies by topics / Courts – Central America

Academic literature on the topic 'Courts – Central America'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Courts – Central America"

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Caserta, Salvatore, and Pola Cebulak. "The limits of international adjudication: authority and resistance of regional economic courts in times of crisis." International Journal of Law in Context 14, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552318000071.

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AbstractThe paper compares the involvement of four regional economic courts in legal disputes mirroring constitutional, political and social crises at national or regional levels. These four judicial bodies of the EU, the Andean Community, the East African Community and the Central American Integration System have all faced varied forms of resistance to their involvement and their general authority. By comparing these four case-studies from across the globe, the paper identifies institutional and contextual factors that explain the uneven resistance. While the regional economic courts in Central America and East Africa were subject to backlash from the Member States, their counterparts in Europe and Latin America avoided backlash but at the price of achieving only a narrow authority.
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CASERTA, SALVATORE. "Regional Integration through Law and International Courts – the Interplay between De Jure and De Facto Supranationality in Central America and the Caribbean." Leiden Journal of International Law 30, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 579–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156517000322.

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AbstractThe article proposes an innovative theoretical framework outlining preconditions for Regional International Courts (RICs) to act as engines of supranationality in different institutional and socio-political contexts. In so doing, the article nuances the theoretical approaches to supranationality and supranational adjudication. The article focuses on the Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) and the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ). Both courts have been branded institutional copies of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU); they have even borrowed key jurisprudential principles from the Luxembourg Court with the goal of expanding the reach of Central American and Caribbean Community Laws. Yet, both the CACJ and the CCJ have thus far failed to foster supranationality in their respective systems. This is because the conditions allowing RICs to become engines of integration lie, for the most part, beyond the direct control of the judges, most notably, with other institutional, political, and societal actors, such as national judges, regional organs, legal and political elites, as well as academics. The article thus suggests that RICs can become engines of supranationality only to the extent to which they are supported by a set of institutional, political, and societal pre-conditions allowing for the concrete enforcement of the rulings of the RIC at the regional and national levels.
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Crowe, Justin. "Politicized Justice in Emerging Democracies: A Study of Courts in Russia and Ukraine. By Maria Popova. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 210p. $99.00." Perspectives on Politics 11, no. 1 (March 2013): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592712003052.

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In the United States, the borderline obsessive academic focus with judicial independence as a political science concept would lead one to believe that judicial independence as an empirical political reality is persistently endangered. And yet, periodic partisan apoplexy about controversial Supreme Court decisions notwithstanding, it is anything but: Even with judicial potency in polities as disparate as Israel, India, and Germany, the American judiciary remains perhaps the most powerful and most stable in the world. But with all due respect to John Locke, all the world is emphatically not America. Elsewhere, of course, there are locales where the climate surrounding law and courts is rather different, where judicial independence is inconsistent, threatened, or downright fictitious. It is in the study of these nations that judicial independence deserves the central place in public law scholarship it already occupies in America. And with the publication of Maria Popova's Politicized Justice in Emerging Democracies, students of at least two sets of those nations—post-Soviet states specifically and emerging democracies more generally—have both a clarion call for what they could be studying and a first-rate example of how they could be studying it.
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Norgren, Jill. "Lawyers and the Legal Business of the Cherokee Republic in Courts of the United States, 1829–1835." Law and History Review 10, no. 2 (1992): 253–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743762.

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When Europeans first arrived, the Native American societies of North America had a variety of systems of social control and conflict mediation. These indigenous peoples were not heir to the concept of equal protection of the law derived from the Magna Carta, nor to notions of individual rights defended in the English Bill of Rights (1689) and Western Enlightenment political thought. Theirs were systems of custom and commandment of their own need and development. Therefore, after the contact period, whenever conflict arose a central issue of cultural pluralism surfaced: whose resolution system would be used when mediation was necessary.
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Wilson, Bruce M. "Institutional Reform and Rights Revolutions in Latin America: The Cases of Costa Rica and Colombia." Journal of Politics in Latin America 1, no. 2 (August 2009): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x0900100203.

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This article analyzes the conditions that allowed for expansive rights revolutions in Costa Rica and Colombia. My research suggests that many of the preconditions for rights revolutions in other regions of the world are also central to understanding Latin American cases. Of particular relevance is judicial system design including the high courts’ operating rules concerning access, standing, and judicial formality. These factors can and do mitigate the need for extensive resources and support structures necessary in other non-Latin American countries in which rights revolutions have occurred.
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Lobel, Jules. "The Constitution Abroad." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 4 (October 1989): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203376.

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In recent years federal courts have faced a growing number of challenges to United States actions abroad. Citizens living abroad have brought claims alleging that their property was unlawfully taken or that their lives were threatened by United States governmental action. Aliens living in foreign countries have also invoked constitutional protections—Nicaraguans have alleged torture and assassination attributed to CIA activities in Central America; a Mexican alleged that his home in Mexico was searched by Drug Enforcement Agency officials without a search warrant; a Lebanese citizen claimed that he was unlawfully arrested and interrogated in international waters by U.S. agents; a Polish refugee tried for hijacking in a special United States court convened in Berlin sought the right to a jury trial. These cases test the extent to which the Constitution limits U.S. conduct abroad.
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Ogden, Julia. "Innocent Children and Passive Pederasts: Sodomy, Age of Consent, and the Legal and Juridical Vulnerability of Boys in Buenos Aires, 1853–1912." Law and History Review 37, no. 1 (February 2019): 237–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248018000457.

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This article explores the legal and judicial vulnerability of male youth in Buenos Aires, Argentina between 1853 and 1912, years that correspond to the codification of criminal law and the passage of the first age of consent laws. Using 65 sodomy and rape cases, it traces the courts' changing treatment of males who suffered sexual assault. It argues that a traditional revulsion of sodomy, a cultural preoccupation with female sexuality, official concern with the social order, and the preoccupations of classical and positivist criminologists ensured the liminality of male youth in both the law and the courts. Judicial authorities only started to regard prepubescent boys as innocent in the first decade of the twentieth century. By highlighting how age, innocence and gender were only mutually constituted in the twentieth century, this article makes a significant contribution to literature on the emergence of modern notions of childhood and innocence. Historians have shown how categories such as class, ethnicity, filiation and natal status worked to include or exclude certain groups from this classification in modern Latin America, this work reveals how central both age and gender norms and expectations were to the belated integration of boys.
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Schinkel, Maarten Pieter, and Jakob Rüggeberg. "Consolidating Antitrust Damages in Europe: A Proposal for Standing in Line with Efficient Private Enforcement." World Competition 29, Issue 3 (September 1, 2006): 395–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2006029.

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One of the lessons from US private antitrust practice is that limitation of defendants’ and plaintiffs’ rights should not be imposed lightly. Three Supreme Court decisions in Hanover Shoe, Illinois Brick and ARC America denying the pass-on defence and limiting standing to sue have resulted in a complex system of multi-district and multi-party litigation that achieves neither fair compensation nor efficient deterrence. Excluding the pass-on defence in Europe is a first step in a similarly irreversible sequence of further corollary requirements. We caution against taking this route and instead propose an alternative institutional design for the European Union. The proposal involves a centralised consolidation of fragmented individual antitrust damage claims. The assessment of damages is allocated to a central authority, which acts as amicus curiae upon a definitive infringement decision in an initiating action before a national court. This advisory position would most naturally be designated to a competition authority. It would conduct a public investigation and assess and specify the combined economic damages caused by the infringement. Its consolidated damage report is offered as an advice to the court, which subsequently apportions individual damages to the initiating plaintiff. Later related claims can refer to the report in consequential actions before national courts. The procedure provides an efficient, single, consistent and complete damage estimate, while still utilising the full detection potential of unrestricted private damage actions. This allows for an effective and efficient mechanism of private antitrust enforcement, whilst achieving compensation of actual damages for those injured by anti-competitive acts.
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Ripley, Charles. "The Central American Court of Justice (1907-1918): Rethinking the Word’s First Court." Diálogos Revista Electrónica 19, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/dre.v19i1.27966.

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The Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) (1907-1918) was created with the goal of minimizing conflict between the five republics: El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras. The CACJ, however, has attracted scant scholarly attention. Nonetheless, the Court is academically significant and historically relevant. The CACJ was not only the world’s first supranational body to which states would suspend their sovereignty and submit all complaints, but also evidence that international organizations could facilitate state cooperation and create peace. Addressing the gap in the literature through extensive archival research, this study finds the following. First, the Court played an instrumental role in mediating regional peace and averting war between the republics. Second, it addressed controversial issues concerning state relations such as non-intervention, the law of the sea, and international treaty obligations. Third, due to the Court’s profound legal work, it still continues to have the potential to contribute to international law and institutions. Finally, although Washington played a significant role in the Court’s rise and demise, the Court demonstrates the ability of Latin American countries to address their own regional issues. As a result, the CACJ is a valuable underexplored subject that merits historical consideration.
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Camp, Charles, and Theresa Bowman. "Rubin v. Eurofinance SA (U.K. Sup. Ct.)." International Legal Materials 52, no. 2 (April 2013): 623–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.52.2.0623.

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In October 2012, the United Kingdom Supreme Court (the Court), by a 4-1 majority, signaled a sweeping return to a more traditional approach to the enforceability of foreign judgments in avoidance in Rubin v. Eurofinance SA. The Court rejected the more liberal rule previously advocated by the Court of Appeal, which gave English courts discretion to allow enforcement of in personam judgments in avoidance where they were related to insolvency and bankruptcy proceedings. The central issue in Rubin v. Eurofinance was whether an in personam judgment, entered in default but made as part of, or pursuant to, insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings abroad could be enforced at English common law. The Court held that the American default judgment at issue in Rubin was not enforceable in English courts.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Courts – Central America"

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MARTINEZ, BARAHONA Elena. "Seeking the Political Role of the Third Government Branch: A comparative approach to high courts in Central America." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7931.

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Defence date: 22 January 2007
Examining board: Prof. Pilar Domingo (Universidad de Salamanca) ; Prof. Carlo Guarnieri (Università di Bologna) ; Prof. Donatella Della Porta (European University Institute) ; Prof. Philippe C. Schmitter (European University Institute)(Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Until recently, Courts were not an important component of political science research on Latin America. The quantity of research on the judiciary does not compare even remotely to the vast literature on others institutions. However, despite the relative inattention to their role, courts are institutions whose performance has concrete and relevant effects on the socio-political system. Indeed, Courts have currently emerged as active participants in the political process offering new opportunities to citizens, social movements, interest groups, and politicians. Focusing on three countries of Central America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Guatemala), this dissertation illustrates how far the political system in these countries is shaped in significant ways by the role of Courts as political institutions. Throughout a comparative approach, this study offers what may be the first cross-national analysis explicitly designed to serve as a comprehensive measure of the political role of High Courts.
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Zuñiga, Rivera Mónica. "L'érotisme dans des récits courts écrits par des femmes en Amérique Centrale : 1993 - 2013." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR2015/document.

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À travers l’érotisme et sa mise en fiction dans les récits courts écrits par des femmes dans la région centraméricaine, notre thèse montre l’importance de l’étude du discours érotique aussi bien que son évolution et ses dernières tendances. Dans l’introduction de notre recherche, nous expliquons de manière brève des conditions sociales et historiques de l’Amérique centrale afin de rendre visible une région qui reste méconnue même à l’heure actuelle. Ensuite, nous présentons la méthode que nous avons utilisée ainsi que les objectifs à suivre et les sources que nous avons consultées. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous établissons un parcours chrono-littéraire de l’érotisme qui commence par Le Cantique de Cantiques et qui finit avec un débat sur les notions de Bataille, les études du genre et quelques idées de la théorie queer. Observer l’évolution de l’érotisme ainsi que ses enjeux nous semblait fondamental
Through the analysis of eroticism and the way it is used in short tales authored by women of Central America, this thesis demonstrates the significance of the study of the erotic discourse as well as its evolution and the latest trends. In the first chapter- the introduction- we briefly explain the social and historical context of Cen-tral America, in order to draw attention to an area still unknown at the current time. Afterwards, we will intro-duce our method of analysis, the objectives and the consulted sources. In the second chapter we submit a chronology of eroticism in literature which starts by The Song of Songs and finishes by a debate about Gender Studies and the Queer Theory. It is crucial to observe the evolution of eroticism as well as its significance
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Rapier, Brandon S. "Examination of Native American remains in east central Indiana through mitochondrial DNA analysis." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1356254.

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Mound building was a common practice in the Midwestern United States among the Adena and Middle Mississippian tribes from approximately 500 B.C. to 1500 A.D. Though they varied greatly in size, shape, and complexity between cultures, the mounds served a common purpose as means to bury the deceased. Mounds representing both cultures have been found dispersed throughout Indiana, in areas such as Randolph County, Henry County, Madison County, Knox County, and Vanderburgh County.Of particular interest in this investigation is an Adena burial plot, known as Windsor Mound, which is 2000 yrs old and located in neighboring Randolph County. An amateur excavation of the mound from 1986 to 1988 unearthed the fragmented remains of 44 individuals and several artifacts, all of which were loaned to the Ball State University Anthropology Department. Documentation of the excavation was poor and the exact location of artifacts and remains within the mound were not recorded, leaving anthropologists with many unanswered questions that could only be answered through genetic analysis. Pressing questions were the degree to which the 44 individuals were related and which of the five Native American lineages (haplotypes) they belonged to.For this analysis, dentin was recovered from the teeth of three Native American individuals exhumed from Windsor Mound. Two of the individuals (87.17.5 and 87.17.10) were found in the lower mound portion (70 B.C.), while the third individual (87.17.22) was found in the upper mound cap (1180 A.D.). Ancient DNA (aDNA) was extracted from each dentin sample, yielding an average of 0.072 ug/mg of dentin. A highly polymorphic portion of the mitochondria) DNA control region (nt 16,049 - nt 16,221) termed hypervariable region 1 (HVI) was amplified via PCR to generate 172 bp amplicons which were cloned into a plasmid vector. Following a transformation, 10 clones from each individual were sequenced and aligned to identify consistent mutations, as opposed to random post-mortem damage that may have occurred.Sequencing of the HVI region for Individual 87.17.5 revealed a T —~ C base substitution at nt 16,189, a C — T substitution at nt 16,192, and a deletion at nt 16,203. Identical mutations were seen in Individual 87.17.22 from the upper mound cap. The alignment for Individual 87.17.10 revealed a unique T --~ C mutation at nt 16,126 as well as the deletion at nt 16,203. A literature search revealed that the substitution at nt 16,189 is specific to Native American 1-laplogroups B and X. Haplogroup B first appeared in central Asia 60,000 yrs ago while Haplogroup X appeared in western Asia 30,000 yrs ago. The substitution at nt 16,192 is indicative of East Asian origin and specific to Japanese populations. To our knowledge the deletion at nt 16,203 has not been reported before in a Native American, thus its presence was thought to indicate kinship between the individuals. However, an alignment of the ancient consensus sequences to that of the three investigators revealed that the deletion was present in two of the modern samples and was not novel. Nothing is known about the substitution at nt 16,126. Further sequencing downstream of nt 16,221 is needed to identify additional mutations characteristic of Haplogroup B or X and a novel kinship marker.
Department of Biology
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Gao, Jie. "Lake stage fluctuation study in West-Central Florida using multiple regression models." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000502.

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Steigman, Kenneth Lee. "Nesting Ecology of the Dickcissel (Spiza americana) on a Tallgrass Prairie Relict in North Central Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278787/.

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Eighty-three species of vascular plants were inventoried on the prairie relict during peak dickcissel nesting. Based on foliar cover and occurrence frequency, the five dominant plants were heath aster (Aster ericoides), eastern gammagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), sensitive briar (Schrankia roemeriana) and meadow dropseed (Sporobolus asper). Sixty-one percent of dickcissel nests were constructed on or immediately next to three plant species: eastern gammagrass, sensitive briar and green milkweed.
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Mitchell, Keva Latrice. "Perceptions from the Principals’ Desks: African American Elementary Principals and Reading Curriculum and Instruction in a Central Florida County." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000398.

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Berrios-Ayala, Mark. "Brave New World Reloaded: Advocating for Basic Constitutional Search Protections to Apply to Cell Phones from Eavesdropping and Tracking by Government and Corporate Entities." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1547.

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Imagine a world where someone’s personal information is constantly compromised, where federal government entities AKA Big Brother always knows what anyone is Googling, who an individual is texting, and their emoticons on Twitter. Government entities have been doing this for years; they never cared if they were breaking the law or their moral compass of human dignity. Every day the Federal government blatantly siphons data with programs from the original ECHELON to the new series like PRISM and Xkeyscore so they can keep their tabs on issues that are none of their business; namely, the personal lives of millions. Our allies are taking note; some are learning our bad habits, from Government Communications Headquarters’ (GCHQ) mass shadowing sharing plan to America’s Russian inspiration, SORM. Some countries are following the United States’ poster child pose of a Brave New World like order of global events. Others like Germany are showing their resolve in their disdain for the rise of tyranny. Soon, these new found surveillance troubles will test the resolve of the American Constitution and its nation’s strong love and tradition of liberty. Courts are currently at work to resolve how current concepts of liberty and privacy apply to the current conditions facing the privacy of society. It remains to be determined how liberty will be affected as well; liberty for the United States of America, for the European Union, the Russian Federation and for the people of the World in regards to the extent of privacy in today’s blurred privacy expectations.
B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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BELAVUSAU, Uladzislau. "Freedom of expression : European and American constitutional models for Central and Eastern Europe." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/18410.

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Defence date: 30 May 2011
Examining Board: Professor Wojciech Sadurski, University of Sydney / EUI (Supervisor); Professor Giovanni Sartor, EUI / Università degli studi di Bologna (Co-Supervisor); Professor Jiří Přibáň, University of Wales, Cardiff; Professor Michel Troper, Université Paris X Nanterre
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This doctoral thesis inquires into the role and perspectives of the ‘European’ (mandatory) and ‘USA’ (persuasive) constitutional models of the right to freedom of expression for the constitutional debate in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). This survey is based on the study of socio-legal developments in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, embracing the period of post-communist transition until 2010. The research focuses on three controversial issues in the realm of freedom of speech, namely (1) hate speech, (2) historical revisionism, and (3) pornography, before the U.S. Supreme Court and European Court of Human Rights. The essential novelty of the project is an assessment of European standards of free speech and non-discrimination beyond the mechanisms of the Council of Europe, encompassing the relevant aspects of EU law (judgements of the European Court of Justice and harmonised instruments) as mandatory standards for courts and legislators, including those in CEE. The research methodology transcends a standard case law assessment (comparative constitutional, public international, and EU law), normative jurisprudence and analytical philosophy, incorporating critical approaches stemming from post-structuralist scrutiny, rhetoric, sociology, legal history, history of ideas, and art criticism.
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Herrmann, Nicholas Paul. "Biological affinities of archaic period populations from west-central Kentucky and Tennessee." 2002. http://etd.utk.edu/2002/HermannNicholas.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2002.
Title from title page screen (viewed Feb. 27, 2003). Thesis advisor: Lyle W. Konigsberg. Document formatted into pages (xii, 208 p. : ill., maps (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-202).
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Books on the topic "Courts – Central America"

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Tushnet, Mark V. Central America and the law: The Constitution, civil liberties, and the courts. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1988.

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Los indios ante los foros de justicia religiosa en la hispanoamérica virreinal. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2010.

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Bolivia. Compendio normativo: Constitución política del Estado 7 de febrero de 2009; Ley marco de autonomías y descentralización "Andrés Ibañez", Ley 031 del 19 de julio de 2010 con sentencia constitucional 2055/2012 del 16 de octubre de 2012. Bolivia: Ministerio de Autonomías, 2012.

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1955-, Andrews Mark, ed. Flashbooks: The story of central Florida's past. Orlando: Orange County Historical Society and the Orlando Sentinel, 1995.

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Harrington, Kent A. The American boys. Tucson, AZ: Dennis McMillan Publications, 2000.

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James, Morton, and Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey, eds. Where the frolics and war dances are held: The Indian wars and the early European exploration and settlement of Muskingum County and the central Muskingum Valley. Baltimore, MD: Gateway Press, 1997.

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MacManus, Elizabeth Riegler. Citrus, sawmills, critters & crackers: Life in early Lutz and central Pasco County. Tampa, Fla: University of Tampa Press, 1998.

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Helsley, Alexia Jones. A guide to historic Henderson County, North Carolina. Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007.

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Richard, West. Hurricane in Nicaragua: A journey in search of revolution. London: M. Joseph, 1989.

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Ospina, Hernando Calvo. The Cuban exile movement: Dissidents or mercenaries? Melbourne: Ocean Press, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Courts – Central America"

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Lucio, José Miguel Cabrales. "Same-Sex Couples Before Courts in Mexico, Central and South America." In Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions, 93–125. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35434-2_5.

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Allain, Jean. "The Central American Court of Justice." In A Century of International Adjudication: The Rule of Law and it Limits, 67–92. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-577-3_4.

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Zúñiga, Natalia Torres. "State-centric vs. constitutional discourses?" In The Inter American Court of Human Rights, 132–73. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003200888-6.

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Stupples, Polly. "Accounting for Art in International Development: Insights from Artists’ Initiatives in Central America." In Making Culture Count, 228–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-46458-3_15.

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Tapia-Hoffmann, Andrea Lucia. "The Constitutional Court of Colombia Versus Central Bank Autonomy." In Legal Certainty and Central Bank Autonomy in Latin American Emerging Markets, 185–220. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70986-0_6.

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Eeckhout, Bart, Rob Herreman, and Alexander Dhoest. "A Gay Neighborhood or Merely a Temporary Cluster of “Strange” Bars? Gay Bar Culture in Antwerp." In The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods, 221–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66073-4_10.

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AbstractThis chapter investigates the historical permutations of those areas that come closest to qualifying as lesbian and gay neighborhoods in Antwerp, the largest city in Flanders (the northern, Dutch-speaking part of Belgium). Although Antwerp has come to be represented as the “gay capital” of Flanders, it never developed a full-fledged gay neighborhood in the Anglo-American tradition of the concept. The clustering of sexual minorities in the city has been limited largely to the economic, social, and cultural business of (nightlife) entertainment, with lesbian and gay meeting places historically concentrating in particular neighborhoods that, moreover, have shifted over time and dissipated again. The chapter’s fine-grained analysis intends to reveal geographic, social, and cultural specificities for which a more detailed understanding of both the Antwerp and the Belgian contexts is necessary. Its tripartite structure is shaped by the specific heuristic conditions set by it. Because the larger historical context for the investigated subject remains to be written, the chapter first undertakes a substantial and panoramic survey of the emergence of gay nightlife in Antwerp during the early half of the twentieth century. This provides the framework needed for a more detailed analysis in the second part, which zooms in on an area in the immediate vicinity of the Central Station and takes as its emblematic focus one sufficiently long-term and iconic gay bar, called Café Strange. Finally, the chapter zooms out again to sketch how even such a limited gay nightlife cluster in Antwerp has evaporated again in the course of the twenty-first century, leaving a landscape that is hard to map and largely virtual.
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Caserta, Salvatore. "The Theory and Practice of Founding Regional Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean." In International Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean, 96–121. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867999.003.0004.

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This chapter compares the foundations of the Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) and the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) with those of the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) and of the Mercosur Permanent Review Court (PRC). The goal is to provide general considerations related to the actors and factors that may be deemed of central importance for founding regional courts, and to confirm the value of the approach taken in this book. Similar to those of the CACJ and CCJ, the foundations of the ATJ and of the Mercosur PRC also extended over relatively long periods of time and were finally unlocked by the occurrence of events that were only partially and indirectly related to the two Courts. Against this background, the chapter draws general theoretical conclusions on the foundations of Regional Economic Courts (RECs) in Latin American and the Caribbean.
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Caserta, Salvatore. "The Extended Foundation of the Central American Court of Justice between Pacification and Globalisation." In International Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean, 65–95. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867999.003.0003.

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This chapter deals with the extended process of creation of the Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) arguing that, similar to the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), the Court is also the institutional crystallisation of the different movements that characterised the Central American legal field over time. One of the movements leading to the creation of the CACJ is highlighted in the literature on the proliferation of international courts (ICs), according to which the Court is an EU-style regional economic court whose aim is to enforce the policies of the Central American Integration System (SICA). The other movement, pursued by more local elites, is concerned with the long-lasting project of pacifying and democratising the region by legal and judicial means. In addition to examining the dynamics at play during this extended foundation, this chapter also looks at the window of opportunity that led to the creation of the Court, which was found in the Esquipulas I and II peace negotiations and the need to strengthen economic integration at the end of the Cold War.
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Caserta, Salvatore. "The Challenged and Challenging De Facto Authority of the Central American Court of Justice at the Intersection of Pacification, International Law, and Regionalism." In International Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean, 178–213. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867999.003.0006.

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This chapter deals with the trajectory of gaining de facto authority of the Central American Court of Justice (CACJ), showing how, different from the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), this Court has thus far failed to leave a significant mark in its operational context. In its early years, the Court fared rather well, especially in terms of its capacity to build a system of community law and to address some institutional difficulties of the Central American Integration System (SICA). However, when the Court became involved with several highly political disputes (i.e. a political clash between two former Nicaraguan Presidents and some territorial disputes among its Member States) in the early 2000s, it encountered strong resistance from several actors in its context of operation. As in the analysis of the CCJ, this chapter explains the fluctuation of the CACJ’s authority by looking at the role played by various contextual factors such as the institutional conflicts between the various organs of Central American integration, the highly polarised national politics of some of the Court’s Member States, and the divergent professional interests of the Central American legal elites.
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Caserta, Salvatore. "International Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean." In International Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1–24. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867999.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter presents the main theoretical and methodological issues of the book. In terms of theory, the chapter explains that the book relies on the concept of de facto authority, according to which international courts become authoritative and powerful when their rulings are endorsed by relevant audiences in their practices. To complement this approach, the chapter explains that the book proposes five original analytical markers, which are central for analysing and explaining the social processes through which international courts, in general, and regional economic courts, in particular, gain or lose de facto authority. These are: (i) the nature of the political environment surrounding them; (ii) the timing of their institutional founding; (iii) the material and/or abstract interests of the agents interacting with them; (iv) the fundamental support of different social groups relating to them; and (v) the societal embeddedness in their operational context.
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Conference papers on the topic "Courts – Central America"

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Boya-Lara, Carlos, Daniela Diaz-Solano, Aaron Fehrenbach, and Doris Saavedra. "A STEM Course for Computational Thinking Development with BEAM Robotics." In 2022 IEEE 40th Central America and Panama Convention(CONCAPAN). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/concapan48024.2022.9997660.

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Pollicove, Harvey M., and Duncan T. Moore. "Center for Optics Manufacturing Overview." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tuc1.

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The Center for Optics Manufacturing (COM), established at the University of Rochester's Institute of Optics, is a strategic collaboration of APOMA (American Precision Optics Manufacturers Association), several academic institutions (Arizona, Central Florida and Rochester), and the U.S. Army Materiel Command. This focused cooperative alliance is forging the optics industry's course for modernization and continuous improvement through original development programs that will determine the next generation of optics manufacturing technology.
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Stern, Robert, and Ignacio Pujana. "GEOGRAPHY, RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT OF LATIN AMERICA: A LOWER DIVISION COURSE DESIGNED FOR NON-MAJORS TO INTEREST STUDENTS TO WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT OUR SOUTHERN NEIGHBORS AND HISPANIC STUDENTS TO BE MORE INTERESTED IN OUR SCIENCE." In South-Central Section - 56th Annual Meeting - 2022. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022sc-373421.

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Hamade, R. F., and N. Ghaddar. "Mechanical Engineering Tools: A Problem-Based, Introductory Design Course at the American University of Beirut." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10196.

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Given the prevailing trend of ever decreasing number of required credits, this course solves one of the thorny issues which engineering departments encounter while developing curricula: to teach or not to teach ‘tools’. Those ‘tools of the trade’ include some truly ‘enabling technologies’ comprised of such ‘soft tools’ as CAD/CAM, MATLAB, project planning, controls and of ‘hard tools’ such as reverse engineering, assembly, machine shop fabrication processes, and printed circuit board technology. This course, ME Tools, was introduced in order to offer a viable platform which helps introduce the freshman mechanical engineering student to some of these ‘tools’ in a problem-based context. This goal is met via course organization and prevailing practices conducive to ‘active learning’ via activities and structure typically associated with collaborative and cooperative learning methods. ME Tools climaxes in a 5-event contest during which custom electric microcars are put to action in what is known around the American University of Beirut (AUB) campus as the ‘Gee Whiz contest’. Furthermore, and since the course activities revolve around one central theme, designing and racing an electric microcar, the true integral nature of this course is authenticated and revealed via this problem-based learning approach. This is accomplished as a team effort where teamwork experience and communication skills are highly stressed and practiced. The teams are organized so that the student team members are assigned to one of four functions: manager, systems engineer, analyst, and detail designer. The manner by which the students are assigned to one of these functions is done based on the students’ responses to a short (20 questions) questionnaire designed for this purpose. Assessment wise, grading of certain course grade components is mapped to the specific learning outcomes based on the cooperative, collaborative, and problem-based learning methods.
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Kleffner, Mark A. "LOWER SILURIAN STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION OF JOHN BRYAN STATE PARK, GREENE COUNTY, OHIO, AS A PROXY FOR THE PROBABLE INCOMPLETELY RECOGNIZED COMPLEXITY OF THE LOWER SILURIAN (LLANDOVERY) OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MIDWESTERN BASINS AND ARCHES REGION BASED ON CONODONT BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND δ13CCARBCHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY." In 50th Annual GSA North-Central Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016nc-275119.

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Lu, Xinli, David R. Larson, and Thomas R. Holm. "Preliminary Feasibility Study of Groundwater Source Geothermal Heat Pumps in Mason County and the American Bottoms Area, Illinois." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6342.

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Groundwater source heat pumps exploit the difference between the ground surface temperature and the nearly constant temperature of shallow groundwater. This project characterizes two areas for geothermal heating and cooling potential, Mason County in central Illinois and the American Bottoms area in southwestern Illinois. Both areas are underlain by thick sand and gravel aquifers and groundwater is readily available. Weather data, including monthly high and low temperatures and heating and cooling degree days, were compiled for both study areas. The heating and cooling requirements for a single-family house were estimated using two independent models that use weather data as input. The groundwater flow rates needed to meet these heating and cooling requirements were calculated using typical heat pump coefficient of performance values. The groundwater in both study areas has fairly high hardness and iron concentrations and is close to saturation with calcium and iron carbonates. Using the groundwater for cooling may induce the deposition of scale containing one or both of these minerals.
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Castro, Donald J., and R. Peter Stasis. "Innovative Water Treatment Design for Turning Wastewater Treatment Effluent Into Boiler Makeup Water." In 11th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec11-1688.

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The Pinellas County Resource Recovery Facility (PCRRF) is a 3,150 tons per day mass burn facility located in Pinellas Park, Florida. Due to local water use restrictions and increasing costs for potable water supplies in central Florida, Pinellas County has continuously sought to reduce potable water usage at its facilities. The PCRRF’s boiler makeup water system represented a prime target. Accordingly, a makeup water pre-treatment system using reclaimed water from a sewage treatment plant as its source, has been installed upstream of the existing reverse osmosis membrane and mixed bed polishing demineralizers. The pre-treatment system consists of a micro-filtration module, followed by a reverse osmosis module, which results in an overall configuration of micro-filtration, two stage reverse osmosis, and polishing demineralization. The system has been operational for approximately six months, and is producing excellent quality makeup water for the facility boilers. This paper will describe the pre-treatment process and its operational results to date.
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Marshall, John, Max Shtein, and Karl Daubmann. "Smartsurfaces: A Multidisciplinary, Hands -on Think Tank." In 2011 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2011.5.

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New design practices are emerging that span multiple traditional disciplinary boundaries. As these new models of practice manifest, new pedagogies also become necessary, often challenging both existing educational models and institutional constraints as a result. Gibbons, et al1 questioned the adequacy of traditional disciplinary structures within universities in the context of broader social, technological and economic contexts. The Association of American Colleges and Universities have argued that universities need to change their practices to develop students as “…integrative thinkers who can see connections in seemingly disparate information and draw on a wide range of knowledge to make decisions.”2 The National Academies have recommended, “…students should seek out interdisciplinary experiences, such as courses at the interfaces of traditional disciplines…”3 and that “…schools introduce interdisciplinary learning in the undergraduate environment, rather than having it as an exclusive feature of the graduate programs.”4 As indicated above, there has been much calling for cross-disciplinarity in education but to date there has been little investigation on the impact of cross-disciplinary courses on learning, especially in comparison to teaching that is more discipline-specific. For educators a central question arises: How do we prepare students to be extra-disciplinary thinkers and doers with “habits of mind”5 that prepare them to make the sort of hybrid responses that complex performance problems demand?
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Newnham, Mick. "`This is what you want, this is what you get´." In SOIMA 2015: Unlocking Sound and Image Heritage. International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/soima2015.4.16.

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There are limited training options for audiovisual archivists, with most formal courses centred in Europe or the United States of America, but high costs can prevent people working in audiovisual archives from accessing these opportunities. However, there are significant collections of audiovisual heritage spread across the globe, not the least in Southeast Asia and the Pacific region, that are at risk of loss due to a number of factors, including sta competencies. In 1996 audiovisual archivists formed the Southeast Asia–Pacific Audiovisual Archive Association (SEAPAVAA) to advocate on their behalf and to provide networking and other assistance to develop and sustain their respective collections. A key part of SEAPAVAA’s work has been to provide training. Over the past 20 years the association has developed and delivered educational programmes on all aspects of audiovisual archiving. Over this time its trainers have developed an analytical approach to prioritizing needs and optimizing delivery methods in a region that has many distinct languages and cultures and where one size does not fit all. This paper looks at how SEAPAVAA went about discovering those needs and developing training priorities around them.
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Agarwala, Priya, Oanh Le-Hoang, Judith A. Neubauer, and Jagadeeshan Sunderram. "TIME COURSE OF INDUCTION OF HEME OXYGENASE –1 (HO-1) IN THE CENTRAL CARDIORESPIRATORY REGION OF THE ROSTRAL VENTROLATERAL MEDULLA (RVLM) IN MICE FOLLOWING CHRONIC INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a4203.

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Reports on the topic "Courts – Central America"

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Manwaring, Max. Gangs, "Coups D' Streets," and the New War in Central America. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada435414.

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Story, Madison, and Adam Smith. Fort Hunter Liggett : a history and analysis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46340.

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The US Congress codified the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), the nation’s most effective cultural resources legislation to date, mostly through establishing the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The NHPA requires Federal agencies to address their cultural resources, which are defined as any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object. Section 110 of the NHPA requires Federal agencies to inventory and evaluate their cultural resources, and Section 106 requires them to determine the effect of Federal undertakings on those potentially eligible for the NRHP. Fort Hunter Liggett is located on California’s Central Coast within Monterey County. The fort has been used as a training facility for large-scale maneuvers and live-fire exercises since its establishment as a US Army training facility in 1941. The periods of significance for Criterion A are: from 1769 to 1833, relating to the founding and development of Mission San Antonio de Padua; from 1834 to 1923, relating to Euro-American land grants and ranchos; from 1923 to 1940, relating to Hearst’s purchase of the property and subsequent development; from 1940 to 1945, relating to the establishment of the Hunter Liggett Military Reservation (HLMR) and activities related to WWII; from 1959 to 1970, relating to the establishment and buildup of CDEC; and from 1975 to 1980, relating to HLMR’s redesignation as Fort Hunter Liggett and associated development. This report provides a comprehensive historic context for ranges, features, and buildings at Fort Hunter Liggett in support of Section 110 of the NHPA.
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