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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cotton management'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Martin, Edward C., Stefan H. Dittmar, Peter C. Ellsworth, Jeffrey C. Silvertooth, William B. McCloskey, Mary W. Olsen, Robert L. Roth, and Russell E. Tronstad. "1999 Integrated Cotton Management Demonstration." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197474.

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An Integrated Cotton Management (ICM) Demonstration project was conducted on the Demonstration Farm at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in 1999 for the second year. In this project, all current guidelines and recommendations disseminated by the University of Arizona were integrated in a systems approach for cotton production. The Extension Specialists in agronomy, entomology, irrigation management, weed sciences, and plant pathology following the University recommendations made the management decisions. On a 52.7 acre field, 78% Bt and 22% non-Bt cotton was planted into moisture on April 9, 1999. Because of problems with cool temperatures and deep seeding, a stand of only 25,000 plants/acre was established. Weed control was achieved with one preplant application and two cultivations. The field was sprayed three times for lygus and two times for whitefly control. Approximately 38.6 acre-inches of irrigation water was applied. An average of 3005 lb/acre of seed cotton were harvested. After harvesting, a field budget was established. The variable costs per acre were $594.96 and the total cost was $957.96/acre. Average micronaire was 4.45, strength was 28.41 gm/Tex, length was 1.10 (1/100 in.) and grade color was 21. The price received for the cotton was 74.82¢/lb, including LPD and hail damage payments, just over 3¢/lb below the break-even price. An additional $139/acre in PFC payments was received but not calculated into the budget. This project demonstrates the utility and compatibility of current recommendations and the potential for integration of all disciplinary guidelines in one system.

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2

Silvertooth, J. C., L. J. Clark, E. W. Carpenter, J. E. Malcuit, P. T. Else, and T. A. Doerge. "Nitrogen Management in Irrigated Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208332.

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Two field experiments were conducted in 1989 in Arizona to compare several methods of nitrogen (N) management in Upland and Pima cotton. Standard preplant, preplant plus sidedress, and use of soil and petiole analysis for NO₃⁻-N were the basic methods of N fertilization management compared. A nonfertilized check treatment also was included with the N management treatments, which were arranged in a randomized complete block design in each experiment. Preseason soil samples and a series of in- season petiole samples were taken for all treatments and analyzed for NO₃⁻-N. The concentrations of NO₃⁻-N in the petioles reflected the boll load obtained and the crop fruiting patterns as well as the N fertilization patterns in the respective treatments. Final lint yield analysis revealed distinct differences among the treatments imposed at the Maricopa location but no statistically significant differences at the Safford location.

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3

Stabile, Marcelo de Castro Chaves. "Site-specific strategies for cotton management." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2288.

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The use of site-specific data can enhance management decisions in the field. Three different uses of site-specific data were evaluated and their outcomes are promising. Historical yield data from yield monitors and height data from the HMAP (plant height mapping) system were used to select representative areas within the field, and areas of average conditions were used as sampling sites for COTMAN, a cotton management expert system. This proved to be effective, with predicted cutout dates and date of peak nodal development similar to the standard COTMAN approach. The HMAP system was combined with historical height data for variable rate application of mepiquat chloride, based on the plant growth rate. The system performance was evaluated, but weather conditions in 2004 did not allow a true evaluation of varying mepiquat chloride. A series of multi-spectral images were normalized utilizing the soil line transformation (SLT) technique and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated from the transformed images, from the raw image and for the true reflectance images. The SLT technique was effective in tracking the change in true reflectance NDVI in some images, but not all. Changes to the soil line extraction program are suggested so that it more effectively determines soil lines.

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4

Delaney, Dennis Patrick Monks C. Dale. "Management of Ultra Narrow Row Cotton." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/DELANEY_DENNIS_10.pdf.

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5

Ellsworth, Peter, John C. Palumbo, Steven E. Naranjo, Timothy J. Dennehy, and Robert L. Nichols. "Whitefly Management in Arizona Cotton 2006." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146726.

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4 pp.
This bulletin will provide a comprehensive update of the statewide guidelines for whitefly management in cotton (Last version, 4/96), including guidelines for crop and host management, scouting and decision-making, areawide impact, and effective chemical use. A new set of resistance management guidelines will be highlighted.

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6

Silvertooth, Jeffrey C. "Early Season Crop Management." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558539.

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Revised 06/2015; Originally published: 02/2001
2 pp.
The approaches and techniques used to produce a cotton crop in Arizona can vary to some degree from county to county, or from farm to farm. However, one of the objectives that has become increasingly common across Arizona is that of achieving earliness with a crop.

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7

Cotty, Peter J. "Aflatoxin Contamination: Variability and Management." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208346.

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Mapping aflatoxin contamination in the field reveals that most toxin occurs in relatively few, highly contaminated, bolls. Several studies suggest that protection of early bolls from pink bollworm damage will eliminate many of these highly contaminated bolls. Early harvest will also help reduce aflatoxin contamination. However, the crop must still be carefully managed after harvest because toxin content of mature bolls can increase very rapidly.

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8

Watson, J., S. Winans, and M. Sheedy. "Nitrogen Management BMPs Parker Valley Demonstration." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210297.

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A nitrogen management demonstration was conducted in the Parker Valley in 1994. Grower nitrogen application practices were compared with nitrogen application recommendations based upon pre plant soil samples plus petiole nitrates and plant mapping data. The only significant difference in amounts applied occurred in May, with grower applied rates exceeding recommended rates. Grower rationale for the application was logical, however, it being dependent upon the uncertainty of irrigation timing in June.

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9

Nigh, E. L. Jr. "Management of Rootknot Nematode in Arizona Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204865.

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10

Martin, E. C., S. Husman, R. Wegener, P. Brown, K. Johnson, and L. Schnakenberg. "Determining Soil Moisture for Irrigation Management." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210311.

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One key component in good irrigation management is the measurement of soil moisture to help determine when to irrigate. In this study, resistance blocks and tensiometers were compared to neutron probe readings to assess how well these devices followed soil moisture and whether the resistance blocks and /or tensiometers could be used to schedule irrigation in cotton production. The resistance blocks were placed at 6, 18, and 30 inches. Tensiometers were placed at 18 and 30 inches. The readings from the resistance blocks and tensiometers were compared to neutron probe readings taken at 6, 18, and 30 inches. The resistance blocks compared well with the neutron probe readings at the 6 inch and 30 inch depth. At the 18 inch depth, there was much scatter in the data. The tensiometers also showed good comparisons at 30 inches and poor comparisons at 18 inches.

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11

Ellsworth, Peter C. "Integrated Lygus Management in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210367.

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Integrated Lygus management depends on the same fundamentals of management for any pest. There needs to be a system of monitoring (sampling), understanding of the density-yield relationship (thresholds) and other insecticide optimization practices (e.g., resistance management), and a plan for reducing the chance of infestation and need for remedial measures (avoidance). While all these guidelines are under current study, current recommendations represent a fundamental base on which to build an integrated Lygus management program that will also manage for susceptibility to our current insecticides. Key to this sustainable susceptibility system is limiting insecticide use to the lowest practical levels. This is best accomplished by careful sampling, careful assessment of thresholds and selection of the right compound for the job, but, most of all, avoidance of the problem from the start. Current recommendations are detailed below in light of the most recent research findings.

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12

Silvertooth, J. C., E. J. Norton, and E. R. Norton. "Summary of Nitrogen Management Experiments in Irrigated Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211317.

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A series of nitrogen management experiments have been conducted over the past 11 years around the state to develop and refine fertilizer nitrogen (N) recommendations for irrigated desert cotton production. Stability analysis was used to summarize the data and to determine which of the four treatment regimes is most stable over a range of environments. Results indicate that the feedback treatment (treatment 3) was the most stable treatment for both Upland and Pima cottons and provided the best probability for a higher yield under high yielding environments. The untreated control treatment (treatment 1) was the least stable over a wide range of environments. These results further validate the ‘feedback’ approach to management of fertilizer N.

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13

Silvertooth, J. C., L. J. Clark, J. E. Malcuit, E. W. Carpenter, T. A. Doerge, and J. E. Watson. "Nitrogen Management Experiments for Upland and Pima Cotton, 1990." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208610.

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Two field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1990 at two locations ( Maricopa and Safford). The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for both Upland and Pima cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre - season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N, in-season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertilirystatus, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. Results at both locations revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis in response to the N fertilization regimes used. At Maricopa, fruit retention levels were low, petiole NO₃⁻-N concentrations relatively high, and yield responses to higher and later applications of fertilizerN were negative. At Safford, fruit retention levels were higher, petiole concentrations of NO₃⁻-N reflected strong crop demand, and a positive response to rates of fertilizer N up to 170 lbs. N/acre was measured.

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14

Silvertooth, J. C., L. J. Clark, J. E. Malcuit, E. W. Carpenter, T. A. Doerge, and J. E. Watson. "Nitrogen Management Experiments for Upland and Pima Cotton, 1991." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208655.

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Two field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1991 at two locations (Maricopa and Safford). The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for both Upland and Pima cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre-season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N, in- season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. Results at both locations revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used.

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15

Silvertooth, J. C., L. J. Clark, J. E. Malcuit, and E. W. Carpenter. "Nitrogen Management Experiments for Upland and Pima Cotton, 1992." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209579.

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Two field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1992 at two locations (Maricopa and Safford). The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for both Upland and Pima cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre-season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N, in-season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. Results at both locations revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The effects of N fertility levels were evident in crop maturity and its relationship to lint yields.

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16

Silvertooth, Jeffrey C., and Eric R. Norton. "Cotton Defoliation Evaluations, 1998." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197039.

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A field experiment was conducted near Marana, AZ in 1998 to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of defoliation treatments on Upland (var. Stoneville 474) cotton.. All treatments consisted of materials commercially available in Arizona. Results reinforce general recommendations regarding the use of low rates (relative to the label ranges) under warm weather conditions and increasing rates as temperatures cool. Defoliation treatments of Ginstar alone did a satisfactory job of defoliation and regrowth/topgrowth contol and were very similar to Dropp + Def combination treatments. Adding Prep to Ginstar in this experiment did not improve defoliation or topgrowth control.

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17

Silvertooth, J. C., and E. R. Norton. "Cotton Defoliation Evaluations, 1999." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197458.

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Two field experiments were conducted near Marana and Coolidge, AZ in 1999 to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of defoliation treatments on Upland (var. DP 33b and AP 6101) cotton. All treatments consisted of materials commercially available in Arizona. Results reinforce general recommendations regarding the use of low rates (relative to the label ranges) under warm weather conditions and increasing rates as temperatures cool. Defoliation treatments of Ginstar alone did a satisfactory job of defoliation and regrowth/topgrowth contol and were very similar to treatments including Prep or Integrate. Adding Prep or Integrate to Ginstar in this experiment did not improve defoliation or topgrowth control.

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18

Silvertooth, Jeff, and Sam Stedman. "Upland Cotton Defoliation Test." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204523.

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A field study was carried out to test the effectiveness of several defoliation treatments on Upland cotton in Pinal County. Three defoliation treatments were utilized. Results showed no significant differences among treatments in terms of percent leaf drop estimates taken seven and 14 days after initial application. Subsequent applications of defoliant materials were made to accomplish satisfactory levels of defoliation prior to harvest.

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19

Silvertooth, J. C. "Cotton Defoliation Evaluations, 1995." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210754.

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A single field experiment was conducted near Coolidge, AZ in 1995 to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of defoliation treatments on Upland cotton (var. DPL 5415). All treatments consisted of materials commercially available in Arizona, and each showed promise in terms of overall effectiveness. Results do provide reinforcement for current defoliation guidelines for Arizona which recommend using low rates (relative to the label ranges) under warm weather conditions, and increasing rates as temperatures cool.

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20

Silvertooth, J. C., S. H. Husman, P. W. Brown, and J. Burnett. "Cotton Defoliation Evaluations, 1992." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209529.

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Four field experiments were carried out in several representative cotton producing areas of Arizona to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of defoliation treatments on Pima (and Upland) cotton. Somewhat variable but generally hot and dry conditions were encountered among the experimental locations in 1992 for treatment comparisons. It appears that consistencies in the effectiveness of several treatments for Pima defoliation offer a basis for further refinement of recommendations across the state.

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21

Silvertooth, J. C., S. W. Stedman, R. E. Cluff, and E. R. Norton. "Cotton Defoliation Evaluations, 1993." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209593.

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Three field experiments were carried out in several representative cotton producing areas of Arizona to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of defoliation treatments on Upland cotton. These experiments were conducted at Coolidge, Marana, and Safford and utilized defoliation treatments designed for their potential effectiveness finder cooler weather conditions commonly experienced later in the defoliation season and at higher elevations. The treatments employed also offer potentials for use in close proximity to urban areas due to not having offensive odors associated with them. All treatments showed promise in terms of effectiveness and the results provide a basis for use recommendations in 1994 as well further points of study in future experiments.

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22

Silvertooth, J. C., and E. R. Norton. "Cotton Defoliation Evaluations, 1993." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210253.

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Two field experiments were carried out in representative cotton producing areas of Arizona to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of defoliation treatments on Pima cotton. These experiments were conducted at Coolidge and Marana. The treatments employed principally consisted of relatively new materials available in Arizona, and were compared to current standard treatments. All treatments showed promise in terms of effectiveness and the results provide a basis for use recommendations in 1995.

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23

Silvertooth, J. C., and E. R. Norton. "Cotton Defoliation Evaluations, 1997." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210337.

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Three field experiments were conducted near Yuma, Coolidge, and Marana, AZ in 1997 to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of defoliation treatments on Upland (var. DP NuCotn 33b) cotton. All treatments consisted of materials commercially available in Arizona. Results reinforce general recommendations regarding the use of low rates (relative to the label ranges) under warm weather conditions and increasing rates as temperatures cool.

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24

Silvertooth, J. C., and E. R. Norton. "Cotton Defoliation Evaluations, 1996." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210932.

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Two field experiments were conducted near Coolidge and Marana, AZ in 1996 to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of defoliation treatments on Upland (var. DPL 5415) and Pima (var. S-7) cotton.. All treatments consisted of materials commercially available in Arizona, and each showed promise in terms of overall effectiveness. Results do reinforce recommendations regarding the use of low rates (relative to the label ranges) under warm weather conditions and increasing rates as temperatures cool.

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25

Silvertooth, J. C., and E. R. Norton. "Nitrogen Management Experiments for Upland and Pima Cotton, 1997." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210379.

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Two field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1997 at two locations (Maricopa and Marana). The Maricopa experiment has been conducted for eight consecutive seasons, the Marana site was initiated in 1994. The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for both Upland and Pima cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre- season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N in- season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. At each location, treatments varied from a conservative to a more aggressive approach of N management. Results at each location revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The higher, more aggressive, N application regimes did not benefit yields at any location.

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26

Silvertooth, J. C., E. R. Norton, and A. Galadima. "Nitrogen Management Experiments For Upland and Pima Cotton, 2000." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211316.

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Two field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 2000 at two locations (Maricopa and Marana). The Maricopa experiment has been conducted for nine consecutive seasons; the Marana site was initiated in 1994. The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for Upland cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre-season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N, in-season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. At each location, treatments varied from a conservative to a more aggressive approach of N management. Results at each location revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The higher, more aggressive, N application regimes did not benefit yields at any location. In 2000, fruit retention levels were good and crop vigor was not excessive. The more conservative, feedback approach to N management provided optimum yields at both locations.

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27

Silvertooth, J. C., E. R. Norton, B. L. Unruh, L. J. Clark, and E. W. Carpenter. "Nitrogen Management Experiments for Upland and Pima Cotton, 1993." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209650.

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Two field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1993 at two locations (Maricopa and Safford). Both experiments have been conducted for five consecutive seasons, with consistent plot locations. The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for both Upland and Pima cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre - season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N, in-season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. Results at both locations revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The effects of N fertility levels have been consistently evident in crop maturity and its relationship to lint yields.

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Silvertooth, J. C., E. R. Norton, B. L. Unruh, J. A. Navarro, L. J. Clark, and E. W. Carpenter. "Nitrogen Management Experiments for Upland and Pima Cotton, 1994." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210325.

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Three field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1994 at three locations ( Maricopa, Marana, and Safford). The Maricopa and Safford experiments have been conducted for six consecutive seasons, with consistent plot locations; the Marana site was initiated in 1994. The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for both Upland and Pima cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre-season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N, in-season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. Results at each location revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The effects of N fertility levels have been consistently evident in crop maturity and its relationship to lint yields.

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Silvertooth, J. C., and E. R. Norton. "Nitrogen Management Experiments for Upland and Pima Cotton, 1995." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210917.

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Three field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1995 at three locations (Maricopa, Marana, and Safford). The Maricopa and Safford experiments have been conducted for seven consecutive seasons, the Marana site was initiated in 1994. The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for both Upland and Pima cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre -season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N, in- season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. At each location, treatments varied from a conservative to a more aggressive approach of N management. Results at each location revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The higher, more aggressive, N application regimes did not benefit yields at any location. The effects of N fertility levels have also been consistently evident in crop maturity and its relationship to lint yields.

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30

Silvertooth, J. C., and E. R. Norton. "Nitrogen Management Experiments for Upland and Pima Cotton, 1996." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211108.

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Three field experiments were conducted in Arizona in 1996 at three locations (Maricopa, Marana, and Safford). The Maricopa and Safford experiments have been conducted for seven consecutive seasons, the Marana site was initiated in 1994. The purposes of the experiments were to validate and refine nitrogen (N) fertilization recommendations for both Upland and Pima cotton. The experiments each utilized N management tools such as pre-season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N, in- season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. At each location, treatments varied from a conservative to a more aggressive approach of N management. Results at each location revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The higher, more aggressive, N application regimes did not benefit yields at any location.

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31

Silvertooth, J. C. "Water Management for Defoliation." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147009.

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Silvertooth, Jeffrey C. "Water Management for Defoliation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558526.

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Reviewed 06/2015; Originally published 02/2001
2 pp.
There are several factors which are important to consider in managing defoliation. Factors such as plant-water relations, Nitrogen (N) fertility status, the extent of honeydew deposits on the leaves from insects such as the sweet potato whitefly or aphids, and weather conditions following the defoliant application are all important in terms of the final defoliation results.

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33

Diehl, J. W., P. C. Ellsworth, and S. H. Husman. "A Community-wide Approach to Whitefly Management." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209642.

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An extension supported, grower controlled, community pest management group was initiated in the Laveen and Tolleson communities of Arizona with the management of sweetpotato whitefly (SPWF) as its initial focus. The three functions of this group were awareness, communication, and cooperation. Increased awareness and communication of pest management problems and solutions were achieved through regular meetings and newsletters. Community cooperation took the form of a community-based overwintering survey and a sticky trap network. These two cooperative activities served both an educational and a research function. From the overwintering survey and the sticky trap network, growers learned about the overwintering habits and movement dynamics of whiteflies in their area, the limits of sticky traps for SPWF detection, the need for the reduction of SPWF populations before they move onto cotton. and the need for careful infield sampling of SPWF populations.

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Silvertooth, J. C. "Saline and Sodic Soil Identification and Cotton Management." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147010.

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35

Silvertooth, J. C., E. Randall Norton, and Felix Ayala. "Management of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Arizona Cotton Production." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147012.

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4 pp.
Originally published: 2001
Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient that is required most consistently and in larger amounts than other nutrients for cotton production. Common rates of fertilizer N applied in Arizona cotton production systems range from 50 to over 300 lbs N/acre. The management of fertilizer N is critical, both for insuring optimum cotton yields, and minimizing the potential for environmental contamination.

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36

Martin, E. C., K. O. Adu-Tutu, W. B. McCloskey, S. H. Husman, P. Clay, and M. Ottman. "Reduced Tillage Effects on Irrigation Management in Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197914.

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Conservation or reduced tillage practices in cotton-based crop rotation systems were studied in field experiments initiated at Marana, Coolidge and Goodyear in 2001. Following barley cover and grain crops, soil and water management assessments were made during the 2002 cotton season at the three sites. Cover and grain crop residues and a lack of tillage prior to planting cotton or during the cotton season increased the infiltration of irrigation water into coarsetextured soils, slowed irrigation advance times, and increased the amount of irrigation water used at two of the three sites compared to conventional tillage treatments.

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37

Silvertooth, J. C. "Cultural and Management Practices for Pima Cotton Production." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209590.

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The good use of cultural or agronomic practices is fundamental to the production of high yields and quality of American Pima cotton. In order for Pima farmers to maintain viable production operations, a continual review and improvement upon the existing set of cultural practices are in order. Basic aspects of crop production such as planting date management, soil fertility and plant nutrition, plant growth regulator use, crop termination, and defoliation are reviewed in this paper in relation to American Pima cotton production. Specific attention is also given to potassium (K) fertility management and Alternaria leaf spot regarding new aspects of potential management needs.

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38

Farr, C. R. "Nitrogen Stabilizer Effect on Nitrate Nitrogen Management in Soils." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204454.

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39

Li, Andrew Y. S., Timothy J. Dennehy, Sarah X. H. Li, Monika E. Wigert, Marci Zaborac, and R. L. Nichols. "Sustaining Arizona's Fragile Success in Whitefly Resistance Management." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211327.

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Arizona cotton experienced a severe crisis in 1995 stemming from resistance of whiteflies to synergized pyrethroid insecticides. The insect growth regulators (IGRs), Knack® (pyriproxyfen) and Applaud® (buprofezin), served a pivotal role in resolving this problem. Similarly, Admire® (imidacloprid), the first neonicotinoid insecticide to obtain registration in Arizona, has been the foundation of whitefly control in vegetables and melons. In this paper we provide an update regarding the susceptibility to key insecticides of whiteflies from Arizona cotton, melons, and greenhouses. Overall, whitefly control in Arizona cotton remained excellent in the 2000 season and there were no reported field failures. However, there was a significant decrease in susceptibility to Applaud of whiteflies collected from cotton. One collection from Eloy, Arizona, in 2000 had susceptibility to Applaud that was reduced 129-fold relative to a reference strain. Whiteflies resistant to Knack, detected for the first time in Arizona in 1999, were again detected in 2000 but at lower frequencies than in 1999. Though whiteflies resistant to Admire/Provado® continued to be found at specific locations, overall susceptibility to Admire/Provado in 2000 remained high in whitefly collections from cotton. The new neonicotinoid insecticides, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid, were similar in toxicity to Arizona whiteflies in laboratory bioassays and we confirmed the significant but relatively low-order cross-resistance we previously reported between these neonicotinoids and Admire/Provado. Arizona whiteflies continued to be relatively susceptible to mixtures of Danitol® (fenpropathrin) and Orthene® (acephate). Factors that could undermine the current success of whitefly resistance management in Arizona are discussed. These include: 1) more severe resistance to IGRs in whiteflies from cotton, stemming from increased IGR use within and outside of cotton; 2) resistance of vegetable, melon and greenhouse whiteflies to the various formulations of imidacloprid (Admire, Provado, Merit®, Marathon®); 3) the imminent registration of new neonicotinoid active ingredients in cotton, greenhouses and other Arizona crops.

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40

Ellsworth, P. C., S. E. Naranjo, S. J. Castle, J. Hagler, and T. J. Henneberry. "Whitefly Management in Arizona: Looking at Whole Systems." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210373.

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Whiteflies remain a threat to production of cotton in Arizona. Looking at a series of commercial-scale trials, levels last season were delayed compared to previous years, but at higher densities than in 1995, an outbreak year. Efforts must be expended to optimize insect growth regulator (IGR) use and integrate these tactics with other aspects of crop and pest management. Broad spectrum insecticide use prior to treatment for whiteflies with IGRs alters the ecology of the system. Whitefly densities consistently increased after disruption with a Lygus insecticide relative to Lygus -untreated areas. While Lygus control is a production imperative, guidelines are presented for minimizing the impact of this disruption. The modes of action for the two IGRs differ substantially and result in subtle changes in population age structure and dynamics. The consequences of these changes impact natural enemies and should be noted by producers when selecting an IGR or monitoring populations after treatment. Re- treatment after initial IGR sprays depends on many factors. While apparently similar levels of suppression are possible when only one IGR is used, regimes using both available IGRs resulted in the fewest number of damaging large nymphs late in the season, just prior to defoliation. Conventional insecticides rotated according to pre-IGR introduction guidelines (`95IRM') also suppressed populations significantly and comparably to IGR regimes until late in the season. Then, whitefly densities rose aggressively just prior to defoliation and pyrethroid susceptibility was significantly reduced in the 951RM regime. Full adoption of IGR -based technology along with `Bt' cotton allows growers to better manage whiteflies with fewer disruptions which can lead to secondary pest outbreaks, pest resurgence, and insecticide resistance.

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Clark, Lee J., and Eddie W. Carpenter. "Cotton Row Spacing Study on Long and Short Staple Cotton, Safford Agricultural Center, 1992." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/209332.

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A row spacing study was conducted on both long and short staple cotton on the Safford Agricultural Center. The results of this study showed that yields increased from the narrower spaced rows (36 -30 inch and 30 inch spacings) to the wider spaced rows (36 inch and 40 inch spacings). This is the same trend as reported previously with long staple cotton but differs from that previously reported for short staple cotton. Yields of 1.67 and 25 bales per acre for long and short staple cotton were reported.

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42

Silvertooth, J. C., and E. R. Norton. "Evaluation of Irrigation Termination Management on Yield of Upland Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210969.

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A single field study was conducted in 1996 at the Maricopa Agricultural Center (1,175ft. elevation) to evaluate the effects of two dates of irrigation termination on the yield of a common Upland cotton variety (DPL 5415). Planting date was 11 April (667 HU/Jan 1 86/55° F thresholds. Two dates of irrigation termination (IT1 - IT2) were imposed based upon crop development into cut-out, with IT1 (14 August) being provided such that bolls set at the end of the first fruiting cycle would not be water stressed and could be fully matured The second termination (IT2) date was 10 September, which was staged so that soil moisture would be sufficient for development of bolls set up through the first week of September. Lint yield results revealed no differences between IT1 and IT2.

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Silvertooth, J. C., A. Galadima, E. R. Norton, and R. Tronstad. "Evaluation of Crop Management Effects on Fiber Micronaire, 2000." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211310.

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Arizona has experienced a trend toward increasing fiber micronaire values in recent years resulting in substantial discounts on fiber value. There is some evidence to suggest management can impact fiber micronaire. Approximately 250 cases were identified in cotton production areas in Arizona ranging from the lower Colorado River Valley to near 2,000 ft. elevation with grower cooperators in the 2000 season. Field records were developed for each field by use of the University of Arizona Cotton Monitoring System (UA-CMS) for points such as variety, planting date, fertility management, irrigation schedules, irrigation termination, defoliation, etc. Routine plant measurements were conducted to monitor crop growth and development and to identify fruiting patterns and retention through the season. As the crop has approached cutout and the lower bolls began to open, open boll samples have been collected from the lowest four, first position bolls (theoretically the bolls with the highest micronaire potential on the plant) from 10 plants, ginned, and the fiber analyzed for micronaire (low 4). From that point forward, total boll counts per unit area and percent open boll measurements are being made on 14-day intervals until the crop is defoliated. Following defoliation, final plant maps were performed. Relationships among low 4 samples micronaire, irrigation termination (IT), defoliation, and final crop micronaire were analyzed.

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Moore, Leon, Gary Thacker, Theo Watson, Peter Ellsworth, and Jack Combs. "Community-wide Insect Management Program in Pima County, 1991." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208625.

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The Marana-Avra Growers' Task Force and Arizona Cooperative Extension worked together to implement a comprehensive, community-wide insect management program. Growers worked in unison to implement a number of Integrated Pest Management techniques; including uniform optimal planting dates, trap cropping, pinhead square spray applications, in-season insect management, and late season management. This strategy focused on the area's primary pest, the pink bollworm (PBW). This program delayed the need to treat for PBW until late August and minimized secondary pest problems. However, research results on the effectiveness of trap crops were inconclusive.

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Jech, L. E., and S. H. Husman. "Gila Basin Voluntary Pest Management Project, 1995 and 1996." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211089.

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Growers, Pest Control Advisors and Cooperative Extension, University of Arizona personnel coordinated areawide pest management activities in an area near Gila Bend, AZ to maximize the effectiveness of strategies to control pink bollworm and whitefly. Data on insect populations and pesticide applications is held within a database that is shared with cooperators on a real time basis. Control measures are discussed and common goals reached for reduction of pests within the area. Assessments from growers support the whitefly survey activities of the personnel. Fields were surveyed once per week. Data describing the population is faxed or phoned to the Pest Control Advisor and remedial action implemented at their discretion. Cooperative Extension personnel suggested pesticide use patterns to reduce resistance of whitefly and checked for field populations using University of Arizona recommendations. In 1995 an areawide pin head square program was followed based on Heat Units After Planting for timing pink bollworm susceptible stage of the cotton plant for each field and combined with the Heat Unit Model for pink bollworm emergence to determine percent emergence of the population. In 1996, many of the growers planted genetically engineered cotton and used lures to reduce pink bollworm and used the insect growth regulators under the Section 18 for whitefly control.

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Silvertooth, J. C., D. R. Howell, S. W. Stedman, G. Thacker, and S. S. Winans. "Defoliation of Pima Cotton, 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204835.

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Four field experiments were carried out in several areas of Arizona to evaluate the effects of a plant growth regulator and an array of conventional cotton defoliant treatments on pima cotton. Variable conditions were encountered across locations at the time of defoliant- treatment applications. However, there was a consistent trend observed in terms of treatment effectiveness, and a few distinct treatments appeared to have considerable promise for 1-time applications for satisfactory defoliation of pima cotton.

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47

Silvertooth, J. C., D. R. Howell, G. Thacker, S. W. Stedman, and S. S. Winans. "Defolation of Pima Cotton, 1989." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208290.

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Four field experiments were carried out in several representative cotton producing areas of Arizona to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of defoliation treatments on Pima cotton. Variable conditions were encountered among the experimental locations in 1989 for treatment comparisons. However, it appears that consistencies in the effectiveness of several treatments for Pima defoliation offer a better basis for recommendations across the state.

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48

Silvertooth, J. C., S. H. Husman, G. W. Thacker, D. R. Howell, and S. S. Winans. "Defoliation of Pima Cotton, 1990." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208336.

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Five field experiments were carried out in several representative cotton producing areas of Arizona to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of defoliation treatments on Pima cotton. Variable conditions were encountered among the experimental locations in 1990 for treatment comparisons. However, it appears that consistencies in the effectiveness of several treatments for Pima defoliation offer a basis for recommendations across the state.

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Silvertooth, J. C., E. R. Norton, S. H. Husman, T. Knowles, and D. Howell. "Agronomic Evaluations of Bt Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210928.

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In 1996 transgenic Bt cotton was first grown on a commercial level in Arizona and the U.S. cottonbelt. Insecticidal properties of Bt varieties had been evaluated rather thoroughly in both the private and public sectors prior to commercial release. However, the agronomic characteristics had not been evaluated to any sufficient extent beyond the level of the developing companies. Lab and field tests were conducted in Arizona in 1996 dealing with the Delta and Pine Land Co. (DPL) companion varieties 5415/NuCOTN 33b (similar to 5415 but with the Bt gene) and 5690/NuCOTN 35b (with Bt gene). Most field comparisons were between 5415 and 33b. Lab and field studies revealed very similar agronomic characteristics between the companion varieties. No differences were detected with respect to heat tolerance, as determined by comparative fruit loss and abortion rates at the onset of the monsoon season. Only slightly higher vigor or growth rates were noted for 33b over 5415, which was considered to be negligible. Yield results revealed higher lint yields for 33b over 5415 in most cases. The difference in yields were attributed to pink bollworm infestations and damage, even when chemical control measures were being taken. It was concluded that 33b, as a transgenic version of 5415, is indeed very close to it's non-Bt counterpart.

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Farr, C. "Progress of Upland Cotton Harvesting." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204825.

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In 1984 Maricopa County produced more acres of upland cotton with lower yields than it had in 1987 but also started harvest later. Weather and insects reduced yield and early maturity of the crop; rainfall delayed harvest in the October-November period less than it had in 1987.

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