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1

Rannan-Eliya, Ravindra P. Expenditure for reproductive health services in Egypt and Sri Lanka. Colombo: Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, Health Policy Programme, 2000.

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2

Mok, Mario Chen. Migrantes nicaragüenses en Costa Rica 2000: Volumen, características y salud reproductiva. San José: Programa Centroamericano de Población, Escuela de Estadística, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2000.

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3

Cain, Michael D. A low-cost technique for increasing pine volume production in mixed pine-hardwood stands. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1988.

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4

Cain, Michael D. A low-cost technique for increasing pine volume production in mixed pine-hardwood stands. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1988.

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Cain, Michael D. A low-cost technique for increasing pine volume production in mixed pine-hardwood stands. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1988.

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Cain, Michael D. A low-cost technique for increasing pine volume production in mixed pine-hardwood stands. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1988.

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7

The social costs of genetic welfare. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 1991.

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8

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Elimination of library reproduction reporting requirement: Report (to accompany H.R. 1612) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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9

United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Elimination of library reproduction reporting requirement: Report (to accompany H.R. 1612) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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10

McElligott, Alan G. Fighting, vocal activity, annual mating success and lifetime mating success of Fallow bucks (Dama dama L.): Short-term investment and long-term cost. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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11

1966-, Jäntii Markus, ed. Persistence, privilege, and parenting: The comparative study of intergenerational mobility. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011.

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12

Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2003: Report together with dissenting views (to accompany H.R. 534) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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13

Montano, Pedro J. La responsabilidad penal de médicos y científicos ante las nuevas tecnologías de la procreación: Con especial referencia a las recomendaciones europeas y al Pacto de San José de Costa Rica. Montevideo: A.M. Fernández, 1991.

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14

Cavaciocchi, Simonetta, ed. Le interazioni fra economia e ambiente biologico nell'Europa preindustriale secc. XIII-XVIII. Economic and biological interactions in pre-industrial Europe from the 13th to the 18th centuries. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-596-2.

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Pests, parasites and pathogenic agents have exerted a notable influence on the process of economic development of pre-industrial Europe, in view of their influence on the health, longevity and reproduction of human beings, plants and animals. On each occasion man has reacted to biological uncertainty with responses that were public or private, formal or informal and differed in both efficacy and cost. Success has always been partial, and dependent on experience, knowledge and the investment of economic resources. These reciprocal influences have never been allocated an appropriate or convincing place in the institutional model or those of Smith, Malthus, Ricardo or Marx, typically exploited to describe and explain the flux and reflux of the economic development of pre-industrial Europe. In these proceedings of Study Week promoted by the Fondazione Datini, the leading experts in the sector have undertaken to analyse, exemplify and discuss the precise nature of the complex interactions between economic and biological processes and agents. Adopying a stimulating, innovative and interdisciplinary approach, they appraise the degree to which such processes acted in reciprocal independence, whether there was a significant co-evolution and what prospects there are for developing explanatory models that better grasp the essentially bilateral nature of such interactions.
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15

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act of 1992: Report (to accompany H.R. 4773) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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16

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Subcommittee on Civil Service. Federal Employee Family-Building Act of 1987: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session on H.R. 2852 ... March 9, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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17

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Subcommittee on Civil Service. Federal Employee Family-Building Act of 1987: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session on H.R. 2852 ... July 23, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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18

Service, United States Congress House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service Subcommittee on Civil. Federal Employee Family-Building Act of 1987: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session on H.R. 2852 ... March 9, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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19

Service, United States Congress House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service Subcommittee on Civil. Federal Employee Family-Building Act of 1987: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session on H.R. 2852 ... July 23, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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20

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Subcommittee on Civil Service. Federal Employee Family-Building Act of 1987: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session on H.R. 2852 ... March 9, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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21

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Subcommittee on Civil Service. Federal Employee Family-Building Act of 1987: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session on H.R. 2852 ... March 9, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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22

Service, United States Congress House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service Subcommittee on Civil. Federal Employee Family-Building Act of 1987: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session on H.R. 2852 ... July 23, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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23

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Subcommittee on Civil Service. Federal Employee Family-Building Act of 1987: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session on H.R. 2852 ... July 23, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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24

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Subcommittee on Civil Service. Federal Employee Family-Building Act of 1987: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session on H.R. 2852 ... July 23, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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25

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Subcommittee on Civil Service. Federal Employee Family-Building Act of 1987: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session on H.R. 2852 ... March 9, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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26

Policing the Womb: Invisible Women and the Criminal Costs of Motherhood. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2020.

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27

Rosenblatt, Fernando. Party Vibrancy and Democracy in Latin America. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870041.001.0001.

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How do political parties remain vibrant organizations? This qualitative study of political parties in Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay explains how party vibrancy is maintained and reproduced over time. A vibrant party is an active organization that operates beyond electoral cycles, has clear symbols, and maintains a significant presence in the territory. The study identifies the complex interaction between four causal factors that account for the reproduction of party vibrancy: Purpose, Trauma, Channels of Ambition, and moderate Exit Barriers. Purpose activates retrospective loyalty among members. Trauma refers to a shared traumatic past that engenders retrospective loyalty. Channels of Ambition are routes by which individuals can pursue a political career. Moderate Exit Barriers are rules that set costs of defection at reasonable levels. The case studies suggest that, after a process of consolidation and stability, the presence of the four causal factors explains party vibrancy. The presence of the factors then sustains the reproduction of this vibrancy over time. The four causal factors are observed during a party’s “golden age.” Vibrant parties are resilient. Yet the study also shows that the ability of Trauma to forge loyalty decreases over time and that the long-term reproduction of Purpose can be elusive, as has been shown in Latin America. Older vibrant parties thus exhibit a combination of only Channels of Ambition and moderate Exit Barriers, and are less resilient than those that also have Purpose and/or Trauma.
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28

Paugh, Katherine. A West Indian Midwife’s Tale. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789789.003.0005.

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The abolition of the Atlantic slave trade by the British government in 1807 was prompted by a confluence of geopolitical developments and concerns about reproduction. Shifts in the Atlantic world sugar economy had led to a glut on the British sugar market, and boosting production was therefore less of an economic concern than safeguarding reproduction. After 1807, demographic and financial calculations regarding the future of the plantation system intensified with the institution of a registry system designed to track slave populations. By 1823, British politicians, both abolitionists and West Indian planters, agreed to further radical reform: they hoped that encouraging Christian marital mores would finally bring about economically beneficial population growth. Acts legalizing Afro-Caribbean marriage were subsequently passed throughout the Caribbean. The outcome of this new emphasis on family life was ironic: as slavery gave way to wage labor, the costs of reproduction were shifted to Afro-Caribbean parents.
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29

Clarke, Andrew. Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0008.

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Metabolism is driven by redox reactions, in which part of the difference in potential energy between the electron donor and acceptor is used by the organism for its life processes (with the remainder being dissipated as heat). The key process is intermediary metabolism, by which the energy stored in reserves (glycogen, starch, lipid, protein) is transferred to ATP. In aerobic respiration the electrons released from reserves are passed to oxygen, which is thereby reduced to water. Not all ATP regeneration involves oxygen as the final electron acceptor, and not all oxygen is used for ATP regeneration, but oxygen consumption is often the simplest and most practical way to measure the rate of intermediary metabolism and the errors in doing so are believed to be small. The costs of existence, as estimated by resting metabolism, represent only a part (~ 25%) of the daily energy expenditure of organisms. The costs of the organism’s ecology (growth, reproduction, movement and so on) are additional to existence costs. Resting metabolic rate increases with cell temperature, indicating that it costs more energy to maintain a warm cell than it does a cool or cold cell. The temperature sensitivity of resting metabolism is highly conserved across organisms.
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30

Seymour, Nicole. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037627.003.0006.

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This concluding chapter maintains that queer ecological values are more aligned with futurity and future-thinking, particularly when it comes to combating corporate greed and social/environmental injustice, even as it highlights the fact that a lack of concern for the future more accurately characterizes regimes such as heteronormativity and global capitalism: while they may operate out of concern for the reproduction of the white, middle-class heterosexual family or for the accumulation of wealth, they also ignore their immediate and future costs to the poor, to people of color, to the environment, and even to themselves. The kind of queer ecological futurity thus posited here is, instead, ethically attuned to the present and future health and safety of the biosphere as it encompasses the human, the non-human, and everything in between.
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31

Ethics and Economics of Assisted Reproduction: The Cost of Longing. Georgetown University Press, 2001.

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32

Ryan, Maura A. Ethics and Economics of Assisted Reproduction: The Cost of Longing. Georgetown University Press, 2003.

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33

Fund, United Nations Population, ed. Cost of reproductive health in Malawi: Main report. [Lilongwe: s.n., 2002.

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34

Dominy, Graham. Fort Napier. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040047.003.0001.

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This book traces the social history of the imperial garrison in the Colony of Natal in order to elucidate the reproduction, adaptation, and modification of Victorian British society on southern African soil. More specifically, it examines the divisions in colonial society and the influence of the garrison in shaping those divisions. The book considers a number of interrelated themes: class and gender, hierarchy and discipline, race and labor, pageantry and government, and the economic impact of garrisons and their costs. These themes are contextualized in relation to the distinctive role of Fort Napier as a garrison center. This chapter compares Fort Napier with other garrisons worldwide, including those in Gibraltar, Halifax, and Montreal; the jailer garrisons in Australia; and the garrison in New Zealand. It argues that Fort Napier and its garrison are unique because they influenced not only a settler society but also a major African society.
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35

Understanding reproductive change: Kenya, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Costa Rica. Chartwell-Bratt, 1994.

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36

Bertil, Egerö, and Hammarskjöld Mikael, eds. Understanding reproductive change: Kenya, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Costa Rica. Lund, Sweden: Lund University Press, 1994.

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37

Egero, Bertil. Understanding Reproductive Change: Kenya, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Costa Rica. Lund University Press, 1994.

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38

NASA electronic publishing system-- cost/benefit methodology. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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39

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. NASA electronic publishing system-- cost/benefit methodology. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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40

Frohlick, Susan. Bloom Spaces: Reproduction and Tourism on the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica. University of Toronto Press, 2023.

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41

Frohlick, Susan. Bloom Spaces: Reproduction and Tourism on the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica. University of Toronto Press, 2023.

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42

Ryan, Maura A. Ethics and Economics of Assisted Reproduction: The Cost of Longing (Moral Traditions). Georgetown University Press, 2003.

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43

Rodgers, Yana van der Meulen. Fertility and Contraceptive Use. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876128.003.0004.

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This chapter uses analysis of aggregate data, a theoretical model, and a review of the empirical literature to examine the relationship between contraceptive availability and fertility. A correlation analysis shows that as contraceptive use rises, fertility rates fall, thus supporting the main rationale for investments in family-planning programs. These aggregate data on contraception and fertility are consistent with a theoretical model of women’s reproductive health decisions. The model can be used to predict the effects of an increase in the cost of contraceptives as might occur under the global gag rule. Higher prices and decreased availability of contraceptives are predicted to lower the intensity with which women use contraception, which results in a higher risk of unintended pregnancies. Depending on the relative costs of having an abortion and giving birth, more unintended pregnancies will lead to higher abortion rates or birth rates or both.
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44

Expenditure for reproductive health services in Egypt and Sri Lanka. Colombo: Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, Health Policy Programme, 2000.

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45

Mario, Chen Mok, Universidad de Costa Rica. Programa Centroamericano de Población., and Universidad de Costa Rica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud., eds. Salud reproductiva y migración nicaragüense en Costa Rica 1999-2000: Resultados de una encuesta nacional de salud reproductiva. San José, Costa Rica: Programa Centroamericano de Población (PCP) de la Escuela de Estadística, 2001.

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46

Anderson, Judith L. Modeling costs and benefits of adolescent weight control as a mechanism for reproductive suppression. 1992.

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47

Center, Goddard Space Flight, ed. NASAwide electronic publishing system--electronic printing and duplicating, stage-2 evaluation report (Goddard Space Flight Center). Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1995.

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48

Center, Goddard Space Flight, ed. NASAwide electronic publishing system--electronic printing and duplicating, stage-2 evaluation report (Goddard Space Flight Center). Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1995.

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49

Procel Aguiño, Julio Hugo, Jorge Aleghery Merchán Villamar, Johnny Wimper Potes Duque, Ketty Angélica Romero Batallas, Fabricia Georgina Macías Cedeño, Johanna América Linares Rivera, Andrés Gonzalo Cevallos Andrade, Gloria Herlinda Bravo Loor, Rafael Bolívar Maldonado Manzano, and Christian Heinz Linares Rivera. Fundamentos teórico-prácticos y riesgos de la GÍNECO-OBSTETRICIA. Mawil Publicaciones de Ecuador, 2020, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26820/978-9942-826-36-7.

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Nuestra juventud generalmente es recordada por los constantes cambios de humor, percepción particular de las cosas, emoción de vivir la vida al máximo, disfrute del primer amor, salidas con los amigos, para compartir múltiples vivencias, entre otras tantas cosas que tardaríamos mucho tiempo en describirlas. La juventud es libertad, edad donde se percibe los no compromisos, las ganas de descubrir nuevas aventuras o situaciones. . Dentro de todo esto, nuestra primera relación o la primera vez que se hizo un contacto físico con la persona que se ama. La sensación con que se empezaban a descubrir la vida sexual. En esa etapa, se era muy vulnerable, y por supuesto, por nuestra inocencia e inmadurez no lo sabíamos. En algunos momentos se caminó sobre el filo cortante de poder traspasar a la relación sexual sin tomar en cuenta las consecuencias de esos actos. Muchos de nosotros contamos con el apoyo, asesoramiento y consejos de nuestros padres. Gracias a esta libertad y al enfrentar temas que para su tiempo eran tabú, nuestros padres tocaron la fibra que antes era imposible en nuestra sociedad. Esas conversaciones tuvieron éxito por ello hoy en día podemos decir que pudimos pasar el peligro de una enfermedad de transmisión sexual o de un embarazo no deseado gracias al uso de los preservativos que muy bien nos informó nuestra familia. Lamentablemente, muchos de nuestros amigos cercanos no pudieron pasar esa prueba sexual y cayeron, por decirlo de alguna manera, en el embarazo no deseado o en el padecimiento de alguna enfermedad de transmisión sexual como el virus del papiloma humano, tan común en nuestra sociedad. Ellos no contaron con la asesoría sobre prevención y sus vidas cambiaron drásticamente. Muchos no pudieron culminar sus estudios por la obligación de convertirse en padres y madres de familia a temprana edad. Hoy, por supuesto, son personas de bien que luchan día a día por mantener a sus hijos e inculcarle los valores que no pudieron gozar en su tiempo. Es por ello se considera que la familia, la escuela y demás medio y organizaciones constituyen la punta de lanza para prevenir todo lo concerniente a aquellas situaciones que vulneren la salud sexual y reproductiva. Son los padres quienes deben llevar esta batuta e inculcarles a sus hijos los cuidados que se deben tener para cualquier momento de la vida. Aunado al pilar de la sociedad se encuentran muchas organizaciones, que buscan prevalecer esa prevención y los derechos de los individuos en la sociedad. Una de ellas es la medicina a través de la gíneco-obstetricia. Esta ciencia busca siempre, a través de métodos científicos, diagnosticas, tratar y controlar todo lo referente al aparato reproductor femenino desde la sexualidad, la fecundación y el nacimiento de un ser vivo. Esta rama de la medicina es la permite identificar las causas, los efectos y los síntomas que puedan tener las mujeres en relación a la salud sexual y reproductiva. La importancia de una constante visita al médico es fundamental para tener una mejor calidad de vida. De aquí la importancia de este libro la cual engloba, en cierto modo, los aspectos más importantes del desarrollo sexual y reproductivo de la mujer y da como protagonismo e importancia su significado en la sociedad como ser humano, así como también los eventos que implica su etapa reproductiva.
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50

Sullivan, Rick. Activity budgets and reproductive costs in a group of female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus). 1991.

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