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Journal articles on the topic 'Counting automaton'
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1
SCHEICHER, KLAUS, and JÖRG M. THUSWALDNER. "Canonical number systems, counting automata and fractals." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 133, no. 1 (July 2002): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004102005856.
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In this paper we study properties of the fundamental domain [Fscr ]β of number systems, which are defined in rings of integers of number fields. First we construct addition automata for these number systems. Since [Fscr ]β defines a tiling of the n-dimensional vector space, we ask, which tiles of this tiling ‘touch’ [Fscr ]β. It turns out that the set of these tiles can be described with help of an automaton, which can be constructed via an easy algorithm which starts with the above-mentioned addition automaton. The addition automaton is also useful in order to determine the box counting dimension of the boundary of [Fscr ]β. Since this boundary is a so-called graph-directed self-affine set, it is not possible to apply the general theory for the calculation of the box counting dimension of self similar sets. Thus we have to use direct methods.
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ALAZEMI, HAMED M. K., and ANTON ČERNÝ. "COUNTING SUBWORDS USING A TRIE AUTOMATON." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 22, no. 06 (September 2011): 1457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054111008817.
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We use the concept of trie (prefix tree) representation of a prefix-closed finite language L to design a simple nondeterministic automaton. Each computation of this trie automaton corresponds to a subword occurrence of a word from L in the input word. The matrix representation of the trie automaton leads to a fairly general extension of the original concept of the Parikh matrix from [7].
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MANUEL, AMALDEV, and R. RAMANUJAM. "CLASS COUNTING AUTOMATA ON DATAWORDS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 22, no. 04 (June 2011): 863–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054111008465.
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In the theory of automata over infinite alphabets, a central difficulty is that of finding a suitable compromise between expressiveness and algorithmic complexity. We propose an automaton model where we count the multiplicity of data values on an input word. This is particularly useful when such languages represent behaviour of systems with unboundedly many processes, where system states carry such counts as summaries. A typical recognizable language is: "every process does at most k actions labelled a". We show that emptiness is elementarily decidable, by reduction to the covering problem on Petri nets.
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Baltic, Vladimir. "Applications of the finite state automata for counting restricted permutations and variations." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 22, no. 2 (2012): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor120211023b.
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In this paper, we use the finite state automata to count the number of restricted permutations and the number of restricted variations. For each type of restricted permutations, we construct a finite state automaton able to recognize and enumerate them. We, also, discuss how it encompasses the other known methods for enumerating permutations with restricted position, and in one case, we establish connections with some other combinatorial structures, such as subsets and compositions.
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Păun, Gheorghe, and Mario J. Pérez-Jiménez. "Solving Problems in a DistributedWay in Membrane Computing: dP Systems." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2010.2.2478.
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Although P systems are distributed parallel computing devices, no explicit way of handling the input in a distributed way in this framework was considered so far. This note proposes a distributed architecture (based on cell-like P systems, with their skin membranes communicating through channels as in tissue-like P systems, according to specified rules of the antiport type), where parts of a problem can be introduced as inputs in various components and then processed in parallel. The respective devices are called dP systems, with the case of accepting strings called dP automata. The communication complexity can be evaluated in various ways: statically (counting the communication rules in a dP system which solves a given problem), or dynamically (counting the number of communication steps, of communication rules used in a computation, or the number of objects communicated). For each measure, two notions of “parallelizability" can be introduced. Besides (informal) definitions, some illustrations of these idea are provided for dP automata: each regular language is “weakly parallelizable" (i.e., it can be recognized in this framework, using a constant number of communication steps), and there are languages of various types with respect to Chomsky hierarchy which are “efficiently parallelizable" (they are parallelizable and, moreover, are accepted in a faster way by a dP automaton than by a single P automaton). Several suggestions for further research are made.
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Biehl, Martin, and Olaf Witkowski. "Investigating Transformational Complexity: Counting Functions a Region Induces on Another in Elementary Cellular Automata." Complexity 2021 (June 29, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7501405.
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Over the years, the field of artificial life has attempted to capture significant properties of life in artificial systems. By measuring quantities within such complex systems, the hope is to capture the reasons for the explosion of complexity in living systems. A major effort has been in discrete dynamical systems such as cellular automata, where very few rules lead to high levels of complexity. In this paper, for every elementary cellular automaton, we count the number of ways a finite region can transform an enclosed finite region. We discuss the relation of this count to existing notions of controllability, physical universality, and constructor theory. Numerically, we find that particular sizes of surrounding regions have preferred sizes of enclosed regions on which they can induce more transformations. We also find three particularly powerful rules (90, 105, 150) from this perspective.
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Dassow, Jürgen, and Bianca Truthe. "Accepting networks of evolutionary processors with resources restricted and structure limited filters." RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications 55 (2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ita/2021004.
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In this paper, we continue the research on accepting networks of evolutionary processors where the filters belong to several special families of regular languages. We consider families of codes or ideals and subregular families which are defined by restricting the resources needed for generating or accepting them (the number of states of the minimal deterministic finite automaton accepting a language of the family as well as the number of non-terminal symbols or the number of production rules of a right-linear grammar generating such a language). We insert the newly defined language families into the hierachy of language families obtained by using as filters languages of other subregular families (such as ordered, non-counting, power-separating, circular, suffix-closed regular, union-free, definite, combinational, finite, monoidal, nilpotent, or commutative languages).
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BRODA, SABINE, ANTÓNIO MACHIAVELO, NELMA MOREIRA, and ROGÉRIO REIS. "ON THE AVERAGE SIZE OF GLUSHKOV AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE AUTOMATA." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 23, no. 05 (August 2012): 969–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054112400400.
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In this paper, the relation between the Glushkov automaton [Formula: see text] and the partial derivative automaton [Formula: see text] of a given regular expression, in terms of transition complexity, is studied. The average transition complexity of [Formula: see text] was proved by Nicaud to be linear in the size of the corresponding expression. This result was obtained using an upper bound of the number of transitions of [Formula: see text]. Here we present a new quadratic construction of [Formula: see text] that leads to a more elegant and straightforward implementation, and that allows the exact counting of the number of transitions. Based on that, a better estimation of the average size is presented. Asymptotically, and as the alphabet size grows, the number of transitions per state is on average 2. Broda et al. computed an upper bound for the ratio of the number of states of [Formula: see text] to the number of states of [Formula: see text] which is about ½ for large alphabet sizes. Here we show how to obtain an upper bound for the number of transitions in [Formula: see text], which we then use to get an average case approximation. In conclusion, assymptotically, and for large alphabets, the size of [Formula: see text] is half the size of the [Formula: see text]. This is corroborated by some experiments, even for small alphabets and small regular expressions.
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GRECO, SERGIO, DOMENICO SACCÀ, and CARLO ZANIOLO. "GRAMMARS AND AUTOMATA TO OPTIMIZE CHAIN LOGIC QUERIES." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 10, no. 03 (September 1999): 349–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054199000253.
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The critical problem of finding efficient implementations for recursive queries with bound arguments offers many open challenges of practical and theoretical import. In particular, there is a need to find methods that are effective for the general case, such as non-linear programs, as well as for specialized cases, such as left-recursive linear programs. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that solves this problem for chain queries, i.e., for queries where bindings are propagated from arguments in the head to arguments in the tail of the rules, in a chain-like fashion. The method, called pushdown method, is based on the fact that a chain query can have associated a context-free language and a pushdown automaton recognizing this language can be emulated by rewriting the query as a particular factorized left-linear program. The proposed method generalizes and unifies previous techniques such as the 'counting' and 'right-, left-, mixed-linear' methods. It also succeeds in reducing many non-linear programs to query-equivalent linear ones.
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CALEGARI, DANNY, and KOJI FUJIWARA. "Combable functions, quasimorphisms, and the central limit theorem." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 30, no. 5 (November 4, 2009): 1343–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385709000662.
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AbstractA function on a discrete group is weakly combable if its discrete derivative with respect to a combing can be calculated by a finite-state automaton. A weakly combable function is bicombable if it is Lipschitz in both the left- and right-invariant word metrics. Examples of bicombable functions on word-hyperbolic groups include:(1)homomorphisms to ℤ;(2)word length with respect to a finite generating set;(3)most known explicit constructions of quasimorphisms (e.g. the Epstein–Fujiwara counting quasimorphisms).We show that bicombable functions on word-hyperbolic groups satisfy acentral limit theorem: if$\overline {\phi }_n$is the value of ϕ on a random element of word lengthn(in a certain sense), there areEandσfor which there is convergence in the sense of distribution$n^{-1/2}(\overline {\phi }_n - nE) \to N(0,\sigma )$, whereN(0,σ) denotes the normal distribution with standard deviationσ. As a corollary, we show that ifS1andS2are any two finite generating sets forG, there is an algebraic numberλ1,2depending onS1andS2such that almost every word of lengthnin theS1metric has word lengthn⋅λ1,2in theS2metric, with error of size$O(\sqrt {n})$.
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Abdullah, Afiq, Jasmee Jaafar, Khairul Nizam Tahar, and Mohamad Hezri Razali. "Shipping Container Counting Approach Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and ArcGIS." Built Environment Journal 16, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/bej.v16i2.9693.
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In Malaysia, the existing of counting approach on the shipping container at depot is carried out by manual based system. This has made the efficiency of the method to be questioned which can be solved through automation. Under previous studies, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is demonstrated for automatic counting of cars and trees. Therefore, the possibility for shipping container counting is highly required in which promotes low-cost alternative and automatedpilot for data collection. Based on this study, the aerial images captured using UAV is combined with geographical information processing software, ArcGIS, towards automated approach for container counting. The overlapping aerial images are post-processed using photogrammetric technique to produce Digital Surface Model (DSM) that represents the ground and above surface feature’s elevations. Then, the constructed DSM is filtered to develop Digital Terrain Model (DTM) where it represents the ground surface’s elevation only. Then, container’s candidates are isolated using subtraction of the DTM from DSM to generate normalized DSM (nDSM) which represents the heights of container’s stacks. From the standard size and height of one container from ISO, the number of containers is extracted. The ModelBuilder tool available in ArcGIS is customized for automated geographical information processing. From results, the proposed approach contributed to 100% of counting accuracy. Keywords: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Counting, Shipping Container, ArcGIS, ModelBuilder
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Oña, Edwin, Patricia Sánchez-Herrera, Alicia Cuesta-Gómez, Santiago Martinez, Alberto Jardón, and Carlos Balaguer. "Automatic Outcome in Manual Dexterity Assessment Using Colour Segmentation and Nearest Neighbour Classifier." Sensors 18, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 2876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092876.
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Objective assessment of motor function is an important component to evaluating the effectiveness of a rehabilitation process. Such assessments are carried out by clinicians using traditional tests and scales. The Box and Blocks Test (BBT) is one such scale, focusing on manual dexterity evaluation. The score is the maximum number of cubes that a person is able to displace during a time window. In a previous paper, an automated version of the Box and Blocks Test using a Microsoft Kinect sensor was presented, and referred to as the Automated Box and Blocks Test (ABBT). In this paper, the feasibility of ABBT as an automated tool for manual dexterity assessment is discussed. An algorithm, based on image segmentation in CIELab colour space and the Nearest Neighbour (NN) rule, was developed to improve the reliability of automatic cube counting. A pilot study was conducted to assess the hand motor function in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Three functional assessments were carried out. The success rate in automatic cube counting was studied by comparing the manual (BBT) and the automatic (ABBT) methods. The additional information provided by the ABBT was analysed to discuss its clinical significance. The results show a high correlation between manual (BBT) and automatic (ABBT) scoring. The lowest average success rate in cube counting for ABBT was 92%. Additionally, the ABBT acquires extra information from the cubes’ displacement, such as the average velocity and the time instants in which the cube was detected. The analysis of this information can be related to indicators of health status (coordination and dexterity). The results showed that the ABBT is a useful tool for automating the assessment of unilateral gross manual dexterity, and provides additional information about the user’s performance.
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Asinowski, Andrei, Axel Bacher, Cyril Banderier, and Bernhard Gittenberger. "Analytic Combinatorics of Lattice Paths with Forbidden Patterns, the Vectorial Kernel Method, and Generating Functions for Pushdown Automata." Algorithmica 82, no. 3 (October 13, 2019): 386–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00453-019-00623-3.
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Abstract In this article we develop a vectorial kernel method—a powerful method which solves in a unified framework all the problems related to the enumeration of words generated by a pushdown automaton. We apply it for the enumeration of lattice paths that avoid a fixed word (a pattern), or for counting the occurrences of a given pattern. We unify results from numerous articles concerning patterns like peaks, valleys, humps, etc., in Dyck and Motzkin paths. This refines the study by Banderier and Flajolet from 2002 on enumeration and asymptotics of lattice paths: we extend here their results to pattern-avoiding walks/bridges/meanders/excursions. We show that the autocorrelation polynomial of this forbidden pattern, as introduced by Guibas and Odlyzko in 1981 in the context of rational languages, still plays a crucial role for our algebraic languages. En passant, our results give the enumeration of some classes of self-avoiding walks, and prove several conjectures from the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. Finally, we also give the trivariate generating function (length, final altitude, number of occurrences of the pattern p), and we prove that the number of occurrences is normally distributed and linear with respect to the length of the walk: this is what Flajolet and Sedgewick call an instance of Borges’s theorem.
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Marchant, Ross, Martin Tetard, Adnya Pratiwi, Michael Adebayo, and Thibault de Garidel-Thoron. "Automated analysis of foraminifera fossil records by image classification using a convolutional neural network." Journal of Micropalaeontology 39, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jm-39-183-2020.
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Abstract. Manual identification of foraminiferal morphospecies or morphotypes under stereo microscopes is time consuming for micropalaeontologists and not possible for nonspecialists. Therefore, a long-term goal has been to automate this process to improve its efficiency and repeatability. Recent advances in computation hardware have seen deep convolutional neural networks emerge as the state-of-the-art technique for image-based automated classification. Here, we describe a method for classifying large foraminifera image sets using convolutional neural networks. Construction of the classifier is demonstrated on the publicly available Endless Forams image set with a best accuracy of approximately 90 %. A complete automatic analysis is performed for benthic species dated to the last deglacial period for a sediment core from the north-eastern Pacific and for planktonic species dated from the present until 180 000 years ago in a core from the western Pacific warm pool. The relative abundances from automatic counting based on more than 500 000 images compare favourably with manual counting, showing the same signal dynamics. Our workflow opens the way to automated palaeoceanographic reconstruction based on computer image analysis and is freely available for use.
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Pan, Li Ai, and Qiu Lei Du. "Study on Automatic Sorting and Counting Machine for Coin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.872.
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RMB contains a large number of coins in circulation in the financial and other fields, this coin inventory and classification, is through manual means, this mode of operation and low work efficiency and give the operator a great trouble, the labor intensity greatly, and not accurate. In the paper, an automatic sorting and measuring machine has been designed and mainly used for sorting, counting, packaging to a variety of coin. The main function of automatic sorting and measuring machine are automatic sorting, counting and packaging. The machine mainly consists of mechanical systems and control systems. It is applied to the modern innovative design and it is the device meeting the need in places for many small denominations of currency. The machine has achieved automation, improved labor productivity, and also brought many conveniences to life. The machine is the inevitable trend of future development.
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Bai, Hai Jun, Shou Hua Ren, and Qing Ling Meng. "The Design of Information Processing in Automatic Circle-Counting System in Track Events." Applied Mechanics and Materials 422 (September 2013): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.422.204.
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Sports track events are the major events in sports competition and have been the major ways of peoples participation in sports. As technology advances and managerial concept changes, the digitalization, intelligentization and automation of management has become an unavoidable trend for track events. As a major component of track events managerial automation, automatic circle-counting system has been attached great importance by the sports circle. Based on these developmental changes in track events management, this paper analyses the core part of automatic circle-counting system in track events, that is the research and design of information processing, with special focus on the analysis of its influence on electronic circuit, processing module and data base. This research aims to ;perfect the design of information processing with improved function, rationalized interface design, solid framework and simple operation so as to provide scientific and efficient service to track events and promote actively the IT level of track events management.
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Yu, Hong, Alex Pyankov, and Marcus Perla. "A Developed Sensor for Color Identification, Sorting and Counting Automation Control System." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.2.2363.
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Knowing how to manipulate the data from environment to automation control systems in industry can innovate and improve a quality of the products effectively. In plastic manufacturing, there is a need of automated control system that can recognize color and sort, count and sequentially control processing since the certain quantity of color billets mix into a batch in order to produce desired colorful products. In this paper, a color recognition sensor based on the principle of LEDs energy harvest corresponding actuator has been designed. The derivational voltage due to red, green and blue color shift in color recognition, sorting and counting automation control system is measured as a signal input of the controller that works with the reflected light properties such as the reflective harmonic energy. Sequentially, the automation control system with human machine interface (HMI) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) will monitor the quantity of diversity color products in intuitive and remote supervisory, customization or adjustments in automation processing. Furthermore, the designed device will integrate into artificial intelligent (AI) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
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Kruchak, Liudmyla, and Volodymyr Muravskyi. "Automation of receivables accounting based on an integrated database of counterparties." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 1(83) (February 22, 2017): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2017.01.109.
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The development of information and communication technology has led to the introduction of electronic communication channels to accounting processes. Electronic communications provide information interaction of all debtors and creditors of a company, through which collec- tion, processing and storage of data on payments to counterparties take place in a consoli- dated database. The received primary information can be used to automate receivables ac- counting. Theoretical and practical issues related to automation of receivables accounting are identified. The purpose of the article is to theoretically justify and practically introduce the possibilities of setting up a consolidated database on counterparties of a company; to study communication and organizational aspects of automation of receivables accounting in terms of modern information technology. The subject matter of the study is automation of receivables accounting in a company. The scope of the study is a set of theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of automated accounting of receivables through the introduction of a consolidated database of counterparties. Methods of analysis and synthesis are used to structure the area of research through identification and formalization of automation of receivables accounting facilitated by information and communication technology. The article considers a matter related to automation of receivables accounting and proposes recommendations on the introduction of an automated system for settlement with debtors in a company. The authors have developed an information model of a consolidated database which contains information on counterparties, contract relations, and settlement of receivables. A consolidated database acts as an information environment for electronic interactions of all participanys of financial transactions. There is an information exchange between suppliers, customers, banking institutions, legal and factoring organizations, state fiscal and statistics services. However, public access to a consolidated database can lead to a loss of confidential information, which means the need for valid methods of information protection of a company’s accounting system.
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Patterson, K. G., and A. B. Carter. "Automated differential counting." Blood Reviews 5, no. 2 (June 1991): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0268-960x(91)90038-e.
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Francisco, Jairo Silva, Heleno Pinto de Moraes, and Eliane Pedra Dias. "Evaluation of the Image-Pro Plus 4.5 software for automatic counting of labeled nuclei by PCNA immunohistochemistry." Brazilian Oral Research 18, no. 2 (June 2004): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242004000200002.
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The objective of this study was to create and evaluate a routine (macro) using Image-Pro Plus 4.5 software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, USA) for automatic counting of labeled nuclei by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry. A total of 154 digital color images were obtained from eleven sections of reticular oral lichen planus stained by PCNA immunohistochemistry. Mean density (gray-level), red density, green density, blue density, area, minor axis, perimeter rate and roundness were parameters used for PCNA labeled nuclei discrimination, followed by their outlined presentation and counting in each image by the macro. Mean density and area thresholds were automatically defined based, respectively, on mean density and mean area of PCNA labeled nuclei in the assessed image. The reference method consisted in visual counting of manually outlined labeled nuclei. Statistical analysis of macro results versus reference countings showed a very significant correlation (r s = 0.964, p < 0.001) for general results and a high level (89.8 ± 3.8%) of correctly counted labeled nuclei. We conclude that the main parameters associated with a high correlation between macro and reference results were mean density (gray-level) and area thresholds based on image profiles; and that Image-Pro Plus 4.5 using a routine with automatic definition of mean density and area thresholds can be considered a valid alternative to visual counting of PCNA labeled nuclei.
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Yang, Pei-Ying, Chin-Dar Tseng, Tai-Lin Huang, Chao-Hong Liu, I.-Hsing Tsai, Wei-Chun Lin, Chin-Shiuh Shieh, Shyh-An Yeh, Stephen Wan Leung, and Tsair-Fwu Lee. "Automatic mantispid egg detection and counting using image nature." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 22n24 (August 25, 2020): 2040138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220401384.
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Mantispids are small brown bugs about 1.5 cm in length. Mantispid eggs are produced in large quantities, with about 1000 eggs per spawning, and are tiny and densely packed. Traditionally, mantispid eggs are counted manually. However, counting such a large quantity of eggs is difficult. To provide accurate data for researchers, we detail methods to accurately detect and count the number of mantispid eggs using image processing. The following methods were used to count the mantispid eggs: background estimation, morphological image processing, background subtraction, stretching, image thresholding, gray-level transformation, labeling and counting. The results of automated counting were compared with the results of manual counting. The segmentation results were verified, and the accuracy of the mantispid egg counts was determined to be 100%. This provides a useful resource for mantispid egg counting. The automatic counting system cannot only count mantispid eggs, it can also be used to count other similar insect eggs.
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Ezer, Neta, Arthur D. Fisk, and Wendy A. Rogers. "Reliance on Automation as a Function of Expectation of Reliability, Cost of Verification, and Age." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 1 (October 2007): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100102.
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The influence of trust on automation reliance has been examined during interaction with the automation, but little attention has been paid to individuals' initial expectation of automation reliability as it affects future reliance, especially when the cost of not relying on automation is known in advance. Additionally, whereas automation may help to improve the lives of older adults, their expectations of automation reliability have not been thoroughly considered. In this study, 16 older adults and 16 younger adults were asked about their expectation of the reliability of an automated counting aid and half were told that they would lose points for verifying the automation. Subsequent reliance on the decision aid was recorded. The results indicated that neither age nor the cost of verification appears to have an effect on reliability expectancy. Furthermore, predictions of reliability had a negative correlation to reliance. The findings suggest that individuals develop expectations of automation over the course of experience and interaction with automation.
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Tomori, Zoltán, Ivan Krekule, and Lucie Kubínová. "DISECTOR PROGRAM FOR UNBIASED ESTIMATION OF PARTICLE NUMBER, NUMERICAL DENSITY AND MEAN VOLUME." Image Analysis & Stereology 20, no. 2 (May 3, 2011): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v20.p119-130.
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A DISECTOR program is presented, offering the possibility to count particles by the disector or unbiased sampling brick principles as well as to apply the point-counting method needed for estimation of the particle volume density or mean particle volume. Three modes of counting, two semi-automatic and one automatic, are offered, allowing the user to choose the one most suitable for his image data. In a semi-automatic regime, the user marks and counts individual particles by a mouse during browsing through the stack of images. In the algorithm working in an automated mode, the role of a human operator is suppressed, assuming that segmented objects are available in individual levels. The settings of the point grid and 3-D probe can be tailored for each application. The DISECTOR program applications are shown on the examples of the estimation of the number and numerical density of mesophyll cells in a Norway spruce needle and the mean volume of tubular cells in a chick embryonic kidney.
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Ercetin, Ali, Fatih Akkoyun, Ercan Şimşir, Danil Yurievich Pimenov, Khaled Giasin, Manjunath Patel Gowdru Chandrashekarappa, Avinash Lakshmikanthan, and Szymon Wojciechowski. "Image Processing of Mg-Al-Sn Alloy Microstructures for Determining Phase Ratios and Grain Size and Correction with Manual Measurement." Materials 14, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 5095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175095.
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The study of microstructures for the accurate control of material properties is of industrial relevance. Identification and characterization of microstructural properties by manual measurement are often slow, labour intensive, and have a lack of repeatability. In the present work, the intermetallic phase ratio and grain size in the microstructure of known Mg-Sn-Al alloys were measured by computer vision (CV) technology. New Mg (Magnesium) alloys with different alloying element contents were selected as the work materials. Mg alloys (Mg-Al-Sn) were produced using the hot-pressing powder metallurgy technique. The alloys were sintered at 620 °C under 50 MPa pressure in an argon gas atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken for all the fabricated alloys (three alloys: Mg-7Al-5Sn, Mg-8Al-5Sn, Mg-9Al-5Sn). From the SEM images, the grain size was counted manually and automatically with the application of CV technology. The obtained results were evaluated by correcting automated grain counting procedures with manual measurements. The accuracy of the automated counting technique for determining the grain count exceeded 92% compared to the manual counting procedure. In addition, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) grain sizes were accurately calculated (approximately 99% accuracy) according to the determined grain counts in the SEM images. Hence, a successful approach was proposed by calculating the ASTM grain sizes of each alloy with respect to manual and automated counting methods. The intermetallic phases (Mg17Al12 and Mg2Sn) were also detected by theoretical calculations and automated measurements. The accuracy of automated measurements for Mg17Al12 and Mg2Sn intermetallic phases were over 95% and 97%, respectively. The proposed automatic image processing technique can be used as a tool to track and analyse the grain and intermetallic phases of the microstructure of other alloys such as AZ31 and AZ91 magnesium alloys, aluminium, titanium, and Co alloys.
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Dhindsa, Anaahat, Sanjay Bhatia, Sunil Agrawal, and B. S. Sohi. "Estimating Microbial Diversity via Morphological Based Microscopic Image Analysis: Methods and Metrics." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14, no. 4 (December 26, 2020): 2757–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.14.4.52.
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To accelerate the monitoring and counting of biodiversity of various species, there is a need for automating the process of computing biodiversity. The calculations of the alpha and beta biodiversity indexes are fundamental for the analysis of ecological and biodiversity studies. Sukhna and Dhanas lakes, India are critical for the maintenance of the health of the residents and aquatic life thriving in them. Both lakes are prone to pollution. Due to these factors, there is a need for building digitized infrastructure for monitoring the health of these lakes. Hence in this research work, an automated algorithm has been devised for the computation of biodiversity of microorganisms. The work focuses on the surface water of both these lakes. The automation of biodiversity computation is done with image processing algorithms and is applied to the primary data collected. From this study, it is apparent that the counting of microorganisms using image processing algorithms is an easier and efficient way for biodiversity studies as compared to the manual process of estimating the population of microbes. The results show that the species richness of Dhanas Lake is more as compared to Sukhna Lake. The dissimilarity between the two lakes is five species as per the primary data collected. This shows that the biodiversity of Dhanas Lake is better than the Sukhna Lake but it is prone to harmful algal blooms. This may be attributed to the fact that Dhanas Lake may have multiple sources of pollution that need to be identified.
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Ottiger, Cornelia, and Andreas R. Huber. "Quantitative Urine Particle Analysis: Integrative Approach for the Optimal Combination of Automation with UF-100 and Microscopic Review with KOVA Cell Chamber." Clinical Chemistry 49, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/49.4.617.
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Abstract Background: Automated systems have enabled the counting of particles in urine to be standardized. Their superiority over traditional sediment analysis has been well documented, but they have not gained wide acceptance. The reasons for this are that sediment analysis has been performed and interpreted for decades. Additionally, pathologic casts and other unknown particles still must be confirmed under the microscope. Furthermore, comparison between the methods has revealed outliers and thus decreased confidence in automation. Methods: We used the standardized KOVA cell chamber system to count particles and compared the results with UF-100 flow cytometry as an alternative to traditional sediment analysis. Results: We compared 252 randomly selected urine samples and obtained a review rate of 33%. Microscopic verification was necessary because of the presence of casts, yeast, sperm, dysmorphic erythrocytes, and some misclassified erythrocytes or leukocytes that were detected by incongruent dipstick results and abnormal scattergrams. We obtained correlation coefficients of 0.966 for erythrocytes and 0.935 for leukocytes. Criteria for an algorithm to identify samples that needed microscopic review were derived from comparisons between the number of particles from UF-100, dipstick results, cell chamber counting, and sediment analysis. Conclusions: Automated cell counting combined with microscopic counting with a standardized cell chamber system is useful. An objective algorithm for review criteria can be developed via systematic comparison of UF-100 flow cytometry and microscopy. Only urine samples that meet these criteria need to be confirmed microscopically.
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Oliveira, Raimundo Antônio Gomes, Maria Mariko Takadachi, Kimiyo Nonoyama, and Orlando César de Oliveira Barretto. "Is automated platelet counting still a problem in thrombocytopenic blood?" Sao Paulo Medical Journal 121, no. 1 (2003): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802003000100005.
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CONTEXT: Reliable platelet counting is crucial for indicating prophylactic platelet transfusion in thrombocytopenic patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the precision and accuracy of platelet counting for thrombocytopenic patients, using four different automated counters in comparison with the Brecher & Cronkite reference method recommended by the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH). TYPE OF STUDY: Automated platelet counting assessment in thrombocytopenic patients. SETTING: Hematology Laboratory, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, and the Hematology Division of Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Brecher & Cronkite reference method and four different automated platelet counters. PARTICIPANTS: 43 thrombocytopenic patients with platelet counts of less than 30,000/µl RESULTS: The ADVIA-120 (Bayer), Coulter STKS, H1 System (Technicom-Bayer) and Coulter T-890 automatic instruments presented great precision and accuracy in relation to laboratory thrombocytopenic samples obtained by diluting blood from normal donors. However, when thrombocytopenic patients were investigated, all the counters except ADVIA (which is based on volume and refraction index) showed low accuracy when compared to the Brecher & Cronkite reference method (ICSH). The ADVIA counter showed high correlation (r = 0.947). However, all counters showed flags in thrombocytopenic samples. CONCLUSION: The Brecher & Cronkite reference method should always be indicated in thrombocytopenic patients for platelet counts below 30,000 plt /µl obtained in one dimensional counters.
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Chen, Jian, Yangyang Fan, Tao Wang, Chu Zhang, Zhengjun Qiu, and Yong He. "Automatic Segmentation and Counting of Aphid Nymphs on Leaves Using Convolutional Neural Networks." Agronomy 8, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8080129.
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The presence of pests is one of the main problems in crop production, and obtaining reliable statistics of pest infestation is essential for pest management. Detection of pests should be automated because human monitoring of pests is time-consuming and error-prone. Aphids are among the most destructive pests in greenhouses and they reproduce quickly. Automatic detection of aphid nymphs on leaves (especially on the lower surface) using image analysis is a challenging problem due to color similarity and complicated background. In this study, we propose a method for segmentation and counting of aphid nymphs on leaves using convolutional neural networks. Digital images of pakchoi leaves at different aphid infestation stages were obtained, and corresponding pixel-level binary mask annotated. In the test, segmentation results by the proposed method achieved high overlap with annotation by human experts (Dice coefficient of 0.8207). Automatic counting based on segmentation showed high precision (0.9563) and recall (0.9650). The correlation between aphid nymph count by the proposed method and manual counting was high (R2 = 0.99). The proposed method is generic and can be applied for other species of pests.
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Egeler, Oliver, Albertus W. Wognum, Caren Grande, Ning Yuan, Steven Woodside, and Terry Thomas. "Automation of the Hematopoietic CFC Assay for Human Cord Blood, Bone Marrow and Mobilized Peripheral Blood Samples." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 3001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.3001.3001.
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Abstract Abstract 3001 The hematopoietic colony-forming-cell (CFC) assay is a valuable tool to assess the potency of cell products (umbilical cord blood, apheresis products, bone marrow) for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and for toxicity screening in therapeutic drug development. However, the manual colony enumeration that has been required is subjective and time consuming even for experienced users. This subjectivity limits the accuracy of the assay and contributes to a high degree of inter-laboratory variability. To reduce this variability, STEMCELL Technologies has developed an imaging and analysis system (STEMvision™) for automation of CFC assay colony enumeration. We have previously shown results validating the instrument for use in cord blood (CB) cell assays (Wognum et al. 37th Annual Meeting of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Hamburg, Germany 2011). Here we additionally present recent results comparing automated and manual colony counting for human mobilized peripheral blood (mPB), and bone marrow (BM). Samples of CB, mPB, and BM mononuclear cells were inoculated into semi-solid culture media (Methocult™ H4034, H4434, and H4435) and plated into special meniscus-free culture plates (SmartDish™). After 14 days in culture, automated colony counts were obtained from each sample using algorithms specifically optimized for each type of product (CB, mPB, and BM). The same cultures were then manually enumerated by 2–5 operators using the standard microscope method (microscope counts) and by enumerating colonies on the STEMvision™ images (image counts). For the each of the cell products (hCB, mPB, BM), the automated total colony counts were highly correlated to the average manual total colony counts. The table below compares the total manual image counts to the automated counts. Linear regression of the data shows that in addition to being highly correlated (r2 >0.90), the two counting methods give nearly identical results on average (the line of identity has a slope of 1). The efficacy of automated classification of colonies as erythroid or myeloid+mixed was evaluated by comparing the proportion of myeloid counts (myeloid / total) in each sample for image and automated counts. The % agreement was determined as as the differential between the myeloid proportions of the manual image and automated counts. The table below shows that on average, the agreement was greater than 90%. Variability of colony counting was also significantly reduced with the STEMvision™ instrument. We found that for multiple independent measurements of a given sample, the coefficient of variance (CV) of the normalized counts was 11% for the microscope counts (2–5 different operators), 7.9% for the image counts (2–5 different operators) and 4.4% for the automated counts (2–5 different instruments). The low CV for the automated counts was not operator dependent: for 6 samples analyzed by 6 operators using a single instrument, the CV for normalized total colony counts was 4.3%. Automated colony counting with the STEMvision™ instrument has thus been shown to be highly correlated to manual scoring methods for the most common hematopoietic stem cell transplantation products(CB, mPB, and BM). In addition, automation of the assay analysis significantly reduced the variability across multiple operators relative to manual counting methods. As a result, STEMvision™ has the ability to improve standardization of the CFC assay analysis through reduced intra- and inter-lab variability. We have reported previously on the internal and independent multi-center validation of this automated system for CB products. Rigorous validation of for BM and mPB cell products is currently in progress. In addition to providing standardization, this instrument reduces the time required for the assay readout and provides a means of permanent archiving of colony assay images. In the future, the image analysis output will provide quantitative information related to colony morphology that is not easily obtained by manual analysis (eg. colony size, density, symmetry). Such information would enable automated assessment of hematopoietic toxicity. Disclosures: Egeler: Stemcell Technologies: Employment. Wognum:Stemcell Technologies: Employment. Grande:Stemcell Technologies: Employment. Yuan:Stemcell Technologies: Employment. Woodside:Stemcell Technologies: Employment. Thomas:Stemcell Technologies: Employment, Patents & Royalties.
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Nachtergaele, Simon, and Johan De Grave. "AI-Track-tive: open-source software for automated recognition and counting of surface semi-tracks using computer vision (artificial intelligence)." Geochronology 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-383-2021.
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Abstract. A new method for automatic counting of etched fission tracks in minerals is described and presented in this article. Artificial intelligence techniques such as deep neural networks and computer vision were trained to detect fission surface semi-tracks on images. The deep neural networks can be used in an open-source computer program for semi-automated fission track dating called “AI-Track-tive”. Our custom-trained deep neural networks use the YOLOv3 object detection algorithm, which is currently one of the most powerful and fastest object recognition algorithms. The developed program successfully finds most of the fission tracks in the microscope images; however, the user still needs to supervise the automatic counting. The presented deep neural networks have high precision for apatite (97 %) and mica (98 %). Recall values are lower for apatite (86 %) than for mica (91 %). The application can be used online at https://ai-track-tive.ugent.be (last access: 29 June 2021), or it can be downloaded as an offline application for Windows.
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Anchinmane, Vyankatesh T., and Shilpa V. Sankhe. "Utility of peripheral blood smear in platelet count estimation." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20190348.
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Background: There are several methods of platelet count used in hematology laboratory. These methods are manual counting, automated hematology analyzer counting, platelet count estimation by peripheral blood smear (PBS) method etc. Many diseases such as dengue, malaria, pregnancy induced hypertension etc. may leads to severe thrombocytopenia. Timely and precise diagnosis of platelet count plays very crucial role in critical care management of thrombocytopenia cases. The present study was undertaken to estimate platelet counts by PBS method and correlate them with results from automated hematology analyzer method.Methods: Study included one hundred randomly collected blood samples in EDTA anticoagulant vacutainer tubes. Each blood sample was processed for platelet count estimation with automated hematology analyzer and Leishman’s stained PBS examination. The statistical analysis was done by using Pearson's correlation test to access the agreement between both the methods.Results: The Pearson's correlation test showed significant positive correlation for platelet count estimation between both the methods. (r =0.9789).Conclusions: Platelet count estimation by PBS method is reliable and statistically significant when compared to hematology analyzer method. PBS platelet estimation method can be taken as early and rapid procedure for platelet assessment in critical severe thrombocytopenia cases. This method is simple, cheaper and can be done in rural hospital setup where automation is not available.
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Pereira, Nilosha, K. K. P. Gayashani, L. G. K. M. Gunathunga, N. Y. Niluka, A. A. J. Chinthaka, and Gayana Fernando. "AUTOMATED TRAFFIC COUNTING AND CONTROL." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2714.
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Prater, Michael A. "The Automatic Tablet Counting Machine." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 4, no. 5 (September 1988): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512258800400507.
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Lee, Lena. "Automating the Cell Counting Process." Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News 34, no. 15 (September 2014): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gen.34.15.15.
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Clayton, Joe. "Automated Label-Free Cell Counting." Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News 37, no. 14 (August 2017): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gen.37.14.07.
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Zeilberger, Doron. "Automated counting of lego towers." Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 5, no. 4-5 (January 1999): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236199908808194.
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Grishagin, Ivan V. "Automatic cell counting with ImageJ." Analytical Biochemistry 473 (March 2015): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2014.12.007.
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Marotz, J., C. Lübbert, and W. Eisenbeiß. "Effective object recognition for automated counting of colonies in Petri dishes (automated colony counting)." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 66, no. 2-3 (September 2001): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2607(00)00128-0.
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Mohd Mahzan, Iman Haddad Qaisara Dhia, and Khai Loon Lee. "Elimination of Misconduct in Manual Counting Process as an Improvement of Inventory Accuracy in A Manufacturing Company." International Journal of Industrial Management 10 (March 5, 2021): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijim.10.1.2021.6051.
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Managing inventory is crucial especially for manufacturing companies as it has a direct influence on profits of the company. In order to have an efficient inventory management, inventory accuracy need to be achieved and this can be achieved by leveraging technologies and techniques that can minimize the human error. The objective of this study is to investigate the factors affecting inventory inaccuracy in Factory 21 of ABC manufacturing company. This study reveals that the inventory inaccuracy is influenced by the order received in the factory, which is due to the human misconduct during the manual counting process of cartons on pallet. This paper proposes the deployment of Arduino sensor network system in automating the carton counting process.The findings for this study show that the automation system able to improve the inventory record accuracy in ABC manufacturing company.
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Shortis, Mark R., Mehdi Ravanbakhsh, Faisal Shafait, and Ajmal Mian. "Progress in the Automated Identification, Measurement, and Counting of Fish in Underwater Image Sequences." Marine Technology Society Journal 50, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.50.1.1.
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AbstractUnderwater video systems are widely used for counting and measuring fish in aquaculture, fisheries, and conservation management. To determine population counts, spatial or temporal frequencies, and age or weight distributions, snout to tail fork length measurements are performed in video sequences, most commonly using a point and click process by a human operator. Current research aims to automate the identification, measurement, and counting of fish in order to improve the efficiency of population counts or biomass estimates. A fully automated process requires the detection and isolation of candidates for measurement, followed by the snout to tail fork length measurement, species classification, as well as the counting and tracking of fish. This paper reviews the algorithms used for the detection, identification, measurement, counting, and tracking of fish in underwater video sequences. The paper analyzes the most commonly used approaches, leading to an evaluation of the techniques most likely to be a comprehensive solution to the complete process of candidate detection, species identification, length measurement, and population counts for biomass estimation.
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P, Chaya. "An Automated Solution for Extracting and Counting of White Blood Cells in a Blood Smear Images." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-2 (February 28, 2019): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd20293.
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Al-Sayyed, Manar Rizik, Faten Hamad, Rizik Al-Sayyed, and Hussam N. Fakhouri. "An Enhanced Approach for Automation the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia Based on Quantitative Analysis of Red Blood Cells in Intestine Villi Tissue." Modern Applied Science 12, no. 12 (November 16, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v12n12p65.
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Recent years have witnessed a huge revolution in developing automated diagnosis for different diseases such as cancer using medical image processing. Many researchers have been conducted in this field. Analyzing medical microscopic images provide pathology medical track with large information about the status of the patients and the progress of the diseases and help in detecting any pathological changes in tissues. Automation of the diagnosis of these images will lead to a better, faster and enhanced diagnosis for different hematological and histological images. This paper proposes an automated approach for analyzing blood smear microscopic images to help in diagnosing anemia using quantitative analysis of red blood cells in intestine villi tissue. The diagnoses depends on counting the number of blue and red stained blood cells that contain iron in each villi separately, then, it calculates the percentage of blue cells and red cells in the experimented image. The experimental results have shown that using digital image processing techniques through processing the image into different stages as including noise removal, image sharpening, enhancing contrast, find region of interest, isolating color, removing edges, and counting cells leads to a successful outcome and the diagnose of anemia.
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Paľo, J., J. Caban, M. Kiktová, and Ľ. Černický. "The comparison of automatic traffic counting and manual traffic counting." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 710 (December 19, 2019): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/710/1/012041.
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Ying, Yu Ming, and Xiao Hong Yang. "Automatic Counting System Based on MCU." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.547.
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For the low accuracy and low efficiency of artificial counting problem, we introduced a set of automatic counting system which can be applied in the particulate workpiece counting. With infrared transmitting and receiving module as sensor, when a workpiece passes through the surveyed area, the light will be blocked by the workpiece and the receiving module will emit a pulse signal, the counting for the passing workpiece just is the workpiece number. This text make detailed introduction to the hardware circuit and software design and An on-line type automatic control photoelectric counter system is developed based on this photoelectric detection method. The experiments show that the instrument has the advantages of precision counting, fast detection speed and strong practicability.
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Zhong, Bo Cheng, and Yi Jun Shen. "Remote Attendance System Based on RFID." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 4080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.4080.
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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification technology that can identify the objects at a distance.This paper presents the design of remote attenance system based RFID. The system is implemented for the automation of time and attenance using a new mode of barrer-free channel. With a simple setting, the attendance system is capable of recording real time attendance, counting attendance and attenance statistics analysis. Reports and charts will be provided for the top management to make decision, annual review, and planning on man power. The applied result of the system shows that it is simple and effective.
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Preston, K. "High-resolution image analysis." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 1 (January 1986): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.1.3941268.
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In many departments of cytology, cytogenetics, hematology, and pathology, research projects using high-resolution computerized microscopy are now being mounted for computation of morphometric measurements on various structural components, as well as for determination of cellular DNA content. The majority of these measurements are made in a partially automated, computer-assisted mode, wherein there is strong interaction between the user and the computerized microscope. At the same time, full automation has been accomplished for both sample preparation and sample examination for clinical determination of the white blood cell differential count. At the time of writing, approximately 1,000 robot differential counting microscopes are in the field, analyzing images of human white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets at the overall rate of about 100,000 slides per day. This mammoth through-put represents a major accomplishment in the application of machine vision to automated microscopy for hematology. In other areas of automated high-resolution microscopy, such as cytology and cytogenetics, no commercial instruments are available (although a few metaphase-finding machines are available and other new machines have been announced during the past year). This is a disappointing product, considering the nearly half century of research effort in these areas. This paper provides examples of the state of the art in automation of cell analysis for blood smears, cervical smears, and chromosome preparations. Also treated are new developments in multi-resolution automated microscopy, where images are now being generated and analyzed by a single machine over a range of 64:1 magnification and from 10,000 X 20,000 to 500 X 500 in total picture elements (pixels). Examples of images of human lymph node and liver tissue are presented. Semi-automated systems are not treated, although there is mention of recent research in the automation of tissue analysis.
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Shih, Frank Y., and Xin Zhong. "Automated Counting and Tracking of Vehicles." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 31, no. 12 (September 17, 2017): 1750038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001417500380.
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A robust traffic surveillance system is crucial in improving the control and management of traffic systems. Vehicle flow processing primarily involves counting and tracking vehicles; however, due to complex situations such as brightness changes and vehicle partial occlusions, traditional image segmentation methods are unable to segment and count vehicles correctly. This paper presents a novel framework for vision-based vehicle counting and tracking, which consists of four main procedures: foreground detection, feature extraction, feature analysis, and vehicles counting/tracking. Foreground detection intends to generate regions of interest in an image, which are used to produce significant feature points. Vehicles counting and tracking are achieved by analyzing clusters of feature points. As for testing on recorded traffic videos, the proposed framework is verified to be able to separate occluded vehicles and count the number of vehicles accurately and efficiently. By comparing with other methods, we observe that the proposed framework achieves the highest occlusion segment rate and the counting accuracy.
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Krezanoski, Joseph D., Kidwell Matshotyana, Nkosinathi Nxumalo, Alison B. Comfort, Phinda Khumalo, and Paul J. Krezanoski. "The impact of pill counting on resource-limited health facilities: a thematic qualitative analysis in eSwatini." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa007.
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Abstract Research on health systems in resource-limited settings has garnered considerable attention, but the dispensing of individual prescriptions has not been thoroughly explored as a specific bottleneck to effective delivery of care. The rise of human immunodeficiency virus/tuberculosis prevalence and non-communicable diseases in the Kingdom of eSwatini has introduced significant pressures on health facilities to meet patient demands for lifelong medications. Because automated pill counting methods are impracticable and expensive, most prescriptions are made by means of manually counting individual prescriptions using a plastic dish and spatula. The aim of this work was to examine the perceptions of health providers of causes for pill counting errors, and pill counting’s impact on clinic workflow. Our study took place in 13 randomly selected public health facilities in eSwatini, stratified by three groups based on monthly patient volumes. Thirty-one participants who count pills regularly and 13 clinic supervisors were interviewed with semi-structured materials and were audio-recorded for later transcription. Interviews were thematically analysed with inductive coding and three major themes emerged: workflow, counting error causes and effect on clinic function. Findings demonstrate large variety in how facilities manage pill counting for prescription making. Due to patient demands, most facilities utilize all available personnel, from cleaners to nurses, to partake in prescription making. Major causes for pill counting errors were distractions, exhaustion and being hurried. Participants mentioned that patients said that they had initially received the wrong quantity of pills and this affected medication adherence measurements based off pill counts. Most participants described how efforts put into pill counting detracted from their work performance, wasted valuable time and increased patient wait times. Future research is needed to quantify prescription accuracy, but our data suggest that interventions directly alleviating the burden of pill counting could lead to improved clinic quality and possibly improve patient outcomes.
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Fernandez-Gallego, Jose, Ma Buchaillot, Nieves Aparicio Gutiérrez, María Nieto-Taladriz, José Araus, and Shawn Kefauver. "Automatic Wheat Ear Counting Using Thermal Imagery." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (March 28, 2019): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070751.
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Ear density is one of the most important agronomical yield components in wheat. Ear counting is time-consuming and tedious as it is most often conducted manually in field conditions. Moreover, different sampling techniques are often used resulting in a lack of standard protocol, which may eventually affect inter-comparability of results. Thermal sensors capture crop canopy features with more contrast than RGB sensors for image segmentation and classification tasks. An automatic thermal ear counting system is proposed to count the number of ears using zenithal/nadir thermal images acquired from a moderately high resolution handheld thermal camera. Three experimental sites under different growing conditions in Spain were used on a set of 24 varieties of durum wheat for this study. The automatic pipeline system developed uses contrast enhancement and filter techniques to segment image regions detected as ears. The approach is based on the temperature differential between the ears and the rest of the canopy, given that ears usually have higher temperatures due to their lower transpiration rates. Thermal images were acquired, together with RGB images and in situ (i.e., directly in the plot) visual ear counting from the same plot segment for validation purposes. The relationship between the thermal counting values and the in situ visual counting was fairly weak (R2 = 0.40), which highlights the difficulties in estimating ear density from one single image-perspective. However, the results show that the automatic thermal ear counting system performed quite well in counting the ears that do appear in the thermal images, exhibiting high correlations with the manual image-based counts from both thermal and RGB images in the sub-plot validation ring (R2 = 0.75–0.84). Automatic ear counting also exhibited high correlation with the manual counting from thermal images when considering the complete image (R2 = 0.80). The results also show a high correlation between the thermal and the RGB manual counting using the validation ring (R2 = 0.83). Methodological requirements and potential limitations of the technique are discussed.
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Smith, Suzanne, Phophi Madzivhandila, René Sewart, Ureshnie Govender, Holger Becker, Pieter Roux, and Kevin Land. "Microfluidic Cartridges for Automated, Point-of-Care Blood Cell Counting." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 22, no. 2 (November 19, 2016): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2211068216677820.
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Disposable, low-cost microfluidic cartridges for automated blood cell counting applications are presented in this article. The need for point-of-care medical diagnostic tools is evident, particularly in low-resource and rural settings, and a full blood count is often the first step in patient diagnosis. Total white and red blood cell counts have been implemented toward a full blood count, using microfluidic cartridges with automated sample introduction and processing steps for visual microscopy cell counting to be performed. The functional steps within the microfluidic cartridge as well as the surrounding instrumentation required to control and test the cartridges in an automated fashion are described. The results recorded from 10 white blood cell and 10 red blood cell counting cartridges are presented and compare well with the results obtained from the accepted gold-standard flow cytometry method performed at pathology laboratories. Comparisons were also made using manual methods of blood cell counting using a hemocytometer, as well as a commercially available point-of-care white blood cell counting system. The functionality of the blood cell counting microfluidic cartridges can be extended to platelet counting and potential hemoglobin analysis, toward the implementation of an automated, point-of-care full blood count.