Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Côtiers'
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Ritschard, Lucille. "Représentations spatiales et Processus de Gestion Intégrées des Zones Côtières (GIZC) : application à deux territoires côtiers bretons." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0019/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates the usages of spatial representations (maps, simulations, 3D representations…) described in the literature as essential to any process of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). The aim is to understand how spatial representations contribute to implementing and organising ICZM processes at a local scale.An ethnographic methodology is implemented in two case studies in France (Brest and Lorient) in order to observe spatial representations in concrete and tangible situations of uses. Circumstances, goals and uses conditions are analysed as well as interactions that they induce with stakeholders, contributing (or not) to move on the process to a next step. We used the actor network’s theory to analysed a corpus made of 15 non-participating observatories, 24 semi-structured interviews with the stakeholders and 300 documents (reports, slides show…) including 115 spatial representations.The results show that the ICZM’s stakeholders use only a few potentialities offered by the Geographic Information Technologies. Furthermore, spatial representation’s uses are mainly intended to construct and stabilise the actor’s network rather than to organise the territory as generally described in the literature.Finally, the spatial representation’s status (inscriptions, intermediary objects, actants) vary slightly. Indeed, spatial representations are mainly used as intermediary objects, helping stakeholders to collaborate
Gilliers, Camille. "Recherche d'indicateurs de la qualité des écosystèmes côtiers : application aux nourriceries côtières et estuariennes des poissons plats." Littoral, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DUNK0145.
Full textInshore shallow waters and estuaries along much of the western coasts of France provide nursery areas, which have been identified as Essential Fish Habitat, for a wide variety of fish species and especially commercial flatfish. Worldwide increasing industrial development and human population growth have led to rise of environmental damages in the marine environment and human pressure on marine habitats keeps strong. This assertion is especially verified on coastal marine areas, particularly submitted to the adverse effects of anthropogenic disturbances. As damages to habitat quality are one of the most harmful means of slowing or preventing stock from recoveries, one of the main areas are emphasis in current fisheries ecological research is the conservation and enhancement of Essential Fish Habitats. The main goal of the study was to find suitable bioindicators measured on fish to assess the habitat quality of fish nurseries along the Eastern English Channel and Bay of Biscay coasts, with a focus on sites heavily impacted by human activities such as the important estuaries and harbour areas. Subsequently, biological indicators measured both at the individual (growth, size, condition) and population (density) levels were used to assess the biological performances of juvenile fishes and the habitat quality of different nursery areas. The results demonstrate that is necessary to use a pool of bioindicators to assess the quality of habitats as no single measure may provide an overall description of habitat quality. Concerning the habitat quality of the fish nurseries along the western coasts of France, the analyses point out the estuaries of Seine and Gironde where levels of contamination of coastal waters are especially high, and the combination of fish grawth performance and density significantly lower than in other nursery areas. Nevertheless, the results also suggest that it is more pertinent to work on a small spatial scale to increase the sensitivity and the usefulness of the bioindicators, especially to avoid problems related to geographical gradients and to estimate eventual differences due to anthropogenic perturbations on habitat at a local scale. The combination of several bioindicators measured on juvenile fishes appears to provide reliable quantitative indicators of the quality of habitat on the nursery grounds and notably to point out the disturbances in survival and growth in especially polluted areas. Hence, such indicators may contribute to improve assessment of environmental quality of essential fish habitats in the aim of a sustainable management of fisheries ressources
Senneville, Simon. "Étude de la stabilité des courants côtiers curvilignes." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1995. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5062/1/000623637.pdf.
Full textAbdou, Melina. "Cycles biogéochimiques du platine dans les environnements côtiers." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0068/document.
Full textPlatinum (Pt) is a Technology-Critical Element (TCE) and an emerging contaminant increasingly released into all Earth compartments, but its environmental occurrence, distribution, and dynamics are under- documented. The present research combines laboratory observations and field monitoring studies on Pt biogeochemistry in coastal systems (Atlantic Ocean and northwestern Mediterranean Sea), including its distribution between seawater, particles, and living organisms. Exposure experiments with oysters facing a wide range of exposure levels provide the first Pt accumulation kinetics in marine bivalves, supporting uptake of Pt from seawater in line with field observations. At environmentally-relevant Pt levels (50 and 100 ng.L-1), the positive linear relation between exposure and Pt accumulation in tissues justifies the use of oysters as integrative sentinels for seawater Pt contamination. At relatively high Pt levels (10,000 ng.L-1), deleterious physiological effects (e.g. increased oxidative stress and energetic stock mobilization) occurred in oysters. Field observations at contrasting sites have provided regional background Pt concentrations in seawater in the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts (0.05 ng.L-1 and 0.08 ng.L-1, respectively) and bioconcentration factors for phytoplankton (~ 104), and bivalves (oysters and mussels ~ 103). Spatial distribution of Pt levels in seawater, plankton and bivalves suggest higher contamination along the northwestern Mediterranean coast, especially in semi-enclosed, industrialized/urbanized systems (Toulon Bay and Genoa Harbor). Historical records in sediments (~ 1900 - 2010) and bivalves (1980 to present) from the Gironde watershed and the Toulon Bay showed past Pt contamination due to industrial (metallurgic, oil-refining, coal) activities, whereas the strong recent increase in Pt contamination originates from emerging Pt sources, e.g. car catalytic converters, hospital effluents, and sewage. High temporal resolution observation of Pt partitioning, together with environmental master variables (O2, Salinity, Chl-a, nutrients etc.), suggests that in coastal systems, biogeochemical processes including phytoplankton production and degradation may play an important role in Pt behavior and fate
Quevauviller, Philippe. "Spéciation de l'étain dans les milieux estuariens et côtiers." Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR10618.
Full textBadreddine, Ali. "Écosystèmes côtiers du littoral libanais : état écologique, conservation, évolution." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4031/document.
Full textThe aim of this study was to provide further knowledge of the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the conservation status of important shallow habitats (vermetid reefs, Cystoseira forests) in a relatively poorly known region of the Mediterranean Sea: the Lebanese coast. Multiple approaches were applied for the first time along the Levantine Sea, such as the CARLIT (CARtography of rocky-shore LITtoral communities) index, a tool conceived to quantify the Ecological Status (ES) in the framework of the Water Directive (WFD 2000/60/EU). A general description of the Lebanese coastline, summarizing the major environmental features and anthropogenic activities influencing benthic communities, highlighted that Lebanon has been (and is at present) subject to multiple stressors. The application of the CARLIT, based on macroalgal, gives important insights on the ES of Lebanese ecosystems in relation to human impacts and provides a detailed cartography on the distribution and abundance of shallow communities, and in particular Cystoseira and Sargassum forests. The survey of some Lebanese vermetid reefs allowed the evaluation of their current status according to different human pressures and highlighted that they are highly affected by human pressures and only few of them are still alive. In a view of the upcoming oil and gas discovery offshore Lebanon, Lebanese marine ecosystems are under multiple and massive threats; the data provided in the research performed provide a baseline of the distribution and conservation status of key habitats along Lebanese coasts, in order to follow their evolution and to have a management tool in case of catastrophic oil spills
Buquet, Damien. "Cycle des éléments biogènes dans les lacs côtiers en Gironde." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0629/document.
Full textTo evaluate water quality and the risk of eutrophication of lakes, the dynamics of biogenic compounds must be studied. Sources and sinks of nutrients that define lake biogeochemical processes can be assessed from a mass balance approach and the study of internal reactions. The objective of the thesis was to realize a mass balance for nutrients in two coastal lakes: Lacanau and Carcans-Hourtin (SW France). For this purpose, I conducted a monitoring of rainwater, rivers, canals, lakes and groundwater concentration of nutrients and associate parameters during the two hydrological cycles of 2014 and 2015. Biogeochemical processes at the sediment water interface and benthic fluxes were determined from sediment cores collected at each season, and from the drafting of a new sediment map. The water balance was obtained from water level and discharge measurements, geophysical prospection and 222Rn measurements. Our results allowed us to make a full mass balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, silica, iron and alkalinity. We have identified the main sources and sinks of nutrients and their evolution along the year. The main results of the thesis is that groundwater discharge is not a significant contribution of nutrients; benthic fluxes supply high amount of dissolved nitrogen and most of the nutrient are sequester in the lake sediments. Total export of nutrient at the outlet of lakes has been quantified and compared to inputs from the watershed. We point out that phosphorus limits lake productivity. We also show the dynamics of transient lake stratification in summer and its impact on biogeochemical processes. This set of data has also provided additional insight into the dynamics of mercury in Aquitaine lakes. We show the role of sulphate inputs from the watershed in the production of methylmercury in lake sediments. All these results give for the first time an overall view of Aquitaine lake biogeochemistry
Li, Ji. "Analyse mathématique de modèles d'intrusion marine dans les aquifères côtiers." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0378/document.
Full textThe theme of this thesis is the analysis of mathematical models describing saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. The simplicity of sharp interface approach is chosen : there is no mass transfer between fresh water and salt water (respectively between the saturated zone and the area dry). We compensate the mathematical difficulty of the analysis of free interfaces by a vertical averaging process allowing us to reduce the 3D problem to system of pde's defined on a 2D domain Ω. A second model is obtained by combining the approach of 'sharp interface' in that with 'diffuse interface' ; this approach is derived from the theory introduced by Allen-Cahn, using phase functions to describe the phenomena of transition between fresh water and salt water (respectively the saturated and unsaturated areas). The 3D problem is then reduced to a strongly coupled system of quasi-linear parabolic equations in the unconfined case describing the evolution of the DEPTHS of two free surfaces and elliptical-parabolic equations in the case of confined aquifer, the unknowns being the depth of salt water/fresh water interface and the fresh water hydraulic head. In the first part of the thesis, the results of global in time existence are demonstrated showing that the sharp-diffuse interface approach is more relevant since it allows to establish a mor physical maximum principle (more precisely a hierarchy between the two free surfaces). In contrast, in the case of confined aquifer, we show that both approach leads to similar results. In the second part of the thesis, we prove the uniqueness of the solution in the non-degenerate case. The proof is based on a regularity result of the gradient of the solution in the space Lr (ΩT), r > 2, (ΩT = (0,T) x Ω). Then we are interest in a problem of identification of hydraulic conductivities in the unsteady case. This problem is formulated by an optimization problem whose cost function measures the squared difference between experimental hydraulic heads and those given by the model
Jay, Sylvain. "Estimation et détection en imagerie hyperspectrale : application aux environnements côtiers." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2012. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/78/99/45/PDF/These_jay.pdf.
Full textThis thesis deals with estimation and supervised detection issues in hyperspectral imagery, applied in coastal environments. Bathymetric models of reflectance are used for modeling the water column influence on the incident light. Various parameters are optically active and are responsible for distorting the reflectance spectrum (phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter. . . ). We adopt a new statistical approach for estimating these parameters, which are usually retrieved by inverting physical models. Various methods such as maximum likelihood estimation, maximum a posteriori estimation, and Cramér-Rao bound calculation, are successfully implemented on simulated and real data. Moreover, we adapt the frequently used supervised detectors to the underwater target detection context. If some parameters describing the water column influence are unknown, we propose a new filter, based on the generalized likelihood ratio test, and that enables the detection without any a priori knowledge on these parameters
Jay, Sylvain. "Estimation et détection en imagerie hyperspectrale : application aux environnements côtiers." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00789945.
Full textFleury, Perrine. "SOURCES SOUS-MARINES ET AQUIFERES KARSTIQUES CÔTIERS MEDITERRANEENS. FONCTIONNEMENT ET CARACTERISATION." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00789234.
Full textNérot, Caroline. "Invertébrés benthiques et biomarqueurs : témoins du fonctionnement trophique des écosystèmes côtiers." Brest, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716957.
Full textThe trophic functioning of benthic coastal ecosystems depends on the availability of organic matter sources (OM). At the scale of the continental shelf, the variability of diversity and abundance of these sources reflects in the spatial distribution of primary consumers such as filter4eeding bivalves. If the trophic sources are widely studied on tidal flats and estuarine areas, the knowledge on the benthic food web of the continental shelf is limited by sampling issues at depths down to 200 m, about 300 km offshore in the northern Gulf of Biscay. In this study, stable isotopes and fatty acids used as trophic markers were measured in tissues of five bivalve species, on a depth gradient (0-200 m) across the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay, in two regional sites strongly contrasted by their natural features and human pressures. The spatial variations of the trophic signatures of bivalves allowed distinguishing three zones with different trophic functioning, consistently with hydrological structures described on the continental shelf and that control phytoplankton dynamics. The results also revealed a limited spatial extent of terrestrial inputs in the OM sources consumed by the bivalves. Finally, despite the conclusions obtained by the use of stable isotopes and fatty acids were fairly consistent, the interpretation of some results suggests a strong influence of the metabolic processes on trophic signatures of bivalves
Boisson, Antoine. "Caractérisation et modèles d'évolution des environnements côtiers du Nunavik, Québec, Canada." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36623.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the coastal environments of Nunavik (Quebec territory north of the 55th parallel), which had only been studied very briefly until now, both in space and over time. This research is unique in that no integrated study had yet been conducted in the field of coastal geomorphology on all the coasts of Nunavik. Most of these coasts are emerging due to a decrease in relative sea level because of the glacial isostatic adjustment. This geophysical characteristic has major consequences on the formation, morphology and evolution of Nunavik’s coastal environments. It also contributes to the mitigation of coastal risks. This thesis, mainly descriptive, addresses several aspects of Nunavik’s coasts: basic knowledge of coastal types through segmentation and classification work; a complete state of the art of climatic, cryogenic, geological and hydrodynamic conditions, which have shaped the coasts since the beginning of deglaciation; coastal hazards and risks; the study of specific geomorphological features such as boulder barricades as well as the De Geer moraine, esker and drumlinoid coastlines and the temperature regime of epigenetic permafrost on a rapidly emerging coast.
Clavé, Bérengère. "Évolution des paléo-environnements côtiers à l'Holocène : exemple de l'Aquitaine septentrionale." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12413.
Full textFleury, Perrine. "Sources sous-marines et aquifères karstiques côtiers méditerranéens : Fonctionnement et caractérisation." Paris 6, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00789234.
Full textKlouch, Khadidja Zeyneb. "Paléoécologie des protistes à partir d'archives biologiques provenant d'écosystèmes marins côtiers." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066280/document.
Full textThe community composition of protist and their temporal dynamic are are traditionally studied by analyzing data sets of monitoring/observation networks, whose implementation is however relatively recent (≤40 years). In this study, we analyzed the biological traces (resting stages and ancient DNA) preserved in sediments covering a time scale of 150 years in order to study changes in the composition and the temporal dynamics of marine protists, focusing mainly on two estuarine ecosystems of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France). Metabarcoding analyses showed that only a minor part (16-18%) of the protists richness (#OTUs) of superficial sediments is retrieved in deep sediments, and that most of the protists found in ancient sediments are known to produce resting stages. Two main paleocommunities were differentiated (before/after 1950), suggesting the existence of a distinct and specific biodiversity for the identified periods. The relative abundances of dinoflagellates showed a decreasing trend since the 70s' and Alexandrium and Gonyaulax genera showed an opposite dynamic in terms of relative abundance over the time. Paleogenetic data (real-time PCR) suggest that A. minutum is present in the Bay of Brest since at least 1873 ± 7 and that, across a time scale of about 150 years, the species has proliferated only recently in the estuaries of the bay. Moreover, real-time PCR data suggest that the south-eastern part of the bay, where muddy sediment are more abundant, is potentially more favorable for the accumulation of the species cysts. Ecophysiological analyses (growth rate, phosphorus assimilation rate, and maximal biomass attained) performed on dinoflagellate strains (A. minutum and Scrippsiella donghaienis) showed a strong phenotypic intraspecific variability for both species and for both analyzed media. The results of this thesis work contribute to the research in sedimentary paleoecology, showing the advantages and limits of this approach to reveal still underexplored biological patterns
Guineberteau, Thierry. "L'aménagement littoral de la facade atlantique : les schémas spécifiques aux espaces côtiers." Nantes, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NANT3019.
Full textOver the last quarter of a century the action of public authorities on sea shores has progressively evolved from a sectorial approach towards attempts at a global view of this geographic area whose specificity we are only just discovering. In 1973, the "rapport piquard" conclusions are symbolic of the wish to establish the bases for a real french coastal policy, :anaged by government authorities. Decentralisation and the transfer of decision-making to the periphery which characterised the early eighties questioned the unilateral power of the state and boosted the role of territorial units in the management of coastal areas. Whatever the period or the scale of intervention, management plans specific to the littoral, under the responsability of state services, aimed at adapting national guidelines to the local level. Two generations of procedures followed. The experiences of the seventies are now obsolete. Nevertheless, they constitue the only reference on the subject, as no management schemes for the littoral has been approved since 1980. They are presently in more or less advanced stages of elaboration. The atlantic coast, due to its diversity, is themain object of attention. The purpose of this research is to assess whether such global and prospective approaches, specifically dealing with littoral areas, are pertinent with a sustainable development development, concerning the involved geographical bodies
Barbecot, Florent. "Approche géochimique des mécanismes de salinisation des aquifères côtiers : chronologies 14C-226Ra." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112319.
Full textGagné-Dumont, Geneviève. "L'Archaïque maritime à Blanc-Sablon : analyse technologique et comparative de sites côtiers." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34578.
Full textThe Maritime Archaic tradition as an archaeological manifestation is found innorth-eastern North America roughly between 8 000 and 3 200 BP. In the wake of Tuck’s work on Port au Choix site, this tradition quickly left its mark in the minds of archaeologists by its unusual material culture. Driven by morphotypological arguments, research on the matter mainly discussed cultural continuity and possible in situdevelopment of the tradition. However, the typological approach is of little help in comprehending less standardised toolkits which comprise most assemblages from Blanc-Sablon. Il this study, already-excavated collections from Blanc-Sablon were re-evaluated with a technological analysis approach. Applied to complete lithic assemblages, this methodological approach is perfectly suited for interpreting past technical processes. Revisiting archaeological collections using the technological approach gives a voice to lithic debris that is otherwise meaningless in cultural interpretation. Technological analysis allows the archaeologist to unfold past societies’ technical systems.This research resulted in the identification of knapping techniques and methods on selected Blanc-Sablon archaeological sites. Direct percussion using soft hammers is the most often used knapping technique, but pressure and direct percussion using hard hammers were also observed. Knapping methods are relatively straight-foward with bifacial knapping composing a considerable portion of produced tools. Raw material acquisition strategies for local quartzites, quartz and cherts were also identified. Finally, the technological analysis of lithic tools and debris provided new data for comprehending cultural groups of the Maritime Archaic tradition.
Cotonnec, Gwenaëlle. "Les lipides, marqueurs des relations trophiques planctoniques dans les écosystèmes pélagiques côtiers." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0060.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study the trophic relationships between the phytoplankton and the zooplankton in the Eastern English Channel durong the spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis sp. These relationships were studied using the fatty acids and the phytoplanktonic pigments as biomarkers. The POM (particulate organic matter) and copepods were analyzed by HLPC and GC to : characterize the composition of the nutritive pool, estimate the physiological state and the nutritive quality of the phytoplankton, characterize the diet of copepods. Jointly, microscopic counting was done to determine more accurately the phytoplankton composition and measure the cell size. A spatial study was conducted through the strait of Dover to : point out the qualitative and quantitative changes of the nutritive pool in the Strait of Dover ; localise the zone of high production during the phytoplankton spring bloom : the French coastal waters where the trophic relationships were detailed. A temporal study was conducted between Boulogne/Mer and the Bay of Authie in March, May and June 1998 to describe the qualitative and quantitative variations of the copepod nutritive pool. During the phytoplankton spring bloom, a development of Phaeocystis sp. Was observed jointly to a declining of diatoms, Cryptophytes, Dinophytes and Cyanophytes. In the same way, the nutritive quality of the POM decreased. During the phytoplankton growth, the nutrients are depleted in the water column. Thus, the phytoplankton production was totally regenerated. The trophic relationships were studied through the Dover Strait and in a retention zone localise in front of the Bay of Somme. The lipid biomarkers pointed out the diet and the alimentary behaviour of copepods : A. Clausi, P. Elongatus and T. Longicornis. In this study, T. Longicornis was the most selective species whereas A. Clausi was the most opportunistic. The daily ratios were sufficient for A. Clausi and P. Elongatus by contrast to T. Longicornis. Nevertheless, the fatty acid reserves were mobilised in the three species indicating that the Phaeocystis sp bloom was inadequate
Duhamet, Agnès. "De l’ADN environnemental jusqu’aux plans de conservation pour les poissons côtiers méditerranéens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONG031.
Full textMarine fish communities, which are essential to the proper functioning of ecosystems, are under increasing threat from human pressures: overfishing, habitat degradation, pollutions and climate change. In this context, marine reserves are set up to try to protect them. In order to better guide the protection of species, particularly the most vulnerable, we need to know their spatial and bathymetric distribution, but also their level of coexistence with human pressures. Obtaining this data is difficult with conventional tools such as diving, which is limited to superficial areas, or fishing, which is destructive and selective for species. Alternatively, the metabarcoding of environmental DNA (eDNA) allows better detection of species, even the rarest or most elusive ones, and seems particularly suited to study communities in mesophotic zones (30-150 meters deep) which remain poorly known because of their relative inaccessibility. This method consists of collecting and amplifying the DNA left by organisms in their environment, then assigning it to known species by comparison with sequences in a genetic reference database. To what extent will eDNA sampling along spatial, bathymetric and anthropogenic gradients be able to feed predictive models of species occurrence and inform conservation plans for coastal ichthyological biodiversity? This is the central question of the thesis.The first chapter summarizes current knowledge of the spatial and bathymetric distribution of marine fish at the global scale, as well as the availability of sequences in the public genetic reference databases. Only 19% of the 11,786 marine species studied are covered by the teleo marker commonly used for fish detection. As a result, the possibilities for using eDNA data remain limited, as 81% of species cannot be identified. In addition, species living only at depths greater than 30m are less well covered by reference databases.The second chapter presents modeling aimed at evaluating and comparing the relative effects of reserves and lockdown on the probabilities of occurrence of 87 fish species. To do this, a major species sequencing project was carried out to complete the reference database of species present in the French Mediterranean Sea. During the eDNA sampling campaigns carried out between 2018 and 2022, samples were collected inside and outside 11 marine reserves where fishing is banned, including 160 during the spring 2020 lockdown period linked to the COVID-19 epidemic. The results show an increase in the probability of occurrence in reserves for 59% of species. The probability of occurrence increased during lockdown for 62% of species. The response to the effect of reserves and lockdown is different depending on the species, suggesting that the establishment of large reserves with less human presence, in addition to current reserves, are necessary to protect all species.The third chapter presents species distribution models considering co-occurrences and Mediterranean coastal habitats. Based on the estimated distribution of 120 species, priority areas for conservation along the French Mediterranean coast have been identified to achieve the recommended 30% MPA coverage by 2030 and optimize the conservation of ichthyological biodiversity.In this thesis, the combination of data from eDNA metabarcoding and modeling was used to describe the spatial and bathymetric distribution of species, assess the effectiveness of protection measures and inform future conservation plans
Chauchat, Julien. "Contribution à la modélisation diphasique du transport sédimentaire en milieux côtiers et estuariens." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00173387.
Full textEn terme de résultats, nous montrons que l'approche développée est capable de reproduire quantitativement les principaux processus mis en jeu dans le transport sédimentaire de particules non cohésives : la sédimentation et la dispersion turbulente des particules en milieu dilué. Le modèle développé confirme l'existence d'une différence de vitesse horizontale entre les particules et l'eau. Il simule les effets de dispersion des particules par le mouvement turbulent du fluide et l'atténuation de l'énergie cinétique turbulente du fluide due à la présence des particules. Une autre originalité de ce travail est de proposer un modèle diphasique à surface libre, bidimensionnel vertical, pour la simulation du transport sédimentaire. Nous avons identifié des lacunes entre les théories et les expériences notamment pour la simulation de la turbulence en écoulement dense. Nous proposons des solutions pour améliorer la simulation du comportement de matériaux cohésifs. Une tentative de simulation hydrosédimentaire sur l'estuaire de la Seine est présentée. Le phénomène de bouchon vaseux est qualitativement reproduit par le modèle sans qu'aucune loi d'érosion ou de dépôt ne soit imposée.
Lespinas, Franck. "Impacts du changement climatique sur l'hydrologie des fleuves côtiers en region Languedoc-Roussillon." Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP1261.
Full textThis thesis contributes to understanding the vulnerability of surface water resources of the region Languedoc-Roussillon address climate change. A detailed reconstruction hydroclimatic conditions was first performed over the period 1965-2004 considering the 6 mains rivers of the region. It has shown that the average annual temperature has risen approximately 1. 5°C, reflecting an increasing influence of systems of subtropical high pressure in the spring and summer. Precipitation did not reveal any significant trends, except for winter precipitation that decreased in the north-east of the study area. The average annual flows tended to decrease on all rivers in the region, but significantly only in the Pyrenean basins and downstream river Herault and Orb. The low flows have also become more severe for a large majority of hydrologic stations. The increase of evaporation seems to have played a major role in these evolutions. The simulations from climate models indicate that the temperature should continue to increase in the 21st century, especially in summer, while precipitations would likely decrease. The forcing of a hydrological model calibrated for each river from climate scenarios constructed by the end of the 21st century indicate a significant decline in flows during the period late spring - early autumn with a significant drying of the soil
Kostecki, Caroline. "Dynamique trophique, habitat benthique et fonction de nourricerie des milieux côtiers et estuariens." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSARH081.
Full textFor a large proportion of flatfish species, and especially common sole and plaice, juveniles grow in restricted coastal and estuarine nursery grounds during their first years of life. Once their sexual maturity reached, they move to more extended adults habitat located on the continental shelf and contribute to the reproduction. Nursery grounds area depends on freshwater inputs which enhance the juvenile distribution to the open sea and the recruitment. The link between organic matter sources, benthic invertebrates populations that constitute their food supply and flatfish juveniles is complex and remains poorly known. Trophic and spatial interactions between these components have thus been investigated in two contrasted nursery grounds : the Vilaine estuary and the Mont-Saint-Michel bay. The first part of this project aimed to describe flatfish juveniles benthic food web using stable isotopes and gut contents analyses. Carbon stable isotope signatures in common sole juvenile in the vilaine estuary showed the incorporation of terrigenous organic matter into their benthic food wed. Furthermore, this assimilation varied according to Vilaine river flow. Conversely, the Mont-Saint-Michel bay receives little freshwater inputs, but supports an important nursery ground for plaice and common sole. In this nursery ground, microphytobenthos produced on the wide intertidal mudflats mainly contributed to flatfish juveniles food web. Combined utilisation of bot stable isotopes and gut contents analyses thus improved coastal and estuarine nursery grounds description : these analyses particularly pointed out the terrigeneous organic matter role and benthic diatoms production in the flatfish nursery grounds trophic functioning and the spatio-temporal variability of the respective influence of these two sources
Fey, Pauline Héloise Aline. "Transferts de matière organique et fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques côtiers aux îles Marquises." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2019. https://hal-unc.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03180365/document.
Full textThe Marquesas archipelago is distinguished from the Polynesian group by many environmental and ecological peculiarities. The hydrodynamic conditions seem to generate local nutrient enrichment process, which contrast with oligotrophic conditions usually encountered around the coral ecosystems. These rich waters seem to favor a high phytoplankton primary production. The Marquesas Islands atypical coral structure, associated with high primary production, suggests particular trophic relationships. In the system, phytoplankton is an important organic matter source, with high nutritional quality, supported by macrophytobenthos. Terrestrial OM sources have only a little influence. Despite the dominance of phytoplankton in OM pools (POM and SOM), macroalgae seem to contribute mainly to the food web functioning, with the support of phytoplankton, especially during phytoplankton bloom (cold season). These observations suggest a benthic-pelagic coupling in OM supply in the food web. The marine primary producers have significantly higher δ15N isotopic signatures than in other parts of the South Pacific. These high isotopic values are also identified for consumers and show seasonal variability, probably reflecting variations in nutrient intakes available to primary producers. These variations would reflect the hydrodynamic processes intensification during the cold season, highlighted in other studies, allowing a rise in nutrients in surface water.However, although Marquesan food webs have high nitrogen isotopic signatures and significant contributions from phytoplankton, the structure and functioning of communities remains similar for other coral ecosystems observed
Renault, Lionel. "Impact des jets côtiers atmosphériques sur l'Upwelling du système de courants de Humboldt." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/465/.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the impact of atmospheric Coastal Jets on the upwellings of the Humboldt Currents System. A double approach is used: the first one consists in studying the Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation as well as the Ocean/Atmosphere interactions from the observations, whereas the second aims at modeling these Circulations in a realistic way by means of numerical regional models (ROMS for the ocean modeling and WRF for the atmosphere modeling. The obtained results suggest that there are various Atmospheric Coastal Jets along the Chilean and Peruvian Coasts. For certain ranges of frequencies, they control the upwelling variability of Chile and Peru. A heat flux balance of the Ocean Mixing Layer allows to identify the main mechanisms which control the oceanic answer off Central Chile. Moreover, we show that the Peruvian coast is under the influence of the both local atmospheric forcing and remote forcing. At some frequencies, the Kelvin wave trapped to the Peruvian Coasts induce a control of the coastal ocean variability by the Equatorial variability. The atmospheric regional model reproduces with realism the Chilean Coastal Jets whereas it has difficulty in simulating the atmospheric circulation at the level of Peru. The oceanic simulations reproduce the oceanic answer to the Coastal Jets off Central Chile. A heat flux balance of the Mixing Layer allows us to study what are the main mechanisms which control the oceanic answer in the model. Finally, we show that the regional models present a sensibility to the spatial resolution of the atmospheric and oceanic models. In particular, close to the coast, the wind characteristics in the atmospheric model depends on the spatial resolution of the model. This sensibility induce that the oceanic answer depends on the forcing field spatial resolution. .
Bouchet, Sylvain. "Etude de la spéciation biogéochimique du mercure aux interfaces des écosystèmes tidaux côtiers." Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3008.
Full textThe mercury biogeochemistry in coastal ecosystems and especially the transformations and mobility of the mercury species (inorganic mercury, methylated forms, and elemental mercury) have been evaluated with laboratory and field experiments. The mercury speciation and reactivity in superficial sediments have been studied under transient redox conditions using a laboratory microcosm and stable isotopic tracers. These transient conditions influence the transformations and partitioning of the mercury species. These transformations have been related to early diagenetic processes, specific bacterial activities and the evolution of the organic matter. The behavior of added mercury species reveals also the temporal ecosystem response to a chronic contamination. The mercury speciation and reactivity have been investigated at the different interfaces (sediment – water – atmosphere) of the intertidal zone of the Arcachon Bay (SW France). The exchange fluxes as well as transformation potentials have been evaluated in situ using flux chambers and mercury isotopic tracers. The flux intensities and transformation mechanisms exhibit seasonal variations according to the sediment biogeochemical conditions. The intertidal sediment interfaces appear as highly dynamic zones for mercury exchange to the water column and the atmosphere
Passarelli, Claire. "Composition, rôles et devenir des exopolymères dans les biofilms des sédiments marins côtiers." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0012.
Full textMeslard, Florian. "Apports sableux par les fleuves côtiers méditerranéens et aléa de submersion marine (ASPLEC)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PERP0053.
Full textObtaining accurate estimates of sediment budgets on the land-sea continuum and understanding how these budgets affect coastal dynamics has become a crucial issue in the current context of rising sea levels and retreating coastlines. The torrential nature of mediterranean coastal rivers, linked to intense meteorological events, is characterized by brief but violent flooding episodes, during which most of the water and sediment discharge is delivered to the coastal zone in a few days. This episodic behavior of operation also has an impact on their river outlet as well, which can become obstructed by the development of sandy spits, leading to heavy flooding in coastal areas during concomitant storm and flood events. The aim of this thesis is to improve our understanding of intermittent river mouths processes, and to assess their interaction with the sediment transport in a land-sea continuum. A multi-scales (land-sea) spatio-temporal approach combining morphological, hydro-meteorological and sediment transport monitoring data was applied to the Têt River, an example of a mediterranean coastal river. The results provided with 1) a better understanding of the mechanisms at this intermittent river mouth system governed by auto-allocyclic and anthropogenic processes, 2) an improved estimates of suspended solids fluxes, provided by the first estimates of suspended and near-bottom sand fluxes, as well as understanding the role of morphology on their transfer to the coastal zone, and 3) an improved understanding of concomitant storm and flood events on the dynamics of the morphological response and the associated sediment transport
Noisette, Fanny. "Impacts de l'acidification des océans sur les organismes benthiques calcifiants des milieux côtiers tempérés." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00925830.
Full textVeillette, Julie. "Stucture et dynamique d'écosystèmes aquatiques côtiers du haut Arctique comme sentinelles de changements environnementaux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27290/27290.pdf.
Full textLepage, Hugo. "Traçage de la dispersion des sédiments contaminés dans les bassins versants côtiers de Fukushima." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112183/document.
Full textLarge quantities of radionuclides were released into the atmosphere by the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) after the earthquake-triggered tsunami devastated the eastern coast of Japan on March 11, 2011. Many of these radionuclides (20%) were deposited on soils of the Fukushima Prefecture. This PhD thesis develops original fingerprinting methods to track the dispersion of contaminated particles following this accident. The study focuses on 3 coastal catchments north of the FDNPP (Mano — 175km², Niida — 270km² and Ota — 75km²) draining heavily contaminated areas of the radioactive plume. The Fukushima Prefecture is characterized by an erosive climate, with the occurrence of spring floods and summer typhoons. To study the dispersion of the radioactive contamination, soil samples and sediment drape deposits were collected during 6 sampling campaigns (every six months between November 2011 and May 2014; i.e., after the major flood events). Each sample was analyzed by gamma spectrometry to determine radionuclide activities, and several soil and sediment samples were also analyzed by neutron activation analysis to determine their geochemistry. First, the analysis of 137Cs activity in 10 soil cores collected in paddy fields confirmed the limited migration of radiocesium with depth in the soils of the coastal catchments. More than 90% of the contamination was still concentrated in the uppermost 2cm of the soils by November 2013. Particles contaminated were therefore available for mobilization and transport downstream by processes that govern soil erosion. Second, metastable silver-110 (110mAg) was detected in most of the samples collected between November 2011 and November 2012, and our investigation showed that this radionuclide has a similar behavior as 137Cs in soil and sediment. Consequently, we used 110mAg to track the dispersion of the contamination as the 110mAg/137Cs activity ratio in soils of the Niida catchment showed significant differences between upstream and downstream locations. The use of a binary mixing model allowed the identification of a seasonal cycle of erosion and dispersion of particles. However, as 110mAg has a short half-life (250 days), it rapidly decayed and could not be detected anymore by May 2013. To overcome its disappearance, the contribution of soils located on the mountainous plateaus to the sediment transiting the river in the coastal plains was quantified based on their 137Cs signature. Binary mixing models were used, based on the distributions of 137Cs in mountainous areas (> 20 kBq/m²) and in coastal plains (< 20 kBq/m²). The results demonstrated that the contribution of the mountainous area varied in the different catchments. In the Niida catchment where no dam has been built, the mountainous area supplies more sediment to the river (≈46%) than in the Mano catchment that has a dam (≈20%). These results show the impact of dams generating a sediment disconnectivity. Finally, the soil map of the region was used in order to identify the soil types that may supply sediment to the rivers. The main soil types (Andosols, Cambisols and Fluvisols) were characterized by their geochemical composition, and Sc and Yb were identified as the most discriminant elements. The distributions of these elements in the three sources were used in a mixing model. Results show that Fluvisols are the main source supplying >70% of sediment to the rivers in both catchments. This soil type is mainly found in paddy fields, which confirms the enhanced erodibility of these cultivated areas. In the future, the dataset compiled could be used to improve soil erosion model operating at the catchment scale. Moreover, the impact of the ongoing decontamination works on the dispersion of contaminated sediments should be investigated
Noël, Cyril. "Réseaux microbiens de dégradation des hydrocarbures aux interfaces oxie/anoxie des sédiments marins côtiers." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3038/document.
Full textCoastal marine ecosystems are constantly subject to pollution, particularly hydrocarbons, because of their location and their environmental characteristics. The key role of microorganisms in the degradation of these pollutants is now well described. However, fluctuating oxygenation conditions in these coastal environments, due to tides and macrofauna bioturbation activities influence microbial communities.Thus, this thesis work aimed to characterize the assembly of microbial hydrocarbonoclastic communities of coastal marine sediments subjected to oxic/anoxic oscillations in the presence of oil during a bioreactor experiment. The adaptation of MOHCB, particularly of Alcanivorax and Cycloclasticus genera, to these oxygen variations has been investigated by oligotyping. Ecotypes were identified according to the oxygenation conditions demonstrating adaptation capacities of these two genera to the oscillating oxygen conditions. The structure of archaeal communities (16S rRNA transcript sequencing) did not show any modification related to the oxygenation conditions thus demonstrating greater adaptation and/or resistance capacities in these microorganisms compared to the bacterial communities. Finally, metagenomics analyses revealed a specific functional response to oxic/anoxic oscillations. Thus, this thesis provides new insights into the influence of oxygenation variations on microbial communities and consequently on the degradation of hydrocarbons in coastal marine ecosystems
Khalil, Saïd. "Contribution à l'étude des climats côtiers locaux du Maroc atlantique, entre Casablanca et Agadir." Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040053.
Full textNoisette, Fanny. "Impacts de l’acidification des océans sur les organismes benthiques calcifiants des milieux côtiers tempérés." Paris 6, 2013. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-00925830.
Full textThe anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) causes a decrease in seawater pH and changes in carbonate chemistry called ocean acidification (OA). All the marine species could be impacted by OA but calcifying organisms are known to be the most sensitive. This PhD thesis focused on the physiological responses of coralline algae (red calcareous algae) and the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata (gastropod mollusc) exposed to current and future pCO2 conditions. Coralline algae showed variable species-specific responses to OA with a lack of effect in Corallina officinalis and a 80 % decrease in diel net calcification in Lithothamnion corallioides (maerl). Conversely, C. Fornicata was highly tolerant to OA. Although net calcification decreased due to external shell dissolution, no metabolic depression has been shown under high pCO2. Size of early life stages (embryos and larvae) decreased with increasing pCO2 but there were no effect on larval respiration and survival. These calcifying species are of major ecological importance in coastal ecosystems from the Channel and Northeastern Atlantic. Changes induced by OA on the physiology of these key species are likely to impact energy and matter fluxes in the ecosystems they dominate
Soria, Marc. "Structure et stabilité des bancs et agrégations de poissons pélagiques côtiers tropicaux : Application halieutique." Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN10049.
Full textNoor, Alfian. "Origine et évolution des hydrocarbures dans les sédiments côtiers du détroit de Makassar (Indonésie)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX30032.
Full textCamarena, Luhrs Tomás. "Les principales espèces de poissons pélagiques côtiers au Sénégal : biologie et évaluation des ressources." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES2020.
Full textPaisse, Sandrine. "Etude de la réponse d’une communauté bactérienne de sédiments côtiers à une contamination pétrolière." Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3015.
Full textCoastal zones are highly productive environments chronically exposed to hydrocarbon contamination. Bacterial communities inhabiting these ecosystems play key role in biogeochemical processes and often form microbial mats in which microorganisminteractions are enhanced. In order to characterize the modifications occurring in the bacterial community during oil spill, the bacterial community response of Etang-de-Berre coastal sediment to oil contamination was studied based on in situ analysis of natural bacterial communities as well as on microcosm experiments. First the investigation of the in situ natural bacterial communities inhabiting sediments in a gradient of hydrocarbon concentrations revealed an important adaptation of the bacterial community to the oil contamination. We then explored the early response of the bacterial community to cope with the oil contamination. Analyses based on 16S rRNA genes and their transcripts revealed structural modifications occurring in the first hours and the first days following the contamination. The diversity and the expression of functional genes involved in hydrocarbon degradation such as alkane monooxygenase and naphthalene dioxygenase were investigated. These genes were immediately expressed in response to the oil addition while concomitantly high rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation were observed. Thus these results indicated important adaptative mechanisms during the first two days following the contamination. In order to further characterize this mechanism at the whole bacterial community level, we then performed the identification of genes repressed and/or overexpressed in response to oil addition
Pian, Soazig. "Analyse multiscalaire et multifactorielle de l'évolution et du comportement géomorphologique des systèmes côtiers sud bretons." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747056.
Full textCoquereau, Laura. "Production sonore des invertébrés benthiques d’habitats côtiers tempérés : diversité et utilisation potentielle en écologie marine." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0094.
Full textBiological sound production, as studied by passive acoustics, should be considered as a complementary method to study the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on coastal systems. While sounds emitted by marine mammals and fish are well documented, those from benthic invertebrates are poorly described, although they can play key roles in marine ecosystems. The main goal of this PhD work was to evaluate the suitability of passive acoustics as an ecological tool based on sound production by benthic invertebrates living in temperate coastal habitats, and particularly in maerl beds of the Bay of Brest.We highlighted the existence of interesting soniferous species that appear to be good candidates to monitor in the field. This work also showed the important contribution of some benthic invertebrates to the underwater soundscape, suggesting that benthic sounds should not be attributed only to snapping shrimps. The second part of this PhD thesis emphasized that changes in benthic invertebrate sound production, at individual or collective scales, provides valuable information on the detection of stress such as a toxic algal blooms or the impact of dredging. Thus, the number of soniferous movements made by the great scallop doubles in the presence of high concentrations of toxic algae, and the soundscape of heavily fished maerl beds is three times quieter and less complex than preserved ones. The results of this PhD thesis, which are discussed in the context of tool development for the assessment of marine ecosystem health, raise new working hypotheses in marine ecology
Garneau, Marie-Eve. "Structure et dynamique du réseau microbien dans des écosystèmes côtiers arctiques sous l'influence d'apports riverains." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25371/25371.pdf.
Full textPian, Soazig. "Analyse multiscalaire et multifactorielle de l’évolution et du comportement géomorphologique des systèmes côtiers sud bretons." Rennes 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN20067.
Full textThis PhD deals with the geomorphologic behaviour of the South Brittany coast and more precisely, the part located between the pointe du Talut next to Lorient and the mouth of the river Vilaine near Penestin. Consisting essentially of low weathered cliffs and sand-dune/beach systems, the coast is particularly sensitive to erosion processes leading to shoreline retreat. Moreover, since the 1950s, the coast has been subjected to ever increasing man-induced pressures contributing to an ever growing artificial remodelling of the coastal fringe. In such a context, this study aimed at understanding the effect of the intricate interrelations between nature and society on the geomorphologic behaviour of the coast, with particular emphasis given to the occurrence of erosion processes. The analysis is based on a multi-scalar and multifactorial approach backed by three years of field work, as well as on a spatial and statistical treatment of shoreline variations over various time intervals. From a long-term viewpoint with a multi-decennial timescale, the analysis consisted in relating shoreline variations measured from aerial photographs to a GIS database describing the factors controlling coastline evolution. In this way, it was possible to establish the spatial and statistical relations between the shoreline movements and the controlling factors in order to classify them in accordance with importance of their respective role. The analysis was carried out over several time intervals depending on the availability of aerial photographs. It focused on five coastal systems: the Gâvres-Penthièvre dune massif, the Quiberon rocky peninsula, the Quiberon bay, the Gulf of Morbihan and the beaches located south-east of the Rhuys peninsula. From a short-term viewpoint with a timescale based on half-year intervals, the study aimed at establishing the morphodynamic behaviour characteristics of twenty five beaches located within the Gâvres-Penthièvre dune massif, the Quiberon bay and the Rhuys peninsula, using granulometric and topographic data as well as offshore and nearshore modelled wave data. The combination of the results allowed to build conceptual models of the geomorphologic behaviour of each of these coastal systems, and to analysis interrelationships occurring between “natural” and “anthropogenic” constraints. At coastal system scale, coastline variations are driven by morphological and hydrodynamical constraints. Protections established on the sand-dunes could favour fronts dunes advances. Over a shorter space scale, shoreline retreat is controlled either by accelerated erosion or by man-induced erosion processes. From these results, it possible to propose a typology of the vulnerability affecting the South Brittany coast, which takes into account so called natural processes and the relative forcing of man-induced factors in the spatial localisation of erosion processes
Garneau, Marie-Ève. "Structure et dynamique du réseau microbien dans des écosystèmes côtiers arctiques sous l'influence d'apports riverains." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19999.
Full textLe plateau côtier de la rivière Mackenzie dans la mer de Beaufort. un écosystème majeur du bassin arctique, reçoit une quantité considérable de sédiments et de matière organique terrigènes. Cette région de V Arctique canadien ouest est de plus en plus affectée par le réchauffement climatique qui augmentera vraisemblablement les apports riverains de carbone organique via l'avancée de la ligne des arbres, le dégel du pergélisol et l'augmentation des précipitations. Le réseau microbien occupe une place centrale dans le cycle du carbone et les transferts d'énergie dans les écosystèmes, mais à ce jour aucune étude n'aborde les variations spatiales et temporelles de la production bactérienne (PB) et des assemblages bactériens dans l'Arctique. La présente thèse avait pour objectif d'évaluer la structure et la dynamique des communautés microbiennes sur le plateau côtier arctique, avec une emphase sur le rôle des particules et des bactéries attachées à celles-ci. L'étude spatiale dans le panache de la rivière Mackenzie a montré que le gradient de salinité structure les communautés bactériennes qui sont dominées par le groupe Beîaproteobacteria en eau douce, et par les Alphaproteobacîeria dans la mer de Beaufort. Les secteurs influencés par la rivière présentaient des taux maximaux de PB, dont entre 75% et 96% pouvaient être attribués aux bactéries associées aux particules (AP). Cette première étude annuelle de la PB en milieu côtier arctique a montré que les communautés bactériennes de la baie de Franklin demeurent actives toute l'année puisqu'elles utilisent les substrats disponibles, soit les apports allochtones de carbone organique, pour survivre durant la noirceur hivernale. Même si en période estivale les bactéries utilisent les substrats organiques labiles de la production primaire in situ, la baie de Franklin semble être un écosystème hétérotrophe sur une base annuelle. Les bactéries AP étaient particulièrement actives au printemps et à l'été, très probablement en raison des apports allochtones saisonniers de matière organique particulaire (MOP). L'analyse de l'ADN par DGGE {denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) a montré des différences phylogénétiques entre les assemblages de bactéries libres et les assemblages de bactéries AP lorsque les concentrations en MOP sont plus élevées. A plusieurs autres sites, les assemblages libres et PA étaient similaires. La thèse souligne l'importance des particules allochtones pour les réseaux microbiens des milieux arctiques côtiers, et qu'il faut les considérer dans l'étude de la réponse des cycles biogéochimiques au réchauffement climatique dans l'océan Arctique
Ciais, Philippe. "Forages profonds et sites côtiers en Antarctique : données isotopiques et climat des 15.000 dernières années." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066676.
Full textCravo-Laureau, Cristiana. "Biodégradation d'hydrocarbures aliphatiques dans des sédiments marins côtiers et lagunaires par les bactéries sulfato-réductrices." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22095.
Full textPillet, Valentin. "Détection et attribution des changements morphologiques côtiers récents en milieu insulaire tropical (Polynésie française, Caraïbe)." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS019.
Full textLow-lying reef islands and coastal areas of tropical mountainous islands are highly vulnerable to the impacts of tropical cyclones and the expected effects of climate change. However, while the French metropolitan coasts have benefited from a significant effort to assess their long-term changes, French overseas islands are the least documented areas in French Territory. Based on this observation, this thesis examines the respective contribution of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the past evolution of reef islands (French Polynesia) and mountainous island beaches (Northern Lesser Antilles). This study relies on a combined approach between geomatic and fieldwork. From a multi-scalar (spatial and temporal) analysis, we detect and attribute the planimetric changes experienced by the sedimentary systems of the studied islands. Results on reef islands are comparable to those of previous studies which established that most of the islands have been stable or in expansion over the last decades. They allow to suggest conceptual models of long-term trajectories and examine the respective contribution of the drivers considered in this study. On mountainous island beaches, this study shows that local settings explain the high longitudinal variability detected in various climatic situations. In addition, this study contributes to the global samples of studied islands and to move forward on the understanding of past coastal changes in French overseas islands
Abudawia, Amel. "Analyse numérique d'une approximation élément fini pour un modèle d'intrusion saline dans les aquifères côtiers." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0390/document.
Full textIn this work, we study a finite element scheme we apply to a model describing saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers confined and free. The model is based on the hydraulic approach of vertically averaging the 3D original problem, this approximation is based on a quasi-hydrostatic flow hypothesis which, instead of the walls and springs, is checked. To model the interface between freshwater and salt water (respectively between the saturated zone and dry zone), we combine the approach net interface (approach with the diffuse interface) ; This approach is derived from the phase field theory introduced by Allen-Cahn, to describe the phenomena of transition between two zones. Given these approximations, the problem consists of a strongly couple to edps parabolic quasi-linear system in the case of unconfined aquifers describing the evolution of the depths of two free surfaces and elliptical-parabolic type in the case confined aquifer, the unknowns being then the depth of salt water / fresh water and the hydraulic load of fresh water. In the first part of the thesis, we give in the case of a confined aquifer, error estimation results of a semi-implicit scheme in a combined time discretization space finite element type Pk Lagrange. This result among other uses a regularity result of the gradient of the exact solution in the space Lr(ΩT), r > 2, which can handle the non-linearity and to establish the error estimate under assumptions reasonable regularity of the exact solution. In the second part of the thesis, we generalize the previous study to the case of the free aquifer. The main difficulty is related to the complexity of the system of parabolic edps but again, thanks to regularity result Lr(ΩT), r > 2 gradients established for the free surfaces, we show that the scheme is of order 1 time and space k for sufficiently regular solutions. We conclude this work by numerical simulations in different contexts (impact of porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the evolution of the interface, and pumping fresh water injection, tidal effects) thus validating the model and diagram. The we compare the results with those obtained using a finite volume scheme constructed from a structured mesh
Ratmaya, Widya. "Rôle des sédiments dans le cycle des nutriments et impact sur l’eutrophisation des écosystèmes côtiers." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4065/document.
Full textEutrophication was studied in the coastal waters of Vilaine Bay (VB) in relation to that in the Loire and Vilaine rivers, by analyzing long-term trends of phytoplankton biomass and nutrient concentrations during the past decades. The reduction in dissolved riverine inorganic phosphorus concentrations (DIP) during the last two decades led to the significant decrease in chlorophyll a concentrations. However, dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations (DIN) decreased only slightly in the Vilaine and actually increased in the Loire, especially during summer. Simultaneously, phytoplankton in VB has undergone the following changes: 1) increase in biomass, 2) change in timing of the annual peak of biomass from spring to summer, 3) modification in seasonal course of diatoms and dinoflagellates. These results can be explained by increased summer DIN loads from the Loire, sustained by internal regeneration of DIP and dissolved silicate (DSi) from sediments. The study of benthic fluxes of DIN, DIP and DSi in VB, combined with steady state modeling of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles in sediments support the hypothesis that benthic nutrient regeneration could induce DIN limitation in coastal waters in summer. If DIN fluvial loads do not decrease significantly, eutrophication in VB coastal waters is likely to continue due to internal nutrient input, especially PID and DSi from sediments particularly during summer periods. The steady state modeling performed in this work should enable improvements of the existing ECO-MARS3D model and better simulation of coastal ecosystems responses to DIN and DIP reduction scenarios in river waters
Souza, Sierra Maria Marta de. "Caractérisation et réactivité de la matière organique fluorescente dissoute dans des milieux côtiers et marins." Bordeaux 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR10543.
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