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1
Turcel, Matej. "Minimalizace automatů s jednoduchými čítači." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445565.
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Táto práca sa zaoberá redukciou veľkosti tzv. čítačových automatov. Čítačové automaty rozširujú klasické konečné automaty o čítače s obmedzeným rozsahom hodnôt. Umožňujú tým efektívne spracovať napr. regulárne výrazy s opakovaním: a{5,10}. V tejto práci sa zaoberáme reláciou simulácie v čítačových automatoch, pomocou ktorej sme schopní zredukovať ich veľkosť. Opierame sa pritom o klasickú simuláciu v konečných automatoch, ktorú netriviálnym spôsobom rozširujeme na čítačové automaty. Kľúčovým rozdielom je nutnosť simulovať okrem stavov taktiež čítače. Za týmto účelom zavádzame nový koncept parametrizovanej relácie simulácie, a navrhujeme metódy výpočtu tejto relácie a redukcie veľkosti čítačových automatov pomocou nej. Navrhnuté metódy sú tiež implementované a je vyhodnotená ich efektivita.
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Riley, M. "Finite automata, machines and counting problems in bounded arithmetic." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383202.
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Horký, Michal. "Rychlejší než grep pomocí čítačů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445473.
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Vyhledávání regulárních výrazů má ve vývoji softwaru nezastupitelné místo. Rychlost vyhledávání může ovlivnit použitelnost softwaru, a proto je na ni kladen velký důraz. Pro určité druhy regulárních výrazů mají standardní přístupy pro vyhledávání vysokou složitost. Kvůli tomu jsou náchylné k útokům založeným na vysoké náročnosti vyhledávání regulárních výrazů (takzvané ReDoS útoky). Regulární výrazy s omezeným opakováním, které se v praxi často vyskytují, jsou jedním z těchto druhů. Efektivní reprezentace a rychlé vyhledávání těchto regulárních výrazů je možné s použítím automatu s čítači. V této práci představujeme implementaci vyhledávání regulárních výrazů založeném na automatech s čítači v C++. Vyhledávání je implementováno v rámci RE2, rychlé moderní knihovny pro vyhledávání regulárních výrazů. V práci jsme provedli experimenty na v praxi používaných regulárních výrazech. Výsledky experimentů ukázaly, že implementace v rámci nástroje RE2 je rychleší než původní implementace v jazyce C#.
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Sallay, John. "Automatic People Counting and Matching." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/499.
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This thesis explores software algorithm for implementing a people counting and matching system to be used on a bus. A special camera is used, known as a texel camera, that generates depth and color information for a scene. This added information greatly facilitates both the tasks of matching and counting. Although people counting is a relatively mature field, there are several situations in which current technologies are not able to count correctly. Several of these difficult situations are tested with 82% counting accuracy. The idea of matching people on a bus is also developed. The goal is not to identify a specific person on a bus, but to find the time that a specific person is on the bus, and what bus stops were used. There are several aspects of this matching problem that differentiate it from other classification tasks that have been researched. In this thesis, multiple measurements are used to classify a person and sequence estimation techniques explored. The techniques developed classify with 92% accuracy, even with a relatively large number of people on a bus.
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Haddad, George. "AUTOMATIC PARTICLE COUNTING USING AN ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCER." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2646.
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Aerosol particle detection and determination finds important applications in the commercial, military and aerospace sectors. Monitoring of clean room environments, and spacecraft integration and check out facilities are some of the most important aplications. In the early days test filters were examined with a microscope to determine the number and size of particles that were being removed from air. Today, most of the commercially available clean room airborne particle counters work on a light scattering principle. They are referred to as Optical Particle Counter or OPC. Essentially, they utilize a very bright laser light source to illuminate the particles. The burst of light energy is converted into a pulse of electrical energy. By measuring the height of the signal and counting the number of pulses the sizes and quantities of particles could thus be determined. The microscope and the OPC techniques have their limitations. The microscope technique is a post contamination assessment technique and the OPC is costly, hard to maintain, lack in counting efficiency and is not mobile. This experimental study demonstrates a novel and inexpensive particle detection technique which is based on the acoustic signature of airborne particles as they are accelerated through an acoustic transducer. The transducer consists of an inlet converging nozzle, a capillary tube and an expansion section. If the air is laden with particles, as the flow accelerates through the inlet, the particles cannot follow the large change in velocity due to their inertia. Vortices are generated as air flows over the particles prior to entering the capillary. These vortices are believed to generate sound, which is amplified by the transducer acting as an organ pipe. This sound emission if measured contains frequencies that are harmonics of the natural frequency of the transducer's air column. Results show how the frequency content of the acoustic signature relates to the fundamental frequency of the transducer's air column. The transducer is able to detect micron sized particles ( 5 to 50 micron) and the sound intensity is a function of the flowrate but not of particle size. This study also shows the ability of the transducer to determine particle concentration as low as few parts per liter (ppl) and compare the data with that obtained from a commercially available aerodynamic particle sizer.M.S.M.E.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering;
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering
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Wheatley, Joseph. "Automated Bayesian layer counting of ice cores." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8856/.
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The polar ice sheets hold a continuous record of climatic and environmental information, in the composition and concentrations of various chemicals, particles and gasses, extending back over hundreds of thousands of years. In order to interpret these data we must first learn about the underlying relationship between depth and age. Ice cores are vertical samples of the ice sheets. Some signals measured from them have annual cycles which show as quasi-periodic seasonality; layer counting uses this periodicity to obtain a chronology for the core. This is currently achieved manually, which is time-consuming and open to inconsistency and human error. We present a method to standardise an ice core signal, isolating its seasonality, and to split it into sections with well-defined cycle counts and those with uncertain cycle counts. We show how the uncertain sections can be presented for manual assessment, and describe how the possible reconstructions can be identified and assigned probabilities based on their implied cycle lengths. We also develop a multivariate fully Bayesian approach, which models the signals as phase-shifted sine waves with continuously varying mean and amplitude. We use Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms to enable inference about the age-depth relationship, and specifically the number of years covered by a particular section of ice core, including quantitative assessment of the uncertainty involved. We provide examples, applying our methods to several chemistry signals measured from ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica.
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Hou, Yali, and 侯亚丽. "Video-based people counting and crowd segmentation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47032339.
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León, Izeppi Edgar David de. "An automatic passenger counting system at a small transit property." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91129.
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This thesis describes the work done on the first phase of the implementation of an Automatic Passenger Counting (APC) system at the Roanoke Valley-Metro transit property. The primary objective of the first phase of this project was to create a software program to decode, edit, analyze and store the data from the APC. The second phase of the project will make reports by aggregating data from the work done in the first phase.
The basis for efficient management of operations in transit properties is having accurate and reliable information on transit ridership, fare revenue, and schedule adherence for individual routes and for the transit system as a whole. Data from passenger counts are used to identify peak load points and quantify service demands. Fare revenue data are needed to analyze the systems productivity, and the time checks are essential to monitor and control the scheduling activities.
The actual data collection efforts at Valley-Metro have proven to be obsolete, unreliable and very expensive. The new APC system offers the management at Valley-Metro with a new and powerful tool that will enhance their capability to make better decisions when allocating the service needs.M.S.
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D'Souza, Aswin Cletus. "Automated counting of cell bodies using Nissl stained cross-sectional images." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2035.
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Shankar, Sanjeev. "Analysis of microprocessor based vehicular instrumentation and automatic passenger counting systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41570.
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Information on transit ridership and operations is a
necessary condition as far as efficient management is considered.
Transit managements on the acquisition of such a
data base can confirm predictions about scheduling, receive
warnings about potential dangers and plan future operations
on a much broader and precise base. Data from passenger counts provide essential information to marketing and scheduling
personnel by identifying peak load-points and the such.
Using manual collection methods for such data is expensive
and prone to human errors. Automatic Passenger Counting
(APC) systems are viewed as an improved and economical technique
for data collection. Such systems monitor the progress
of a particular vehicle -- its position, number of passengers
getting on and off, times and distances between stops -- and
make this data available for processing. These are state of
the art systems, mostly microprocessor based and often embracing
a modular structure. The Red Pine system is such a system with different dedicated modules for each bank of
tasks. Multitasking software is seen to be an powerful tool
for such systems and simplify the architecture of the system
hardware. A CHMOS hardware design, suited for multitasking
softwares is provided. Interfacing software for the Red Pine
system has been developed and is explained. Debugging testing
and simulation of the Red Pine hardware is detailed.
Modifications have been recorded and improvements suggested.Master of Science
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Kanneganti, Sandeep. "DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATIC WORD BOUNDARY DETECTION SYSTEM USING THE COUNTING RULE." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/118926.
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Electrical EngineeringM.S.E.
Word boundary detection is the stepping stone for many applications like keyword spotting, speech recognition, etc. It is proved that fifty percent of the speech recognition errors are due to the errors in the word boundary detector. Efficient word boundary detection can reduce the recognition errors and improve the performance of keyword spotting algorithms. Word boundary detection also helps in reducing the search space in the keyword spotting algorithm. Speech is non-stationary in nature and most of the time no utterance of the same word will be same as another utterance of same word. This makes it challenging to develop any speech processing algorithm. Many algorithms, to detect word boundaries, use acoustic features, lexical cues, energy, pitch etc. Acoustic features of energy, pitch and Teager Energy were used in this research to detect word boundaries. The strengths and drawbacks of each of the techniques are identified and the information from all the techniques was fused to obtain improved word boundary detection. Energy was able to detect word boundaries with 56% of the time, pitch with 68% of the time and Teager Energy with 72% of the time. Simple counting rule, which is based on reinforcement learning, was used in this research to fuse the detections from the three techniques to make a final decision on the word boundaries. This system does not need prior knowledge about the detection and false alarm probabilities of the techniques. The weights are adapted with the outcome in every iteration. Fusion of the decisions from energy, Teager Energy and pitch yielded a 79% hit rate on spontaneous speech using counting rule whereas linear opinion pool and log opinion pool produced 73% and 74% hit rate respectively.
Temple University--Theses
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Fihn, John, and Johan Finndahl. "A Framework for How to Make Use of an Automatic Passenger Counting System." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Datorteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158139.
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Most of the modern cities are today facing tremendous traffic congestions, which is a consequence of an increasing usage of private motor vehicles in the cities. Public transport plays a crucial role to reduce this traffic, but to be an attractive alternative to the use of private motor vehicles the public transport needs to provide services that suit the citizens requirements for travelling. A system that can provide transit agencies with rapid feedback about the usage of their transport network is the Automatic Passenger Counting (APC) system, a system that registers the number of passengers boarding and alighting a vehicle. Knowledge about the passengers travel behaviour can be used by transit agencies to adapt and improve their services to satisfy the requirements, but to achieve this knowledge transit agencies needs to know how to use an APC system. This thesis investigates how a transit agency can make use of an APC system. The research has taken place in Melbourne where Yarra Trams, operator of the tram network, now are putting effort in how to utilise the APC system. A theoretical framework based on theories about Knowledge Discovery from Data, System Development, and Human Computer Interaction, is built, tested, and evaluated in a case study at Yarra Trams. The case study resulted in a software system that can process and model Yarra Tram's APC data. The result of the research is a proposal of a framework consistingof different steps and events that can be used as a guide for a transit agency that wants to make use of an APC system.
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CALLIARI, FELIPE. "AUTOMATIC HIGH-DYNAMIC AND HIGH-RESOLUTION PHOTON COUNTING OTDR FOR OPTICAL FIBER NETWORK MONITORING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=31668@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma estrutura automatizada para o monitoramento de fibras ópticas. Esta estrura consite em dois tipos de reflectômetros ópticos por contagem de fótons no domínio do tempo e um filtro de tendências que é utilizado para detectar as falhas em uma fibra óptica de forma automatizada. O primeiro OTDR por contagem de fótons apresenta uma faixa dinâmica de 32 dB com resolução espacial de 6 m, já o segundo OTDR apresenta uma faixa dinâmica de 14 dB e uma resolução de 3 cm. Foi demonstrada a sua capacidade de detectar falhas automaticamente em um enlace óptica e de sintonização no monitoramento de redes passivas WDM.
In this work the development of an automated structure for the monitoring of optical fibers is presented. This structure consists of two types of Photon Counting Optical Time Domain Reflectometers and a trend filter that is used to detect fiber faults in an automated way. The first Photon Counting OTDR has a 32 dB dynamic range with spatial resolution of 6 m, while the second OTDR has a 14 dB dynamic range and a resolution of 3 cm. Its ability to automatically detect faults in an optical fiber link and tunability for monitoring of optical WDM networks has been demonstrated.
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Lam, Bao Hoai. "Sensors and wireless networks for monitoring climate and biology in a tropical region of intensive agriculture : methods, tools and applications to the case of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0006/document.
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Les changements climatiques ont des impacts considérables sur le temps, les océans et les rivages, la vie sauvage. Ils amènent des problèmes désormais considérés comme majeurs par les gouvernements et organisations internationales. Ces efforts ont fourni un cadre à cette thèse, qui propose de procéder en boucle fermée de l’observation d’insectes ravageurs, avec des centaines de capteurs en réseau ("light traps"), au système d’information, et enfin à des décisions de lutte, manuelles ou automatiques. Le point d’appui pratique est la conception d’un système de comptage d’insectes proliférant dans les cultures de riz (BPH). L’abstraction que nous développons est celle d’une machine environnementale de grande taille, distribuée, qui capte et synthétise l’information, élabore des connaissances, et prend des décisions. Autour de cette abstraction, nous avons élaboré un système de vision "fisheye" effectuant le comptage des insectes. Nous proposons un système d’information géographique directement connecté au réseau de capteurs. Le couplage direct, "cyber-physique", entre les systèmes d’information et l’observation de l’environnement à échelle régionale est une nouveauté transposable, qui permet de comprendre et contrôler quantité d’évolutionsClimate changes bring problems related to nature evolutions. Global warming has an impact on sea level, weather patterns, and wild life. A number of national and international organizations are developing research programs in these directions, including threats on cultures and insect proliferation. Monitoring these phenomena, observing consequences, elaborating counteracted strategies are critical for the economy and society.The initial motivation of this work was the understanding of change impacts in the Mekong Delta region. From there, automatic observation tools were designed with a real time information system able to integrate environmental measures, then to support knowledge production.Tracking environment evolutions is distributed sensing, which can be the association of efficient sensors and radio communications, operated under the control of an information system. Sensing insects is very complex due to their diversity and dispersion. However, this is feasible in the case of intensive agricultural production as it is the case of rice, having a small number of pests. An automatic vision observatory is proposed to observe the main threats for the rice, as an evolution of manual light traps. Radio communication weaves these observatories into a network with connection to databases storing measures and possible counteractions. An example observatory has a fisheye camera and insect counting algorithms for the BPH practical case in Vietnam.By considering the observation system as an input for an abstract machine, and considering decision and actions taken as a possible control on the environment, we obtain a framework for knowledge elaboration that can be useful in lots of other situations
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Åslund, Magnus. "Digital Mammography with a Photon Counting Detector in a Scanned Multislit Geometry." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4322.
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Mammography screening aims to reduce the number of breast cancer deaths by early detection of the disease, which is one of the leading causes of deaths for middle aged women in the western world. The risk from the x-ray radiation in mammography is relatively low but still a factor in the benefit-risk ratio of screening. The characterization and optimization of a digital mammography system is presented in this thesis. The investigated system is shown to be highly dose efficient by employing a photon counting detector in a scanning multislit geometry. A novel automatic exposure control (AEC) is proposed and validated in clinical practise. The AEC uses the leading detector edge to measure the transmission of the breast. The exposure is modulated by altering the scan velocity during the scan. A W-Al anode-filter combination is proposed. The characterization of the photon counting detector is performed using the detective quantum efficiency. The effect of the photon counting detector and the multislit geometry on the measurement method is studied in detail. It is shown that the detector has a zero-frequency DQE of over 70\% and that it is quantum limited even at very low exposures. Efficient rejection of image-degrading secondary radiation is fundamental for a dose efficient system. The efficiency of the scatter rejection techniques currently used are quantified and compared to the multislit geometry. A system performance metric with its foundation in statistical decision theory is discussed. It is argued that a photon counting multislit system can operate at approximately half the dose compared to several other digital mammography techniques.QC 20100825
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Bonam, Om Pavithra. "Automated Quantification of Biological Microstructures Using Unbiased Stereology." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3013.
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Research in many fields of life and biomedical sciences depends on the microscopic image analysis of biological images. Quantitative analysis of these images is often time-consuming, tedious, and may be prone to subjective bias from the observer and inter /intra observer variations. Systems for automatic analysis developed in the past decade determine various parameters associated with biological tissue, such as the number of cells, object volume and length of fibers to avoid problems with manual collection of microscopic data. Specifically, automatic analysis of biological microstructures using unbiased stereology, a set of approaches designed to avoid all known sources of systematic error, plays a large and growing role in bioscience research.
Our aim is to develop an algorithm that automates and increases the throughput of a commercially available, computerized stereology device (Stereologer, Stereology Resource Center, Chester, MD). The current method for estimation of first and second order parameters of biological microstructures requires a trained user to manually select biological objects of interest (cells, fibers etc.) while systematically stepping through the three dimensional volume of a stained tissue section. The present research proposes a three-part method to automate the above process: detect the objects, connect the objects through a z-stack of images (images at varying focal planes) to form a 3D object and finally count the 3D objects. The first step involves detection of objects through learned thresholding or automatic thresholding. Learned thresholding identifies the objects of interest by training on images to obtain the threshold range for objects of interest. Automatic thresholding is performed on gray level images converted from RGB (red-green-blue) microscopic images to detect the objects of interest. Both learned and automatic thresholding are followed by iterative thresholding to separate objects that are close to each other. The second step, linking objects through a z-stack of images involves labeling the objects of interest using connected component analysis and then connecting these labeled objects across the stack of images to produce a 3D object. Finally, the number of linked objects in a 3D volume is counted using the counting rules of stereology. This automatic approach achieves an overall object detection rate of 74%. Thus, these results support the view that automatic image analysis combined with unbiased sampling as well as assumption and model-free geometric probes, provides accurate and efficient quantification of biological objects.
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Solares, Hernández Guido Renato. "An automated computer controlled counting system for radionuclide analysis of corrosion products in LWR coolant systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14384.
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Kamiya, Keitaro. "A framework of vision-based detection-tracking surveillance systems for counting vehicles." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45937.
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This thesis presents a framework for motor vehicle detection-tracking surveillance systems. Given an optimized object detection template, the feasibility and effectiveness of the methodology is considered for vehicle counting applications, implementing both a filtering operation of false detection, based on the speed variability in each segment of traffic state, and an occlusion handling technique which considers the unusual affine transformation of tracking subspace, as well as its highly fluctuating averaged acceleration data. The result presents the overall performance considering the trade-off relationship between true detection rate and false detection rate. The filtering operation achieved significant success in removing the majority of non-vehicle elements that do not move like a vehicle. The occlusion handling technique employed also improved the systems performance, contributing counts that would otherwise be lost. For all video samples tested, the proposed framework obtained high correct count (>93% correct counting rate) while simultaneously minimizing the false count rate. For future research, the author recommends the use of more sophisticated filters for specific sets of conditions as well as the implementation of discriminative classifier for detecting different occlusion cases.
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Rahmatullah, S. M. "Studies of filter feeding carps of commercial importance in Bangladesh with particular emphasis on the use of automated counting methods." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317420.
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Pari, Marco. "Image Analysis Methods for Sugar Beet Phenotyping." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10533/.
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In un mondo che richiede sempre maggiormente un'automazione delle attività della catena produttiva industriale, la computer vision rappresenta uno strumento fondamentale perciò che viene già riconosciuta internazionalmente come la Quarta Rivoluzione Industriale o Industry 4.0. Avvalendomi di questo strumento ho intrapreso presso l'azienda Syngenta lo studio della problematica della conta automatica del numero di foglie di una pianta. Il problema è stato affrontato utilizzando due differenti approcci, ispirandosi alla letteratura. All'interno dell'elaborato è presente anche la descrizione progettuale di un ulteriore metodo, ad oggi non presente in letteratura. Le metodologie saranno spiegate in dettaglio ed i risultati ottenuti saranno confrontati utilizzando i primi due approcci. Nel capitolo finale si trarranno le conclusioni sulle basi dei risultati ottenuti e dall'analisi degli stessi.
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Hillis, Yingli, and Yingli Hillis. "Validation of a Semi-Automatic Cell Segmentation Method to the Manual Cell Counting Method on Identifying Proliferating Cells in 3-D Confocal Microscope Images." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626739.
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Sphere-forming assay is an in-vitro technique to assess the self-renewal and differentiation potential of a homogenous or heterogenous population of cells. This technique is commonly used in the stem cell and cancer biology fields to assess the ability of a cell that is capable of self-proliferation and differentiation. (Schmitt, 2011, Lombaert et al., 2008) To detect proliferative growth, Ki-67, a marker of proliferation, is used in immunofluorescence staining of sphere-forming cells. The current gold standard methodology to quantify cell proliferation is to manually count the cells on images obtained using confocal microscopy. However, the reproducibility, the inter- and intra-subject variability, and the time requirement for manually counting cells are often major challenges for researchers. In this study, we propose a semi-automated cell segmentation algorithm using the FARSIGHT toolbox, to automatically count the individual three-dimensional (3-D) cell nuclei. The present work focused on the investigation of two aspects of the algorithm performance: sensitivity and specificity. We grouped images by sphere size to test specificity of the algorithm. For the sensitivity analysis, we tested the segmentation algorithm on both raw uncalibrated images and calibrated images using Fiji ImageJ software. We found that the proposed algorithm could efficiently identify cells and cell boundaries to overcome the background noise. Finally, statistical analysis showed the differentiation index had low percentage matching between the proposed method and the manual counting method.
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Talebizadeh, Nooshin. "Caspase-3 in lens epithelium." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Oftalmiatrik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-267543.
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Purpose: To model the time evolution of active caspase-3 protein expression in a healthy lens, and in a lens exposed to UVR-300 nm (UVR-B). To develop an automated method to classify the fluorescent signal of biomarkers in the lens epithelial cells. Methods: Six-week old Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Firstly, expression of active caspase-3 was studied in the lens epithelium of healthy rats. Secondly, rats were unilaterally exposed in vivo to 1 kJ/m2 UVR-B for 15 minutes. At 0.5, 8, 16, and 24 hours after the UVR-B exposure, the exposed and the contralateral non-exposed lenses were removed. Immunohistochemistry was done on three mid-sagittal sections from each lens. The florescent labelling for active caspase-3 in each lens section was counted three times. The time evolution of active caspase-3 expression in response to UVR-B exposure was modelled as a function of cell position in the lens epithelium. An automated objective method was developed to quantify the lens epithelial cells and to classify the fluorescent signal of active caspase-3. Active caspase-3 was selected as a model signal. Results: Active caspase-3 was abundant in the anterior pole of the normal lenses. Spatial distribution of active caspase-3 labelling in the lens epithelium was fitted to a logistic model. The probability of active caspase-3 expression was higher in the UVR-B exposed lenses (95% CI = 0.12 ± 0.01). There was no difference in the expression of active caspase-3 between the 0.5 and the 24 hours groups or between the 8 and the 16 hours groups. A difference was noted, when comparing the 0.5 and 24 hours groups with the 8 and 16 hours groups (Test statistic 7.01, F1;36;0.95= 4.11). Exposure to UVR-B has an impact on the average probability of labelling for active caspase-3 as a function of cell position. The probability of labelling as a function of cell number also varied as a function of time after UVR-B exposure. The automated method counted the lens epithelial cells and estimated the proportion of active caspase-3 labelling in the lens epithelium. Conclusions: Active caspase-3 is present in the healthy lens epithelial cells. Active caspase-3 exhibits higher expression at the anterior pole of the lens and the expression decreases towards the periphery. After UVR-B exposure, the expression of active caspase-3 in the lens epithelium increases with a peak of expression occurring around 16 hours after exposure. The average probability of labelling in the lens epithelium is dependent on both the UVR-B exposure and the time period elapsed after the exposure. The automated method enables objective and fast quantification of lens epithelial cells and the expression of fluorescent signal in the lens cells.
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Vrzal, Radek. "Stereovizní systém pro počítání cestujících v hromadných dopravních prostředcích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-255345.
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This thesis deals with a concept of system for automatic passenger counting in different modes of transport. Counting units are placed in top of the door area in the vehicle. Passengers are detected at the disparity map counted from the stereo-camera images. Object tracking is achieved with Global nearest neighbor and Multiple hypothesis tracking algorithm. This system is used for public transportation surveys.
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Barbarin, Nicolas. "La reconnaissance automatisée des nannofossiles calcaires du Cénozoïque." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4318.
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SYRACO est un SYstème de Reconnaissance Automatisée des COccolithes, développé à son origine par Luc Beaufort et Denis Dollfus à partir de 1995 et plus récemment avec Yves Gally. L'utilité d'un tel système est de permettre aux spécialistes un gain de temps majeur dans l'acquisition et le traitement des données. Dans ce travail, le système a été amélioré techniquement et sa reconnaissance a été étendue aux nannofossiles calcaires du Cénozoïque. Ce système fait le tri entre les nannofossiles et les non-nannofossiles avec une efficacité respectivement estimée à 75% et 90 %. Il s'appuie sur une nouvelle base d'images de référence d'espèces datant de l'Eocène Supérieur aux espèces vivantes, ce qui représente des centaines d'espèces avec une forte variabilité morphologique. Il permet de réaliser une classification en 39 morphogroupes par la combinaison de réseaux de neurones artificiels avec des modèles statistiques. Les résultats sont présentés sous forme de comptages automatisés, de données morphométriques (taille, masse...) et de mosaïques d'images. Il peut ainsi être utilisé pour des analyses biostratigraphiques et paléocéanographiquesSYRACO is an automated recognition system of coccoliths, originally developed since 1995 by Luc Beaufort and Denis Dollfus, and more recently with the help of Yves Gally. The main purpose of this system is for specialists to save time in the acquisition and treatment of data. By this recent work, the system has been technically improved and its ability of recognition has been extended to calcareous nannofossils of the Cenozoic Era. It sorts nannofossils and non-nannofossils with a reliability respectively estimated to 75% and 90%. It is based on a new reference images database of species from the Upper Eocene up to living species. This represents hundreds of species with a high morphological variability. It leads to the establishment of a classification arranged in 39 morphogroups, combining artificial neural networks to statistical models. The results are presented as automated counting, morphometrical data (size, mass...) and mosaics of images. Those results can be valuable in biostratigraphical and paleoceanographical analyses
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Galbavý, Juraj. "Systém vyhodnocování pro stopový detektor v pevné fázi." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318170.
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The aim of this thesis is to design an algorithm for an automatic track counting of an image of etched track detector made of CR-39 polymer. Tracks are produced by alpha particles. Chemically etched detector is imaged using a microscope resulting in 64 images of segments on the surface of the detector. Circle shaped tracks in the images have to be detected and counted. This thesis evaluates the utilization of circle hough transform for circle detection. The final software should automate a detector track counting and should also account for defects in the image and contamination of detector surface. The software will produce a measurement report with a total track count in each segment.
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Vlachynská, Alžběta. "Metody pro obrazovou analýzu populace fotosyntetických buněčných kultur." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221387.
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This work was carried out in collaboration with the Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Centre AS CR. It deals with the quantitative analysis of photosynthetic cell cultures. It uses images captured by a confocal fluorescent microscope to the automatic determining the number of cells in the sample. The work consists of a theoretical analysis, which briefly describes fluorescence and confocal microscopy. It also concisely introduces a microscope Leica TCS SP8 X, which I used to scan data. One capture is devoted to the theory of digital image processing. The second part deskribes the development of algorithm for processing 3D data and simplified algorithm for processing 2D data and its program implementations in a programming environment MATLAB R2013b. Grafical user interface is explained in detail. Done measurement are presented at the conclusion. It mentions compiled sample preparation protocol. The results of the program are compared with manual counting. Number of cells per 1 ml are determined by created program in samples of cell cultures Chenopodium rubrum (Cr) and Solanum lycopersicum (To).
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Khorshidi, Mohammad Ali. "Live Single Cell Imaging and Analysis Using Microfluidic Devices." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Proteomik och nanobioteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-129278.
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Today many cell biological techniques study large cell populations where an average estimate of individual cells’ behavior is observed. On the other hand, single cell analysis is required for studying functional heterogeneities between cells within populations. This thesis presents work that combines the use of microfluidic devices, optical microscopy and automated image analysis to design various cell biological assays with single cell resolution including cell proliferation, clonal expansion, cell migration, cell-cell interaction and cell viability tracking. In fact, automated high throughput single cell techniques enable new studies in cell biology which are not possible with conventional techniques. In order to automatically track dynamic behavior of single cells, we developed a microwell based device as well as a droplet microfluidic platform. These high throughput microfluidic assays allow automated time-lapse imaging of encapsulated single cells in micro droplets or confined cells inside microwells. Algorithms for automatic quantification of cells in individual microwells and micro droplets are developed and used for the analysis of cell viability and clonal expansion. The automatic counting protocols include several image analysis steps, e.g. segmentation, feature extraction and classification. The automatic quantification results were evaluated by comparing with manual counting and revealed a high success rate. In combination these automatic cell counting protocols and our microfluidic platforms can provide statistical information to better understand behavior of cells at the individual level under various conditions or treatments in vitro exemplified by the analysis of function and regulation of immune cells. Thus, together these tools can be used for developing new cellular imaging assays with resolution at the single cell level. To automatically characterize transient migration behavior of natural killer (NK) cells compartmentalized in microwells, we developed a method for single cell tracking. Time-lapse imaging showed that the NK cells often exhibited periods of high motility, interrupted with periods of slow migration or complete arrest. These transient migration arrest periods (TMAPs) often overlapped with periods of conjugations between NK cells and target cells. Such conjugation periods sometimes led to cell-mediated killing of target cells. Analysis of cytotoxic response of NK cells revealed that a small sub-class of NK cells called serial killers was able to kill several target cells. In order to determine a starting time point for cell-cell interaction, a novel technique based on ultrasound was developed to aggregate NK and target cells into the center of the microwells. Therefore, these assays can be used to automatically and rapidly assess functional and migration behavior of cells to detect differences between health and disease or the influence of drugs. The work presented in this thesis gives good examples of how microfluidic devices combined with automated imaging and image analysis can be helpful to address cell biological questions where single cell resolution is necessary.QC 20130927
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Li, Chao-Wen, and 李兆文. "Automatic Vehicle Counting using Perceptual Grouping." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82108561843121254614.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
電子工程系
101
Perceptual organization is the process of establishing the meaningful relational visual structures which are grouped together by our proposed methods. In this work, we automatically count the number of moving vehicles in dynamic scene. The image sequences used in our experiments were taken from a camera mounted on a moving vehicle. We make use of the characteristics of the visual organization laws which were developed based on Gestalt psychology, such as: Law of Proximity, Law of Similarity, Law of Closure, Law of Common Fate, Law of Past Experience, and the brightness perception, to generate our target features. The probabilistic framework based on Hough transform is designed to iteratively estimate the maximum a posteriori (MAP) of Hough space. Taking advantage of this process, one can detect the occluded vehicles and then estimates the statistics of vehicles. Experimental results using real images demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.
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Tseng, Shiu-Cheng, and 曾旭成. "An Automatic Regenerated Neuron Counting Method." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26797363224987013389.
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碩士國立中興大學
資訊網路多媒體研究所
99
Since the modern lifestyle tends to be repetitive and monotonous, people’s negligence in daily life will result in lots of diseases of civilization, such as incorrect posture for a long time, excessive exercises or lack of warm-up and accidents occurred in work or transportation. All of these can lead to the peripheral nerve injury. Peripheral nerve injury will cause pain and numbness in the affected part, and what is worse, muscular dystrophy or permanently lose its function. In view of the importance of the healthy peripheral nerve to human body, it is a big issue in medical care and research for the restoration of nerve injury. As a result of that, an increasing number of researchers devoted themselves to the relevant study of nerve conduit surgery. In recent years, they have made considerable progress in the surgery of nerve restoration and biomedical materials. There are many kinds of medical treatment to restore the neurotmesis. The major peripheral nerve surgery for regenerating the severed nerve uses an artificial nerve conduit to help the nerve to grow. In the medical process of nerve regeneration, the researchers comprehend the recovery of nerve fasciculus by observing the density of neurons in the nerve fasciculus’ image. Therefore, a system that calculate automatically the number of neurons in the image can help experts conclude accurately the effectiveness of nerve surgery and the recovery of nerve function for further approach. This study is aimed to assist the paramedics in keeping track of the nerve regeneration after surgery in order to facilitate biomedical researchers to develop the nerve conduit of the new generation. Although there are other systems to support the counting function of neurons, the image quality is not ideal and the accuracy rate of counting is poor. In this thesis, we present a method for strengthening the contour of the object, improving the contrast of the object with the background, and reducing the noises in the image, so as to increase the accuracy rate of counting to 98%.
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Hsieh, Chun-Yu, and 謝竣宇. "Development of Automatic System for Counting ShrimpLarva." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25sjpn.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
機械工程系所
105
This study is mainly designed to apply the mechine vision to undertake the automatic counting of the shrimp larva and with such techniques as the automatic design, the mechanic vision and the image processing of the machine, we develop one set of the counting system with high efficiency, optimal precision and excellent stability. The structure of this system can be classified as: the delivery mould, the detection mould as well as the self-developed counting software. The process of this system is: 1. placing the shrimp larva: put by hands the shrimp larva on the carrier of the delivery mould to conduct the delivery; 2. imaging in a dynamic state: move to the position of the advanced switch beneath the detection mould to go on with the imaging by sensor; 3. counting image: after the completion of the image prior processing, use the Blob to analyze and calculate the quantity; 4. collecting the larva: finally dump to the collecting bucket to complete the counting. This study is undertaken to analyze 20, 30 and 40 Neocaridina denticulate sinensis var. “red” shrimps. The study results suggest that the highest precision rate as 97% for the 20 shrimp larva. As the quantity of the shrimp larva increases, the overlap rate raises up so as to cause the reduction of the precision rate to 77.25%. The counting quantity per hour for this system is approximately 36,000 shrimps and its precision rate is about 97%.
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Chen, Yuwei, and 陳裕瑋. "Automatic Cell Counting For Hemocytometers Through Image Processing." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38107525703686033550.
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碩士國立中正大學
機械工程學系暨研究所
100
Cell counting is usually done manually for in vitro cell culture using a hemocytometer. It is important that cell counts are accurate, consistent, and fast, particularly for quantitative measurements of cellular responses. Although some automated cell counting devices were developed, the prices are not favorable. In contrast, hemocytometer is inexpensive and commonly used in lab, but it is laborious and subject to user bias and misuse, which results in inaccurate counts. To mitigate the tedium associated with manual counting and reduce the user bias, we proposed to develop an automatic cell counting method for Hemocymeters by image processing.
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林榮華. "Study of an Automatic Counting Machine for Fish larva." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64619427647593680358.
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碩士國立中興大學
生物產業機電工作學系
91
ABSTRACT In order to ensure competition in the world market for Taiwan aquacultural industry, an automatic production line is a key factor. Therefore, a counting system using the image processing techniques for fish larva was developed in this study. A counting machine for fish larva was first designed and constructed. The counting system consists of three major parts (1) provide mechanism, (2) image grabbing, processing and counting equipment and (3) export mechanism. According to the testing results, this machine achieved a rapid recognizing and counting ability. It only required three seconds to count 139 fish larvas where as sixty-six seconds needed for manual counting one by one, 22 times of the time spent for the newly developed system. It also reached the accuracy of 91% while counting manually had only 85% accuracy. The system of automatic fish larva counting software 1.0 (SAFC 1.0) was also developed which could be performed easily.
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He, Zong-Sian, and 何宗憲. "Automatic Cell Counting for agar plate through Image Processing." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17365322054351847816.
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碩士國立中正大學
機械工程學系暨研究所
101
Counting colonies of bacteria or other microorganisms growing on an agar plate are used to estimate the density of microorganisms within a liquid culture. It is important that the counting is accurate, consistent, and fast. However, the colony counting is usually done manually and is laborious and subject to user bias and misuse, which results in inaccurate counts. To mitigate the tedium associated with manual counting and reduce the user bias, we proposed to develop an automatic colony counting method for bacteria or other microorganisms growing on an agar plate by image processing.
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Chen, Jui-Liang, and 陳瑞良. "Image Analysis System for Automatic Counting Cancer Cell Colonies." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38644883474290255190.
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碩士國立交通大學
電機與控制工程系所
96
Recently, requirements of image processing techniques used for helping biomedical diagnosis have become popular. In traditional systems, they’re time consuming because a lot of observations and reorganizations of human resources are needed. For solving this problem, a standard system that decreases lots of time and extra human resources is needed. About this, in this thesis, an image analysis system for automatic counting cancer cell colonies is proposed. In a detection of a curative effect of liver cancer, the Clonogenic assay is a golden standard. It’s used to assay the cells that are named HA22T of liver cancer. The steps of Clonogenic assay consist of seeding process, treating process, waiting process, making a location by dyeing, and counting process. This thesis proposed an automatic counting system to take place of counting by human for solving the problem that mentioned above. The automatic counting system consists of an image process and a fuzzy inference system (FIS). In an image process, the scanner is used to scan the image of a dish and store the scanned images into the computer. After that, an image process method that called Hough transform is used to find the relative position of the dish. After finding the relative position of the dish, an image subtraction is used to separate targets image and backgrounds image and perform a feature extraction according to the experience of a doctor. In the FIS, the total number of the cancer cell colonies is distinguished and calculated. The advantages of this thesis are summarized as follows: 1) the proposed system can distinguish whether the cells form a dense or sparse region in the colony; 2) the proposed system adopts a fuzzy inference system (FIS) to obtain a better performance of distinguishing the cancer cell colonies; 3) the proposed system can take place of counting by human.
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Yang, Chi-Shun, and 楊智舜. "Automated Counting and Classification of Insect Control System – in Drosophila." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28963942257211044666.
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Chen, Rong-Tai, and 陳榮泰. "An Automatic Indirect Immunofluorescence-Based Cell Segmentation, Counting and Recognition." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61788772571077284078.
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碩士國立中興大學
資訊科學與工程學系所
98
Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) with HEp-2 cells has been used for the detection of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) in systemic autoimmune diseases. The ANA testing allows to scan a broad range of autoantibody entities and to describe them by distinct fluorescence patterns. Automatic inspection for fluorescence patterns in IIF image can assist physicians, without relevant experience, in making correct diagnosis. How to segment the cells from an IIF image is essential in developing an automatic inspection system for ANA testing. This paper focuses on the cell location, segmentation, and recognition. In this paper, an efficient method is proposed for automatically detecting the cells with fluorescence pattern in an IIF image. Cell culture is a process in which cells grow under control. Cell counting technology plays an important role in measuring the cell density in a culture tank. Moreover, assessing medium suitability, determining population doubling times, and monitoring cell growth in cultures all require a means of quantifying cell population. This paper provides an automatic indirect immunofluorescence based cell segmentation and counting (AIICSC) system to segment and count the cells from an image taken under a fluorescence microscope. Moreover, in this paper, a recognition method is proposed to recognize the HEp-2 cells cut off from an IIF image.
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Huang, Chien-hua, and 黃建華. "A simple design of automatic counting system for fish larvae." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68384351819220946949.
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碩士國立中山大學
海洋生物研究所
90
A simple design of automatic counting system for fish larvae Chien-hua Huang Advisor: Dr. Sun-chio Fong Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804,Taiwan, R.O.C. The purpose of this study is to develop a portable-computer system for automatic counting of fish larvae. It was intended as an economical, fast and accurate tool for the general fish farmers. The basic principle of the system is to use gray level value of the three prime colors (red, green and blue) as an indicator to separate and estimate fish larvae within the CCTV image. The hardware part includes a CCTV camera which hooks up to an IBM compatible laptop computer. Images of fish in a tank were captured and stored for future counting process. Program was written in True Basic language for taking the average number of pixel for individual fish, and system optimization for estimating the total number of fishes within tank. Regression analytical methods were also employed for estimating and correction of bias and errors. In an experiment using the present system to estimate known numbers (100, 300, 500, 700 and 900) of larval Paracheirodon innesi in a 60-liter tank as the testing material, the estimated fish numbers were 132, 259, 495, 799 and 1054 respectively. The group of 500 fishes (standard deviation equals to 88) gave the best result. The total percentage of error ranged between 0.9% and 32%. Application of this system on other species of fishes is yet to be tested. It was safe to suggest that the current version of the system works only onto the same species of fishes under similar conditions (less than 1000 fishes of similar sizes, water depth of 25 cm etc.). For different target fishes under different type of container, a new set of error-correcting formula would be needed. However, the present results when compared with published reports of other system, are no less accurate. This system however is more economical and works more conveniently than do most others.
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Prabhu, Gayatri D. "Automated Detection and Counting of Pedestrians on an Urban Roadside." 2011. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/708.
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This thesis implements an automated system that counts pedestrians with 85% accuracy. Two approaches have been considered and evaluated in terms of count accuracy, cost and ease of deployment. The first approach employs the Autoscope Solo Terra, a traffic camera which is widely used to monitor vehicular traffic. The Solo Terra supports an image processing-based detector that counts the number of objects crossing user-defined areas in the captured image. The count is updated based on the amount of movement across the selected regions. Therefore, a second approach has been considered that uses a histogram of oriented gradients (HoG), an advanced vision based algorithm proposed by Dalal et al. which distinguishes a pedestrian from a non-pedestrian based on an omega shape formed by the head and shoulders of a human being. The implemented detection software processes video frames that are streamed from a low-cost digital camera. The frames are divided into sub-regions which are scanned for an omega shape whenever movement is detected in those regions. It has been found that the HoG-based approach degrades in performance due to occlusion under dense pedestrian traffic conditions whereas the Solo Terra approach appears to be more robust. Undercounts and overcounts were encountered using the Solo Terra approach. To combat the disadvantages of both the approaches, they were integrated to form a single system where count is incremented predominantly using the Solo Terra. The HoG-based approach corrects the obtained count under certain conditions. A preliminary prototype of the integrated system has been verified.
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Chun-Hsueh, Li. "An Automatic Counting System for Microscopic Images of Human Skin Keratinocytes." 2006. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0005-2505200601335200.
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Wang, Ting-yen, and 汪廷諺. "Automatic Passenger Counting System Design for Bus Using Image Processing Techniques." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34489198702212121360.
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碩士國立中山大學
機械與機電工程學系研究所
104
This paper to design an adaptive passenger counting system is applied to the public transportation vehicle: bus. The system combines Global Positioning System (GPS) and standard time to establish number of passengers for each bus stop in different period time and calculates the number of the passengers and unoccupied seats to provide Bus service company business-related information. People counting is one of many important applications of video surveillance systems. In this paper, we propose an automatic people counting system by applying background subtraction and object tracking on video camera output. The foreground is extracted by background subtraction. Morphological operations are used to repair damage to the image and connected-component labeling method is used to eliminate of noise. Background subtraction identifies moving objects in the form of connected components. The people detection algorithm attempts to determine whether moving objects correspond to the human model that established by back propagation neural network. K-means clustering is used to enable the segmentation of single persons from connected-component foreground. Each centroid of foreground objects is used to track moving objects for counting.
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SU, WEI-LUN, and 蘇維倫. "An Novel Automatic Cell Counting Algorithm for Immunohistochemical Stained Tissue Section." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31104185287349825867.
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碩士國立聯合大學
電機工程學系碩士班
105
Cancer is one of the top ten cause of death around the world. During a preliminary examination where there is a suspected tumor, a doctor will further confirm the existence of the tumor with immunohistochimal stained tissue section. A pathological examination can be used not just to classify tumors as benign or malignant but can also be utilized to confirm the invaded range, the appropriateness and integrity of the surgery, and the efficacy of the treatment. A pathological examination can also determine whether there is organ metastasis or lymphatic metastasis. Several different staining methods can be used in immunohistochemical stained tissue sections. Not every method can be used for every organ. Ki-67 is a particular type of staining method that can be used for every organ; accordingly, this study is focused on ki-67 pathological sections. In clinical analysis, ki-67 is used to calculate the number of cells, but the current distinction is that ki-67 still relies on the doctor to manually calculate and circulate the approximate contour of a cell. Additionally, a survey has pointed out that in the next five to ten years, the number of pathologists will be considerably insufficient. This study seeks to develop a novel automatic cell counting algorithm for immunohistochemical stained tissue sections to reduce human resources and time, and to provide an objective reference. There are two different ways to detect cells. One is object detection and the other is cell segmentation. Cell segmentation first identifies the cell contour and then uses the contour information to define the cell center. Using cell segmentation presents a potential problem of accurately segmentation the contour in both overlapping cells and in cells that are not uniform in color. If a cell is incorrectly segmented as multiple cells, the cell count will be inaccurate. In order to resolve this issue, this study uses the object detection method. This study is divided into two parts. The first stage, which we will refer to as “seed detection,” detects the locations of the geometric cell center. This study is based on the single-pass voting method, which can change the estimated radius of cells, and then combined with the Gaussian mean shift to detect the position of the cell center. This study utilizes the gradient direction to check whether the estimated radius is much larger than the true cell radius. If the estimated radius is indeed significantly larger than the true cell radius, then the estimated radius should be decreased. The single-pass voting method is based on the Gaussian function. In order to use the Gaussian function, we must first determine the center position. It is unreasonable to predetermine the center position because we can’t be sure where the center position is located. We developed the second seed detection algorithm based on distance-weight in order to do so. The second stage is cell segmentation where the center point in previous stage is used to segment the nucleus region. After segmenting the nucleus region, the fuzzy C-means is applied to find the initial contour and adjust the contour with the Markov random field. In addition, this study has attempted to include ellipse fitting and Procrustes transformation. Using the shape information obtained through both ellipse fitting and Procrustes transformations as one of the potential functions in the Markov random field, we discovered that the result was poor. After verifying the proposed method, the average F-score of the proposed method in seed detection was approximately 63%, and the average F-score of Qi’s method was approximately 55%. In case cell_04 and cell_18 the precision rates were approximately 80%, while in other cases, the precision rate was more than 60% . In addition to the proposed method, we also conducted a pilot study for future research. In this pilot study, we use the FRST method as a pre-process, then performed seed detection. Comparing the results of the pilot study method and Qi’s method, we found the F-score of the pilot study method was approximately 49%. Although, the pilot study’s F-score didn’t reach 50%, it was still higher than that of Qi’s method. The F-score of Qi’s method was approximately 47%
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Huang, Xian-Jin, and 黃獻進. "A study of the solar wafers counting with automated optical inspection technology." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33854489590446254761.
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碩士東南科技大學
機械工程研究所
100
Solar wafers has been widely used in the power generation system gradually, it makes solar wafer demands increased. If the manual counting the numbers of solar wafers, the efficiency of production will be decreased and easily makes chip broken. In this paper, we design an automatic solar wafers counting equipment with automated optical inspection and mechatronic technology. First, the stack of solar wafers is placed on the equipment platform, stepping motor drives the CCD to capture the side images. Afterward, it will integrate the several partial images of the solar wafer stack into one image and then count how many solar wafers in this image with digital image processing. The programming of the entire system is written by Labview 8.5 graphical language. The automatic solar wafers counting equipment in this article is experimental verification, the counting time of seventy wafers is about 4 seconds and the result is correct.
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Lee, Ting-Chung, and 李定中. "An Automatic Cell Counting Algorithm for Fluorescent Images with Non-ideal Background." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76646718932015291243.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
應用力學研究所
99
Cell count is among the fundamental information in cytopathology and cell biology and hematology; most of the researchers count cells and observe morphology manually through microscopes to acquire statistical information. In general, cell counting is labor-intensive and time-consuming and often very operator-dependent, especially when counting cells in images with non-ideal background. And commercial products may not be able to facilitate counting for such images, either. In this thesis, sample was prepared from mixing two kind of cell lines (HUVEC labeled with fluorescence and Jurkat not), and cells in the micrograph of samples were analyzed and recognized by image processing techniques and multivariate statistic. First, the histogram of image was classified by Gaussian mixture model method for foreground and background extraction and processed with morphological filter for noise removal. Nearest Neighbor method was used to identify targets according to their features extracted from images. The robustness of classifier was verified by k-fold cross validation. This algorithm can analyze and count cells for two fluorescence-stained cells out of non-ideal background. Results show the image segmentation by Gaussian mixture model is virtually independent to the environmental condition of images (exposure time, contrast, and etc.) and the accuracy of recognition is around to 97% for extracting cell according to the built feature database. The algorithm serves the needs of cell counting of medical research very well.
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HSIEH, CHIA-LIN, and 謝嘉臨. "PERFORMANCE TESTING OF CASH COUNTING AND BAGGING EQUIPMENT IN AUTOMATIC FARE COLLECTION." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87006174722462999494.
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碩士國立清華大學
動力機械工程學系
87
An experimental setup with stringent experimental methods for testing the coin identification system of the CCBE has been established in the present study. A series of tests for coin identification has been conducted; and the analog and digital databases of sampled voltage profiles in a cycle of coin identification of the CCBE for various types of genuine coins have been collected. In addition, the results of the sampled voltage profiles for various genuine coins with 95% level of confidence are presented. Furthermore, an effective method for coin identifications is postulated. With the proposed method, thirty sample tests for various types of genuine and fake coins are successfully conducted. The margin of coin identifications for the TITAN 2408 employed in the experiments is approximately preset at 4 %.
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Neves, João. "Automatic annotation of cellular data." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/3696.
Full textAbstract:
Life scientists often need to count cells in microscopy images, which is very tedious and a time consuming task. Henceforth, automatic approaches can be a solution to this problem. Several works have been devised for this issue, but the majority of these approaches degrade their performance in case of cell overlapping. In this dissertation we propose a method to determine the position of macrophages and parasites in uorescence images of Leishmania-infected macrophages. The proposed strategy is mainly based on blob detection, clustering and separation using concave regions of the cells' contour. By carrying out a comparison with other approaches that also addressed this type of images, we concluded that the proposed methodology achieves better performance in the automatic annotation of Leishmania infections.A anotação de células é uma tarefa comum a diversas áreas da investigação biomédica. Normalmente, esta tarefa é realizada de forma manual, sendo um processo demorado, cansativo e propício a erros. Neste trabalho, focamos o nosso interesse na anotação de imagens de uorescência com infeções de Leishmania, que representa um destes casos. Leishmania são parasitas unicelulares que infectam mamíferos, sendo responsáveis por um conjunto de doenças conhecidas por leishmanioses. Leishmania usam vertebrados como hospedeiros residindo dentro dos seus macrófagos. Por conseguinte, um modelo adequado para o estudo destes parasitas é infectar in vitro culturas de macrófagos. A capacidade de sobrevivência/replicação da Leishmania nessas condições arti - ciais pode então ser avaliada por parâmetros, como, por exemplo, a percentagem de macrófagos infectados, o número médio de parasitas por macrófagos infectados e o índice de infeção. Essas métricas são geralmente determinadas pela contagem de parasitas e macrófagos ao microscópio. Ambos os tipos de células podem ser facilmente distinguidos com base no seu tamanho e cor, resultante de diferentes a nidades de corantes uorescentes. A passagem desta tarefa do microscópio para o computador já foi conseguida através de aplicações como o CellNote, contudo, apesar de mais fácil e interativa, a anotação continua a ser manual. A evolução da abordagem manual para um processo automático representa um passo natural e lógico, constituindo o principal objetivo deste trabalho. Para isto iniciámos a investigação pela revisão dos principais métodos de deteção e contagem celular. As características das imagens com infeções de Leishmania impossibilitam a utilização dos métodos estudados, de tal modo que optámos por desenvolver uma nova abordagem, capaz de lidar com as várias especi cidades destas imagens. Também durante o processo de revis ão de literatura analisámos os dois métodos previamente propostos para realizar a anotação automática de infeções de Leishmania. Estes revelaram um desempenho abaixo do requerido pelos parasitologistas, justi cando também o desenvolvimento de uma nova abordagem. Durante a concepção do sistema investigámos diversas técnicas de deteção celular, onde a deteção de blobs se destacou pelos resultados positivos. Para segmentar as regiões citoplasmáticas optámos pela utilização de algoritmos de clustering. Estes não foram capazes de solucionar casos em que existia sobreposição de estruturas celulares, motivando assim o método de separação desenvolvido. Este método baseia-se maioritariamente na análise de contorno, sendo as suas concavidades geradoras de separação entre citoplasmas. Através da combinação destas fases foi possível detetar macrófagos e parasitas com mais precisão. Para con rmar esta conclusão testámos não só a nossa abordagem mas também as duas abordagens previamente desenvolvidas para este problema. Os desempenhos alcançados evidenciam não só uma melhoria comparativamente às restantes abordagens como também mostram que a nossa abordagem assegura resultados satisfatórios comparativamente aos obtidos manualmente. Em suma, o trabalho desenvolvido produziu um sistema capaz de realizar a anotação automática de imagens de uorescência com infeções de Leishmania, tendo originado um artigo aceite para publicação na conferência International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition (ICIAR) 2013.
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LIN, LI-JIA, and 林立佳. "Automatic Object Sorting and Fitting with Eucalyptus Could for Tablet and Capsule Counting Machines." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3y54f2.
Full textAbstract:
碩士大葉大學
智慧化機電系統設計產業碩士專班
106
This study wants to explore and solve problems that may occur in the packaging line in the pharmaceutical process. In order to reach the requests of customers, the conveyors use the adjustable guard rails. However, sometimes the bottles push each other. It caused the bottles to fall down, so that the machine will stop and the production capacity will reduce. The laws of medicine require uniformity and integrity of each batch of product. This study uses a AVR microcontroller chip with a PLC program to design a robot arm to remove the fallen bottles on the conveyor and design a color sensor to detect the color of the surface of different bottles. This study is based on the Eucalyptus cloud architecture. The AVR microcontroller program design and PLC program design will be accomplished on cloud virtual computer. And the virtual computers are managed by VNC and web browser. The hardware and software design of the color sensor and the robot arm are completed by the web access. A design platform for implementation of an automatic object sorting and fitting for tablet and capsule counting machines with Eucalyptus cloud is carried out in this study. It can increases productivity by 0.9% and eliminates the possibility of loading the medicine into the wrong bottle.
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Li, Ching-Hui, and 李慶輝. "A Study on Automatic Recognition and Counting Techniques for Small Size Pests in Greenhouse Condition." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97699261241365821810.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
資訊科學與工程學系
105
We proposed the automatic pest detection. Main target is to classify and calculate the pest amount of the yellow and blue sticky trap. Therefore, we can gain some information for that. We can control the minimal use of pesticides and higher effect of decreasing pest. Our main target is for the red and brown thrips and white whitefly on the yellow and blue sticky trap. The thrips size is smaller than other pests on the yellow sticky trap and its color is not obvious to others, either. Afterward, let the input images which are converted to YC_b C_r color space from RGB color space. Set the markers when the object has the higher C_b values than the background. Therefore, we use the marker controlled watershed as our segmentation method to separate the pests from the background. Use color and area of segmentation as our features. We use SVM(Support Vector Machine) as our classification. The SVM have the machine learning ability. It is different from some common methods. It is fast and effective to classify the thrips from the segmentations. The part of whitefly, its color is white and have the difference and obvious to the background. Because the size of whitefly is bigger than thrips, the detection and classification is much easier than the thrips. We only use the luminance as the feature to set the markers when the object has the higher luminance values than the background and segment whiteflies on the sticky trap by marker controlled watershed. Therefore, the marker controlled watershed can segment whiteflies well. Finally, we can gain the information of the amount of whitefly to use and analyze.
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Kim, Dongkun. "Automatic Seedpoint Selection and Tracing of Microstructures in the Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope Mouse Brain Data Set." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-10122.
Full textAbstract:
The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope (KESM) enables imaging of an entire mouse brain at sub-micrometer resolution. By using the data sets from the KESM, we can trace the neuronal and vascular structures of the whole mouse brain. I investigated effective methods for automatic seedpoint selection on 3D data sets from the KESM. Furthermore, based on the detected seedpoints, I counted the total number of somata and traced the neuronal structures in the KESM data sets.
In the first step, the acquired images from KESM were preprocessed as follows: inverting, noise filtering and contrast enhancement, merging, and stacking to create
3D volumes. Second, I used a morphological object detection algorithm to select seedpoints in the complex neuronal structures. Third, I used an interactive 3D seedpoint validation and a multi-scale approach to identify incorrectly detected somata due to the dense overlapping structures. Fourth, I counted the number of somata to investigate regional differences and morphological features of the mouse brain. Finally, I
traced the neuronal structures using a local maximum intensity projection method that employs moving windows.
The contributions of this work include reducing time required for setting seedpoints, decreasing the number of falsely detected somata, and improving 3D neuronal reconstruction and analysis performance.
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Foster, Michael D. "An automated vision system for detection and counting of uneaten food pellets in a fish sea cage." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1666.
Full textAbstract:
A system which quantifies the number of food pellets eaten by salmon in a sea cage would be beneficial to both fish farmers, and researchers. Such a system could be used for reducing food wastage, determining time-related feeding patterns, ensuring fish receive the correct dosage of drugs, etc. We developed algorithms for detection and counting of food pellets from recorded video image sequences, which could be used to determine actual feeding rates in a sea cage. The number of food pellets eaten over time is determined by counting the number of pellets not eaten. The method involves counting the number of pellets of a known size, falling through the view area of an underwater video camera. The size of the view area of the camera varies with the size of the food pellets used. The pellets, which appear white underwater, are counted as they enter the view area of the underwater camera, and are tracked in this area to avoid recounting. For each video frame in the sequence, image preprocessing is done, followed by object detection, object classification, and object tracking and counting. Original algorithms were developed for this project to automatically threshold images, track objects in consecutive frames, and count the objects entering the view area of the camera. The algorithms were implemented on a personal computer based image processing system. Experiments were carried out to test the algorithms with pellet densities used in actual feeding situations. The utility of the algorithms was confirmed by the experimental results. The average count error for the tests performed was approximately +/-10%. The recommended improvements to the counting algorithms should significantly reduce this error.
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Chiu, Chien-Chin, and 邱建欽. "An Automatic Counting Technique for Small Size Pests Using Marker Controlled Watershed and Mean Shift Segmentation Methods." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04593550580000009900.
Full text