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Journal articles on the topic 'Costs'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2024

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1

Kim, Yong Mi, and Jinbae Kim. "Employee Adjustment Costs and Asymmetric Cost Behavior." Academic Society of Global Business Administration 19, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 272–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.38115/asgba.2022.19.6.272.

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The managerial accounting literature suggests that adjustment costs lead to asymmetric cost behavior. Previous studies show that labor adjustment costs are the significant factor that drives asymmetric cost behavior. However, empirical proxies for labor adjustments costs have several limitations. This study suggests that CEO-to-worker pay disparity and the labor share as a new proxy for labor adjustment costs and substantiates that labor adjustment costs play a significant role in determining asymmetric cost behavior. Our proxies for adjustment costs represent the effectiveness of labor cost management and labor productivity. Prior studies suggest that large CEO-to-worker pay disparity indicates effective labor cost management. We find that lower CEO-to-worker pay disparity and higher labor income share are associated with greater cost stickiness. In additional tests, we find that the effect of adjustment costs is more significant for firms disclosing ESG grades and firms with higher ESG grades.

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2

Eichfelder, Sebastian, and François Vaillancourt. "Tax Compliance Costs: A Review of Cost Burdens and Cost Structures." Revista Hacienda Pública Española 210, no. 3 (2014): 111–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7866/hpe-rpe.14.3.5.

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3

Tokman, Víctor E., and Daniel Martínez. "Costo laboral y competitividad en el sector manufacturero de América Latina." Economia 24, no. 48 (March 20, 2001): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/economia.200102.002.

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En este artículo se examina la reducción de los costos laborales como un factor que contribuye a elevar la competitividad de las empresas industriales. Se pasa revista, en primer lugar, a los costos laborales no salariales, tanto de los trabajadores con contrato indefinido como de aquellos con contrato temporal y de los no registrados, con el propósito de mostrar las diferencias existentes en el costo laboral no salarial según el tipo de contrato o la calidad de no registrados de los trabajadores, así como el impacto de estas diferencias sobre el costo laboral de cada tipo y sobre el costo medio. Enseguida se examina la evolución del costo laboral en la industria y como este adquiere diferentes magnitudes según el deflactor que se use, dado el cambio en los precios relativos que acompañó a los primeros años del proceso de apertura económica y comercial en la región. A continuación se analiza la evolución de los costos laborales en la industria por tipo de contrato, así como los cambios en el costo laboral medio en la industria que resulta de la doble estrategia de reducir los costos laborales no salariales y de modificar la estructura por tipos de contrato en el empleo asalariado; se describe el efecto del rezago cambiario sobre el costo laboral medio y la competitividad, y se calcula cuál habría sido la evolución de esta última de no haberse producido dicho rezago. Por último, se formulan algunas propuestas para elevar la competitividad laboral en los países de la región.---In this paper the reduction of labor costs is examined as a factor that contributes to increase the competitiveness of manufacturing firms. It first reviews non-wage labor costs in the case of workers with indefinite labor contracts, workers with temporary contracts, and those non-registered, with the intention of showing the differences that exist in non-wage labor costs according to the type of contract or the quality of non-registered of the workers, as well as the impact of these differences on the labor costs of each type and on the average cost. It then examines the evolution of labor costs in manufacturing, and how their magnitude varies depending on the deflator that is used, given the change in relative prices that accompanied the first years of the processes of economic and commercial liberalization in the region. It then analyzes the evolution of labor costs in manufacturing according to the type of contract, as well as the changes in the average labor cost in manufacturing that resulted from the strategy of both reducing non-wage labor costs and modifying the structure of employment by type of contract; the impact of exchange rate over valuation on the average labor cost and competitiveness is described, and estimates the possible evolution of competitiveness in the absence of the exchange overvaluation. Finally, some suggestions seeking labor competitiveness in the countries of the region are made.

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4

Hausken, Kjell, and Galina A. Schwartz. "Transaction costs and iceberg costs." Applied Economics Letters 18, no. 1 (December 31, 2010): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504850903427153.

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5

Flanagan, R. J. "Cut Costs at All Costs!" Forensic Science International 290 (September 2018): e26-e28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.038.

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6

Winstanley, Adrian. "Costs." BCDR International Arbitration Review 5, Issue 1 (September 1, 2018): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bcdr2020008.

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Article 5: Case management fee 5.1 As soon as practicable after the submission of the Response or, if no Response is submitted, after the time for submission of a Response has elapsed, the Chamber shall direct the parties to pay the case management fee prescribed by the Fee Schedule (the ‘Case Management Fee’), which shall be paid by the party or parties directed to pay it no later than the deadline set by the Chamber for the payment. 5.2 The Case Management Fee shall be increased correspondingly if the amount of a monetary claim or counterclaim is increased at any time during the arbitration, in which case, the amount of any such increase will be included in an advance on costs directed by the Chamber in accordance with Article 30.1. 5.3 The Chamber shall, in its sole discretion, direct the parties to pay the Case Management Fee in such proportions as it deems appropriate, taking account of all the circumstances of the dispute. 5.4 If the Case Management Fee is not paid promptly and in full, the Chamber may suspend or terminate the proceedings. Article 30:Advances on costs 30.1 Promptly upon the notification of the appointment of the arbitral tribunal in accordance with Article 9.10, and from time to time thereafter during the arbitration, the Chamber shall direct the parties to pay appropriate amounts as an advance for the costs of the arbitration, other than the parties’ own legal and other costs. 30.2 If the payments directed are not made promptly and in full, the Chamber shall so inform the parties in order that one or more of them may make the required payment. If such payment is not made, the arbitral tribunal may, after consultation with the Chamber, order the suspension or termination of the proceedings. 30.3 Failure by a party asserting a claim or counterclaim to make the required payment may be deemed by the arbitral tribunal a withdrawal of the claim or counterclaim.

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7

Cragg, Stephen. "Costs." Judicial Review 13, no. 1 (March 2008): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10854681.2008.11426545.

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8

Rehacek, Petr. "Costs of quality or quality costs." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.02.002.

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9

McCarthy, Rick. "Understanding project costs and building costs." Bottom Line 17, no. 1 (March 2004): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08880450410519638.

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10

De Vries, Scott P., and Deborah E. Beck. "Recovering Settlement Costs As Defense Costs." Environmental Claims Journal 18, no. 1 (November 2005): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406020600596495.

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11

Laczniak, Gene. "The Hidden Costs of Hidden Costs." Journal of Macromarketing 37, no. 3 (May 31, 2017): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146717712362.

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This brief comment expands on the “long macro view” observation of Prof. Robert Lusch that human choices, including market choices, have massive and unseen costs. It is argued here that a central challenge for macromarketing scholars is to make transparent the hidden costs embedded in macromarketing systems and sub-systems so that their true complexity and heterogeneity are better understood. Distributive Justice demands such consideration.

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12

Naji, Ali Hadi, Hayder Jasim Mohammed, and Zainab Qasim Jebur AL-nasrawi. "COSTS BASED ON SPECIFICATIONS AND COSTS BASED ON ACTIVITIES (COMPARABLE STUDY)." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 06, no. 03 (March 25, 2024): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue03-10.

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In light of the competitive environment, traditional systems for measuring costs have become unable to provide the necessary information to decision-makers, and do not give accurate and clear numbers. This is also the case about the value and quality of these products. The importance of research is evident by showing the role of both the method of measuring costs based on specifications and their role in making decisions. Pricing, and the role of the activity-based costing method in providing the information necessary to make the necessary decisions to improve products. This research aims to demonstrate the role of the costing approach based on specifications in providing the information necessary to reduce product costs, highlighting the concept of activity-based costing and its role in setting prices. Products.

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13

Brouwer, Roy, Dariya Hadzhiyska, Christos Ioakeimidis, and Hugo Ouderdorp. "The social costs of marine litter along European coasts." Ocean & Coastal Management 138 (March 2017): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.01.011.

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14

Argyres, Nicholas, Joseph T. Mahoney, and Jackson Nickerson. "Strategic responses to shocks: Comparative adjustment costs, transaction costs, and opportunity costs." Strategic Management Journal 40, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.2984.

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15

WILLIAM MILES and SAMUEL SCHREYER. "INFLATION COSTS, UNCERTAINTY COSTS AND EMERGING MARKETS." Journal of Economic Development 34, no. 2 (December 2009): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35866/caujed.2009.34.2.009.

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16

Candau, Fabien. "Urban costs, Trade costs and Tax Competition." Revue d'économie politique 118, no. 5 (2008): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/redp.185.0625.

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17

Haaga, John G., and Mark A. R. Kleiman. "Marijuana: Costs of Abuse, Costs of Control." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 9, no. 4 (1990): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3325271.

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18

Hayes, Sherman. "COSTS, COSTS, COST … GIVE ME A BREAK!" Bottom Line 2, no. 3 (March 1989): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb025184.

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19

Saburova, G. M. "ECONOMIC NATURE OF COSTS AND PRODUCTION COSTS." Мировая наука, no. 11 (2022): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46566/2541-9285_2022_68_117.

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20

Střeleček, F., P. Kollar, J. Lososová, and D. Kopta. "Degrees of costs effectiveness." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 4 (February 29, 2012): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5295-agricecon.

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The article deals with the change of costs and its effect upon the change of profit in the monitored firm. The first part is devoted to the theoretical framework of the area. The formula needed for calculating indicators used are stated and described here and economic effects of the degrees of effectivness are explained by the means of graphs and formulas. The second part gives the definition of the degrees of effectiveness. Each of them is characterised by five items where monitored indicators are evaluated and described on the basis of observed data.

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21

Oyewo, Toyese, Odunayo Magret Olarewaju, Melanie Bernice Cloete, and Olukorede Tijani Adenuga. "Environmental costs estimation and mathematical model of marginal social cost: A case study of coal power plants." Environmental Economics 12, no. 1 (August 20, 2021): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.12(1).2021.08.

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An increase in electricity production is proportional to environmental risks due to continuous energy production. The paper aims to quantitatively estimate the environmental costs and mathematically model the marginal social cost associated with the lifespan of the coal power plants. Results revealed South Africa Tier 1 company optimum level of electricity production per annum at around 2.15 gigawatts, considering the emission costs and reasonable profit. 85% of the total emissions during the combustion phase average cost of the C02 emission discharged by coal is calculated as 0.23c/KWh, 0.085c/kWh is calculated for NO2, while SO2 is 0.035c/KWh. Total emission cost represents 69.2% of the total cost of producing 1 MGW of electricity. The results confirmed the company losses to be insignificantly considerable to the evaluated environmental costs and capital investment. However, the use of this newly developed mathematical model depends on the source of energy production to confirm the feasibility and profitability of investment in coal-powered stations using environmental management accounting and marginal social cost approaches. AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to acknowledge the National Research Foundation and Durban University of Technology for financial support.

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22

Page, Sean. "Counting costs." Nursing Standard 19, no. 37 (May 25, 2005): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.19.37.24.s25.

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23

Caudill, Antonina R., Ashley Newman, and Steven P. Davison. "Precaution Costs." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 8, no. 6 (June 2020): e2903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000002903.

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24

Shantz, Jeff. "Cutting costs." Soundings 37, no. 37 (November 1, 2007): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/136266207820465598.

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25

Waters, Adele. "Family costs." Nursing Standard 20, no. 8 (November 2, 2005): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2005.11.20.8.18.c3991.

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26

Somberg, John C. "Pharmaceutical Costs." Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 32, no. 12 (December 1992): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009127009203201201.

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27

Sackley, William H. "Transaction Costs." CFA Digest 31, no. 3 (August 2001): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/dig.v31.n3.949.

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28

Stephen, Heather. "Legal costs." Nursing Standard 13, no. 23 (February 24, 1999): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.13.23.13.s34.

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29

Drosou, Maria E., and William A. Gray. "Clipping costs." Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 99, no. 4 (March 2022): 1257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.30172.

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30

Sorbie, Charles. "Hidden Costs." Orthopedics 25, no. 6 (June 2002): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-20020601-09.

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31

Gorman, Jessica. "Hidden Costs." Science News 162, no. 20 (November 16, 2002): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4014084.

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32

Goldberg, Milton. "Indirect Costs." Science 267, no. 5194 (January 6, 1995): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5194.13.c.

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33

Glazier, Ellis. "Transportation Costs." Science 262, no. 5140 (December 10, 1993): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.262.5140.1631.c.

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34

Anthony, Robert N. "Overhead Costs." Science 252, no. 5009 (May 24, 1991): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5009.1046.b.

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35

Neale, Walter C. "Real Costs." Science 232, no. 4752 (May 16, 1986): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4752.810.c.

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36

Gray, Paul E. "Indirect Costs." Science 246, no. 4926 (October 6, 1989): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.246.4926.10.c.

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37

Quate, C. F. "Indirect Costs." Science 252, no. 5004 (April 19, 1991): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5004.359.b.

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38

Peterson, Barry T. "Overhead Costs." Science 252, no. 5009 (May 24, 1991): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5009.1046.a.

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39

Mandriota, Frank J. "Transportation Costs." Science 262, no. 5140 (December 10, 1993): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.262.5140.1631.b.

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40

Nelson, Gary J. "Research Costs." Science 228, no. 4704 (June 7, 1985): 1142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4704.1142.b.

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41

Ruane, Cian, and Alessandra Peter. "Distribution Costs." IMF Working Papers 2022, no. 007 (January 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781616355036.001.

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42

Goldberg, Milton. "Indirect Costs." Science 267, no. 5194 (January 6, 1995): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5194.13-c.

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43

Nelson, Gary J. "Research Costs." Science 228, no. 4704 (June 7, 1985): 1142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4704.1142-b.

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44

Berkowitz, Stephen A., and Dennis E. Logue. "Transaction Costs." Journal of Portfolio Management 27, no. 2 (January 31, 2001): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2001.319793.

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45

Bailey, Jean. "Quality costs." Nursing Standard 11, no. 15 (December 18, 1996): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.11.15.16.s45.

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46

Leifer, Dina. "Quality costs." Nursing Standard 11, no. 47 (August 13, 1997): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.11.47.14.s28.

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47

Russell, Louise B. "Completing Costs." Medical Care 47, Supplement (July 2009): S89—S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0b013e31819bc077.

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48

GRAY, P. E. "Indirect Costs." Science 246, no. 4926 (October 6, 1989): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.246.4926.10-b.

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49

Gorodilov, A. "REDUCE COSTS." Ugol', no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18796/0041-5790-2020-11-50-51.

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50

Thody, C. J. "Digital costs." Electronics and Power 31, no. 9 (1985): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ep.1985.0399.

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