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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Countryside'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Gagnesjö, Sara. "A Countryside Perspective of Queer : - queering the city/countryside divide." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Genus, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-110749.

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This thesis contributes with a countryside perspective to queer research by highlighting the countryside as a context where queer lives are lived. In the thesis I problematize the city/countryside divide with a view of the concept of queer as dependent on space and time.  The empirical materials are generated through a workshop on queerness, gathering people living within a countryside context; the materials consist of a discussion and written responses to questions on queerness and the city/countryside binary. Theoretically and methodologically, the thesis is inspired by the notion of agential realism (Barad 2007) and situated knowledge, (Haraway 1988); the use of creative writing, inspired by Richardson (1994 and 2000), has also been central to the development of the thesis. The analysis is carried out within themes focusing on conditions for queerness within city/countryside experienced by people situated in the countryside. The analysis shows how space, time, contexts and intersections are entangled and queering the city/countryside divide.
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2

Stevuliakova, Terezia. "Commons Across Slovak Countryside." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138794.

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Culture houses in Slovak villages, remnats of the former Soviet Union and other countries of Eastern Bloc, provides spaces for events and meetings that bring people together. 2 The project aims to explore how culture and spaces for it can ground other developing projects in a particular physical, social and historical context and enable users to become active in the present transformation of place and to mediate more diverse life in rural areas. The project emerges from issues of recent extremism across different scales, a loss of identity, social isolation, lack of interest in what is common, followed by lack of action and care. I want to raise a question what our culture and customs are, whether they are still eligible in all its forms and if not, how it could be subverted collectively. The project aims to create spaces that can accommodate these events of exchange and sharing and where objects enabling conversations can be exhibited. By creating memories and attachment our relations and communities sustain. Based on the idea of trust and active involvement, I see a potential to challenge the image of rural areas in the minds of its inhabitants. The perspective of the collective and the individual in narratives, mappings together with a brief history and statistical values forms a base for interpreting different attitudes towards culture and the commons. The exhibited objects touch on issues of traditions, consumerism, male dominance, control, time and value working further on the aspects of culture, memory and change. The thesis is not after preserving the salvage paradigm which concentrates on the adjudication of authenticity in cultural revivals but instead, it examines themes and quesions which might be of interest and use to people living in the village and area nowadays.
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3

Nolan, Charls D. "Minnetonka countryside : a retirement community." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76402.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1986.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaves 101-102.
by Charles D. Nolan, Jr.
M.S.
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4

Newman, Ian. "Countryside recreation and people with disabilities." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278944.

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5

Parker, Gavin Philip David. "Citizen's rights and private property rights in the English countryside : a study of countryside recreational access provision." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/0ee30650-3d59-46c4-b3ff-ecf12fbc4671.

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6

Demirciler, Volkan. "Agricultural Practices And Countryside In Classical Greece." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608185/index.pdf.

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The subject of this study is the rural settlements in Classical Greece. There is no doubt that there were various factors determined the ancient settlement patterns in Greek countryside. Geographical conditions, socio-economic and political structures can be regarded as major significant factors behind the settlement practices of ancient societies. In this study the relationships between agricultural system and rural settlements of Classical Greece will be examined.
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7

Munn, Stephen. "Imaging the countryside : tourism in the Cotswolds." Thesis, Coventry University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395325.

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8

Stoate, Miriam Elizabeth. "Farm family business & countryside stewardship scheme." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417552.

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9

Li, Kuang. "Towards a Revival of Contemporary Chinese Countryside." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1459438998.

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10

So, Wai-kong. "The unofficial countryside : ecological management outside protected areas /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34739397.

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11

Ricci, Erin Michelle. "Cultivating change new products from Costa Rica's countryside /." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10225/760.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2008.
Title from document title page (viewed on March 18, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains: x, 223 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-220).
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12

Tantram, Dominic A. S. "Mapping the countryside : information for policy and management." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2001. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/3001/.

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There is an increasing demand for information for the rational assessment and reporting of the state the environment, to detect change and to assess the effectiveness of policy or management measures. The research investigated the use of information by conservation organisations through case studies in the Statutory Nature Conservation Agencies and the North York Moors National Park. The results highlighted a number of key problems in the organisational use of information and in the content and utility of the data available. These included the lack of an organisational culture of information use, imperfect knowledge and utilisation of available data, the need to meet changing information demands and the requirement to produce comparable local, regional and national habitat stock estimates. Many of the data deficiencies highlighted would appear to be met by the Countryside Survey (CS) initiative. Despite offering potentially suitable data, with a combination of an environmental stratification (the ITE land class system), field survey and remotely sensed data, this source was little used. Thus, the study sought to assess the scope for comparing CS data with other habitat estimates and for improving the accuracy of these data through the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Three main techniques were employed, modified areal weighting, modified areal weighting with control zones and intelligent weighting’ a hybrid approach in which Land Cover Map of Great Britain (LCMGB) data were employed to redistribute Countryside Survey 1990 (CS9O) totals within ITE land classes. The research found that sub-land class estimates from CS9O data could be improved in some circumstances. In most cases, LCMGB provided better estimates of habitat location and quantity than CS9O. In a few cases, the intelligent weighting method improved the interpolation of CS9O estimates. It is suggested that regional habitat estimates may be improved further through greater within-land class differentiation, an increase in within-land class sampling intensity or stratification and the further development of the LCMGB. The problems faced in integrating, analysing and using available geographic data are considered and conclusions presented
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13

Ricci, Erin Michelle. "CULTIVATING CHANGE: NEW PRODUCTS FROM COSTA RICAS COUNTRYSIDE." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/579.

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This dissertation examines rural families responses to global and local situations that have made earning a livelihood as a farmer very difficult. Drawing from original research, including a household livelihood census of 195 households, interviews with 72 people, participant observation, and archival research, the dissertation explores how rural families have responded to declines in domestic agricultural markets fueled by global and national forces and local environmental change. It asks: what impact will small farming families responses to these forces of change have on peoples identities as peasants? I argue that while great change is underway in the countryside, peasant identity continues to flourish as people on the ground re-work and re-negotiate what it means to be a peasant. This research provides a voice to those often overlooked by macro-analyses of economic, political, or cultural development by providing rich ethnographic details on how global forces impact otherwise out-of-the way places. This dissertation critically examines what is meant by development and change, what development and change look like in a local, grounded context and what current trends can teach us about the future of rural areas both in Costa Rica and in other regions of the world experiencing similar phenomena: increasing educational opportunities for youth, a continued opening up of agricultural markets, a blurring of the line between the urban and the rural, and declining environmental quality.
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14

So, Wai-kong, and 蘇偉綱. "The unofficial countryside: ecological management outside protected areas." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013214.

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15

Bishop, Kevin David. "Multi-purpose woodlands in the countryside around towns." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278651.

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16

Leyshon, Michael. "Youth identity, culture and marginalisation in the countryside." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251155.

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17

Splavska, V. O., O. O. Dudukova, V. V. Dubrovska, and V. I. Shklyar. "Energy supply of countryside based on geothermal deposit." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26791.

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18

Kassyk, Adam P. "Leisure in the countryside : perception, participation and policy." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19889.

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19

Edwards, Sian. "Youth movements, citizenship and the English countryside, 1930-1960." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47206/.

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This thesis explores the significance and meaning of the countryside within mid-twentieth century youth movements. Whilst modern youth movements have been the subject of considerable historical research, there has been little attention to the rural context within which so many of them operated. Moreover, few historians have explored youth movements into the post-Second World War period. This thesis therefore makes an original contribution both in terms of its periodisation and focus. It draws on a rich seam of archival and printed sources focusing in particular upon the Boy Scout and Girl Guide movements, the Woodcraft Folk and the Young Farmer's Club movement. The thesis examines the ways in which the countryside was employed as a space within which ‘good citizenship' could be developed. Mid-century youth movements identified the ‘problem' of modern youth as a predominantly urban and working class issue. They held that the countryside offered an effective antidote to these problems: being a ‘good citizen' within this context necessitated a respectful and mutually beneficial relationship with the rural sphere. Avenues to good citizenship could be found through an enthusiasm for outdoor recreation, the stewardship of the countryside and work on the land. Models of good citizenship were intrinsically gendered. Girls were trained for their domestic role within the home, although this was a specifically rural form of domesticity. Chapter One explores the shifting relationship between the urban public and the countryside in the mid-century and argues that the popularity of outdoor recreation developed understandings of citizenship that were directly linked to the English countryside. For youth this country-conscious citizenship could be developed in three spheres: leisure, work and the home. Chapter Two examines the approach of youth movements to youthful leisure across the mid-century and, using concern for the juvenile delinquent as a case study, argues that through physical and mental improvement the countryside could prevent misbehaviour. Parallel to this youth movements instilled an understanding of ‘good' countryside manners and encouraged members to protect the countryside from the onslaught of urban pleasureseekers. Chapter Three explores the importance of agricultural work in meanings of ‘good citizenry' arguing that for both urban and rural boys proficiency in farming, particularly in wartime, was considered an important service to the nation. Chapter Four investigates how the sphere of the home remained central to understandings of ‘good citizenship' for girls and suggests that the distinct nature of rural domesticity should be considered here. It also considers the place of youth movements within the gendered lifecycle, understandings of female deviance and issues of agency in leisure provision for girls in the mid-century. This thesis argues that, fundamentally, the mid-century period should be seen as one of continuity in the training of youth movements. The central role of the countryside in categorisations of ‘good citizenry' supports recent understandings of a rural national identity in the mid-century. Furthermore, approaches to youth were clearly divided in terms of both class and gender. While concerns over the working classes did shift at this time understandings of innate working class deviance remained. Moreover, the persistence of gendered understandings of citizenship and the emphasis on domesticity for girls suggests that gender remained central to experiences of youth movements in the mid twentieth-century.
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20

Oglethorpe, J. S. "Change and memory : the Central Italian countryside, 1945-1970." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18716/.

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During the 1950s and 1960s, Italy became an industrial society. The rural world, which had hardly changed over centuries, underwent a momentous transformation. This PhD thesis documents the changes in rural central Italy, specifically the Marche and Umbria regions, between 1945 and 1970, and analyses how this period has been remembered. This research is important because these major changes, including the collapse of the dominant sharecropping system, have had very little attention; central Italy has been neglected in favour of comparisons between North and South. Those who lived through this period have not been heard, and that generation is now disappearing. Fifty interviews were recorded with former sharecroppers and others, in three small areas in the Umbria-Marche Apennines, during study in Italy in 2005, 2006 and 2007. Local archives and libraries were also consulted. The themes of the five chapters are: the decline of sharecropping; the social role of the Church and its ownership of land; migration; change through political action and mechanization; and abandonment of the countryside. The research shows that as people left the countryside to work temporarily elsewhere, many in other European countries, the rural population fell and the agricultural labour market changed. Farming families had less insecurity and more choice. It finds that sharecropping persisted until the 1990s, despite legislation intended to end it, but farmers started to diversify outside the sharecropping contract which no longer determined how people lived. The research suggests that the Church prefers to forget that priests had to manage parish land under sharecropping. Peasants took political action annually over sharecropping contracts, but this was patchy and is not always remembered. Mechanization, however, is shown to have permanently affected the rural economy. The crumbling of characteristic farmhouses in depopulated landscapes is examined; their neglect suggests problematic memories of the peasant past.
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21

Tokareva, Svetlana. "Logistical substantiation of zero waste concept implementation in countryside." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13117.

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22

Bosio, Andrea. "City and Countryside: Considering the Urban after Slow Food." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366158.

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The thesis regards a conceptual distinction between the city as the place for food consumption, and the countryside as the place for food production. This distinction turns to be problematic because of the illusory possibility of endless consumption generated within the city to be inconsiderate of the limitations of rural production. On this ground, the thesis demonstrates this distinction to relate to historical patterns of food production and consumption within, respectively, rural and urban environments. It does so by illustrating how the industrial expansion over the historical city walls and its consequent de-industrialization have fostered a progressive functional and physical segregation of urban spaces of consumption. The thesis acknowledges that any assumption as to the countryside’s separation from the city can be overturned by a more nuanced relationship between these two entities. This thesis argues that this can be achieved through the combined application, upon the urban environment, of selected principles of the Slow Food movement, conflating food production with the pleasure of food consumption; and a conception of agriculture not in antagonism with the city.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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23

Rato, Montira. "Peasants and the countryside in post-1975 Vietnamese literature." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2003. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28717/.

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Work on peasants and the countryside was a main corpus of twentieth-century Vietnamese literature. As a part of a mass mobilisation for the construction of a Socialist agricultural model and military struggles against foreign troops, the representation of peasants and the countryside in Vietnamese literature prior to 1975 was closely related to political agendas. This thesis seeks to explore the changes and continuities in stories about peasants and the countryside in post-1975 Vietnamese literature. The socio-political changes since the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, and a greater freedom of expression granted during the Renovation period in the mid-1980s, are significant to the development of Vietnamese literary life in general, and the representation of peasants and the countryside in particular. It is proposed in this thesis that there are, together with socio-political changes in the post-war period, four major factors that account for changes in the way peasants and the countryside have been portrayed in post-1975 Vietnamese literature: the decline of Socialist Realism; the reinterpretation of collectivism and individualism; the transformation of literary generations from urban-based/middle-class to peasant-originated authors; and the socio-political disillusionment in post-war society. As a result of the changes, peasants and rural life began to be explored and represented from new perspectives. Writers began to depict peasants as individuals, not merely faceless masses, as portrayed in wartime literature. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first explores how peasants and the countryside were represented in Vietnamese literature prior to the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. The second chapter examines the sociopolitical context of the post-war society and its relation to changes and continuities of the representation of peasants and the countryside in post-1975 literature. The third chapter is about the portrayal of peasant women. The fourth chapter discusses how the conflict between the city and the countryside is articulated. The final chapter presents how the land reform programme is remembered in literary works.
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24

Haslem, Angie, and angie haslem@deakin edu au. "Landscape Pattern, Countryside Heterogeneity and Bird Conservation in Agricultural Environments." Deakin University. Life and Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20090114.101341.

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Agricultural environments are critical to the conservation of biota throughout the world. This is due both to the limited extent of current reserve systems and the large, and still expanding, proportion of terrestrial environments already dominated by agricultural land-uses. Consequently, there is a growing call from scientists around the world for the need to maximise the conservation value of agricultural environments. Efforts to identify key influences on the conservation status of fauna in agricultural landscapes have taken complementary approaches. Many studies have focussed on the role of remnant or semi-natural vegetation, and emphasised the influence on biota of spatial patterns in the landscape. Others have recognised that many species use diverse ‘countryside’ elements (matrix habitats) within farmland, and emphasise the benefits of landscape heterogeneity for conservation. Here, these research themes have been combined. This study takes a whole-of-landscape approach to investigating how landscape pattern and countryside heterogeneity influence the occurrence of birds in agricultural environments. Birds were sampled in 27 agricultural mosaics, each 1 km x 1 km in size (100 ha), in Gippsland, south-eastern Australia. Mosaics were selected to incorporate variation in two landscape properties: the cover of native vegetation, and richness of different types of element (i.e. land-uses/vegetation types). In each mosaic, 15 fixed sampling locations were stratified among seven different elements in proportion to their cover in the mosaic: native vegetation, linear vegetation, tree plantation, scattered paddock trees, pasture, wetlands and farm dams. Six point counts of birds were undertaken at all sample points in each mosaic: three each in the breeding and non-breeding months of a one-year period (October 2004 – August 2005). Independent measures of the composition, configuration, and heterogeneity of elements in the mosaic had differing effects on the richness of bird species recorded in these same mosaics. Sub-groups of birds based on habitat requirements responded most strongly to the extent of preferred element types in mosaics. Woodland birds (those of greatest conservation concern in farmland environments in Australia) were richer in mosaics with higher cover of native vegetation while open-tolerant species responded to the extent of scattered trees. In contrast, for total species richness, mosaic heterogeneity (richness of element types) and landscape context (cover of native vegetation in surrounding area) had the greatest influence. Mosaic structural properties also influenced the composition of entire bird assemblages in study mosaics. Avifaunal composition showed systematic variation along two main gradients which were readily interpreted in relation to landscape properties: 1) a gradient in the cover of wooded vegetation and, 2) the proportional composition of vegetation types in the mosaic. These gradients represent common trajectories of landscape modification associated with agricultural development: namely, the removal of wooded vegetation and the replacement of native species with exotic vegetation (e.g. crops and plantations). Species possessing different characteristics in relation to three avian life-history traits (nest type, feeding guild and clutch size) varied significantly in their position along these gradients of landscape modification. Species with different nesting requirements showed a strong relationship with the gradient in wooded vegetation cover while species belonging to different feeding guilds were influenced by the gradient defined by the replacement of native vegetation with exotic species. More bird species were recorded in native vegetation than in any other type of element sampled in this study. Nevertheless, most countryside elements had value for many species; particularly structurally complex elements such as scattered trees and tree plantation. Further, each type of landscape element contained different bird assemblages. Species that were recorded in a greater number of different types of landscape element were also recorded in more mosaics. This was true for all species and for woodland birds, and indicates that species that can use a greater range of countryside elements may have an increased tolerance of future landscape modification. The richness of woodland species at survey sites in different elements was influenced by features of the mosaic in which they occurred. Notably, the richness of woodland bird species recorded at sites in scattered trees and pasture increased with a greater cover of native vegetation in the overall mosaic. Of the overall pool of woodland bird species documented in the broader study region, 35% of species were not recorded in the agricultural mosaics sampled here. While many of these species were uncommon in the study area, or were associated with vegetation communities infrequently sampled in mosaics, this shows that conservation efforts in agricultural landscapes will not be appropriate for all species. For those woodland species that were recorded, measures of the extent of wooded vegetation cover had a strong, positive influence on the frequency of occurrence of individual species in mosaics. Thus, individual species of woodland bird occurred more frequently in mosaics with a greater cover of wooded vegetation. Nine woodland species showed a stronger response to measures of vegetation cover that included tree plantation and/or scattered trees than to the cover of native vegetation alone. For these species, structurally complex countryside elements provide valuable supplementary habitat at the landscape scale. Results of this study show that landscape properties influence the occurrence of birds in agricultural mosaics. The extent of cover of element types, particularly native vegetation, had the strongest influence on all measures of bird occurrence in mosaics. Thus, native vegetation is vital for the persistence of birds in farmland landscapes and is the primary element on which conservation efforts in these environments depend. Nevertheless, with careful management, countryside elements may provide additional conservation benefits for many bird species. Countryside elements made an important contribution to landscape heterogeneity, the landscape property with greatest influence on overall bird richness in mosaics. Countryside elements also increased the structural complexity of cleared agricultural land, and so have the capacity to enhance connectivity in fragmented landscapes. A focus on these factors (landscape heterogeneity and structural complexity) will provide the greatest opportunities for using countryside elements to increase the conservation value of farmland environments for native fauna. The relatively small scale of this study indicates that the cumulative effect of even small elements in farm mosaics contributes to the structural properties of entire landscapes. Critically, this emphasises the important contribution that individual landholders can make to nature conservation in agricultural environments.
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Cadieux, Kirsten Valentine. "Imagining exurbia, narratives of land use in the residential countryside." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63050.pdf.

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26

Tan, Cynthia. "'Left behind' in the countryside: rural households in Gansu, China." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66936.

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The impact of labour migration on rural households in China has become a topic of interest to scholars both inside and outside China. Household members who stay in the village while others migrate have been referred to as the "left-behind". This paper explores who is "left-behind" in one village in Gansu, China, using interview data collected from forty-eight households. The author concludes that the label "left-behind" is a limited one, as rural households engage in migration strategies linked to their life-cycle stages and participate in multiple strategies for income generation, combining agriculture, local employment, non-local employment, and other activities.
L'impacte de la migration de main d'oeuvre sur les ménages ruraux en Chine est devenu une matière d'intérêt pour les chercheurs à l'exterieur comme à l'intérieur de la Chine. Les membres de ménage qui restent dans leur village sont désigné comme 'oubliés'. Ce mémoire explorer les 'oubliés' du village de Gansu en Chine en se baseant sur des entrevues avec 48 ménages. L'auteur conclut que le titre d'oublié est limité étant donné que les ménages ruraux s'engagent dans des stratégies de migration liées au cycle de vie et participent dans multiples stratégies à but de générer de l'argent en combinant l'agriculture, l'emploi local, l'emploi non-local, et d'autres activités.
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27

Young, Peter. "Systems of welfare in the countryside in late-Victorian England." Thesis, Keele University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491830.

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Most studies of poverty and welfare in the late nineteenth century focus on urban areas such as London or on the counties of arable framing in the south and east of England that experienced extensive agricultural depression. This study examines the situation in the prosperous northwestern region in England at that time that depended on animal husbandry. It uses a case study focusing on the three large parishes of Bunbury, Tarvin and Tarporley in mid-Cheshire, using parish magazines, newspapers, and annual reports from a number of organisations.
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Tucker, Faith. "Young girls in the countryside : growing up in South Northamptonshire." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2002. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2840/.

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Although there has been a surge of interest in a geographical approach to the study of children, there is a pro-urban bias in much childhood research. Childhood is seemingly assumed to be an entirely metropolitan experience; there is a paucity of research on rural childhoods. Few studies have investigated girls’ use of outdoor environments, particularly those beyond urban settings. The dominance of pro-urban and ‘malestream’ research tends to hide the experiences of girls living in rural areas. This thesis explores difference and diversity in the lifestyles of 10-15 year olds growing up in South Northamptonshire, employing a multi-stranded methodology including: a questionnaire survey of children; in-depth discussion work with girls centred on child-taken photographs and videos, and interviews with mothers. To try to get close to the lifeworlds of young people, wherever possible their voices are included in the text. The study area represents one type of rural experience - that of an affluent, commuter-dependent area. The theoretical constructs of liminality and habitus are used to help make sense of the use and social ownership of space. A series of factors is shown to interact in various ways to produce complex geographies. Contingency effects of gender, age and location create a multitude of rural lifestyles; there is no universal ‘country childhood’. Girls use and value recreational space in a myriad of ways. Young people often have to share their play spaces, and anxiety, tension and conflict between rival groups is commonplace. Girls and their mothers express concern about stranger-danger, gangs and traffic hazards, and this limits the spatial freedom of some girls. Mothers, deeming the private car the only safe form of transport, determine the spaces in which their daughters spend their leisure time. Rather than providing greater spatial freedom, the rural offers parents more control over their children’s use of public space
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Christopher, David Paul. "Mean fields : New Age Travellers, the English countryside and Thatcherism." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2003. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1735/.

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High crime rates and disorder are often thought typical of vagrant groups. But is this because of their greater criminal activity and propensity for anarchy, or is it because their marginal position makes them vulnerable to selective processing by the authorities. Differences which can be readily observed are important in the examination of a group's alleged deviance, and often lead to their being held responsible for social ills. Such folk devils are characteristic of many societies, and those who most effectively fill the role are often among most culturally remote from the ideals of the group holding power. This thesis is concerned with the so-called New Age Travellers, and examines how between 1984 and 1994 they filled the role of folk devils in Britain. Their differing behaviour, practices, appearance and mobility were in opposition to the ideals of the Thatcher government, and their high visibility and ease of identification assisted their processing and labelling as deviants. By publicly vilifying them, the government could justify harsh measures against them, and order was seen to be maintained. The locus of most Traveller incidents in the countryside of the southern England, a bedrock of conservative values, intensified pressure on the primary site of the ideals of Thatcherism and its conception of England. The type and extent of measures taken against the Travellers is shown to be related to the 'authoritarian populism' of the Thatcher government. The Travellers were a heterogeneous group, and their composition evolved steadily during the research period, yet they remained among the most marginal, powerless and least able to mobilise popular support in society. But despite the frequent hardships, being 'on the road' was found to provide a functional alternative to previously existing circumstances, and offered the potential for change in the lives of those concerned.
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Tarlau, Rebecca Senn. "Occupying Land, Occupying Schools| Transforming Education in the Brazilian Countryside." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3640659.

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To what extent is it possible for a social movement to transform a public education system in order to promote an alternative social vision? Under what conditions can this implementation occur within the bureaucratic state apparatus, at the regional and national level? How does state-society collaboration develop, in contexts where civil society groups and the state have opposing interests? This dissertation addresses these questions through an investigation of the educational initiatives of the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, or MST), a national social movement of rural workers struggling for agrarian reform. MST activists have been able to implement educational proposals in rural public schools that encourage youth to stay in the countryside, foster a sense of belonging to the movement, promote collective forms of work, and practice participatory governance.

Part I provides an overview of the multi-level and multi-sited political ethnographic approach used to conduct this research. It then reviews the literature on social movements and state-society relations, and considers how a Gramscian framework can be used to analyze how social movements implement educational proposals in public schools that are opposed to the interests of the dominant class. Part II examines the history and national expansion of the MST's educational initiative: how activists first developed their educational proposals; why the movement went from promoting popular education to participating in the public educational sphere; and why and how the federal government appropriated these ideas as a new approach to rural schooling, known as Educação do Campo (Education of the Countryside). Part III explores the MST's attempt to transform public schools in three state educational systems and two municipalities, and why the MST's success differs drastically across the country depending on the state capacity, government orientation, and level of MST mobilization in each region.

Comparison of the outcomes in these subnational cases yield new and unexpected insights into the relationships and conditions that lead to or impede participatory governance: (1) low-capacity governments and weak institutions can offer unusual openings for social movements to implement participatory initiatives; (2) high-capacity state antagonism negates the positive effects of mobilization; (3) not-so-public forms of contention are an effective strategy that social movements can use to engage the state and participate in the provision of public goods; (4) technocracy is a significant barrier to participatory practices, even among supportive governments; and, (5) state-society collaboration is not possible if the leadership of a social movement does not have a strong connection to its base.

Significantly, this research shows that the implementation of a social movement's goals through the state apparatus does not always lead to movement cooptation or decline. Additionally, public schools, normally institutions reproducing state power, can be used by marginalized communities to support alternative social visions. However, the case of the MST also illustrates that this process is never straightforward, easy, or permanent, as it requires communities to first develop a common vision, and then work with, in, and through the ever-changing power structures to implement this vision.

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31

Akhurst, Martin. "The rural mystique : an interpretive study of the countryside experience." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335211.

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32

Millard, Christopher de Thorpe. "Technology in place, community in space : computers in the countryside." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246386.

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33

Kim, Young-chae. "Roman agrarian policies and the Italian countryside 133-91 BC." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:07bff73c-dfd8-4ae5-95b8-9bdbb553726d.

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This thesis is an investigation into the economic background to the Social War (91-88 BC), a rebellion against the Roman Republic by Rome's allies in Italy, and examines the allied reception of Roman agrarian schemes in the decades prior to the Social War, with particular attention to free small-scale farmers. It has been argued that the consequences of the Gracchan agrarian reforms contributed to the decision of the Italians to revolt in 91 BC. The history of the Gracchan period, however, suffers from limited documentary sources. Furthermore, as Romano-centric preconceptions underlay many modern studies in which the Social War was understood as a fight for the Roman citizenship, the Gracchan reforms and the post-Gracchan agrarian policies have not been fully explored from an allied perspective. After reviewing the demographic approach to the 'second-century rural crisis' which allergedly prompted the Gracchan reforms, the thesis attempts to understand the operations of the Gracchan reforms in the territories of the Latin and Italian states via an archaeological case-study of the Latin town of Luceria in northern Apulia, where large areas of the Roman land division and settlement system known as centuriation were identified near the town. The thesis moves on to the post-Gracchan era and investigates how the allied interest in Roman public land (ager publicus) was continuously threatened or neglected under the post-Gracchan agrarian legislation (121-111 BC), and argues that allied small-scale farmers in particular stood to lose a lot in this process. The thesis then endeavours to demonstrate how the political aspirations of the allies had evolved in tandem with Roman agrarian policies, from a request for passive protection from maltreatment by Romans in the 120s BC to the demand for an active share in power by 91 BC. The thesis discusses Saturninus' agrarian schemes in 103 and 100 BC, whose implications have been neglected in the context both of Roman agrarian history and the Social War, and presents Livius Drusus' scheme of extensive colonisation of Italy in 91 BC as a complete reversal of policy, contravening the post-Gracchan agrarian settlement which had confirmed the end of land distributions in Italy. The thesis concludes by arguing that the Roman agrarian policy on the redistribution of public land was the cause of the most consistent and systematic maltreatment of the theoretically autonomous allied states, in which the inequality between Romans and Italians was increasingly highlighted.
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Revend, War. "Predicting House Prices on the Countryside using Boosted Decision Trees." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279849.

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This thesis intends to evaluate the feasibility of supervised learning models for predicting house prices on the countryside of South Sweden. It is essential for mortgage lenders to have accurate housing valuation algorithms and the current model offered by Booli is not accurate enough when evaluating residence prices on the countryside. Different types of boosted decision trees were implemented to address this issue and their performances were compared to traditional machine learning methods. These different types of supervised learning models were implemented in order to find the best model with regards to relevant evaluation metrics such as root-mean-squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The implemented models were ridge regression, lasso regression, random forest, AdaBoost, gradient boosting, CatBoost, XGBoost, and LightGBM. All these models were benchmarked against Booli's current housing valuation algorithms which are based on a k-NN model. The results from this thesis indicated that the LightGBM model is the optimal one as it had the best overall performance with respect to the chosen evaluation metrics. When comparing the LightGBM model to the benchmark, the performance was overall better, the LightGBM model had an RMSE score of 0.330 compared to 0.358 for the Booli model, indicating that there is a potential of using boosted decision trees to improve the predictive accuracy of residence prices on the countryside.
Denna uppsats ämnar utvärdera genomförbarheten hos olika övervakade inlärningsmodeller för att förutse huspriser på landsbygden i Södra Sverige. Det är viktigt för bostadslånsgivare att ha noggranna algoritmer när de värderar bostäder, den nuvarande modellen som Booli erbjuder har dålig precision när det gäller värderingar av bostäder på landsbygden. Olika typer av boostade beslutsträd implementerades för att ta itu med denna fråga och deras prestanda jämfördes med traditionella maskininlärningsmetoder. Dessa olika typer av övervakad inlärningsmodeller implementerades för att hitta den bästa modellen med avseende på relevanta prestationsmått som t.ex. root-mean-squared error (RMSE) och mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). De övervakade inlärningsmodellerna var ridge regression, lasso regression, random forest, AdaBoost, gradient boosting, CatBoost, XGBoost, and LightGBM. Samtliga algoritmers prestanda jämförs med Boolis nuvarande bostadsvärderingsalgoritm, som är baserade på en k-NN modell. Resultatet från denna uppsats visar att LightGBM modellen är den optimala modellen för att värdera husen på landsbygden eftersom den hade den bästa totala prestandan med avseende på de utvalda utvärderingsmetoderna. LightGBM modellen jämfördes med Booli modellen där prestandan av LightGBM modellen var i överlag bättre, där LightGBM modellen hade ett RMSE värde på 0.330 jämfört med Booli modellen som hade ett RMSE värde på 0.358. Vilket indikerar att det finns en potential att använda boostade beslutsträd för att förbättra noggrannheten i förutsägelserna av huspriser på landsbygden.
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35

Jameson, Alan. "Obstacles and Opportunities for Microcredit Companies Developing in the Countryside." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1253543053.

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36

Guhl, Andrés. "Coffee and landscape change in the Colombian countryside 1970-2002." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0003960.

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37

Rădan, Gorska Maria Miruna. "Pensiuni in Romania : rediscovering and reinventing the countryside through tourism." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54973/.

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Rural tourism is a long-established practice in the industrialised West, but it is a comparatively recent and on-going development in postsocialist contexts. This thesis examines the development of rural tourism in Romania and draws on fieldwork carried out in one of the oldest and most popular destinations of the country, as well as in a newer and less visited location. As homestays are central to rural tourism, my research has an extensive focus on what happens with guesthouses and their owners. Countryside tourism is a practice grounded in a discourse that praises images of unspoilt nature, close-knit communities, material and cultural heritage and natural healthy food. Discourses about rurality also suggest that for city dwellers, village stays in their own countries can provide a way of getting in touch with their national identity, building, at the same time a sense of belonging. In Romania, such discourses are promoted by NGOs, state institutions and tour operators that aim to develop rural tourism. In spite of their efforts, in the destinations that I studied, rural tourism has strayed away from the ideal model. Instead of bucolic cottages inspired by the vernacular architecture of the region, hosts welcome their guests into large, modern villas equipped with state-of-the art amenities. Tourists too show a strong concern with material aspects of their accommodation, they rarely venture in outdoor pursuits and have little interest in notions of ‘heritage’ or ‘traditions’. My findings show that the lived experiences of local entrepreneurs have shaped worldviews that in many respects are at odds with the ideal models and best tourism practices promoted by various institutions. I also show how hosts and guests share similar notions of achievement and success and how this has turned rural tourism into a house-centred event. In explaining why discourses have little grounding in reality, I pay close attention to the economics of tourism, trying to understand guesthouses as businesses interlinked both with the wider forces of the market and with the socio-economic history of rural Romania. I show how the development of pensiuni was influenced by specific material and social constraints, arguing that a long history of living under oppressive regimes actually endowed locals with qualities that made them ready to embark on entrepreneurial pursuits. I also examine how kinship can be both a catalyst for growth and a factor that contributes to the stagnation or decline of businesses. Most notably, however, it was the unstable and burdensome legislative environment that had perhaps the strongest impact over the evolution of guesthouses, determining over half of the owners to stay in the shadow economy. My findings raise questions about the effectiveness and utility of many of the norms currently imposed on tourist entrepreneurs and I conclude by discussing a few ways in which institutions could respond better to the needs of guesthouse owners.
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38

Clark, Harry Andrew John. "Conservation advice and investment on farms : a study in three English counties." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329645.

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39

Vermeesch, Griet. "War, fortified towns and the countryside, Gorinchem and Doesburg (1570-1680)." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2076/.

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40

Edirisingha, Palitha. "Interactive media in distance learning for UK farmers : the countryside disc." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19854/.

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How might UK farmers benefit from using interactive computer-based media? These farmers need to learn how to change their practices in a rapidly changing economic and social environment. They have difficulty in obtaining suitable training through conventional audio-visual media and face-to-face sessions. How would they benefit from learning at a distance, using computer-based media in their own homes and offices? This thesis presents a naturalistic study of how a number of UK farmers benefited from using the Countryside Disc, one of the few examples available of an interactive training program aimed at farmers. The Disc, which is a computer-controlled laser vision videodisc, required the farmers to act in a complex simulated world (of a farm and its social and ecological environment) in which they received frequent and immediate feedback concerning the consequences of their actions. After a pilot study to develop the methodology, the main study involved observation and recording of 10 farmers' interactions with the Disc. The farmers engaged in hundreds of instructional interactions with the Disc. Each farmer's approach to learning changed as he or she worked through the program, and was clearly related to the learning outcomes for that person. The Disc demanded a deep approach: two farmers who attempted to use a surface approach were unable to continue. The farmers drew heavily on their experience in the real farming world and the frequent feedback prompted them to be reflective on both that experience and the training offered by the Disc. They also encountered a range of navigational problems, most of which could be reduced or eliminated through redesign of the Disc. The most important finding was that farmers, through using the Countryside Disc, received training, in their homes and offices, in (a) gaining deep understanding of the interplay of factors involved in present-day farming, and (b) making profitable farm management decisions - while observing relevant regulations and being responsive to the opinions of interest groups. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the findings in the light of theories advanced by Marton and Säljö on deep and surface learning, by Laurillard on conversational framework and by Schön on reflective practitioners. It includes suggestions for further research.
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41

Mok, King-kwong, and 莫景光. "The Government's policies and instruments on countryside planning in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893612.

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42

Arlidge, Simon. "Leisure, recreation and the English countryside : perceptions from South Asian communities." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340822.

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43

Potter, C. "Countryside change in lowland England : A survey of farmer investment behaviour." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370394.

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44

Matless, David. "Ordering the land : the 'preservation' of the English countryside, 1918-1939." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293218.

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45

Tan, Boon Hock. "Predicting visual impact of man-made structures in the Scottish countryside." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337303.

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46

Singh, Ranu S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Villages of Delhi : towards inclusivity and plurality in the urbanizing countryside." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118571.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2018.
"June 2018." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 117-120).
The idiom of urbanization driven by financialization of rural land is purported to bring development to rapidly developing contexts. However, the nature of the resulting urban realm, functionally, socially and ecologically dispute any concept of betterment. Delhi is a poster child of this kind of rural to urban conversion generating a sprawling megalopolis, which is increasingly fragmenting into islands of high-end gated residential enclaves and ghettoized villages. The resultant urban form is an archipelagic state that supports only certain types of urban citizenship, systematically removing and de-legitimizing rural modes of existence and citizenry. Following the trend of urbanization of peripheral metropolitan areas, the thesis addresses the current wave of urbanization in the rural periphery of Delhi. This move will lead to the conversion of 95 villages to urban areas, affecting about 30% of land in the National Capital Territory. As an alternative to the centralized, city-centered mode of urbanization for the rural belt, the thesis proposes an alternative framework of the network-territory that allows for urban exchanges while maintaining and transforming rural landscapes. This model of planning and design stems from the villages themselves, organized around the idea of village collectives that integrate social, ecological and economic values in the new developments in the countryside. Approaching the project at multiple scales, these village collectives would operate at the scale of districts in Delhi that plan and accommodate for new growth and sustain life forms of the villages as well.
by Ranu Singh.
S.M.
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47

Kaldjian, Paul Jeremy. "Urban food security and contemporary Istanbul: Gardens, bazaars and the countryside." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284149.

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To the visitor, Istanbul, Turkey is flush with food. But food supply and access to food can be unrelated. Socioeconomic, demographic and development data suggest food security problems for a significant portion of the population. After World War II, migrants to Istanbul from Anatolia who built house gardens within their original squatter settlements (gecekondus) have sold their lands or turned them into apartments. Similarly, only fragments of the traditional network of commercial, intensive urban gardens ( bostans) in Istanbul remain. In addition, the expanding system of European style supermarkets and commercial production in the global marketplace are changing the traditional urban food networks built around such institutions as the neighborhood bazaar. To begin to understand the shifting components of Istanbul's food system, information from numerous sources was gathered and analyzed. The main field data of my research are interviews with Istanbul farmers and residents; interviews with government officials, academics, and professionals; official and unofficial statistics from governments and associations; and surveys. Supplementary information is from Turkish newspaper sources, library materials, and various books and maps. Through kinship relations, labor mobility, the availability of formal and informal economic and transportation networks and the persistence of small, family farms nationwide, food security in Istanbul is supported by food individually and communally transferred from the countryside. Subsistence agricultural production across rural Turkey appears to play a vital role in feeding the urban population through informal food delivery and distribution channels. Thus, despite reductions in rural populations and appearances that rural and agricultural communities are declining, their productivity may be as important as ever. With their emphases on resource use, adaptation, consideration of multiple scales, and the exercise of local agency within structures of power and wealth, political and cultural ecology provide perspectives from which to meaningfully analyze food security needs and practices in Istanbul. Such a framework is enhanced by contributions from research in food systems and food security. Time centered tactics, exchange entitlements and food accessibility within the city cannot be understood apart from its relationship to the countryside.
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Liddiard, Robert. "Landscapes of lordship : Norman castles and the countryside in medieval Norfolk." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323465.

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This study examines the landscape context of the castles raised in rural Norfolk in the period 1066-1200. The processes that shaped the overall number and distribution of castles in the county are examined first. The low number of castles is explained with reference to the limited number of incoming Norman lords with a significant landed base in the county. The pronounced bias in the distribution of castles to the west of the county is related to patterns of tenurial structure already in place before the Conquest. Secondly, the landscape context of each castle is examined and it is argued that the most important castles in rural Norfolk stood at the heart of landscapes that had been elaborately contrived for the purposes of social display. These are termed "landscapes of lordship"; areas that proclaimed the lordly power of its creator, and in which the flamboyant display of lordly power was of prime significance. At its most advanced this consisted of a religious house, deer park, rabbit warren, planned settlement, dovecote and fishponds all in close proximity to the seigneurial seat. The desire to create such landscapes often compromised any defensive considerations on the part of the builder, emphasised by the fact that the majority of the Norman castles studied are overlooked by high ground. The only exception to this trend are a small number of castles in the south of the county which do appear to have been raised for genuine military purposes. The postscript deals briefly with the castles raised in the period c. 1200-c. 1500 and argues that many of the elements of later medieval landscape design had their roots in an earlier period. A major change in castle siting over the later medieval period from a hill top or false crest location to valley floors is identified, and is related to the desire of the builders to surround their castles with water. The development of castles in the county is therefore explained with reference to social factors and not military planning
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49

King, Sarah Mary. "Whiteness in the English countryside : a case of the National Trust." Thesis, Durham University, 2007. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1825/.

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50

Mayfield, Benjamin John William. "The emergence of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.742531.

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The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 was intended to provide pedestrian access to open countryside, but also contains significant provisions for the conservation of the environment and for the devolution of power to local authorities. This thesis investigates the emergence of the Act, examining the way in which various influences have come together in order to shape the legislation. Of particular interest is the influence of pressure group politics, the effect of social and political change and the way in which government and lobbies have drawn upon the language of the ‘pervasive pastoral’. The method for investigating these influences is in two parts. A portion of the thesis is given to a critical review of the literature on emergence studies, pressure group politics and the countryside. The second part of the methodology is a series of qualitative interviews with representatives of interested groups such as the Ramblers Association and the Moorland Association. The thesis also includes a detailed analysis of the provisions of the Act, comparing these to the provisions of preceding legislation such as the 1925 Law of Property Acts and National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. The research places the legislation within a broader historical context and includes an analysis of the wider aims and values of the Act, examining the roots of these values and influences upon them. The thesis concludes that the new rights of access have emerged from a wider consensus on access to the countryside and the preservation of the environment. The balance between access and conservation is also indicative of the politics of the "Third Way’, whilst the creation of new access rights demonstrates the changing relationship between political power, people and the land.
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