Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Couches de transport d'électrons'
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Lechevallier, Luc. "Phénomènes de transport d'électrons dans des films minces Au-Cr. Automatisation des procédures d'obtention et d'étude." Rouen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ROUE5031.
Full textGaraud, Jean-Luc. "Transferts photoinduits d'électrons au niveau de membranes ultraminces et polymères." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20241.
Full textFournier, Olivier. "Synthèse par ALD et caractérisation de couches extractrices d'électrons pour application dans les cellules solaires à base de pérovskite." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLC025.
Full textPerovskite solar cells have sparked a large interest in the photovoltaic community in the last 10 years due to their expedient optoelectrical properties, their vast scope of applications and their economical attractiveness.They are expected to reach the market by 2023, but challenges have to be tackled first, among which upscale and stability issues.To do so, a strategy is to work on the charge transport layers.They need to ensure a high selectivity towards one charge carrier, and have a good interface.Atomic layer deposition is an industrial deposition technique which allows for the synthesis of a large variety of materials.ALD layers are dense, homogeneous, conformal, pinhole-free and their thickness and composition can be controlled at the nano-scale.ALD hence appears as an ideal candidate to deposit the charge extraction layers.This thesis focuses on the development and on the characterization of various oxides by ALD.SnO2 and TiO2 have been developed at the Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF) with two different processes for each material.Their properties in regard of an integration in perovskite solar cells as inorganic electron transport layers have been explored, and one process for each material has been chosen.The advantageous integration of a 15 nm-thick ALD-TiO2 layer has been demonstrated as compact blocking layer in a mesoporous architecture, and compared to a blocking layer deposited by spray pyrolysis.Similar power conversion efficiencies (PCE) up to 19% have been achieved, with a higher homogeneity of the ALD layer leading to a better reproducibility of the results now used in the baseline production at IPVF.The integration of ALD-SnO2 in planar structures is also discussed.The 10 nm-thick layer alone was found to give mediocre efficiencies due to a lack of fill factor.The addition of an organic interlayer solved this issue allowing for PCE up to 16%.Finally an analysis of the interface between ALD-ZnO modified by phosphonic acid derivatives and a perovskite absorber is proposed.The organization of the molecules at the surface of ZnO and their impact on the perovskite have been determined, but the performances of full devices are poor
Sassine, Gilbert. "Etude du transport et du bruit dans les couches 2D de nanotubes de carbone." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20182/document.
Full textIn this thesis we have focused on the fabrication, the characterization, and the modeling of 2D films based on carbon nanotubes.In the first chapter, we have presented general informations on carbon nanotubes. Then we are interested in the nanotube-nanotube junctions and particularly the modeling of transport in different types of junction (M/M), (M/SC) and (SC/SC).In the second chapter we have presented a study of 2D films based on carbon nanotubes. At first we present the electrical transport in these structures strongly inhomogeneous, especially in describing the analytical models accounting for the percolation phenomenon both in the conductance and 1/f noise. The second part of the chapter is devoted entirely to the manufacture and physico-chemical characterization of 2D films.The main objective of the third chapter is the modeling of 2D films of carbon nanotubes. Compared to other models described in the literature, the model developed in this section is the only one that take into account the physical nature of each tube-tube junction (M/M) or (M/SC) or (SC/SC). Our model takes into account the junction nonlinearity. The numerical solution of the system is optimized: i) using the MNA technique whose principle is to linearize each dipole in the circuit. ii) parallelizing computations on a computer cluster of a hundred core. For the noise simulation, the same technique is used but in this case, we have used the adjoint network method. In the fourth chapter, we have, at first, presented and analyzed our experimental results for conductance and 1/f noise. Whatever the deposition conditions we always observed a percolation-like behavior of our results. We used the fitting parameters of the percolation laws to compare and analyze our results. It appears that the impact of the surfactant on the homogeneity of the solution is found in the electrical measurement results of deposited films. As for the influence of the density of the tubes, as expected, the conductance increases with the increase of nanotubes density. We noticed that the 1/f noise was much more sensitive to this parameter, with in particular a significant change in the noise percolation parameters revealed at high density of nanotubes. The second part of this chapter is dedicated to the simulation of the electrical parameters of our experimental structures. These parameters are adjusted on the basis of experimental results and are based on the nature of the surfactant. The results of these simulations for the conductance and 1/f noise agree with measurements and in all cases the macroscopic percolation laws are respected, which validate our models. To bring to the fore the deviation from the noise percolation law observed in films deposited from solution with a high density of surfactant, we have introduced in our simulated structures a number of clusters of nanotubes according to the density of the deposited layers. Once again we observed a good agreement with the experimental results allowing us to validate the presence of clusters of nanotubes in our deposited films
Baranov, Denis. "Etude combinée des propriétés locales et globales des supraconducteurs ultimes à deux dimensions." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03330302.
Full textThis manuscript presents the results of experimental studies of several superconducting phenomena related to the reduced dimensionality. First, an in-UHV set-up for measuring in-situ electronic transport properties of ultrathin films is realized. It is validated by studying transport properties of ultrathin films of NbN whose thickness and disorder are varied in-situ by Ar-ion sputtering. Second, ultimately thin superconductors - atomic layers of Pb and Pb/Au are grown on Si(111); their local and global properties as studied in-situ using, respectively, the Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy and the electron transport set-up at low temperatures. The role of Au atoms in the superconducting properties is revealed. Third, the phase diagram of the new class of layered ferromagnetic superconductors EuFe 2 (As 0.79 P 0.21) 2 is explored; Magnetic Force Microscopy experiments are provided. Novel quantum phases – Domain Meissner State and Domain Vortex state are discovered. A new phenomenon - the nucleation of vortex-antivortex pairs inside the material is demonstrated
Kusumawati, Yuly. "Oxide and composite electron transport layers for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066240/document.
Full textThree kinds of ETL have been developed and studied in this present work as a photoelectrode in DSSC. Those composed of (1) two kinds of TiO2-brookite nanoparticles, (TiO2_B1 and TiO2_B2), (2) the composite of anatase and graphene (TiO2_Gr) and (3) the nanorods like ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO_NR), respectively. All photoelectrode are prepared by doctor blading technique. The morphology of photoelectrodes have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The layer thicknesses were measured using profilometry. For the film structural characterizations, a high-resolution X-ray diffractometer was used. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and micro Raman measurement have been carried out to verify the TiO2_Gr composite preparation. The optical film properties (total transmission and total reflection) were recorded with a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere techniques. The cell performances were obtained by measuring the I-V curves of the cells under calibrated illumination. To achieve an in-deep understanding of the cell functioning, the impedance spectroscopy (IS) technique has been studied over a large applied potential range. By doing IS study, the electronic structure, charge carrier lifetime (tn), transport/collection time (ttr) and electron transport parameters of the layers have been determined. The carefully study of their properties has revealed not only their advantages but also their limitation. This information will be beneficial as a consideration for the future work
Hu, Zhelu. "Investigations towards more performing and more stable solution-processed hybrid perovskite solar cells." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS329.
Full textIn this Ph.D. thesis,I have been focused to investigate optimizations and strategies concerning the electron transportlayer (ETL),the hybrid perovskite active layer, and their interfaces in functional perovskite solar cells. On the investigatior of ETLs, I have performed two works: One is on the comparison of a simplified ETL-free planar perovskite solar cells,architecture to that with a planar TiO2 ETL (described in Chapter 2); Another work is on the comparison of perovskite,solat cells with well-oriented one-dimension TiO2 nanocolumn (NA) ETL to those with a planar TiO2 ETL (Chapter 3).On,the investigations of the perovskite active layer, mixed-cation and mixed-halide perovskite was applied into three,relevant works: (1) I optinized and maximized the grain size of the perovskite active layer (Chapter 2); (2) I studied nano-,structured hybrid perovskite fims and their light-harvesting enhancement (Chapter 6): (3) I investigated the thermal,properties of mixed-cation perovskite thin films to understand their improved thermal stability compared to,methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbi3) perovskite (Chapter 4). In addition, I studied passivation methods to alleviate the interfacial charge recombination and to improve the stability of perovskite solar cells (chapter 5)
Torchut, Elisabeth. "Etude électrochimique de la fonctionnalité de l'ubiquinone et d'une oxydoréductase membranaire dans une structure lipidique artificielle." Compiègne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993COMPD617.
Full textVasseur, Gabriel. "Transport mésoscopique dans des systèmes d'électrons fortement corrélés." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/VASSEUR_Gabriel_2006.pdf.
Full textWiedmann, Steffen. "Nouvelles propriétés de transport dans les systèmes d'électrons multicouches." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0018/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the investigation of the influence of the additional quantum degree of freedom caused by tunnel coupling on transport properties of multilayer electron systems in magnetic fields, at low temperatures and under microwave excitation. Microwave-induced resistance oscillations in bi- and multilayer electron systems are the consequence of an interference of magneto-intersubband and microwave-induced resistance oscillations which leads to peculiar oscillations in magnetoresistance. High-quality bilayer systems exposed to microwave irradiation exhibit zero-resistance states even in the presence of intersubband scattering. The inelastic mechanism of microwave photoresistance is found to be the dominant contribution at low temperatures and moderate microwave electric field. This model confirms the reliability of theoretical estimates for the inelastic relaxation time and leads to a satisfactory explanation of photoresistance in bi- and multilayer electron systems. In high magnetic fields, the suppression of tunnelling between layers causes new correlated states owing to electron-electron interaction in neighboured layers. In this thesis, trilayer electron systems formed by triple quantum wells reveal new fractional quantum Hall states if tunnelling is suppressed by a parallel component of the magnetic field at mK temperatures
Zeng, Hong Sheng. "Étude de la formation de films minces de siliciures de fer par spectroscopies d'électrons." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10172.
Full textBennaceur, Keyan. "Transport électronique dans le graphène." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584925.
Full textIacovella, Fabrice. "Transport électronique sous champ magnétique intense dans des gaz d'électrons bidimensionnels." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30075/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis focuses on electronic transport properties of two-dimensional electron gases (2DEG) under high magnetic field (60T). The first part is dedicated to the 2DEG formed at the interface between two band insulators, namely LaAlO3/SrTiO3. In the range of available magnetic field, the nonlinearity of the Hall resistance reveals a multi-band conduction system. We have found that a majority of charge carriers with low mobility (µ ~100 cm2/Vs) occupies one conduction band and a minority of high mobility carriers (µ> 1000 cm2/Vs) occupies at least two conduction bands. The presence of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations at very low temperature (450mK) is mostly associated with the high mobility carriers. The frequency and amplitude of the oscillations are substantially modified when the carrier density is modulated by electrostatic coupling, suggesting a complex electronic system whose transport properties are strongly influenced by many external parameters (growth conditions, carrier density, temperature, quality of the interface, etc). The second part is devoted to the study of inhomogeneous graphene films deposited by chemical vapor deposition. Two samples with radically different electronic properties were studied. One of them consists of a random array of few-layer-graphene grains strongly coupled to each other. Large oscillations in the magneto-resistance are observed in high magnetic field. These oscillations are pseudo-periodic as a function of the filling factor suggesting the onset of Landau level quantization particular to each grain which, subsequently, prevents the establishment of the quantum Hall regime. In another sample, the presence of strong disorder localizes the electronic wave function close to impurities or grains of multi-layer graphene. The transport regime can be described by a model of thermally activated electron hopping. At low temperatures, the conductivity is zero (insulating behaviour) provided the bias voltage does not exceed a certain threshold. Once this threshold is reached, the charge transport is well described by a model which considers an array of weakly (capacitive) coupled conducting islands. The experimental positive magneto-resistance in high magnetic field satisfies the predictions of the VRH model (Variable Range Hopping) involving magnetic-induced shrinkage of the electronic wave functions, in consistency with the low temperature charge localization regime. The third part is devoted to the search for the surface states in topological insulators, especially in the Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3 compounds. The existence of such surface states with special electronic properties was predicted by many theoretical studies and experimentally confirmed by Angle Resolved Photo Emission Spectroscopy. However, signatures of surface conducting states probed by electronic transport remain controversial. In this perspective, we took advantage of very high magnetic field to investigate on surface state induced Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations at very low temperature. Although the results did not provide convincing evidence of the expected phenomena, they are discussed in the context of the existing literature and pave the way for further researches
Benisty, Henri. "Couches d'accumulation geantes a diverses interfaces silicium/electrolyte solide : effet de champ par voie electrochimique." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066042.
Full textDubus, Alain. "Application de méthodes de neutronique au transport d'électrons à basse énergie dans les solides et notamment à l'émission d'électrons secondaires." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213435.
Full textVoisin, Benoit. "Contrôle d'électrons et de dopants uniques dans des transistors silicium." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENY067/document.
Full textRecent progress in Silicon-On-Insulator transistors fabrication have concerned a dimensions reduction, up to a few tens of nanometers, and an improvement of the leads. This allows to study the few electrons regime at low temperature. These latter are confined in the corners of the nanowire, where the electric field is maximized. This leads for the silicon valley degeneracy to be lifted, with a singlet for the two-electron ground state at zero magnetic field. We also investigate the interactions between these confined electrons and the electrons of the contacts conduction bands, with the Kondo effect and the Fermi-edge singularity.The dopants, essential ingredients of the transistors fabrication, naturally lift the valley degeneracy thanks to their deep confinement potential. First, by tuning the transverse electric field, we investigate the influence of the complex environment on a donor's ionization according to its position in the nanowire. We then realized the first Coupled-Atom Transistor, where the transport is controlled by the alignment of the ground states of two dopants placed in series. We could measure an energy splitting between the two first states of the order of 10 meV, one order of magnitude larger than that of the first electrons of the conduction band. This large separation allows to manipulate the electronic states in the ten's gigahertz regime. We induce one-electron interferences between the ground states of the two dopants, opening the way towards coherent electron manipulations in dopant-based devices
Tournier-Colletta, Cédric. "Etude par spectroscopies d'électrons d'interfaces métalliques et semiconductrices." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10109/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the electronic properties of low-dimensional systems based on metal and semiconducting materials. The first part deals with the Shockley state confinement in Ag(111) nanostructures, by means of very-low temperature (5 K) STM/STS measurements. We study the electronic structure and spatial distribution of the confined modes. Then the discrete nature of the electronic spectrum allows one to yield the quasiparticule lifetime. A Fermi-liquid behaviour is evidenced and we show that the dominant decay mechanism is attributed to the electron-phonon coupling. The extrinsic contribution arising from the partial confinement of the electronic wave is obtained as well. A scaling law with the nanostructure width is demonstrated, from which we deduce a higher reflection amplitude than in monoatomic islands. In the second part of the thesis, we study semiconducting ultra-thin films produced by alkali (K, Rb, Cs) deposition on the Si(111):B-[root of]3 surface. This work solves the controversy concerning the ground state of this system, and especially the nature of the 2[root of]3 surface recontruction obtained at saturation coverage. Prior understanding of the crystallographic structure allows to elucidate the electronic properties. We show that a one-electron picture, leading to a band insulator scenario, gives a good description of the system, in spite of strong polaronic effects. This conclusion results from an in-depth, combined study of complementary techniques (LEED, ARPES, XPS, STM/STS and DFT calculations)
Rochdi, Nabil. "Propriétés de transport de microstructures et nanostructures de silicium." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22068.pdf.
Full textThis thesis work deals with the study of transport properties, of both charge and spin, in silicon-based microstructures and nanostructures. We have studied the fabrication process of connected low section (100 x 8 nm2) silicon nanowires (SiNWs) using atomic force microscope (AFM) lithography on thinned silicon on insulator (SOI) samples. Electrical measurements highlighted typical Field Effect Transistor (FET) behaviour of these SiNWs. Electron trapping in oxide or at interfaces is responsible of the cumulative depletion of the wires during the successive I(V) measurements. Electron release is obtained by application of a voltage on the wire gate. So the wires exhibited a memory effect in which the writing / reading process occurs by electron trapping / de-trapping controlled by application of a positive / negative voltage on the device gate. Furthermore, we studied the spin transport in a silicon substrate. Numerical evaluation of spin transport in drift-diffusive regime reveals spin diffusion and spin precession lengths of several microns, under a weak external magnetic field. Such dimensions are compatible with present technology of ICs. Electrical measurements carried out on a magnetic memory integrated on silicon (MEMIS), specially designed for this study, showed electron injection and collection efficiency. However, no magnetoresistance was detected probably due to the low quality of interfaces in the hybrid heterojunctions ferromagnetic metal/insulator/silicon (FMIS). Thus, we proposed to test extra FMIS structures such as Co/AlO(~1 nm)/Si and Co/MgO(~1 nm) /Si, fabricated with less thermal treatments. The direct tunnelling transport in oxide was obtained in these junctions, which would allow spin injection coherence in prospective spin devices. Finally, we have characterized rectifying junctions Ferromagnetic semiconductor/semiconductor (MSS) such as Ge3Mn5/Ge which seem to be particularly suitable for spin injection
Tricot, Sylvain. "Comparaison des procédés d'ablation par faisceau laser et par faisceau d'électrons pour la croissance de couches minces." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345595.
Full textDufouleur, Joseph. "Cohérence quantique et interactions dans les gaz d'électrons bidimensionnels balistiques." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112108.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of the magnetoresistance of Z2 and T3 quantum networks etched in a two dimensionnal electron gas (2DEG). The oscillations corresponding to one quantum flux per tile (h/e oscillations) of such an ensemble of Aharonov-Bohm ring should decay like1/N. However, for a particular topology, C. Naud has observed stronger oscillations than for square lattice of similar size, due to the localization of the electrons in cages by the interferences for half a quantum flux per tile. Here, we show that by analyzing dG/G rather than dR, the amplitude of the h/e oscillations couldn't be attributed to a cage effect. Moreover, their temperature dependence confirm that they are the consequence of the usual average of incoherent ring's oscillations. We have studied the magnetic dependence of these oscillations. Their amplitude mainly depends on the asymmetry of the wave function at low fields, whereas it is the reduction of the backscattering that is relevant for intermediate fields. In stronger fields, we observe very high oscillations on a ring and weaker on a square lattice when the Fermi level lies between two Landau levels. Their exponential thermal dependence is unusual. In the second part, we have studied the transport through hybrid junctions superconductor (Indium) / high mobility 2DEG. We could reproduce disordered contact with a good transparency of around 30%. The presence of current leakage makes the use of gate impossible. By using a Titanium mask, we show that the contact is effective only in few places where the Indium could diffuse
Girardin, Cécile. "Etude du transport d'électrons balistiques dans l'or en microscopie par effet tunnel : applications." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30127.
Full textJungas, Colette. "Organisation supramoléculaire des transporteurs d'électrons de la chaîne photosynthétique chez Rhodobacter sphaeroides." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22045.
Full textAtlan, David. "Etude par microscopie à effet tunnel et diffraction d'électrons de la croissance de couches métalliques par épitaxie moléculaire." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10325.
Full textFremont, Hélène. "Test de circuit intégrés par faisceau d'électrons : étude de la mesure de potentiel à travers les couches isolantes." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10579.
Full textBeche, Eric. "Etude par spectrométries de photoémission (XPS) et d'électrons AUGER (AES) des environnements chimiques dans des films minces amorphes à base de silicium SiCx, SiNx, SiOx, SiCxNy, SiOxNy hydrogénés ou non." Besançon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BESA2057.
Full textThe aim of this work was the study by X. P. S. And A. E. S. Of C. V. D. Or P. V. D. Silicon based amorphous thin films : SiCx, SiNx , SiOx, SiCxNy, SiOxNy in some cases hydrogenated which were deposited on low temperatures substrates. The local orders around silicon or carbon atoms were investigated by the examination of Si KLL, Si LVV and C KVV line shapes and the decomposition of core level photoelectron peaks Si 2p and C 1s. The components extracted from the decomposition of the Si 2p peaks were attributed to various tetrahedral environments of silicon and their distribution were compared to the distributions calculated from two models describing the silicon amorphous phases : The Random Bonding Model (R. B. M. ) and the Random Mixture Model (R. M. M. ). For the SiCx:H films, we have shown that the chemical environments of Si and C change with the substrate temperature. For the SiNx:H and SiOxNy:H films, our results show that the microstructure can be described by the Random Bonding Model. We have shown that C-N bonds might be present in nitrogen rich SiCxNy:H films. In these films, X. P. S. Results (Si KLL line shapes) revealed the presence of various environments of silicon. For SiOxP. V. D. Deposits, our results show a significant difference between the distribution of the chemical environments of silicon deduced from Si 2p decomposition and those calculated from the Random Bonding Model (R. B. M. ). This work is a contribution for a global approach of the amorphous structure of silicon based compounds
Haderbache, Lalali. "Etude de la structure électronique de surface et de volume du CoSi2 (111) par photoémission et diffraction d'électrons lents." Mulhouse, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MULH0156.
Full textBy means of angle resolved photoemission (ARUPS), X-ray photoemission (XPS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED), we have studied the epitaxial growth of CoS12 films on Si(111). Three different and well characterized (1x1) surface structures labelled CoSi2(111)-Co. CoSi2(111) and CoSi2(111)-Si are obtained by carefully controlled deposition (amcunts of Co or Si in the monolayer range) and annealing conditions. The CoSi2(111)-Co surface structure appears to be a troncated CoSi2 crystal exposing a plane of Co atoms. The CoSi2(111) surface structure exhibits a plane of Si as the top layer, whereas CoSi2(111)-Si appears to be terminated by an additional bilayer of Si. The topmost Co atoms of these three surface structures are four-fold, seven-fold and eight-fold coordinated, respectively. Two different, low temperature (< 400•c) preparation methods called reactive MBE and sequenti deposition, were found to give well ordered uniform CoSi2 layers with good homogeneity in film thickness. In this way, we succeeded in the detection of quantized hole states arising from particle confinement to the narrow potential well, in the direction normal to the surface, formed by such ultra-thin CoSi2 films up to thicknesses as large as 40 A
Rousseau, Michel. "Etude expérimentale des propriétés de transport électronique au voisinage d'une hétérojonction par photoconduction." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112341.
Full textPeroz, Christophe. "Couches minces supraconductrices sous courant de transport : dissipation et application." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10169.
Full textHangen, Emilie. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de la régulation fonctionnelle d'AIF." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T081.
Full textGoislard, de Monsabert Thomas. "Couches de nanotubes et filaments de carbone pour l'émission froide d'électrons : intégration aux écrans plats à émission de champ." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10043.
Full textThis work concerns the in situ elaboration, by catalytic CVD, of carbon nanotubes and filaments films for their integration as electron emissive films into field emission displays. The key parameters, advantages and restrictions of several techniques for catalyst nano particles preparation and integration were first analysed : dewetting of a continuous layer, post-dewetting wet etching, nano cluster deposition and e-beam lithography. Three growth techniques were then studied in the same reactor : simple thermal CVD, CVD with an electrical field and plasma assisted CVD from a solid carbon source. Finally, the emissive properties of the elaborated carbonaceous films were measured, in diode mode for the full sheet type samples and in triode mode for the films integrated into display cathodic structures. Theses results analysis permitted to clarify the links between technological elaboration parameters, morphology and emissive performances of carbon nanotubes and filaments films
Boucher, Nathalie. "Stimulation du transport d'électrons par le stress thermique dans les fractions membranaires de photosystème I." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1991. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5392/1/000589224.pdf.
Full textSamson, Guy. "Modifications du transport d'électrons dans le photosystème II inhibé par le mercure et le cuivre." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1989. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6779/1/000577627.pdf.
Full textMUSALEM, FRANCOIS-XAVIER. "Modelisation du transport electronique dans les couches d'inversion des transistors mosfet." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA112054.
Full textKrembel, Christophe. "Epitaxie de couches ultra-minces de Cr sur Ag(100) : une étude par photo-émission angulaire et diffraction d'électrons lents." Mulhouse, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MULH0215.
Full textMartinolli, Emanuele. "Transport d'électrons relativistes dans une cible solide : Etude du chauffage dans le cadre de l'allumage rapide." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001302.
Full textKaidatzis, Andreas. "Transport dépendant du spin d'électrons chauds et imagerie magnétique à l'échelle nanométrique de structures métal/silicium." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354769.
Full textVauzour, Benjamin. "Étude expérimentale du transport d'électrons rapides dans le cadre de l'allumage rapide pour la fusion inertielle." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14496/document.
Full textThe framework of this PhD thesis is the validation of the fast ignition scheme for the nuclear fusion by inertial confinement. It consists in the experimental study of the various processes involved in fast electron beams propagation, produced by intense laser pulses (10^{19} W.cm-2), through dense matter either solid or compressed. In this work we present the results of three experiments carried out on different laser facilities in order to generate fast electron beams in various conditions and study their propagation in different states of matter, from the cold solid to the warm and dense plasma.The first experiment was performed with a high intensity contrast on the UHI100 laser facility (CEA Saclay). The study of fast electron energy deposition inside thin aluminium targets highlights a strong target heating at shallow depths, where the collectivs effects are predominant, thus producing a steep temperature profile between front (300eV) and rear (20eV) sides over 20µm thickness. A numerical simulation of the experiment shows that this temperature gradient induces the formation of a shock wave, breaking through the rear side of the target and thus leading to increase the thermal emission. The experimental chronometry of the shock breakthrough allowed validating the model of the collective transport of electrons.Two other experiments were dedicated to the study of fast electron beam propagation inside compressed targets. In the first experiment on the LULI2000 laser facility, the plane compression geometry allowed to precisely dissociate the energy losses due to resistive effects from those due to the collisional ones. By comparing our experimental results with simulations, we observed a significative increase of the fast electron beam energy losses with the compression and the target heating to temperatures close to the Fermi temperature. The second experiment, performed in a cylindrical geometry, demonstrated a fast electron beam guiding phenomenon due to self-generated magnetic fields in presence of sharp radial resistivity gradients. Furthermore, in the temperature and density conditions achieved here, the increase of collisional energy losses with density is compensated by the decreasing resistive energy losses due to the transition of the conductivity into the high-temperatures Spitzer regime
Pierron, Juliette. "Modèle de transport d'électrons à basse énergie (~10 eV- 2 keV) pour applications spatiales (OSMOSEE, GEANT4)." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0024/document.
Full textSpace is a hostile environment for embedded electronic devices on board satellites. The high fluxes of energetic electrons that impact these satellites may continuously penetrate inside their electronic components and cause malfunctions. Taking into account the effects of these particles requires high-performant 3D numerical tools, such as codes dedicated to electrons transport using the Monte Carlo statistical method, valid down to a few eV. In this context, ONERA has developed, in collaboration with CNES, the code OSMOSEE for aluminum. For its part, CEA has developed for silicon the low-energy electron module MicroElec for the code GEANT4. The aim of this thesis, in a collaborative effort between ONERA, CNES and CEA, is to extend those two codes to different materials. To describe the interactions between electrons, we chose to use the dielectric function formalism that enables to overcome of the disparity of electronic band structures in solids, which play a preponderant role at low energy. From the validation of the codes, for aluminum, silver and silicon, by comparison with measurements from the experimental set-up DEESSE at ONERA, we obtained a better understanding of the transport of low energy electrons in solids. This result enables us to study the effect of the surface roughness. This parameter, which may have a significant impact on the electron emission yield, is not usually taken into account in Monte Carlo transport codes, which only simulate ideally flat materials. In this sense, the results of this thesis offer interesting perspectives for space applications
Banda, Gnama Mbimbiangoye Mallys Elliazar. "Mesure et modélisation du comportement de matériaux diélectriques irradiés par faisceau d'électrons." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30208/document.
Full textIn their common uses as electrical insulators, organic solid materials are constitutive of electric power transmission cables, power control and conversion circuits as well as (micro) electronic components or embedded systems (thermal coating of satellites, batteries of accumulators, etc.). Under various constraints of use (electric field, radiation, temperature, humidity ...) they can accumulate charges in their bulk which could affect the reliability of the systems in which they are employed. One of the commonly used means to study the electrical behavior of these charges is to measure the spatiotemporal distribution of charges by subjecting the dielectrics to a continuous potential difference between two electrodes. However, this method does not always allow clearly distinguishing the contribution of charges due to generation on the one hand and the one due to transport phenomena on the other hand. This study proposes an alternative approach, consisting in generating charges (electrons) within the electrical insulation using an electron-beam under vacuum. The charges are hence deposited at a known position and in a controlled quantity. Other physical processes related to the implantation of electrons must then be taken into account in order to predict and model the behavior of these irradiated materials. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films, prepared by thermal molding, were irradiated by a 80 keV electron-beam with a current flux of 1 nA/cm2. Space charge measurements using the Pulsed Electro-Acoustic (PEA) method, performed first in-situ and then ex-situ under DC electrical polarization, confirm an effective localization of charges within the material. The results under electrical polarization after irradiation show an important amount of positive charges in the irradiated zone of the dielectric. The electrical characterizations of irradiated LDPE films show a completely different behavior compared to the same non-irradiated material, suggesting a modification of the chemical structure of the material. Physico-chemical measurements (infrared spectroscopy, Photoluminescence and Differential Scanning Calorimetry-DSC) on these irradiated PEbd films do not show a significant degradation of the chemical structure of the dielectric which would explain the observed electrical behavior under post-irradiation polarization. Additional measurements show the reversible behavior of the irradiated then polarized PEbd, which would be only related to the presence of the charges generated by the beam. The experimental data of this study have simultaneously fed a numerical model of charge transport, developed to take into account the irradiation constraints. This model allows reproducing the in-situ results of charge implantation by the electron beam as well as the majority of the electrical processes observed on irradiated and polarized LDPE. It confirms the impact of the electron-beam deposited charge on the behavior under polarization and allows concluding on the origin of the positive charges observed after irradiation, which would be due to injection at the electrodes as well as to the creation of electron-hole pairs by the electron-beam during irradiation
Kuhn, Nicolas. "Interactions inter-couches et liens à long délai." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0035/document.
Full textNetwork providers offer services in line with users’ requests, even though the challengesintroduced by their mobility and the download of large content are crucial. Mobile videostreaming applications are delay sensitive and the increasing demand for this service legitimateextensive studies evaluating transmission delays. On top of physical transmissiondelays, accessing a resource or recovering data from lower layers should not be neglected.Indeed, recovery schemes or channel access strategies variously introduce end-to-end delays.This document argues that those cross-layer effects should be explored to minimizethe transmission delays and optimize the use of network resources. Also, understandingthe impacts of low layers protocols on the end-to-end transmission will enable betterdimensioning of the network and adapt the traffic carried on.In the context of satellite 4G links, we measure the impact of link layer retransmissionschemes on the performance of various transport layer protocols. We develop Trace ManagerTool (TMT) and Cross Layer InFormation Tool (CLIFT) to lead realistic cross layersimulations in NS-2. We show that, for all target TCP variants, when the throughput ofthe transport protocol is close to the channel capacity, using the ARQ mechanism is mostbeneficial for TCP performance improvement. In conditions where the physical channelerror rate is high, Hybrid-ARQ results in better performance.In the last specifications for DVB-RCS2, two access schemes (random and dedicated)are presented and can be implemented to manage the way home users access to the satellitelink for Web browsing or data transmission. We developed Physical Channel Access (PCA)that models in NS-2 the behaviour of those link layer level access methods. We measurethat, even though dedicated access methods can transmit more information data, randomaccess methods enable a faster transmission of short flows. Based on these results, wepropose to mix random and dedicated access methods depending on the dynamic load ofthe network and the sequence number of the TCP segments.As a potential exploitation of cross layer information, we explore the feasibility to introducelow priority traffic on long delay path. The rationale is to grab the unused 4G satellitelinks’ capacity to carry non-commercial traffic. We show that this is achievable with LEDBAT.However, depending on the fluctuation of the load, performance improvements couldbe obtained by properly setting the target value
Groza, Georgiana irina. "Magnétisme et propriétés de transport de couches d'agrégats coeur-coquille Co/CoO." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768030.
Full textGroza, Georgiana Irina. "Magnétisme et propriétés de transport de couches d'agrégats coeur-coquille Co/CoO." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENY020/document.
Full textThis study is focused on understanding the transport properties of granular systems core - shell with emphasis on cobalt - cobalt oxide materials. We studied the magnetic and transport behavior of our granular system ferromagnetic/ antiferromagnetic. The cobalt clusters of 4 nm are obtained by a magnetron sputtering source and vapor phase condensation. The clusters oxidized during deposition adopt a core – shell geometry with icosahedra core and a fcc structure of CoO shell. After deposition, the clusters are characterized by different methods. In situ, they are characterized in terms of the amount of matter deposited by time flight spectrometer. Ex situ, they are analyzed by the SQUID (magnetic measurement) and transport measurements. Several characteristics of our samples have been identified during the magnetic analyses. Three magnetic properties are mainly interest. The first is the exchange bias F/AF, studied on the cobalt clusters with different oxidation percentages (between 33%CoO and 95% of CoO). We found that the maximum effect is obtained for the the oxidized samples due to the increased oxide shell size. The second magnetic property is the presence of superparamagnetism modified by the exchange interaction between the core and the shell. The third is the training effect shown often by a decrease in the exchange bias and coercive field after several successive measurements. This might be attributed to the instability of the magnetic configuration obtained upon cooling under a field, but it is difficult to identify the exact origin. The transport properties of our system are underlined by the study of the resistivity, magnetoresistance and Hall resistance as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. The variation of resistivity with temperature shows a minimum. In the same time this variation is small as a function of the temperature. This behavior is associated with the transition systems which are found between the metallic and insulator regime. The variation of the magnetoresistance with temperature is small. Its amplitude does not exceed 0.1% in all granular alloys measured. The studied system is characterized by a positive extraordinary Hall resistivity at all temperatures of measurement
Giroud, Franck. "Elaboration et études des propriétés de transport de couches minces quasicristallines AlCuFe." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10251.
Full textBadine, Elie. "Étude des phénomènes de transport thermique dans les couches minces par thermoréflectance." Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0530/document.
Full textWith the increasing miniaturization of micro and nanoelectronic systems, the thermal behavior of these systems has become more and more important. The small size of the components makes the heat emitted more troublesome. According to NASA, 90% of failures are due to thermal interconnection faults and according to the US Air Force, 55% of electronic failures are attribuable to thermal effects. Most electronic chips are manufactured using thin films technologies ; therefore, the characteristics of thin metal films have been the bottom line in the ongoing research in nanotechnology and renewable energy domain. Nanoscale heat transfer is different from the heat transfer in bulk materials due to the spatial confinement effect specific to nanostructures. Furthermore, the thermal diffusivity α and thermal conductivity κ of these films are critical parameters affecting their performance and lifetime in a given application. This thesis is devoted to setting up a measurement bench, based on the reflectivity variations of a material as a function of temperature (thermoreflectance), in order to thermally characterize thin films. In this work, a three-dimensional theoretical model is developed in order to describe the temperature distribution in two and three layers systems and obtain the expression of the measured thermoreflectance signal when the surface of the sample is heated by an intensity-modulated Gaussian laser beam. These expressions are obtained by taking into consideration the effect of thermal boundary resistances. These models have been validated experimentally on thin films of gold deposited on fused silica substrate. The thermoreflectance measurements have been then performed on thin films of polylactic acid. Finally, thin films of zinc oxide doped with different concentrations of aluminum have been elaborated during this thesis. The thermal characterization of these films is carried out with the thermoreflectance bench
Magnin, Yann. "Tranport de spin dans des matériaux magnétiques en couches minces par simulations Monte Carlo." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CERG0527/document.
Full textLACOUR, Daniel. "L'effet tunnel dépendant du spin comme sonde du micromagnétisme et du transport d'électrons chauds : application aux capteurs." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002762.
Full textMartinolli, Emanuele. "Transport d'électrons relativistes dans une cible solide : Etude du chauffage dans le cadre de l' allumage rapide." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPXX0007.
Full textLacour, Daniel. "L'effet tunnel dépendant du spin comme sonde du micromagnétisme et du transport d'électrons chauds : application aux capteurs." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10269.
Full textStudies of the spin dependent tunneling effect in ferromagnetic metal /insulating/ferromagnetic metal stacks are being actively pursued for their high application potential (magnetic sensors, random access memories, read heads ). The resistance of these devices is directly link to the relative orientation of the electrode magnetizations. The high sensitivity of spin dependent tunneling effect to the electrodes magnetic configuration has been used both as a probe for the micromagnetic behavior of the electrodes and to realize magnetic sensors. Moreover, double tunnel junctions with three terminals have been prepared. This 3-terminals device allowed us to evidence an hot electron current which is forecast to be on the base of a new kind of transistor
Maclossi, Mauro. "Transport dans la matière sous dense et sur dense d'un faisceau d'électrons relativistes, produit par l'interaction d'une impulsion laser à ultra haute intensité." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EPXX0063.
Full textBrocard, Frédéric. "Etude des propriétés de transport de couches minces de fullerènes C60 et C70." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20121.
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