Relevant bibliographies by topics / Country reports on human rights practices

Academic literature on the topic 'Country reports on human rights practices'

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Published: 25 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Country reports on human rights practices"

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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1988, "The Occupied Territories"." Journal of Palestine Studies 18, no. 3 (1989): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537345.

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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1989, "The Occupied Territories"." Journal of Palestine Studies 19, no. 3 (1990): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537712.

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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1988, "The Occupied Territories"." Journal of Palestine Studies 18, no. 3 (April 1989): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.1989.18.3.00p01093.

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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1989, "The Occupied Territories"." Journal of Palestine Studies 19, no. 3 (April 1990): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.1990.19.3.00p0197x.

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Aka, Philip C. "The Country Reports on Human Rights Practices and us Human Rights Policy in a Changing World." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 14, no. 1-2 (January 5, 2015): 238–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341343.

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To stem its diminishing dominance in the international political and economic system, the us must re-establish its leadership in international human rights. A starting point in that journey will be to streamline the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices published annually by the State Department. This article presents several avenues for such improvement, but posits that lasting improvement will come only if the us abandons the national arrogance of exceptionalism that, even in the age of Obama, still drives its human rights policy.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1991: "Israel and the Occupied Territories"." Journal of Palestine Studies 21, no. 3 (1992): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537534.

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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1990, "Israel and the Occupied Territories"." Journal of Palestine Studies 20, no. 3 (1991): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537550.

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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1992: "Israel and the Occupied Territories"." Journal of Palestine Studies 23, no. 1 (1993): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537869.

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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1990, "Israel and the Occupied Territories"." Journal of Palestine Studies 20, no. 3 (April 1991): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.3.00p0247n.

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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1991: "Israel and the Occupied Territories"." Journal of Palestine Studies 21, no. 3 (April 1992): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.1992.21.3.00p0130i.

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Books on the topic "Country reports on human rights practices"

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United States. Department of State. Country reports on human rights practices for 1987. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.

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United States. Department of State. Country reports on human rights practices for 1994. Washington, D.C: USGPO, 1988.

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United States. Dept. of State., ed. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2002, (CD-ROM). [S.l: s.n., 2003.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs., United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations., and United States. Dept. of State., eds. Country reports on human rights practices (Washington, D.C.: 1979). Ottawa, Ont: Renouf Pub. Co, 1990.

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United States. Dept. of State., ed. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2001, (CD-ROM). [S.l: s.n., 2002.

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United States. Department of State., Americas Watch, and Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (U.S.), eds. Critique: A review ofthe Department of State's country reports on human rights practices for 1985. New York, N.Y: Watch Committees (Americas Watch/Asia Watch/Helsinki Watch) Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1986.

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Helsinki Watch (Organization : U.S.) and Lawyers Committee for International Human Rights, eds. Critique: Review of the Department of State's Country reports on human rights practices for 1984. New York, N.Y: Americas Watch Committee, 1985.

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Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (U.S.), ed. Critique: Review of the U.S. Department of State's country reports on human rights practices for 1992. New York, N.Y: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1993.

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Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (U.S.), ed. Critique: Review of the U.S. Department of State's country reports on human rights practices for 1993. New York, N.Y: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1994.

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United States. Government Accountability Office, ed. Human rights: State Department followed an extensive process to prepare annual country reports. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Accountability Office, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Country reports on human rights practices"

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Xypolia, Ilia. "Annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices." In Human Rights, Imperialism, and Corruption in US Foreign Policy, 47–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99815-8_4.

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Pan, Mei-Lin, and Dolma Tsering. "The Lived Experience of Tibetan Refugees in Taiwan: Contesting Rights to Work, Residence, and Citizenship." In Palgrave Macmillan Studies on Human Rights in Asia, 283–310. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2867-1_11.

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AbstractThe study explores the lived experiences of Tibetan refugees in Taiwan, with a focus on the rights to residence, work, and citizenship. Based on data collected from interviews, reports published by the Mongol and Tibet Affairs Commission, and other secondary sources, the study shows how the status of Tibetans in Taiwan has changed in the three different phases of political transformation in Taiwan. The study highlights how the political situation in Taiwan played a central role in determining the rights and status of Tibetan refugees in Taiwan. During Taiwan’s authoritarian phase, Tibetan refugees gained citizenship by serving the state’s purpose of advancing Chinese nationalist ideology, while in the democratic phase they were considered stateless and unable to obtain a residence visa due to national security concerns. Historical connections with Taiwan’s national identity politics have led to the particularity and complexity of Tibetans’ lived experiences in Taiwan today. The development of democracy in Taiwan has not improved the refugee rights’ protection. Even without a refugee law, Taiwan as a democratic country should seriously consider the challenges Tibetan refugees face in the light of basic human rights. Improving existing limitations, in the long run, will strengthen Taiwan’s democratic system.
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Palander, Jaana, Usumain Baraka, Hilda Gustafsson, Alyssa Marie Kvalvaag, Michelle Lokot, Patrícia Nabuco Martuscelli, Hadas Yaron Mesgena, Irene Tuzi, and Helena Wray. "International Human Rights Frameworks in Relation to National Family Reunification Policy and Administrative Practice." In IMISCOE Research Series, 15–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24974-7_2.

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AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of the laws, policies and administrative practices that dictate family reunification in the countries discussed in this book, providing a frame of reference for considering specific questions of family separation in selected countries. First, we discuss the global and regional framework for international and human rights law. Brief country studies follow, focusing on the challenges forced migrants encounter with family reunification in Europe, the Americas and the Middle East: Sweden, Finland, Germany, the United States, Brazil, Israel, Jordan and Lebanon. The chapter concludes by bringing out aspects of migration policy that affect the enjoyment of family unity and the human right to respect for family life in these countries. We demonstrate that a variety of obstacles need to be overcome to have access to family reunification, reflecting the lack of clear rights to family reunification in international and human rights law. While some countries have legal restrictions in place, other countries have instituted administrative practices that prevent families from living together.
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Durmuş, Elif. "How Human Rights Cross-Pollinate and Take Root: Local Governments and Refugees in Turkey." In Myth or Lived Reality, 123–57. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-447-1_6.

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AbstractThe human rights regime—as law, institutions and practice—has been facing criticism for decades regarding its effectiveness, particularly in terms of unsatisfactory overall implementation and the failure to protect the most vulnerable who do not enjoy the protection of their States: refugees. Turkey is the country hosting the largest refugee population, with around four million at the end of May 2020 (https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2020/06/UNHCR-Turkey-Operational-Update-May-2020.pdf). As an administratively centralised country, Turkey’s migration policy is implemented by central government agencies, but this has not proved sufficient to guarantee the human rights of refugees on the ground. Meanwhile, in connection with urbanisation, decentralisation and globalisation, local governments around the world are receiving increasing attention from migration studies, political science, law, sociology and anthropology. In human rights scholarship, the localisation of human rights and the potential role of local governments have been presented as ways to counter the shortcomings in the effectiveness of the human rights regime and discourse. While local governments may have much untapped potential, a thorough analysis of the inequalities between local governments in terms of access to resources and opportunities is essential. The Turkish local governments which form the basis of this research, operate in a context of legal ambiguity concerning their competences and obligations in the area of migration. They also have to deal with large differences when it comes to resources and workload. In practice, therefore, there is extreme divergence amongst municipalities in the extent to which they engage with refugee policies. This chapter seeks to answer the question why and how certain local governments in Turkey come to proactively engage in policy-making that improves the realisation of refugees’ rights. Exploratory grounded field research among Turkish local governments reveals four main factors that enable and facilitate the engagement of local governments in refugee policies: (1) the capacity of and institutionalisation in local governments; (2) the dissemination of practices and norms surrounding good local migration and rights-based governance through networks; (3) the availability of cooperation and coordination with other actors in the field, and (4) political will. Collectively, these factors illustrate how a new norm—the norm that local governments can and ought to engage in policy-making improving the rights of refugees—is cross-pollinating and taking root among Turkish local governments. This understanding will provide valuable insights into how norms are developed, travel and are institutionalised within social and institutional networks, and how differences in access, capacity, political and cooperative opportunities may facilitate and obscure the path to policies improving human rights on the ground.
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Ubena, John. "A Critique of Legal Framework Facilitating Access to Government Information in Tanzania." In Human Rights and Ethics, 1737–62. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6433-3.ch096.

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This chapter provides a critical analysis of the legal framework for access to information particularly information held by government in Tanzania. The analysis intends to establish whether the existing Right To Information (RTI) legal framework and ICT development in Tanzania facilitates universal and requisite access to government information. In order to do that, the chapter utilises a literature review to understand contemporary trends in both theory and practice. In addition, journal articles, books, reports, case law, and pieces of legislation focusing on RTI are visited to obtain deeper insights in the topic under scrutiny. The findings indicate that, despite Tanzania's efforts to embrace democracy virtues, good governance, and technology, the country lacks adequate legal framework to facilitate universal access to government information and ensure that the Right To Information (RTI) is observed in all the socio-economic contexts. To rectify this problem, there is need to enact the RTI law with clear focus of encouraging access to government information. Although two bills (the Media Service Bill [MSB] and the 2011 RTI) are currently being debated, it is not clear yet when they will become law and subsequently practiced.
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Ilias, Bantekas. "Art.38 Relationship of the Committee with Other Bodies." In The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198810667.003.0039.

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This chapter examines Article 38 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which aims to foster cooperation between the Committee and a wide range of entities—inter-governmental, governmental, or private—with a view towards enhancing its work in the field of disability rights and protection. Unlike the past, recent practice within the UN has effectively abolished most barriers that prevented human rights treaty bodies from openly and officially communicating with external actors, at least in respect of country reports and general interaction in issues of common interest. In some cases, treaty bodies have proceeded to initiate a confidential inquiry on the basis of information received by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Article 38 not only allows the Committee to receive information, expert advice, and reports from other UN bodies, national human rights institutions, NGOs, but also renders such representation by specialized agencies and UN organs an entitlement.
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Patricia, Schulz, Halperin-Kaddari Ruth, Rudolf Beate, and Freeman Marsha A. "Article 22." In The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and its Optional Protocol. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192862815.003.0025.

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This chapter highlights Article 22 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The CEDAW Committee’s practice under Article 22 has developed significantly over the years. While the text refers exclusively to specialized agencies, the Committee’s current practice is to invite other UN entities to submit reports, as well as other non-UN entities. In the early years, the Committee did not ask the specialized agencies to submit country-specific information to be used in the consideration of States parties’ reports as some members believed this was beyond the Committee’s mandate. Gradually, it allowed a larger role for these agencies in the reporting procedure, and it welcomes country-specific information as well as input at the pre-session working group. This latter input is extremely useful to inform the written questions the Committee asks States parties to answer before the constructive dialogue. Moreover, it considers the specialized agencies to be valuable partners in assisting States parties in implementing the Convention at the domestic level. In recent years, there has been increased cooperation on the ground between UN entities, encouraged also by the now permanent presence of UN Women within the human rights framework in Geneva.
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Baehr, Peter, Lalaine Sadiwa, and Jaqueline Smith. "Guidelines for the Country Reports." In Human Rights in Development, Volume 3, 415–21. Brill | Nijhoff, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004208162_013.

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"Special Country Reports." In Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights / Anuario Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Volume 1 (1985), 436–1135. Brill | Nijhoff, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004470569_009.

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Innes, Judith Eleanor. "Chapter 9. Human Rights Reporting as a Policy Tool: An Examination of the State Department Country Reports." In Human Rights and Statistics, edited by Thomas B. Jabine and Richard P. Claude. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9781512802863-013.

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Conference papers on the topic "Country reports on human rights practices"

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Győri, Zsuzsanna, and Cecília Szigeti. "Non-financial Reporting Practices in Hungary – Opportunities and Challenges in Preparation for CSRD." In 7th FEB International Scientific Conference. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.3.2023.4.

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Under the CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive), companies already covered by the NFRD (NonFinancial Reporting Directive) will have to report on sustainability issues from 2024, large companies not covered by the NFRD from 2025 and listed SMEs from 2026. As of 2018, Hungarian companies under NFRD were required to report nonfinancial data in their annual reports. In our research, we seek to answer the question of what domestic non-financial reporting practices will be able to be relied upon by preparers under CSRD. Companies preparing to report under the CSRD often use the NFRD reports which have been already prepared by those currently required to report as a benchmark, that is why we use the list of companies under NFRD as a sample. We identify which international reporting guidelines are followed and what are the most frequent topics in NFRD reports with content analysis. Among the sub-elements, the companies surveyed write most about the environment and social/employment issues in their annual reports, while fight against corruption and human rights are rarely mentioned. Based on our research, we highlight good practices that can be followed in terms of international guidelines and company examples.
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Simović, Miodrag N., and Jelena Kuprešanin. "PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA- MIGRATION MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN SOCIETY RECOVERING FROM THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22444.

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Migration management, among others, is one of the challenges Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Western Balkan countries have faced in recent years. The uncertain and complex situation has been exacerbated by the corona virus pandemic, and existing material and human resources are now focused on repairing its consequences. The end of the pandemic remains uncertain, social problems are becoming more complex, and systemic support is needed for a growing number of different vulnerable categories in the country. The protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms is imperative, especially in times of crisis. Although significant activities have been implemented, they are still insufficient to adequately respond to migration management. The support of the international community remains necessary. Multisectoral action, coordination and sharing of experiences should be intensified. The European Commission’s 2021 Report for Bosnia and Herzegovina pointed to very limited progress in migration and asylum management and the need to significantly improve this area, ensure effective coordination and provide sufficient and adequate accommodation capacity. The response to the crisis during the outbreak of COVID-19 was assessed as satisfactory by the European community, and greater spread and more severe consequences for the migrant population were prevented. According to some reports, the rights of minorities and asylum seekers continue to be a serious concern for human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unaccompanied children face specific challenges and vulnerabilities, and their protection and adequate response to their needs is one of the priorities for future action. Media coverage of migrants needs to be reviewed and directed in a way that is in line with the human rights of vulnerable categories and advocating the necessity of their protection. The media is one of the key links in monitoring the protection of human rights, but also in focusing on areas that require urgent action. Preventive activities should become an integral part of the strategic directions of local and national governments, and the support of the international community, cooperation, adequate assessment and protection of the best interests of all citizens are a prerequisite for social security in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Nikitina, Jekaterina. "The Discourse of the European Court of Human Rights: the Role of Case Communications in the Introduction of System-bound Elements." In Language for International Communication. University of Latvia Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/lincs.2023.08.

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This study overviews how national terms are added to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. Contributing to previous literature on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) discourse which focussed on judgments, the study proposes a system of genres approach (Bazerman, 1994), analysing how system-bound elements (SBEs), i.e. those terms and phrases that need to maintain their national embedding, move across multiple procedural genres of the ECtHR (application, case communication, written pleadings, decision and judgment) in four cases against Ukraine, Latvia, Italy and Russia. Against the theoretical-methodological framework of discourse analysis, legal terminology and Legal Translation Studies, the analysis emphasises a critical role of case communications. Case communications recontextualise national elements in a supranational context, translate SBEs, and transform lay representation of applicants into legal discourse. The findings demonstrate how factual reconstruction and SBEs migrate verbatim from case communications into judgments, despite different variants exist in other documents. The study identified some country-specific differences in the rendition of SBEs concerning the use of alphabet and the national caseload. SBEs using Cyrillic tend to omit Cyrillic in judgments. SBEs from high-caseload countries seem to have consolidated versions, both translated (from Ukrainian and Russian) and rendered using translation couplets with loanwords (Italy). SBEs from low-caseload countries (Latvia) are subject to noticeable variation. The study foregrounds the importance of the system of genres approach and problematises decision-making practices concerning SBEs at the supranational level.
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Gałkiewicz, Dominika P. "Sustainability Reporting Practices of Real Estate Companies from Germany, Austria and Switzerland – First Insights from 2020." In Sixth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.s.p.2022.81.

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In the last twenty years, sustainability became a strong move­ment leading to regulatory initiatives around the world. In this study, the Eu­ropean regulation is compared with common sustainability reporting prac­tices in the Real Estate Sector in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The goal of the study is to show what type of information related to employees, and other social and governance issues are being provided and by how many firms in the year 2020. The findings show that more than half of the analyz­ed firms report the total number of employees, the share of women and the number of permanent full-time contracts. Furthermore, supervisory board members are listed by 37 out of 53 companies. More than a third of the 53 companies confirmed to have anti-corruption processes implemented and 25 firms state to have UN SDGs included in their reports. However, details on diversity and employee-related information are often, more than 50% of the time, missing (e.g. salary ratio of woman to man, average sick days/year, total number of trainees, executive pay ratio, total accidents, average age, proportion of female executives, % of woman on the board of directors, staff turnover rate, newly hired employees, employee-satisfaction, full-time em­ployees and part-time employees). Moreover, the involvement of firms, cus­tomers, suppliers and employees in following human rights guidelines, ESG and Code of Conduct rules is low. Less than a third of companies stated to follow the human rights guidelines obtained a sustainability certificate or employee well-being certificate and provided ESG-specific employee train­ing. Performing Code of Conduct training for employees, customer surveys, and implementing business partner Code of Conduct/Supplier Code of Con­duct besides mentioning the cases of corruption and incidents of discrimi­nation are reported by less than one-third of firms. These results are impor­tant for individuals, companies and politicians implementing new rules re­lated to sustainability reporting in Europe.
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Alan, Ilemin N. "AN EVALUATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE OF TURKEY IN THE SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW." In The 5th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 – (ICCC 2021). The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/2513258x.2021.5106.

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Climate change is a global emergency. Each country's efforts and responses to climate change are of significance individually. The dynamics behind their attitudes are needed to be understood to harmonize global response. Turkey is of a different legal approach than the international community generally. For instance, it is the only G20 country that is not a party to the Paris Agreement. Also, the legal perspective of Turkey is of particular significance for the European Union to achieve its targets. Thus, the question of international legal steps taken and the next steps by Turkey arises. To evaluate this situation, the legal frameworks are analyzed with specific reference to Turkey. It was found that Turkey has been demanding to be recognized as a developing country in the international climate instruments. Although Turkey put some afford to act against climate change, it was not seen as adequate by scientific reports. Also, international and regional human rights instruments have been invoked by individuals for the current policies of Turkey and legal proceedings were started. For an efficient response to climate change, key points regarding common but differentiated responsibilities, the relationships between international and national laws, and the importance of laws with comparing regulations and political instruments are addressed to see how these points can inform recommendations. It is concluded that the ratification of the Paris Agreement is required in the first place. Then, enriched legal perspective in international law, and new specific climate laws in national laws are a necessity to provide a meaningful legal response to this global threat. It is hoped that other legal systems may benefit from analyzing its legal perspective. Every country needs to contribute to the shared enterprise of combatting climate change if the future of humanity and the natural world is to be assured. Keywords: Climate Change, Turkey, International Law, the Paris Agreement
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Čufar, Matic, and Jernej Belak. "Beyond Financials: Understanding the Implications of NFRD and CSRD on Non-financial Reporting." In 8th FEB International Scientific Conference. University of Maribor Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.5.2024.18.

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In an area where transparency and accountability are two crucial corporate governance factors, the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD) and the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) present key legislative acts to foster these principles. Both directives determine that selected companies must include and publish non-financial information in their annual business reports (such as environmental and social matters, human rights, etc.) alongside financial ones. NFRD and CSRD have been implemented for companies to report more comprehensive information about their operations, informing all interested individuals and groups about the information they need for their decision-making, thereby reducing risk, extending the scope of information, and providing a comprehensive view of the company's management. Both directives determine how companies report on their social and environmental impact and signal a shift towards sustainable CSR business practices. This paper aims to determine the methodology and develop a research model to evaluate the effect of NFRD and CSRD on non-financial information reporting in practice.
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Duić, Dunja, and Veronika Sudar. "THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS IN THE EU." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18298.

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The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak is being endured throughout the world, and the European Union (EU) is no exception. The rapid spreading of the virus effected, among other things, restriction on the freedom of movement. The EU member states introduced national response measures to contain the pandemic and protect public health. While broadly similar, the measures differ with regard to strictness and the manner of introduction, reflecting the political legitimacy of the respective country. With the ‘Guidelines concerning the exercise of the free movement of workers during COVID-19 outbreak’ – its first COVID-19-related Communication – the European Commission (EC) attempted to curb differing practices of the EU member states and ensure a coordinated approach. Ultimately, this action was aimed at upholding of fundamental rights as guaranteed to EU citizens, one such being the freedom of movement. Thus, from the very start of the pandemic, the coordinated actions of EU institutions sought to contain the spread of COVID-19 infections with the support and cooperation of EU member states. This is confirmed by the most recent Council of the EU (Council) recommendation on a coordinated approach to restrictions to freedom of movement within the EU of October 2020. While they did prevent the spread of infection and save countless lives, the movement restriction measures and the resulting uncertainty have greatly affected the people, the society, and the economy, thereby demonstrating that they cannot remain in force for an extended period. This paper examines the measures introduced by EU member states and analyses the legal basis for introducing therewith limitations on human rights and market freedoms. To what extent are the EU and member states authorized to introduce restrictions on the freedom of movement in the interest of public health? Have the EU and member states breached their obligations regarding market freedoms and fundamental rights under the Treaty? And most importantly: have they endangered the fundamental rights of the citizens of the EU?
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Hana, Suela. "ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATION POLICIES FOR VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING, THE NECESSITY OF THEIR MULTIDISCIPLINARY EVALUATION." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.413.

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Extensive developments and changes in the economic, political, social, cultural and scientific fields have undoubtedly brought problems and disturbing phenomena in many parts of the world, such as the trafficking and exploitation of human beings. Every year many women, girls and children are illegally transported across the borders of their countries of origin, sold or bought, bringing to mind all the primitive ways of human slavery, seen in stark contrast to the galloping development that society has taken today, as well as aspirations for a worldwide civilization and citizenship. Regarding Albania, the beginning of trafficking in human beings dates in 1995 (Annual Analysis of 2003 of the State Social Service, Tirana), where the country found itself in a situation of instability of political, economic, social and cultural changes, as well as in a transitional geographical position to was used by traffickers, mostly Albanians, as an “open door” for the recruitment, transportation and sale of women, girls and children from Moldova, Russia, Romania, Turkey, Albania, China, etc. Albania is identified as a source and transit country for trafficked women and children. In addition, many NGOs and international organizations report significant increase cases in the trafficking of human beings. In 1999, official sources reported that young women and girls had been lured or abducted from refugee camps in Albania during the Kosovo crisis and then sold for prostitution in Italy and the United Kingdom. Reports from Italy, Germany, Belgium and the UK suggest that Albanian women and girls, which are trafficked for prostitution mostly are from rural areas (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Review Conference, September 1999). It is almost common to talk about the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings, about the motivating and attractive factors, the consequences associated with this phenomenon of Albanian society. Given the extent of the trafficking phenomenon during the last 30 years transition period in Albania, the Government has made different legislative and institutional efforts, through a strategic approach to combat and mitigate this phenomenon. However, the elements of identification, protection, reintegration and long-term rehabilitation for victims of trafficking remain issues of concern and still not properly addressed, in the context of the institutional fight against trafficking in persons, which should have as its primary goal the protection of the human rights for victims of trafficking and not their further violation or re-victimization (Annual Report of the European Commission, 2007).
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van Staden, Annalene. "Exploring the Quality and Inequality in the Literacy Development Opportunities of South African Preschoolers." In International Association of Cross Cultural Psychology Congress. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4087/vyft6521.

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According to the South African Constitution and Bill of Rights, with their emphasis on a culture of civil liberties and the democratic values of liberty, equality and human rights, the country’s education system should be inherently capable of meeting the diverse needs of every child and preventing the breakdown and exclusion of any learner. In reality, however, the South African education system fails to address the literacy needs of many South African children. National literacy surveys suggest that the country is ‘headed for a national education crisis’ (Bloch, 2009:12), because we ‘barely produce literate and numerate children’. Against this disturbing background, we need to gain an understanding of teachers’ practices and the quality of language and literacy input currently being offered in early childhood education in South Africa. While remaining constantly aware of the interplay of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect literacy development, two main objectives guided this research. Firstly, we aimed to investigate the quality of language and literacy stimulation programmes currently being offered at 195 randomly selected urban and rural preschool classes in the Free State province, South Africa (via the administration of the ECERS-R). Secondly, we conducted focus groups with 50 preschool teachers to explore the challenges they experience in creating classroom environments that are responsive to the literacy needs of South African preschoolers. Moreover, we attempted to identify and address the inequalities that still exist with regard to the literacy development of the vast number of South African learners who are still at risk of developing literacy and academic problems and consequently even now experience exclusion daily. Results from the literacy project have already made a significant contribution to the meagre corpus of empirically validated research in the literacy challenges facing South African children. With this article, we intend to stimulate debate on a topic of critical importance to the country’s education system.
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EL ASRI, Fatima. "CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION: FUTURE CITIZEN FORMATION PROJECT." In VI. International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress6-6.

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Today, no one denies that the progress and prosperity of nations is linked to the effectiveness of their educational system and its ability to keep pace with the accelerating tide of knowledge, and the large and rapid transformations in the technical and technological field. As well as its ability to open up to its social and economic environment. To achieve the desired development within the framework of democracy, which requires granting every member of society the competencies and capabilities that guarantee him, and qualify him to participate effectively in building society, and to exercise his rights and duties on a daily basis. Through education in all its formal and informal channels, by all social institutions entrusted with the socialization of individuals. Therefore, we decided to approach the topic of teaching “citizenship education”, through an article that includes an introduction and a set of paragraphs. For the introduction, it includes the methodological introduction to the article. While the first paragraph of this modest article is devoted to the process of rooting the concept of citizenship. Through the basic reference systems of liberal political philosophy: the state of nature – natural law – social contract, through an inductive as well as descriptive approach to the texts of “Spinoza” and “Locke”. We stood through them on the importance of theoretical and intellectual accumulation. Which contributed to the crystallization of an integrated philosophical systemic conception of the concept of the new man, certainly has nothing to do with the image of the old man and his theoretical references. The establishment of political philosophical concepts was not direct, but rather the demolition of the concepts that were the focus of centrist thinking and its first pillar, especially the concept of slavery, which the 17th century texts confronted with force in order to build a new concept for the sane and free human being (= citizen). As for the second paragraph, it is the fruit of the search for the concept of citizenship, its definitions, and its manifestations, which include two elements: the first relates to the basic responsibilities of citizenship (specific to individuals), and the second relates to the basic conditions for taking into account citizenship (specific to the state). While the third paragraph includes the dimensions of citizenship, its objectives, types, and its connection to the educational field, as a goal to advance the country and the citizen alike. Therefore, the fourth paragraph was devoted to the issue of citizenship education, by defining its multiple objectives and characteristics, with an emphasis on the conditions for the success of citizenship education and the appropriate methodology for it. As for the fifth paragraph, it includes education on citizenship through scrutinizing the concepts of education, citizenship, human rights….... Then we move in the sixth paragraph to an attempt to clarify the reality of teaching this subject, with its new concept based on human rights values, away from the institutional approach, which limits it to getting to know institutions and laws, and moves away from the basic role of the article, and this is to create a good citizen imbued with the spirit of citizenship. Which translated into noticeable and tangible situations and realistic practices that actually benefit education. In order to clarify the reality of teaching citizenship education, it was necessary to carry out a careful and in-depth study, to find out the extent to which teachers keep pace with reform, their difficulties, and their needs, when teaching the subject. We concluded that there are groups of difficulties, in theory and application, according to the necessity of training. This is what made us suggest a set of practices, emphasizing the active methods of education on citizenship and human rights, in which the learner is active in building his/her learning. Let’s end the article with a set of recommendations, suggestions and extensions
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Reports on the topic "Country reports on human rights practices"

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OLUWASANYA, Grace, Ayodetimi OMONIYI, Duminda PERERA, Manzoor QADIR, and Kaveh MADANI. Unmasking the Unseen: The Gendered Impacts of Water Quality, Sanitation and Hygiene. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU INWEH), March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/inr24gar011.

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This report investigated the interplay between water quality, sanitation, hygiene and gender by examining distinct variables of water quality and their varying impacts on gender like reported water-related illnesses of males and females, and the consequences of water quality, sanitation, and hygiene on menstrual hygiene practices, particularly focusing on a low- and middle-income country- LMICs. This report presents the key findings, outlining a framework and guidance for examining gender-specific impacts stemming from poor water quality and WASH practices through a piloted case study in Abeokuta City, Nigeria, to serve as a preliminary guide for conducting comprehensive, site-specific assessments. The piloted Differential Impacts Assessment, DIA framework is a 5-step approach, guiding the evaluation of gendered impacts from method design to the field activities, which include water sampling and laboratory analysis, public survey, and health data collection, to the data and gender analysis. The focus on low- and middle-income countries underscores the importance of DIA in such regions for better health and socioeconomic outcomes, promoting inclusive development. The study results reveal unsettling, largely unseen gender disparities in exposure to health-related risks associated with non-utility water sources and highlight pronounced differences in water source preferences and utilization, the burden of water sourcing and collection, and health- and hygiene-related practices. Specifically, this preliminary assessment indicates an alarming inadequacy in accessing WASH services within the pilot study area, raising considerable doubts about achieving SDG 6 by 2030. While this finding is worrying, this report also discusses the lack of a standardized protocol for monitoring water-related impacts utilizing sex-disaggregated data, shedding light on the unseen global-scale gendered impacts. The report warns about the water safety of non-utility water sources. Without point-of-use treatment and water safety protocols, the water sources are unsuitable for potable uses, potentially posing compounded health risks associated with microbial contaminations and high calcium content, particularly affecting boys. Girls are likely the most affected by the repercussions of water collection, including time constraints, health implications, and safety concerns. Men and boys face a higher risk related to poor hygiene, while women may be more susceptible to health effects stemming from toilet cleaning responsibilities and shared sanitation facilities. Despite the preference for disposable sanitary pads among most women and girls, women maintain better menstrual hygiene practices than girls. This age-specific disparity highlights potential substantial health risks for girls in the near and distant future. Enhancing women's economic status could improve access to superior healthcare services and significantly elevate household well-being. The report calls for targeted actions, including urgent planning and implementation of robust water safety protocols for non-utility self-supply systems and mainstreaming gender concerns and needs as the “6th” accelerator for SDG 6. The piloted methodology is scalable and serves as an introductory guide that can be further refined to explore and track site-specific differential health and socioeconomic effects of inadequate water quality, especially in locales similar to the study area. The report targets policymakers and donor organizations advocating for sustainable water resource development, public health, human rights, and those promoting gender equality globally
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Marshall, Katherine. Towards Enriching Understandings and Assessments of Freedom of Religion or Belief: Politics, Debates, Methodologies, and Practices. Institute of Development Studies, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.001.

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Promoting the right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) is a foreign policy priority for several countries, their concerns accentuated by considerable evidence of rising levels of violations of this right worldwide. This puts a premium on solid evidence and on clear assessment criteria to serve as objective guides for policy. This paper reviews the complex landscape of approaches to assessing and measuring both the status of FoRB and the degree to which this human right is being violated or protected. It introduces and describes various transnational methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative, which focus, in differing ways, on violations. Several are widely cited and have express policy applications, while others have more indirect application to FoRB. The analysis highlights the diversity of approaches, which both reflect and contribute to a tendency to politicise FoRB issues. Challenges include differing understandings of the nature and relative significance of violations and their comparability. Country analysis is crucial because the specific context has vital importance for a granular appreciation for causes and impact of FoRB violations. This granularity, however, is poorly reflected in broader quantitative transnational and time series indices that highlight trends and comparative impact. The review highlights the limited degree to which FoRB issues, specifically violations and religiously related discrimination, are integrated in the policies and practice of development approaches (including social change and progress towards wellbeing) internationally and nationally. Effective approaches to addressing violations are few and far between, especially at the international level. The review notes strengths and weaknesses of specific approaches to assessment and reflects on possible improvements focused on development challenges and better integration among aspects of human rights.
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Coelho Resende, Noelle, Renata Weber, Jardel Fischer Loeck, Mathias Vaiano Glens, Carolina Gomes, Priscila Farfan Barroso, Janine Targino, Emerson Elias Merhy, Leandro Dominguez Barretto, and Carly Machado. Working Paper Series: Therapeutic Communities in Brazil. Edited by Taniele Rui and Fiore Mauricio. Drugs, Security and Democracy Program, Social Science Research Council, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/ssrc.2081.d.2021.

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Spread across Brazil and attaining an unparalleled political force, therapeutic communities are as inescapable in the debate on drug policy as they are complex to define. Although they are not a Brazilian creation, they have been operating in that country for decades, and their dissemination intensified in the 1990s. In 2011, they were officially incorporated into Brazil's Psychosocial Care Network (Rede de Atenção Psicossocial, or RAPS). Since then, therapeutic communities have been at the center of public debates about their regulation; about how they should—or even if they should—be a part of the healthcare system; about the level of supervision to which they should be submitted; about their sources of funding, particularly whether or not they should have access to public funding; and, most importantly, about the quality of the services they offer and the many reports of rights violation that have been made public. However, a well-informed public debate can only flourish if the available information is based on sound evidence. The SSRC’s Drugs, Security and Democracy Program is concerned with the policy relevance of the research projects it supports, and the debate around therapeutic communities in Brazil points to a clear need for impartial research that addresses different cross-cutting aspects of this topic in its various dimensions: legal, regulatory, health, and observance of human rights, among others. It is in this context that we publish this working paper series on therapeutic communities in Brazil. The eight articles that compose this series offer a multidisciplinary view of the topic, expanding and deepening the existing literature and offering powerful contributions to a substantive analysis of therapeutic communities as instruments of public policy. Although they can be read separately, it is as a whole that the strength of the eight articles that make up this series becomes more evident. Even though they offer different perspectives, they are complementary works in—and already essential for—delineating and understanding the phenomenon of therapeutic communities in Brazil.
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Bolton, Laura. Global Health Funds and Humanitarian Programming. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.144.

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There is a lack of reporting on the connection between Humanitarian Country Team Health Clusters and the three funds (the Global Fund, the Gavi Alliance, and the Global Financing Facility (GFF)), both generally and for the three countries of focus (Mozambique, Uganda, and Nigeria). The Global Fund is noted to partner with the Global Health Cluster but details were not identified within the scope of this report. Global Fund A Global Fund board meeting report and a review of Fund investments in challenging operating environments notes partnering and joining with the Global Health Clusters but does not give detail of specific countries. The Global Fund does not include Mozambique or Uganda in their list of challenging operating environments. There are reports of emergency funding being allocated for refugees in Uganda, and for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Mozambique. Countries are encouraged to include refugees in their funding requests to the Global Fund. Some Global Fund supported operations for HIV treatment in Mozambique have been interrupted as people receiving treatment fled from violence. Partners in provinces where the displaced are arriving are implementing emergency plans to maintain continuity of care. A Global Fund initiative for removing human-rights barriers to health treatment does not list refugees or IDPs as vulnerable groups for HIV programming. The same initiative in Uganda did specifically support distribution of nets to help prevent malaria. A 2017 audit report on Global Fund grant management in high-risk environments found inadequate early warning mechanisms to identify risk levels of grants. Gavi Alliance Gavi Alliance policy documentation states that a flexible and tailored approach is taken to achieve equity in fragile or emergency situations and for the needs of displaced populations. Requests for flexible support are based on specific needs which must be justified. The policy puts a strong emphasis on ensuring the inclusion of displaced populations. It encourages governments to provide immunisations independent of residency and legal status. They provide extra support where justified for displaced people. Very little information on Gavi activity in the countries of focus for this report was found. Global Financing Facility The GFF 2021-2025 strategy reports offering support in complex humanitarian settings but detail is not included. An earlier report describes GFF support in Nigeria where the Facility were able to finance a targeted project in a short timeframe. Distinction is made between this type of support and emergency support which is not part of the design of the GFF and is unable to quickly release lifesaving funds in emergency situations. The short timeframe funding was provided to support the Nigerian State Health Investment Project where violence had disrupted health services and where health indicators were poor. Mobile health teams were contracted out to hard-to-reach areas. Outreach included psychosocial support.
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Inter-American Development Bank Sustainability Report 2020: Global Reporting Initiative Annex. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003100.

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The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) sets global standards for sustainability reporting, relying on best practices for reporting on a range of economic, environmental, and social impacts. This is the IDBs fifth GRI annex, prepared as a supplement to the IDB Sustainability Report. The annex reports on both corporate and operational topics using standardized indicators. The following material topics are included in the annex: active ownership, anticorruption and ethics, biodiversity, climate resilience, employment and labor relations, energy, engagement and coordination, feedback mechanisms, financial inclusion, gender equality and diversity, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, health and safety, human rights, indirect economic impacts, market presence, material use, monitoring and evaluation, responsible portfolio, supply chain management, training and education, waste, and water.
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