Academic literature on the topic 'County ordinances [proposed]'

The world adopted the Paris Agreement, in which all countries agreed to share the responsibility for responding to and adapting to climate change. However, according to the Paris Agreement, the responsibility is differentially burdened by each country in consideration of its capabilities. In this regard, Korea should also share appropriate responsibilities. Therefore, I reviewed the energy-related plans and policies of the previous and current governments in Korea. Then, it was examined whether Jeollanam-do, which has sufficient conditions for renewable energy production, systematically responded to the climate crisis, while revising laws and regulations that matched regional characteristics. Jeollanam-do is the best place for the renewable energy industry because it has superior renewable energy resources compared to other local governments, such as solar power generation with abundant sunshine, offshore wind power generation with excellent wind resources off the coast of Shinan, and tidal power generation due to strong currents in Jindo. However, due to the acceptability of local residents, renewable energy generation projects are not being carried out smoothly. Therefore, by reviewing renewable energy-related ordinances in other regions, various directions for improving renewable energy-related ordinances in Jeollanam-do were presented. In particular, in relation to the direction of amendment of the ordinance, emphasis was placed on profit sharing and ensuring procedural participation of local residents to increase the acceptance of local residents. In addition, a revision of the law was proposed to guarantee the right to participate in the actual procedural process.

Pakistan is a large and an important West Asian country which came into being in the name of Islam and therefore Islamic tenets remain the core of its constitution. The laws of the state have to conform to Islamic law so that they can have a positive impact on the society. Unfortunately, in Pakistan today not all men enjoy the rights and facilities to which they are entitled and women are doubly disadvantaged by poverty and gender. With their own political agendas, various governments have promulgated laws which affect the society in various ways. The laws which directly influence women's rights merit mention, as women comprise more than 50% of the population of Pakistan and are still kept on the sidelines by the male dominant society. The Muslim Family Law Ordinance, 1961, and the Hudood Ordinance, 1979 were both promulgated by military dictators with different visions. The former codified the rights of women bestowed by Islamic law; the latter repealed laws for sexual offences according to the injunctions of Islam and had a negative impact. Both laws need the assistance of forensic medicine as age estimation and medical examinations are necessary if they are to be followed in the right perspective. However, a legal need for an examination by an expert in forensic medicine is sadly lacking in both laws. This has happened due to lack of training of forensic physicians and therefore a lack of research in important areas of forensic medicine in the country. This paper examines these laws and the interaction they have with forensic medicine and proposes that the laws need revision in accordance with modern science, incorporating forensic sciences as well as the injunctions of Islam.

The management of religious affairs has the mode of “Policy”, “Legality”, “Rule of Law” and so on. In the past reformed 40 years, China's religious management policy has a consistent content, and the policy has always held the highest position in the management of religious affairs at all levels of government. Since the 1990s, religious administration has been "legalized" gradually. The implementation of the Religious Affairs Ordinance issued in 2004 marked the management mode of religious affairs in China entered the era that managing religious affairs according to regulations. In 2014, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPP Central Committee proposed "Integration Building for Rule of Law Country, Rule of Law Government and Rule of Law Society ". In 2016, the National Conference on Religious Work proposed “Improving the Rule of Law in Religious Work ", Rule of Law has become the goal of religious affairs management. Rule of law in religion has factors such as "Rights Protection”, “Separation of Church and State ","Public Power Restriction" and so on. The management of religious affairs in China needs to go beyond the traditional mode such as "Policy" and "Legality". The "Rule of Law" mode of Good Law and Good Governance is the inevitable choice.

Introduction: A new change in funding for Primary Health Care, the program called Previne Brasil, was established by Ordinance No. 2,979, in November 2019, brings a set of methods organized and distributed in municipalities with incentives for PHC teams for strategic actions, pay for performance, and weighted capitation. Objective: To understand the impacts of the program on the productivity of the team at a Family Health Unit, located in the city of Ponta Grossa/PR, based on seven Previne Brasil performance indicators. Methodology: This is a qualitative and descriptive research, carried out during the period from August 2023 to January 2024. The study is based on documents and bibliography on the topic, reports were generated by the Ministry of Health, produced by the E- GESTOR and SISAB to obtain team productivity data, and applied an electronic questionnaire to USF professionals with questions relevant to the research. Results: Based on the indicators for the 1st and 2nd quarter of the city, the present study showed that 100% of 6 consultations were carried out per pregnant woman and partially by the USF. There were fluctuations in the other health indicators, but it should be noted that indicators 6 and 7 reached well below the requested target. The electronic questionnaire showed that the team's notes mostly differed in terms of the population and whether or not they adhered to it so that the proposed goals could be achieved. Conclusion: The evaluation carried out in this work highlights the importance of serving the population not only in quantitative numbers, but as a quality of life for the subjects, the active participation of the population, the execution of actions, projects, campaigns, active search to raise awareness among people about their health conditions and its impact on their lives.

This article provides an analysis of the bill proposed in 2019 to amend Hong Kong Fugitive Offenders Ordinance (FOO), Hong Kong domestic legislation on extradition. The FOO Amendment Bill introduced the possibility of, and detailed the conditions for, surrendering fugitives from Hong Kong to other regions of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), among which, controversially, mainland China. After multiple protests, the proposal was withdrawn. It nonetheless represents the first attempt of introducing a legal basis for extradition between Hong Kong and mainland China, and it is thus deserving of close scrutiny. The article describes the unique constitutional setting in which this amendment was proposed, Hong Kong and mainland China being two regions of the same sovereign country which have two radically different legal systems under the ‘One Country, Two Systems’ principle. It compares the proposed system for extradition between these two regions with the rules regulating extradition between Hong Kong and third states, and with international systems for surrender, including the European Arrest Warrant and the UN Model Extradition Treaty. It shows that the FOO Amendment Bill would have put in place a surrender system in some respects less advanced and subject to more obstacles than standard international extradition Treaties and than the system regulating extradition between Hong Kong and third countries. This is the case, for instance, for the rules on penalty thresholds and on double criminality. Conversely, in other respects, it would have been even more advanced (and with fewer obstacles) than the European Arrest Warrant, one of the most advanced systems of international surrender. This is notably the case for the rules regulating extradition of Hong Kong residents to other parts of the PRC. These latter were, however, among the more controversial aspects of the proposal. The article also discusses the challenges that reintroducing a similar proposal would face in the future, including in light of current political and legal developments – notably the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress’s July 2020 adoption of the ‘Hong Kong National Security Law’. It suggests that one avenue to smoothen surrender proceedings between Hong Kong and mainland China would be taking a procedural rather than a substantive approach, namely by increasing the role of courts and decreasing the role of executive bodies in the extradition procedures.

We consider such category as defamation, which is widespread in many foreign countries. Defamation is the dissemination of damaging information, which, however, is true. This concept has become widespread in the last century, many states have adopted special legislation that mediates relations in this area. For example, the United Kingdom has the “Defamation Act 1996” and Singapore has the “Defamation Ordinance 1960”. We emphasize that in the same 1960s in our country “the system of defamation seemed absolutely unacceptable and contrary to the spirit of society”. In the course of study, comparative legal methods are used to analyze the legislation of states with the Anglo-Saxon and Romano-Germanic legal system. Based on the study of the doctrinal points of view of scientists and the positions of higher courts, the definition of this category is formed from the position of civil tort. The following definition is proposed: “Defamation is a violation of civil legislation, which consists in the dissemination of false information damaging the honor, dignity and business reputation of a person and also the dissemination of truthful personal information, the disclosure of which violates the conservation law are listed in the intangible benefits of the citizens”. We analyze the provisions of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 24, 2005 no. 3 “On judicial practice in cases of protecting the honor and dignity of citizens, as well as the business reputation of citizens and legal entities”. We conclude that the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation borrowed advanced provisions from the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights.

Introduction: The excellence of Nutritional Therapy (NT) for hospitalized patients requires the existence of a Multiprofessional Nutrition Therapy Team (EMTN). The implementation of a EMTN in Brazilian hospitals is mandatory according to the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), since the publication of Ordinance 272 of 1998. The EMTN must be constituted by at least one doctor, one dietitian, one nurse and one pharmacist, qualified and with specific training in NT. Despite all efforts to develop NT in Brazil, the prevalence of malnutrition remains high. NT when performed by EMTN is associated with reduced complications and costs. The presence of EMTN still does not seem to be the reality of all Brazilian hospitals. Objective: The present study aims, by means of an electronic questionnaire, to determine the existence and the current situation of the EMTN in public and private hospitals in Brazil and to define the profile of the professionals who work in the EMTN. Methods: Study carried out using a survey-type electronic questionnaire. The REDCap program was used to record responses. Results: 115 Brazilian hospitals participated, of which 80% declared having EMTN, being present in all regions of the country, with greater prevalence in the Southeast region and in large hospitals. Regarding the use of NT, it was found that institutions with EMTN have a higher average use of Enteral NT (31.9 patients) and Parenteral NT (4.3 patients). There was also a greater use of oral supplements in hospitals with EMTN (37 patients) when compared to hospitals without EMTN (18.4 patients).In almost half of the institutions, work at EMTN is not the exclusive activity of these professionals. Conclusion: EMTN are not yet a reality in all large hospitals in Brazil. A broader study can help to clarify this scenario and propose strategies for the strengthening of NTMS and NT.

Introdução: O atropelamento de fauna em rodovias é um assunto que vem ganhando espaço entre os pesquisadores. Objetivos: Este trabalho tem por objeivo realizar uma nova revisão bibliográfica, que revele como se encontra o atual estado do conhecimento brasileiro sobre atropelamento de fauna, verificando o número de publicações por estado e região do país e quais as medidas mitigatórias sugeridas nos estudos. Materiais e Métodos: Para a realização da coleta de dados foi consultada a base de dados Scielo, com filtro temporal de ar:gos publicados entre os anos de 2006 e 2017. Resultados: Foram encontrados 51 artigos científicos. O número de publicações por estados apresenta uma grande desigualdade, sendo que apenas 19 estados possuem trabalhos voltados para o tema. A região que possui maior número de trabalhos é a região Sul (n=19), seguida pela região Sudeste (n=15). As regiões Centro-oeste e Norte contaram com o mesmo número de publicações (n=6) e a região Nordeste contou com cinco trabalhos (n=5). Os estudos não seguiram um crescente de publicações, sendo observado um discreto aumento de produção entre os anos de 2013 e 2014, o que pode ser justificado pelo surgimento da Portaria n°420 de 26 de Outubro de 2011. As medidas mitigatórias propostas foram campanhas educativas (n=12), placas de sinalização (n=9), redutores de velocidade (n=7) e implantação de passagem de fauna (n=6). Conclusão: É possível observar uma maior concentração de estudos na região Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, ficando os demais estados carentes de mais estudos para avaliação dos reais impactos causados pelas rodovias. Dessa forma poderão ser adotadas as medidas para preservação da nossa biodiversidade. Introduc4on: Wildlife road collision on highways is a problem that has been gaining space among researchers. Objectives: This study aims to carry out a new bibliographical review, to reveal the current state of Brazilian knowledge on the referred situa:on, verifying the number of publica:ons by state and region of the country. Materials and Methods: In order to accomplish the data collec:on, the Scielo ar:cles were analyzed between the years 2006 to 2017. Results: Fihy one scien:fic ar:cles were found. The number of publica:ons by state presents a great inequality, with only 19 states having studies focused on wildlife road collision. The region with the highest number of articles is the southern region (n=19), followed by the southeast region (n = 15), the central-west and northern regions had the same number of publications (n=6) and Northeast had five studies (n=5). The most affected class were mammals (n=26), followed by birds (n=10), reptiles (n=4) and amphibians (n=4).The studies did not follow an increasing number of publications, with a slight increase in production between the years of 2013 and 2014, which may be justified by the appearance of Ordinance 420 of 2011, which deals with the regulariza:on of road development, and imposes several mitigating measures for impact reduction. The main mitigating measures proposed by the authors were educational campaigns (n=12), signaling signs (n=9), speed reducers (n=7) and implantation of fauna passages (n = 6). Conclusion: Despite the increase in the number of publications, there is still a greater concentration of studies in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, and the remaining states lack further studies to evaluate the real impacts caused by the highways. Thus, measures may bead opted to preserve our biodiversity.

The link between alcohol and gun violence is uncontestable, as is the link between drunk driving and intoxication. But as one county in New York state tried — and failed — to impose ordinances against carrying a firearm while intoxicated, there is no state law against it. That's why Gov. Kathy Hochul is considering the need for such a law. The largely liberal state has relatively tough gun laws, but unlike many other states, still allows people who are intoxicated to be armed in public. “You can't have drunks walking around the streets carrying guns,” began an editorial in The Daily Gazette from Schenectady on Aug. 9. “Even in our 2nd Amendment‐focused society, most people would agree with that.” The editorial went on to cite an incident last fall that occurred in Saratoga Springs when an “intoxicated, off‐duty Vermont state's sheriff deputy got into a gunfight with police and three others in the heart of the city's bar district near Caroline Street.” The Saratoga Springs City Council tried to amend the city's firearms law to fix this, this month, but could not. Those who voted against the city's proposed amendment asked questions such as, “Will police be able to randomly stop intoxicated individuals if they believe they have guns, or will they have to wait before making an arrest until someone who appears to be intoxicated pulls out a gun? Will someone get a warning and be given the opportunity to secure their weapon elsewhere before being charged, or is arrest automatic?” The problem shows that the issue can't be solved county by county, or municipality by municipality, but must be solved at the state level. Even in Texas, even those with a license to carry a gun are not allowed to carry it while intoxicated. Florida has a similar law. “Why can't New York,” the editorial asked.

AbstractIn 1979, following a military coup, President Zia-ul-Haq sought to foment his power by ‘Islamizing’ Pakistan. Among other policies, he enacted the Hudood Ordinances to codify classical Islamic fiqh on criminal law, including the controversial Zina Ordinance (“Ordinance”) which criminalizes sex outside of marriage. Shortly after its passing, the Ordinance led to the unjust incarceration of thousands of low-income women across the country. Decrying the law as violence against women, human rights supporters around the world demanded reform. Finally, in 2006, Pakistan passed the Protection of Women Act (PWA) that amended the Ordinance, rendering the law procedurally toothless. Still, reforms left the substance of the Ordinance intact, giving men license to take the law into their own hands with effective impunity, leading to a rise in honor killings. Given the need for repeal of the Ordinance, this paper looks to lessons learned from the successes and failures of the 2006 reform to propose a strategy for the future. The 2006 reform adopted an apologetic ‘pragmatic reformist’ approach, building a coalition of conservative Islamists and secularists behind an incremental policy shift. This paper proposes that for a more substantive change that is still effective, the women’s rights movement should shift away from the purely secular or purely Islamic approach to espouse secularism and human rights but using an Islamic rationale, shifting societal attitudes from within the tradition. Doing this, I echo arguments made by reformist-activists Abdullahi An’Naim and Ziba Mir-Hosseini among others as well as adopt the approach of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the High Courts, and the Federal Shariat Court (FSC) themselves in their attempts to reconcile Pakistan’s constitutional commitments to both human rights and Islamic law. Such a strategy, I posit, is slow but both effective and long-lasting.

Abstract Article X, which addresses county and township organization, had its origins in the 1851 Ohio Constitution, but counties and townships existed in Ohio before statehood. The Northwest Ordinance referred to both in directing the territorial governor “to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the legislature.” Unlike municipalities, counties and townships are agencies or administrative arms of the state and have no inherent powers independent of the General Assembly. The 1851 Article was a bare-bones article giving the General Assembly the power to create counties and townships but not defining their powers other than giving them “the power of local taxation for public purposes as may be prescribed by law.” In 1933, however, the voters approved a constitutional amendment, proposed by initiative petition, to restructure this article completely, to repeal all its existing sections, and to give counties (but not townships) the option of adopting home rule. Townships also have the option of adopting limited home rule, which was given to them by the General Assembly and not the constitution.

The Hong Kong Legal Information Institute (HKLII) provides a repository of legal documents in Hong Kong and such as ordinances and historical court judgments. HKLII provides a search facility through which users retrieve relevant documents. We perform statistical analysis on HKLII access log over a 5-year period categorizing user search queries and discovering interesting user access patterns. Based on this study, we propose enhancing user experience through identifying the search intent of the user. We classify a user query into one of several types and customize the search behavior based on the query type to enhance user experience. Our study provides an example of leveraging log analysis in legal information system design.

When I wrote this paragraph, I lived in the city of Ann Arbor, Michigan, which is located in the United States of America. Here are some things that recently happened in these places. In the decade prior to the one in which I completed this book, members of Congress proposed over 40,000 bills. In an average year, Congress passed and the president subsequently signed over 200 of these bills into law. My state legislature was similarly active. In one of the years when I was writing this book, Michigan’s House of Representatives produced 1,239 bills, 42 concurrent resolutions, 36 joint resolutions, and 174 resolutions. During the same period, Michigan’s Senate produced 884 bills, 25 continuing resolutions, 19 joint resolutions, and 106 resolutions. Michigan’s governor signed 323 of these proposals into law. In the same year, my city passed over 100 ordinances of its own. In addition to these laws, federal agencies such as the United States Department of Commerce promulgated thousands of rules and regulations. These rules and regulations are not trivial matters. Laws intended to fight crime, educate children, care for the sick, or accomplish other social priorities often lack specific instructions for what to do in individual cases. Rules and regulations provide these instructions. They clarify how to interpret and implement these laws. One other thing to know about these rules and regulations is that there are a lot of them. In one of the calendar years in which I was working on this book, federal agencies issued more than 3,500 rules spanning more than 82,000 pages of the Federal Register. Every one of these 3,500 rules, and the comparable number of rules proffered in other years, carry “the full force of law.” Beyond laws and rules, other participants in government activities make decisions that are legally binding on me. In law offices and court­rooms across the country, people challenge the meanings of the laws, rules, and regulations described above. Each case focuses on whether it is legal to interpret a law or rule in a particular way.

This paper outlines the implementation of a National Ordinance across the country of Kuwait. The ordinance is a platform that is based on a seximal system of measurement for spatial and data driven planning. This system simultaneously provides a spatial framework for optimized connectivity as well as an analytical platform for projecting and tracking development across an entire nation. The national master plan for the country of Kuwait, the Fourth Kuwait Master Plan 2040, utilizes a National Ordinance that serves as the planning and development platform for the country. The ordinance is based on the Land Ordinance of 1785, Jefferson’s plan for most of the United States, however, it is restructured to address changes in context, technology and operation. In this case the Ordinance provides parallel Geographic Information Systems for both spatial implementation and data analytics. The intention is to use the Ordinance to address the difficulty in planning for the future of a complex system such as an entire country. This paper provides 1) a brief introduction to the idea of an Ordinance, 2) the historical context for the idea of a national planning platform, or ordinance, 3) historic examples and analyses, 4) the underlying concepts and methodology for the proposed ordinance, and 5) a detailed analysis of the proposed Kuwait National Ordinance.