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1
Nielsen, Hans Christian Korsholm. "State and Customary Law in Upper Egypt." Islamic Law and Society 13, no. 1 (2006): 123–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851906775275439.
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AbstractThe elders of the villages and towns of Upper Egypt frequently convene councils for the settlement of disputes. These councils, which are independent of the state, deal with such matters as rights in water and land and also with succession disputes. Larger councils settle conflicts arising from homicide or feuds. I argue here that these councils should be analyzed as an integral part of society and that their relationship to the state is many-facetted. The continued importance of these institutions cannot be understood if one views customary law and reconciliation councils as no more than a reaction to a corrupt and unjust official legal system
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De Jongste, Jan A. F. "Conflicten Rond Predikantsbenoemingen in Enkele Hollandse Steden, Ca. 1670-1770." Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis / Dutch Review of Church History 75, no. 1 (1995): 64–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002820395x00038.
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AbstractWithin the rather complex relationship between State and Church the appointment of ministers has always been of the greatest importance. Attempts to make a regulation, which would be valid in all the towns of the province of Holland, were not successful because of the fundamental disagreement between church and civil authorities on the limits of competence on both sides. The "broad" church council, composed of ministers, elders and deacons and sometimes also former elders and representatives of the town government (commissarissen politiek) officially decided on the selection of ministers. In almost every town however, the church council had to ask the burgomasters for permission to set the procedure in motion. In the end the council had to present a select list of three candidates and finally the name of the candidate the majority of its members thought preferable. This procedure offered the town governments ample opportunities to intervene. They could decline to initiate the selection process, impose conditions or veto unsuitable candidates. Many church councils considered these interventions as unacceptable encroachments on their rights and freedom. The appointments of ministers were always potential causes of discord between the civil authorities and the church councils. The article deals with the many conflicts in a number of towns in the province of Holland between 1670 and 1770. The beginning is marked by the political crisis of 1672 which resulted in the restoration of the stadholderly regime under William III. The Voetians, the Reformed orthodoxy, hoped for support of the stadholder in their theological struggle with the adherents of Coccejus. In the second half of the 18th century this conflict had lost its original character and furthermore the dissension within the Reformed Church was no longer mainly based on disagreement between these two groups but the changed situation had produced a tripartition. Somewhat later political elements began influencing the internal relations. Analysis of the conflicts leads to the conclusion, that local circumstances often played a decisive part. It also demonstrates the complex and comprehensive character of these collisions. Yet it is possible to categorize the various conflicts by distinguishing between different, although closely interconnected, dominating factors: 1. religious antagonism within the Reformed Church (the richtingenstrijd); 2. discord between political factions within the town governments; 3. differing opinions on the relation between church and state at the local level and more specifically the part played by the church council in the selection procedure; 4. nepotism and favouritism; and 5. meddling by the Orange stadholders in the appointments of ministers under William III and after the restoration of the Orangist regime in 1747.
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Snyder, Katherine A. "Being of ‘One Heart’: Power and Politics Among the Iraqw of Tanzania." Africa 71, no. 1 (February 2001): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2001.71.1.128.
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AbstractThis article explores local understandings of and experience with democracy in an Iraqw community in northern Tanzania. At independence, President Julius Nyerere in his development of a one-party state, argued that democracy in this new nation state would be modelled on that which is found in indigenous, pre-colonial political systems. In the Iraqw homeland, pre-colonial ‘democracy’ was expressed in elders’ councils in which male elders made decisions on behalf of the rest of the community. Differences of opinion were voiced but eventually the group would come to one opinion to achieve the state of being of ‘one heart’ before decisions could be put into effect. While Nyerere claimed that this practice of democracy and achieving consensus would provide the model for the post-colonial state, in actuality the state drew more on colonial models characterised by top-down decision-making and autocratic governance. Overlaying both the pre-colonial and post-colonial political systems is an ideological emphasis on ‘unity'. This article explores how the central notion of unity is expressed and perceived among the Iraqw in Tanzania and how it forms the screen through which people view démocratisation.
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Kelley, Allyson, Clayton Small, Maha Charani Small, Hawkeye Montileaux, and Shawnee White. "Defining Cultural Resilience to Strengthen Native Youth: A Brief Report from the Intergenerational Connection Project." Practicing Anthropology 40, no. 4 (September 1, 2018): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552.40.4.5.
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Abstract Native American youth are placed at greater risk for suicide than any other age or ethnic population in the United States. Resilience has helped Native Americans overcome adversity. In this paper, authors provide an example of how intergenerational mentoring can moderate or reduce these risk factors. The Intergenerational Connection Project at Native PRIDE (ICP) works with advisory councils in four Native communities in Montana and South Dakota. To better understand resilience, this paper answers two questions: (1) how do communities define cultural resilience, and (2) how can cultural resilience be operationalized in a cultural context? The ICP team worked with community advisory councils to develop a cultural resilience scale that was administered at the beginning of the project and six months later, at the end of the Project. An independent samples t-test demonstrated a significant increase in all scale items from baseline and at six-month follow-up. Results indicate that all community definitions include terms related to adversity and the transfer of cultural knowledge through sharing, participation, and involvement. Community definitions also included conversations about spirituality, language, values, and interactions between elders and youth. Authors conclude with a strong message that strengths-based interventions like the ICP are needed to address suicide risk in Native communities.
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Sawa, Przemysław. "Napięcie między subiektywnym a obiektywnym. Rozpoznanie działania Ducha Świętego w tradycji zachodniej i wschodniej." Studia Teologii Dogmatycznej 6 (2020): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/std.2020.06.08.
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Tension between personal experience and community discernment, a prophesy and Church’s teaching, judgement of conscience and trueness of moral doctrine is still alive. Ultimately, it is all about what in the Church is subjective and what is objective. This reconciled opposition is inscribed in the identity of Christianity. Evangelical testimony of disciples going to Jerusalem after encountering Jesus in Emmaus and theirs confrontation with Peter’s experience demonstrates a model of appropriate route: subjective does not transgress objective, personal it is in tone with ecclesiastical. Despite an agreement among Christians in terms of general direction, a diff erence at level of details between particular traditions is noticed. Without depreciating individual and discerned, Catholic Church invariably supports the necessity to acknowledge The Teaching Office of the Church and the power of bishops within diocese. Of course all faithful take part in carrying and development of the legacy, especially through testimony and creative dialogue. Synods, councils and other bodies serve an example. However they do not cover doctrinal and disciplinary issues. Formation, obedience and spiritual guidance are important at personal level. Recognition of bishop’s authority, adherence to the Tradition and cannons and obedience to spiritual guide (the elder) are key elements of Orthodox tradition. Special attention is given to conciliarity (synodality) on various levels of Church. On the other side, for the post-reformation communities the fundamental and practically the only rule is Sola Scriptura. Bible does not give answer to each particular question and does not describe every form of Holy Spirit’s action therefore different conclusions and options arise in various denominations. Undertaking the process of discernment itself, historical Churches follow more codified path of Church’s discernment such as synods, councils, conferences while evangelical communities accept even more individual approach, recommending of course pastoral prudence and consultations with pastor or elders of the congregation. It is especially necessary among Pentecostal Christians accepting the presence of charismatic gifts, to include prophecy.
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Silverstein, Nina M., Alison S. Gottlieb, and Elizabeth Van Ranst. "Use of Video Intervention to Increase Elders’ Awareness of Low-Cost Vehicle Modifications that Enhance Driving Safety and Comfort." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1922, no. 1 (January 2005): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192200103.
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Use of vehicle modifications might enable older drivers to stay on the road safely and provide a more gradual pathway between driving and driving cessation. Although adaptive features for automobiles have long been known by the disabilities community, they have not been well known by professionals in the network of aging programs and services or by elders themselves. This study examined the use of a video intervention to increase elders’ awareness of low-tech vehicle features. It was hypothesized that participants would have an increased awareness after viewing a video and would take steps toward using the features. The 23–min video was shown to 157 drivers age 70+ at seven Councils on Aging and senior centers in Massachusetts. The median age was 79, and 11% were age 85 and older. The participants completed pre- and postvideo questionnaires, and 127 of the participants (81%) were surveyed by phone approximately 2 months later. Familiarity significantly increased for 10 of 13 demonstrated features. On average, participants had taken two of five follow-up steps: 85% had read handouts, 63% had discussed features with family or friends, 20% had looked for features in stores or on the Internet, 9% had tried features, and only 2% had contacted a professional. Eleven percent of the telephone interviewees had purchased features. The video served the intended purpose of increasing awareness of vehicle modifications. Although some change was noted, 2 months may not have been sufficient time to observe change for the majority of the participants. Moreover, it is not known to what extent the participants may draw on this knowledge in the future, if and when they perceive a more direct need.
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Naya Zuure, David, George Hikah Benson, and Adams S. Achanson. "Indigenous Conflict Resolution and the Protection of Human Rights among the Talensi of Ghana." EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 1, no. 3 (October 18, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2020v01i03.0037.
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Indigenous approaches to conflicts resolution in African societies provide appropriate fora and opportunities for members of the societies to process their disputes when they do arise. The indigenous approaches are structured and rooted on cultures and traditions of the societies in which they are applied. The Talensi traditional area has its indigenous approach based on its culture and tradition as well. However, there are concerns with regards to how indigenous approaches to conflict resolution recognize and respect the human rights of persons involved in the process. This paper examined how the Talensi indigenous conflict resolution approach recognizes and respects the human rights of the disputants. It was a qualitative research which employed the case study design. Two chiefs, three elders to chiefs’ councils and five disputants were purposively and conveniently selected as sample for the study. The instruments in terms of interview, focused group discussion and observation were used to gather data for the study. It emerged from the study that the various considered human rights (rights to life, non-discrimination, freedom of religion and belief and prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment) of disputants were recognized and respected to a large extent under the Talensi indigenous approach to conflict resolution. It was, therefore, recommended that the approach is replicated in other rural societies in Ghana so as to ensure the recognition and respect for disputants rights as many people in rural Ghana practically rely on indigenous approaches to process their disputes.
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Nicolaus, Peter. "The Lost Sanjaq." Iran and the Caucasus 12, no. 2 (2008): 217–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406029.
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AbstractThe seven sanjaqs, or sacred images of Malak Tawus, are the most concrete expression of Yezidism and considered the holiest of the holy ritual objects of that religion. Only a handful of non-Yezidis have ever seen one, and very little is known about them. The latter holds, in particular, true with regard to the so-called Moskovi-sanjaq. Before World War I it was sent to the Russian Empire (East Anatolia and the Transcaucasus) every year, but was reported lost in 1914.Based on numerous interviews with Yezidis in Armenia, as well as on official correspondence between British, Iraqi, and Soviet authorities, the first part of the article reconstructs the odyssey of the Moskovi-sanjaq and the seven priests (qewwals) carrying it. It confirms that after 16 years of wandering through the Transcaucasus, five of the seven qewwals were eventually able to return via Odessa and London to the Yezidi heartland in Northern Iraq, but concludes that the Moskovi-sanjaq was ultimately lost in Georgia—confiscated by the Soviet authorities.The second part of the paper describes the history of a second sanjaq, which the author discovered in a village near Yerevan, secretly kept and protected from the prying eyes of non-Yezidis by a sheikhly family. Although all tales and myths, explaining how this second sanjaq arrived in Armenia, are examined and analysed, the origin of that sacred image remains mysterious. The article further paints a detailed picture of the cult, which evolved around the sacred image in Armenia as well as of the—sometimes savage—fights over its possession and the struggle of the keepers of the sanjaq with the Soviet authorities. In addition to interviews with eyewitnesses, the author bases his findings on court decisions and minutes of the councils of Yezidi elders, as well as information found at Yezidi graveyards.
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Filonenko, Yu, and O. Filonenko. "On the question of administrative-territorial reform." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 64 (2016): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2016.64.9.
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The necessity and urgency of administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine are underlined. The main factors which should be taken into account during the changing of administrative-territorial structure of the state are named. The most actual questions, related to conducting administrative-territorial reform, are named and shortly analyzed. From the point of view of the authors, some measures which could quickly improve financial state of now existing rural communities and their management before the full implementation in life of proposed by the power reforms are suggested. In the transition from administrative-command to market economy there was a significant reduction in production or full stop of existing enterprises in small settlements. This has resulted in a sharp decrease in revenues to the local budgets, total unemployment and a significant reduction in the population. In such circumstances, life itself dictates necessity of changes and the question of effective management of administrative and territorial units and preservation of their infrastructure becomes extremely important. The most important thing is to determine, what changes are needed and which improvements in the life of communities they are able to provide in the short term. On the one hand, the radical changes envisaged by the new legislation should be made or the regions should be eliminated, and after enlargement of districts, counties should be created together with eliminating regional and district administrations. On the other hand, existing rural communities should be enabled to control the resources which belong to them but, due to various reasons, are not controlled by them. In our opinion, reforming the administrative-territorial structure should take into account the natural, economic, historical, ethnic, cultural, social and other factors, which are currently affecting the socio-economic development of the existing communities and which will seriously influence the socio-economic life of the newly formed associations of citizens in the future. Works of many professionals in the fields of social and economic geography, public administration, regional economics, etc. are dedicated to the research of characteristics of administrative-territorial reform of our country. Processing of these publications has shown that many of the problems associated with reform are not investigated enough and this issue will be extremely important for the government, academics and citizens of Ukraine for a long time. The purpose of this research aims to highlight the specific characteristics and problems of administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine. The objective is connected with implementation of the following tasks: evaluation of socio-economic situation of the currently existing rural communities; identification and analysis of the most appropriate for the citizens and government conditions of communities’ formation; studying the opportunities for citizens to obtain material and financial resources. Reforms of administrative-territorial structure have already been conducted in many European countries. Our country is also facing this problem: being a part of the former USSR, its administrative-territorial structure has been repeatedly changing (some administrative-territorial units disappeared, the new ones appeared; boundaries of regions and districts changed as well as their number). Inefficiency of administration in Ukrainian regions is so obvious, that immediate and decisive actions are required. The question is how reformation will be conducted and how positive would it be from the point of view of state and regional management and social-economic life of communities. Of course, the country’s leadership insists on “voluntary” radical changes. To make these changes there are a necessary legislative framework, agreement on financing, the orders of the government and regional administrations, etc. But there is another way, for example, to eliminate regions, to enlarge districts, to create counties, to shorten the apparatus in rural councils and to keep only the heads of these councils. Those persons who apply for the position of the head of the council, should be at the same time registrated as a candidates for deputies of the county council. In the case of election, they would lead the community and represent them at the district level. In addition, all the resources which belong to now existing rural communities, but are not controlled by them because of different reasons, should be immediately transmitted to their disposal. It will create conditions for their financial independence. To sum up, a conclusion is obvious, that the main problem is not about the area and structure of administrative and territorial units, but about the effectiveness of management in communities and counties as well as about efficiency of their economic activities. There is every reason to believe, that even now, before the complete implementation of administrative-territorial reform, on condition of reduction of staff working in rural councils, empowering heads (village elders) with powers of district (county) deputies and transmission of real financial sources to the hands of the community, there are all possibilities to improve the financial condition of existing rural communities significantly.
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Gulińska, Emilia. "Communal Seniors Council as an Institution of Social Participation in Local Government." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.1.99-108.
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<p>The article deals with the issues of Communal Seniors Council as an institution of social participation in local government. The considerations start with the discussion of the concept and the essence of social participation and participation of the elderly in public life. Then, the Communal Seniors Councils were analysed in the light of the Act on the Municipal Self-Government, the functions of the Seniors’ Councils, as well as the social participation of the elderly in the United Kingdom and Germany also were presented.</p>
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Frankel, Carl. "A Council of Environmental Elders." Business Ethics: The Magazine of Corporate Responsibility 15, no. 2 (2001): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bemag200115210.
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Kuchciak, Anna. "Gminna rada seniorów — znaczenie „głosu doświadczenia” w sprawach społeczności lokalnej." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 22 (July 19, 2018): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.22.9.
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MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF SENIORS - THE ROLE OF " THE VOICE OF EXPERIENCE" IN THE MATTERS OF LOCAL COMMUNITIESUnder the Act dated 11 October 2013 amending the Act on Municipal Self- Government, the ability to create municipal councils of seniors was introduced. The considered amendment is one of the wide range of legislative changes resulting from the process of population aging. The article attempts to assess how this optional collective body, aimed primarily at the civic activation of the elderly people and identification of their needs, works in the structure of the basic unit of the territorial system.
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YOTSUI, MIHOKO, CATHERINE CAMPBELL, and TERUO HONMA. "Collective action by older people in natural disasters: the Great East Japan Earthquake." Ageing and Society 36, no. 5 (May 11, 2015): 1052–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x15000136.
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ABSTRACTHow can social participation by older people support their wellbeing? We explore the elder-focused community support system developed in Minamisanriku town after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. Many elderly people lost all their material possessions and were moved from their devastated home communities to temporary housing. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 participants including 14 community workers and three members in the Minamisanriku Council of Social Welfare (MCSW) in a programme framed by the MCSW's disaster-response model. Thematic analysis highlighted how older people's involvement in the visiting programme of their temporary community, and conducting twice-daily visits to other vulnerable elders, enabled them to provide valued social support to isolated and homebound peers. It also helped reconstruct their own social identities shattered by the dissolution of former communities, the shock of displacement and loss of possessions. This positive social participation was heavily influenced by strong bridges between their temporary community and MCSW support staff and infrastructure that promoted and supported their visits. Our study highlights how strong and empowering relationships amongst older people can be facilitated by an active government-funded support agency that is immediately responsive to the needs and deeply respectful of the world-views of vulnerable groups.
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Krienert, Jessie L., and Jeffrey A. Walsh. "The Sexual Victimization of the Elderly: An Empirical Analysis of Officially Reported Incidents, 2007–2016." Violence and Victims 35, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 443–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-19-00140.
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As “baby boomers” age through the lifecourse, elderly American's are projected to comprise more than 20% of the U.S. population by 2030 (Ortman, Velkoff, & Hogan, 2014). With a dramatic population increase anticipated, elder abuse and maltreatment has emerged as a focus of violence research. Elder sexual abuse is perhaps the least perceived, acknowledged, detected, and reported type of victimization (Roberto, Teaster, & Nikzad, 2007). The present work explores elder sexual abuse, drawing on 10 years (2007–2016) of officially reported incidents from National Incident Reporting System (NIBRS) data, to address several of the limitations identified by the National Research Council (2003) including: inconsistent definitions, unclear and inadequate measures, and a lack of population-based data. Results support significant differences in elder sexual abuse profiles across victim and perpetrator sex, age, race, relationship, residence, and offense type, highlighting the need to examine contextual differences in offenders, victims, and incident-based characteristics. Intervention, policy needs, and prevention are discussed.
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Kubiak, Michał. "Gminne rady seniorów z perspektywy lokalnej polityki senioralnej." Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 25 (October 31, 2018): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.25.7.
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Municipal senior citizens councils from the local senior policy perspectiveThe article provides an analysis regarding the creation, organization and functioning of the municipal senior citizens councils in Poland — especially in Pomorskie province. The municipal senior councils are comparatively new entities and are heading towards higher degree elderly people participation in self-government decisions. Thanks to the possibilities for activation elderly people, they hope and will expect to have more influence to meet their needs.
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Weismehl, Ronald. "Council for Jewish Elderly." Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 4, no. 1 (October 1988): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013614-198810000-00012.
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Jones, Keith S., Barbara Cherry, Dennis J. Harris, and Mohan Sridharan. "Formative Analysis of Aging in Place: Implications for the Design of Caregiver Robots." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601770.
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Many have conceptualized caregiver robots as consumer products and studied elders’ perceived needs afor and preferences about such products. For reviews, please see (Broadbent, Stafford, & MacDonald, 2009; Jones & Schmidlin, 2011). That approach, though, could create robots that cannot satisfy elders’ actual caregiving needs. Alternatively, one can conceptualize caregiver robots as workers in complex socio-technical systems. To do so, one would need a detailed account of the caregiving that takes place in elders’ homes. Unfortunately, as noted in a National Research Council (2011) report, such a detailed account of caregiving does not exist. Accordingly, we sought to develop such an account. There are many ways to analyze work (for a discussion of general approaches, see Vicente, 1999). They can be categorized into 3 general types: normative, descriptive, and formative approaches (Vicente, 1999). We adopted a formative approach because formative approaches are tailored to the analysis of complex socio-technical systems (Vicente, 1999). They capture work requirements without specifying how that work must be done or who must do it. For example, the constraint “must not lose track of time” captures a work requirement but allows the associated work to be accomplished in a number of different ways (e.g., by checking a clock, setting an alarm) and by a number of different entities (e.g., family member, caregiver robot). To conduct our analysis, researchers observed caregiving in elders’ homes, and interviewed caregivers about their work activities. Researchers then organized their findings into an Abstraction Hierarchy (AH; Vicente, 1999), that is, a detailed account of the aging in place socio-technical system. Our primary aim was to create an AH that describes means-ends relations between the complex socio-technical caregiving system’s overall objectives, work tasks, and physical resources. Such a description provides a detailed account of the caregiving work domain, and serves as the foundation for subsequent formative analyses of caregiving. To create the AH, research team members completed 4 steps: 1) analyzing existing caregiving documentation, 2) observing caregiving and interviewing caregivers, 3) drafting and/or refining the AH, and 4) validating the AH. Steps 2 and 3 were iterative. This process is consistent with Naikar, Hopcraft, and Moylan’s (2005) recommendations regarding formative analyses. The AH made clear that caregiving for those who age in place is a complex and nuanced activity. More specifically, our analysis confirmed existing research regarding categories of caregiving tasks and revealed aspects of caregiving that have not been detailed so far. The existing literature indicates that caregivers assist older adults with self-maintenance activities of daily life (ADLs), such as eating, toileting, and dressing (Lawton, 1990), instrumental activities of daily life (IADLs), such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping (Lawton, 1990), and enhanced activities of daily life (EADLs), such as participating in social activities and pursuing hobbies (Rogers, et al., 1998). Our analysis confirmed those findings, and our AH provides a more detailed account of those tasks than was previously available. Our analysis also revealed aspects of caregiving for those who are aging in place that have not been detailed thus far in the research literature. For example, our AH contains a purpose-related function called Counseling, which concerns ensuring that the elder does not experience psychological distress. To perform this function, the caregiver must understand the elder’s situation (e.g., a family conflict), use information about that situation (e.g., experience with relevant family members and/or past conflicts; the elders’ past choices), and offer the elder advice about how to proceed (e.g., which family member’s advice to follow). The main implication of our AH for the design of caregiver robots is that such robots cannot be designed to perform purpose-related functions in a one-size-fits-all way; rather, caregiver robots must exhibit context-conditioned variability (Vicente, 1999). Our AH has many other important implications for the design of caregiver robots, which unfortunately cannot be detailed here due to space constraints.
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Brutti, Maria. "The Council of Elders during the Pre-Hasmonean Period." European Journal of Jewish Studies 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2009): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/102599909x12530639492831.
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Riaz, Sakina, Mahe Darakhshan, and Samina Rauf. "Elder Women’s Socio-Economic Problems And Their Impact: A Feminine Perspective On Experiencing Old Age Problems In Karachi, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 9, no. 1 (September 8, 2014): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v9i1.246.
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This study was conducted from the period of October to December 2013 with a selected population of elderly women who belongs to urban and rural areas of Karachi. The aim of the study was to investigate the Socio-economic conditions, health status, psychological condition, living style and also social support mechanisms among the elderly women in both rural and urban areas. Stratified random sampling method was used to collect the data. A sample of 300 female senior citizens was selected from two different communities of two union councils namely, “Jut Lines” and the “Central Jacob Line” of Jamshed Town from urban area and two from Malir town to represent the rural population of Karachi, Pakistan. The respondents were interviewed through a formulated questionnaire that was crosstranslated into Urdu language to determine the participant’s socio-economic problems. The study respondents belong to different walks of life and they participated voluntarily in this study. Similar studies are needed to be conducted in other community settings for recommending appropriate changes in public behavior towards elder women problems’ in our society.
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Hoggart, K., and T. A. Smith. "Change in Local Authority Services for the Elderly in England, 1979–88." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 23, no. 12 (December 1991): 1741–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a231741.
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In most studies of service provision in local authorities it is assumed that councils respond directly to service need and fiscal conditions. In this paper it is argued that this is a fallacy as responses are conditioned by the filter of political party control. With a focus on nonmetropolitan counties and metropolitan boroughs and districts, it is shown that relationships between policy variation and socioeconomic conditions vary in Conservative-dominated and Labour-dominated councils. In particular, Conservative councils respond more notably to fiscal resources, whereas Labour authorities are more responsive to service need. Examination of changes in provision show that these patterns have persisted through the 1980s.
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Teaster, Pamela B., and Tenzin Wangmo. "Kentucky's Local Elder Abuse Coordinating Councils: A Model for Other States." Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect 22, no. 1-2 (March 26, 2010): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08946560903446063.
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Llanos, Mariana, and Francisco Sanchez. "Council of Elders? The Senate and Its Members in the Southern Cone." Latin American Research Review 41, no. 1 (2006): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lar.2006.0011.
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Brek, Yohan, and Toar Umbas. "GRIEF PASTORAL DALAM PANDANGAN MAJELIS JEMAAT GMIST MUSAFIR KOTA MANADO." POIMEN Jurnal Pastoral Konseling 1, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51667/pjpk.v1i1.102.
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ABSTRACT
Pastoral Grief referred to in this study is a pastoral service to those who are grieving especially to the congregation of GMIST in the City of Manado. The pastoral duty must be carried out by Church councils in this case the Pastor, Elder and Deacon. Based on observations and interviews with Church councils, it was found that the pastoral care of grief for them only applies when a person dies and that is only a consolation and funeral service. Even though talking about grief does not only apply to people whose closest relatives die. This prompted researchers to conduct further research on Church councils in the GMIST congregation of Musafir Manado City. This study aims to find out how the understanding and practice of special servants about the task of the Pastoral Grief service and what the impact of the service results and the meaning obtained for the development of the Grief Pastoral service for Church councils in the congregation of GMIST Musafir in Manado. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive research methods which will describe in full the purpose of the study so that it is expected to get valid and scientific results about the understanding of special servants regarding Pastoral Grief.
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Buhagiar, Mario. "The Jewish Catacombs of Roman Melite." Antiquaries Journal 91 (August 5, 2011): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581511000126.
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AbstractThe Roman city of Melite, on the central Mediterranean archipelago of Malta, had, in common with other provincial outposts of the Empire, a diaspora Jewish colony for which there is testimony in six hypogea that prominently display the seven-branched Menorah. There is apparent evidence for a religious, and perhaps administrative, set-up in a Greek inscription that marks the burial place of a gerousiarch and lover of the ‘commandments’ who could have been the head of a Council of Elders in the synagogue of the city, and of his wife, Eulogia ‘the Elder’. The title presbytera used in the text has a special significance and suggests that husband and wife held prestigious posts in the running of the colony. A second inscription incorporates the seven-branched Menorah and commemorates another woman, named Dionisia, who was known by the ritualistic name ‘Irene’. Two other texts appear to be simple farewell messages but are of interest because they are accompanied by a stylized painted Menorah and a boldly incised sailing vessel that has the appearance of a Roman ship. The paper takes a close look at these and other archaeological material related to Jewish presence and influence in Malta. The hypogea are discussed in the context of the Maltese culture of rock-cut burials, starting in the prehistoric period and finding special significance as the prototype influence on the Romano-Punic tomb.
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Whelan, Alexander. "Getting a MOVE ON (Mobilization of Vulnerable Elderly in Ontario Project): Ontario’s Solution to Senior Immobility and Functional Decline during Hospitalization." University of Ottawa Journal of Medicine 5, no. 1 (May 22, 2015): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/uojm.v5i1.1224.
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There is a need to make Ontario hospitals more senior friendly, since hospitalization can put seniors at risk for unnecessary long-term functional decline. To achieve this end, the Council of Academic Hospitals in Ontario (CAHO) has recently introduced the Mobilization of Vulnerable Elders in Ontario project (MOVE ON), with the goal of improving mobility in hospitalized seniors. This article explains the evidence supporting early mobilization of seniors, while outlining the MOVE ON project and exploring the potential barriers to early mobility programs.
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MITSUMA, Yasuyuki. "Relationship between Greco-Macedonian Citizens and “Council of Elders” in the Arsacid Period." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 58, no. 1 (September 30, 2015): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.58.1_30.
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Mackay, M. J. "Financial and Personal Competence in the Elderly." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 8 (November 1989): 829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400819.
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This paper was prepared for the Professional Standards and Practice Council, chaired by Dr. Werner J. Pankratz. It was approved by the Board of Directors of the Canadian Psychiatric Association on June 3, 1989.
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Katz, Arlene M., Loring Conant, Thomas S. Inui, David Baron, and David Bor. "A council of elders: creating a multi-voiced dialogue in a community of care." Social Science & Medicine 50, no. 6 (March 2000): 851–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00341-x.
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Robson, Claire, Gloria Gutman, Jen Marchbank, and Kelsey Blair. "Raising Awareness and Addressing Elder Abuse in the LGBT Community: An Intergenerational Arts Project." Language and Literacy 20, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20360/langandlit29408.
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This paper reports on a collaborative digital arts project conducted with LGBT youth and seniors in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, funded by the B.C. Council to Reduce Elder Abuse and conducted by faculty members and a doctoral student from Simon Fraser University. In the project, youth and seniors worked together to produce the first Canadian materials on LGBT elder abuse—three digital videos and five informational posters. We report on the methods used to produce and disseminate the materials, and as we reflect on the project’s outcomes, we consider both the challenges and potential of digital literacies in this context.
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YUNG, BELL. "Exploring Creativity in Traditional Music." Yearbook for Traditional Music 51 (November 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ytm.2019.46.
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The term “traditional music” is widely used in musicological discourse as well as in everyday conversations, and is, indeed, in the name of our organisation: the International Council for Traditional Music.1 It was also used in the titles of classic studies of Asian music by our elders, such as Yi Hye-gu (1981), Kishibe Shigeo (1969), William Malm (1959), A. C. Scott (1967, 1969, 1975), David Morton (1976), Judith Becker (1980), Terry Miller (1985), and others, and in the titles of many journal articles. In short, the term is at the core of the discipline of ethnomusicology and for this organisation.
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Oommen, Geetha, Jon Bashford, and Ajit Shah. "Ageing, ethnicity and psychiatric services." Psychiatric Bulletin 33, no. 1 (January 2009): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.107.019133.
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SummaryIn 2001, the Royal College of Psychiatrists produced Council Report (CR103) which concluded that services for Black and minority ethnic elders had received little attention. the report also called for an urgent need to establish a reliable and informative database of good practice and increased research. It is currently under review by the College. This article attempts to set out some of the issues that remain as well as newly identified ones. In particular, the article hopes to heighten awareness and raise debate about these issues and to link these with the College's Race Equality Action Plan.
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Branch, Kay. "Aging and Anthropology in Alaska." Practicing Anthropology 20, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.20.2.u66057612w575r13.
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When I started my anthropological training I had no idea how I would use it until I met a woman who was born in 1906 in Council, Alaska, 85 miles northwest of Nome. She led a fascinating life and at 79 was still an active volunteer and life participant. Through my association with her I began to think of how I could combine anthropology with gerontology and my career goals formed. I did not want to just obtain stories from elders, but rather see how I could help people manage in these rapidly changing times. Specifically through applied anthropology, I wanted to provide appropriate services to elders in the vast state where I live. Knowing this goal provided focus to my anthropological training, allowing me to pursue projects that enhanced my education and employment opportunities. Moreover, my anthropological background alerted me to the importance of the structure and history of service provision. This provided a catalyst for further investigation of the political and social issues of aging in Alaska, which gave me a holistic picture of current services.
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Silfverhielm, Helena, and Claes Göran Stefansson. "Sweden." International Psychiatry 3, no. 1 (January 2006): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600001430.
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With an area of 450 000 km2, Sweden is one of the largest countries in Western Europe. It is 1500 km from north to south. It has nearly 9 million inhabitants (20 per km2). It is a constitutional, hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary government. Sweden is highly dependent on international trade to maintain its high productivity and good living standards. Many public services are provided by Sweden's 289 municipalities and 21 county councils. Municipal responsibilities include schools, child care and care of the elderly, as well as social support for people with a chronic mental illness. The county councils are mainly responsible for healthcare, including psychiatric care, and public transport at the regional level. Sweden is characterised by an even distribution of incomes and wealth. This is partly a result of the comparatively large role of the public sector.
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Eduardo, Jesster Pasule. "Restorative Justice in Cordillera Administrative Region: Tradition and Praxis towards a Peace Process Model." International Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i1.3748.
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The study assessed the peace processes under the concept of Restorative Justice in Cordillera Administrate Region (CAR). Restorative Justice (RJ) is a means to heal, not punish, the harm caused by one person to another. It is a process which allows the harmed party to participate in the decisions which are made to heal the harm caused them. The study used the Individual Positivism Theory to analyze the use of RJ in CAR. Through Descriptive Survey Method, the level of attainment of the goals and objectives of peace processes was measured based on the responses of the three groups of respondents in the study namely: (a) Stakeholders (victims, complainants, respondents, witnesses, and the community); (b) Barangay Peace and Order Council (BPOC) (Lupong Tagapamayapa chaired by the Punong Barangay [Barangay Officials] and Council of Elders); and (c) PNP organic personnel. Hence, study showed that RJ through indigenous method of conflict resolution played a significant role in preserving Unity, Peace and Order, and Justice in the community most especially among families, relatives, or clans in CAR.
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Brennan, Maura. "How GWEPs Are Impacting Age Friendly and Dementia-Friendly Communities: Baystate Health." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1775.
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Abstract Baystate has collaborated with Community Based Organizations (CBOs) to secure designation for Springfield, MA as both age and dementia friendly. We worked together so our city could be recognized as the first in the nation which was age and dementia friendly and also had an age-friendly health system within it. Baystate joined a Springfield coalition of CBOs; with the assistance of the Massachusetts Healthy Aging Coalition, AARP, State and local Elder Affairs, the Massachusetts Councils on Aging and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, we secured and celebrated all three recognitions at a public forum in June 2019. The event was attended by the Mayor, Baystate Health and local Elder Affairs leaders, the press and other stakeholders as well as older adults from the community. Along with ongoing efforts to improve transportation and housing, access to age-friendly health care is now also an additional area of focus for the coalition.
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Midttun, Linda, and Terje P. Hagen. "The private–public mix of healthcare: evidence from a decentralised NHS country." Health Economics, Policy and Law 1, no. 3 (June 2, 2006): 277–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133106003045.
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Privatizations of public services are often driven by economic scarcity and changes in political leadership, in particular election victories for conservative or neoliberal political parties. Data from Norwegian counties on numbers of medical specialists in secondary care over a period of 11 years (1991–2001) allow us to analyse effects of economic, socioeconomic, and political factors on supply of both public and private specialists and the private–public mix. We find striking variations between the main explanatory factors related to public and private supply. Supply of public specialists is explained by counties' revenue levels and demographic factors and is not affected by the party composition of councils. The supply of private specialist medical services is negatively related to the proportion of elderly patients. The scarcity hypothesis is confirmed as lower county revenue levels increase both the absolute and relative proportions of private supply. Political composition of councils affects the private proportion of medical specialists as increased representation of conservatives leads to privatization.
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Mengistu, Bamlaku Tadesse. "Ethiopia: The Roles of the Council of Elders (Menguddo) in Gumma Customary Institution of Conϐlict Resolution." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 26 (January 5, 2019): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.26.3.
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Khalil, H. Hassan. "Hypertension in elderly Egyptians." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1996.2.2.206.
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Global census studies reveal that the elderly are the most rapidly growing population group in both industrialized and less industrialized nations. During 1991 and 1992, three major interventional trials dealt with hypertension in older subjects and the value of antihypertensive treatment in the elderly. These were the American Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program [SHEP], the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension [STOP-Hypertension], and the British Medical Research Council Trial on treatment of hypertension in older adults. All three trials showed that therapy for hypertension in the elderly reduces the risk of stroke and cardiovascular events. In 1993 evidence from the Egyptian Hypertension Project highlighted hypertension as a national public health problem that must be addressed. Guidelines for primary prevention among all sectors of the community are discussed
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Kingsley, Beth. "Community Empowerment: Promoting the Safety and Minimising the Abuse of Older People." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 2 (2002): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02035.
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Elder abuse is a taboo topic that older people talk about in hushed whispers and community workers are hesitant to raise. Nevertheless the abuse of older people is a social issue and a tragedy of an ageing population. To promote the safety of older citizens health professionals cannot stand by and allow clients to be abused where they experience harm at the hands of someone they know and from whom they should be able to expect safe care. The harmful and damaging nature of elder abuse compels practitioners to work with the community to address and resolve this social problem. Evolving from focus group discussions with older people in Perth, Western Australia, a series of community education and empowerment forums were held under the auspice of The Council on the Ageing (WA) Inc. The forums used an innovative drama format to illustrate the issues of elder abuse and demonstrate potential solutions. Forum evaluation indicated that this format was successful in raising awareness of elder abuse, what it is, why it happens and what resources are available to deal with it. From the forums caregivers and older people learned new strategies on how to minimise their risk of abusing or to resist becoming a victim of abuse.
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Veluwenkamp, J. W. "De Nederlandse Gereformeerde Gemeente Te Archangel in De Achttiende Eeuw." Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis / Dutch Review of Church History 73, no. 1 (1993): 31–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002820393x00021.
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AbstractThe Dutch Reformed Parish in Archangel in the Eighteenth Century The Dutch Reformed parish in the Northern Russian seaport of Archangel probably originated in the 1630s and apparently received some sort of formal and independent status in about 1660. In the eighteenth century, the parish was a small and shrinking community. In the 1730s, it had an estimated 240 Dutch members, and by the 1770s about 110. The parish virtually coincided with the Dutch merchant community of Archangel. Many of the Dutch merchants of that town lived there with their wives, children and servants. The parish council consisted of the minister and (probably three) elders and (probably three) deacons. The minister, who usually came from the Netherlands or Germany, was hired by the Directors of the Muscovy Trade (de Directeuren van de Moskovische Handel) in Amsterdam on behalf of the parish, examined and called by the Classis of Amsterdam, and paid by the parish. The church, of course, focussed primarily on the spiritual care of the parish members. But the parish council also performed communal services in a broader sense. It provided for the teaching of children and acted as orphan's court. The parish had a school-house and employed a Dutch schoolmaster.
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Conroy, Diana Wood. "Conference report, August, 1990 International Council of Traditional Indian Elders, Onondaga, Syracuse, N.Y., United States of America." Australian Feminist Studies 6, no. 13 (March 1991): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08164649.1991.9961724.
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Van Goor, J. "India and the Indonesian Archipelago from the Generale Missiven der VOC (Dutch East India Company)." Itinerario 16, no. 2 (July 1992): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300022117.
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Regularly, with the ships coming with the monsoon, the Governor-General and the councillors at Batavia received information from their subordinates from all over Asia. The Council of the Indies consisted of older members of the Company's bureaucracy, men who had served in several posts before being nominated to this ultimate position of honour. Together in council they constituted the best informed body on Asian affairs, in the East, as well as in the West. As a body they were responsible for the formulation of the generate missiven, the general letters in which the Heren Zeventien (Gentlemen Seventeen) were briefed on the state of affairs. The missiven had to be signed by all, dissent was not permissable. According to a a set pattern, all factories were dealt with in the same fashion. Any member of the council in principle would have been able to make an overview of the differing areas in which the Company was active. If any, they seem to have been the people able to make a comparison of the Indian subcontinent and the Indonesian archipelago. The following is an attempt to show what insights might have been expected from an interview with an elder servant of the ‘honourable Company’.
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Kenar Tiryakioglu, Selma, Hakan Ozkan, Hakan Bahadir, and Osman Tiryakioglu. "Left Main Coronary Artery Hypoplasia in Elderly." Case Reports in Cardiology 2016 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4156581.
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Congenital anomalies of the coronary artery causing coronary occlusive disease may be of many different types. A 67-year-old woman with no coronary risk factors was referred for coronary angiography with few months’ history of angina. The patient underwent coronary angiography due to ischemic cardiac symptoms with nondiagnostic exercising test. In coronary angiography, the left main coronary artery was arising from normal anatomical position; however, left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery were hypoplastic. The treatment of patient was discussed in cardiology-cardiovascular surgery council and coronary surgery was found inappropriate due to the hypoplasia of the left coronary system entirely.
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Keller, E., C. Santos, D. Cusack, M. Väli, D. Ferrara, B. Ludes, P. Mangin, J. J. Payne-James, and D. N. Vieira. "European council of legal medicine (ECLM) guidelines for the examination of suspected elder abuse." International Journal of Legal Medicine 133, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-018-1880-y.
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Weickhardt, George G. "Muscovite Law on Monasteries." Russian History 39, no. 1-2 (2012): 13–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633112x627193.
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The author surveys Muscovite law regulating monasteries, focusing on which courts exercised jurisdiction over monasteries and the legal right to appoint or remove superiors of monasteries. Throughout the Muscovite period secular courts had jurisdiction over lawsuits involving claims to land brought by or against monasteries, and this jurisdiction was confirmed in the 1550 Sudebnik. Lawsuits involving “spiritual matters” were heard by church courts, and the Stoglav confirmed the church courts’ jurisdiction over lawsuits brought by laymen against monastic personnel. The Stoglav also gave the tsar a veto over the appointment of monastic superiors, but many secular officials, prelates and the brothers themselves had influence and authority over the choice of a candidate. While the Stoglav and actual practice required that the brothers obey the superior, there is much evidence that in the management of monasteries the superior sought the consensus of his council of elders. Chapter 13 of the 1649 Ulozhenie constituted a major change in the law. It confided jurisdiction over lawsuits against monasteries and their personnel to a state chancellery staffed by lay judges. The 1666-1667 Church Council, however, restored the jurisdiction of church courts to where it had been prior to 1649. Although the law was unstable throughout the Muscovite period, the monasteries continued to exercise some measure of legal autonomy from the state.
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Nwogwugwu, Ngozi, and Rachael Iyanda. "Collaborative Governance Regime and the Responsive Governance in Ogun State : A Study of Ogun State Council of Elders." Singaporean Journal of Business Economics and Management Studie 3, no. 6 (2015): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0010961.
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Clares, Jorge Wilker Bezerra, Maria Miriam Lima da Nóbrega, Maria Vilaní Cavalcante Guedes, Lúcia de Fátima da Silva, and Maria Célia de Freitas. "ICNP ® nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions for community elderly." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 72, suppl 2 (2019): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0540.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To construct a nomenclature of nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions for elderly people under follow-up in the Family Health Strategy by using the International Classification for Nursing Practice and the theoretical reference of Virginia Henderson. Method: Methodological study developed according to guidelines of the International Council of Nurses. Results: A total of 127 concepts of nursing diagnoses/outcomes were constructed and distributed according to nursing care components in the subcategories of Biological/Physiological, Psychological, Social and Spiritual/Moral components. For these diagnoses, were proposed 551 nursing interventions. Conclusion: The concepts constructed may favor integral care for the elderly in the Family Health Strategy and the structuring of a terminological subset for this clientele.
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Biddison, Dawn. "Collaborative museum research with Yup'ik elders. FIENUP-RIRODAN, Ann, 2005 Yup’ik Elders at the Ethnologisches Museum Berlin: Fieldwork Turned on Its Head, Seattle and London, University of Washington Press, with Bethel, Calista Elders Council, 337 pages. MEAD, Marie and Ann FIENUP-RIRODAN, 2005 Ciuliamta Akluit: Things of Our Ancestors, Seattle, University of Washington Press, with Bethel, Calista Elders Council, 448 pages." Études/Inuit/Studies 29, no. 1-2 (2005): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013948ar.
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Clares, Jorge Wilker Bezerra, Maria Vilaní Cavalcante Guedes, Lúcia de Fátima da Silva, Maria Miriam Lima da Nóbrega, and Maria Célia de Freitas. "Subset of nursing diagnoses for the elderly in Primary Health Care." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 50, no. 2 (April 2016): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420160000200013.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE To develop a subset of nursing diagnoses for the elderly followed in primary health care based on the bank of terms for clinical nursing practice with the elderly, in the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP(r)) version 2013, and on the Model of Nursing Care. METHOD Descriptive study developed in sequential steps of construction and validation of the bank of terms, elaboration of the nursing diagnoses based on the guidelines of the International Council of Nurses and the bank of terms, and categorization of diagnostics according to the Care Model. RESULTS The total of 127 nursing diagnoses were elaborated from 359 validated terms, distributed according to the basic human needs. CONCLUSION It is expected that these diagnoses will form the basis for the planning of nursing care and use of a unified language for documentation of clinical nursing practice with the elderly in primary care.
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Wedel, Johan. "Customary law and the mediation of witchcraft accusations in Eastern Nicaragua." Journal of Legal Anthropology 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2019.030104.
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This article focuses on efforts to overcome the divide between state legality and local practices. It explores a pragmatic effort to deal with witchcraft accusations and occult-related violence in customary courts among the Miskitu people in Eastern Nicaragua, taking into account both indigenous notions of justice and cosmology, and the laws of the state. In this model, a community court (elected by the community inhabitants and supported by a council of elders), watchmen known as ‘voluntary police’ and a ‘judicial facilitator’ play intermediary roles. Witchcraft is understood and addressed in relation to Miskitu cultural perceptions and notions of illness afflictions, and disputes are settled through negotiations involving divination, healing, signing a legally binding ‘peace’ contract, a fine, and giving protection to alleged witches. This decreases tensions and the risk of vigilante justice is reduced. The focus is on settling disputes, conciliation and recreating harmony instead of retribution.