Relevant bibliographies by topics / Costs of reproduction

Academic literature on the topic 'Costs of reproduction'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Costs of reproduction"

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Persson, Jens. "Female wolverine (Gulo gulo) reproduction: reproductive costs and winter food availability." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 1453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-143.

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An individual has only a given amount of resources, and therefore an increase in one demographic trait results in a trade-off that necessitates a decrease in a different demographic trait. In general, the main factor determining an individual mammal's reproductive investment is food supply. This study addresses how female wolverine (Gulo gulo (L., 1758)) reproduction is limited. I tested two complementary hypotheses: (1) current reproduction is affected by the costs of reproduction in the preceding year and (2) current reproduction is affected by food availability in the current winter. I addressed the first hypothesis by comparing reproductive rates of females in relation to their reproductive effort in the preceding year. I experimentally tested the second hypothesis by comparing reproductive rates of food-supplemented females versus non-supplemented females. Reproduction incurred costs on female wolverines that affected future reproduction, and reproductive costs appeared to be related to the duration of parental care. Reproduction was higher for food-supplemented females than for non-supplemented females, even though all food-supplemented females had reproduced the preceding year. This study suggests that reproduction is limited by winter food availability and that additional food can compensate for reproductive costs. Thus, I suggest that female wolverine reproduction is determined by their condition in winter, which is a result of the combined effect of reproductive costs and winter food availability.
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Jasienska, Grazyna. "Costs of reproduction and ageing in the human female." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1811 (September 21, 2020): 20190615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0615.

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Evolutionary theories of ageing point to reproduction as a significant factor to consider when asking why ageing occurs and why there is inter-individual variation in its progression. Reproduction in human females is costly, in terms of energy, nutrients and metabolic adjustments. Thus, it is expected that women who experienced high reproductive effort resulting from multiple reproductive events will age faster. However, the evidence for long-term negative effects of reproduction is not conclusive. The lack of understanding of whether there are trade-offs between reproduction and ageing in women is partly due to methodological challenges. The costs of reproduction are often calculated based only on parity, while other elements contributing to these costs (e.g. breastfeeding, timing of reproduction) are neglected, which may significantly underestimate the total costs and obscure the all-important inter-individual variation in such costs. Costs must be evaluated in relation to individual characteristics, including developmental conditions, nutritional status and social support that a mother receives during reproduction. Furthermore, ageing and health must be assessed based on comprehensive markers rather than arbitrarily assembled variables. Finally, longitudinal rather than cross-sectional studies and new statistical approaches are needed to reveal how much of a decline in health and progressing ageing can actually be attributed to past reproductive processes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
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Cram, Dominic L., Jonathan D. Blount, and Andrew J. Young. "The oxidative costs of reproduction are group-size dependent in a wild cooperative breeder." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1819 (November 22, 2015): 20152031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2031.

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Life-history theory assumes that reproduction entails a cost, and research on cooperatively breeding societies suggests that the cooperative sharing of workloads can reduce this cost. However, the physiological mechanisms that underpin both the costs of reproduction and the benefits of cooperation remain poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that reproductive costs may arise in part from oxidative stress, as reproductive investment may elevate exposure to reactive oxygen species, compromising survival and future reproduction and accelerating senescence. However, experimental evidence of oxidative costs of reproduction in the wild remains scarce. Here, we use a clutch-removal experiment to investigate the oxidative costs of reproduction in a wild cooperatively breeding bird, the white-browed sparrow weaver, Plocepasser mahali . Our results reveal costs of reproduction that are dependent on group size: relative to individuals in groups whose eggs were experimentally removed, individuals in groups that raised offspring experienced an associated cost (elevated oxidative damage and reduced body mass), but only if they were in small groups containing fewer or no helpers. Furthermore, during nestling provisioning, individuals that provisioned at higher rates showed greater within-individual declines in body mass and antioxidant protection. Our results provide rare experimental evidence that reproduction can negatively impact both oxidative status and body mass in the wild, and suggest that these costs can be mitigated in cooperative societies by the presence of additional helpers. These findings have implications for our understanding of the energetic and oxidative costs of reproduction, and the benefits of cooperation in animal societies.
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Bleu, Josefa, Marlène Gamelon, and Bernt-Erik Sæther. "Reproductive costs in terrestrial male vertebrates: insights from bird studies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1823 (January 27, 2016): 20152600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2600.

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Reproduction requires resources that cannot be allocated to other functions resulting in direct reproductive costs (i.e. trade-offs between current reproduction and subsequent survival/reproduction). In wild vertebrates, direct reproductive costs have been widely described in females, but their occurrence in males remains to be explored. To fill this gap, we gathered 53 studies on 48 species testing direct reproductive costs in male vertebrates. We found a trade-off between current reproduction and subsequent performances in 29% of the species and in every clade. As 73% of the studied species are birds, we focused on that clade to investigate whether such trade-offs are associated with (i) levels of paternal care, (ii) polygyny or (iii) pace of life. More precisely for this third question, it is expected that fast species (i.e. short lifespan, early maturity, high fecundity) pay a cost in terms of survival, whereas slow species (with opposite characteristics) do so in terms of fecundity. Our findings tend to support this hypothesis. Finally, we pointed out the potential confounding effects that should be accounted for when investigating reproductive costs in males and strongly encourage the investigation of such costs in more clades to understand to what extent our results are relevant for other vertebrates.
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Speakman, John R. "The physiological costs of reproduction in small mammals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1490 (August 8, 2007): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2145.

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Life-history trade-offs between components of fitness arise because reproduction entails both gains and costs. Costs of reproduction can be divided into ecological and physiological costs. The latter have been rarely studied yet are probably a dominant component of the effect. A deeper understanding of life-history evolution will only come about once these physiological costs are better understood. Physiological costs may be direct or indirect. Direct costs include the energy and nutrient demands of the reproductive event, and the morphological changes that are necessary to facilitate achieving these demands. Indirect costs may be optional ‘compensatory costs’ whereby the animal chooses to reduce investment in some other aspect of its physiology to maximize the input of resource to reproduction. Such costs may be distinguished from consequential costs that are an inescapable consequence of the reproductive event. In small mammals, the direct costs of reproduction involve increased energy, protein and calcium demands during pregnancy, but most particularly during lactation. Organ remodelling is necessary to achieve the high demands of lactation and involves growth of the alimentary tract and associated organs such as the liver and pancreas. Compensatory indirect costs include reductions in thermogenesis, immune function and physical activity. Obligatory consequential costs include hyperthermia, bone loss, disruption of sleep patterns and oxidative stress. This is unlikely to be a complete list. Our knowledge of these physiological costs is currently at best described as rudimentary. For some, we do not even know whether they are compensatory or obligatory. For almost all of them, we have no idea of exact mechanisms or how these costs translate into fitness trade-offs.
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Brischoux, François, and Marion Cheron. "Osmotic ‘cost’ of reproduction in breeding male toads." Biology Letters 15, no. 11 (November 2019): 20190689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0689.

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Shifts between habitats during reproduction can induce costs that are independent of the reproductive effort and that often apply to both sexes. Such shifts can also illustrate physiological costs complementary to those involving energetic currencies. In this study, we investigated osmotic consequences of reproduction in a context where reproduction induces a shift from terrestrial habitats to freshwater environments. During reproduction, toads migrate to breeding ponds where males remain for several weeks, while females leave shortly after egg-laying. We assessed plasma osmolality of male spined toads during the whole reproductive period (approx. 30 days) in conjunction with markers of individual condition. We found that osmolality decreases during the protracted period of immersion in freshwater during reproduction, presumably through water influx as indicated by body mass changes. Hormonal markers of metabolism and sexual activity were positively correlated with osmolality. Recent research has highlighted hydric ‘costs’ of reproduction when access to water is limited. Our study adds to this growing field of investigation, yet with an opposite perspective, where water availability linked to reproduction provokes hyperhydration rather than dehydration.
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Moger-Reischer, Roy Z., Elizabeth V. Snider, Kelsey L. McKenzie, and Jay T. Lennon. "Low costs of adaptation to dietary restriction." Biology Letters 16, no. 3 (March 2020): 20200008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0008.

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Dietary restriction (DR) is the most successful and widespread means of extending organismal lifespan. However, the evolutionary basis of life extension under DR remains uncertain. The traditional evolutionary explanation is that when organisms experience DR, they allocate endogenous resources to survival and postpone reproduction until conditions improve. However, this life-extension strategy should be maladaptive if DR continues for multiple generations due to trade-offs between longevity and reproduction. To test this prediction, we subjected the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to 1800 generations of evolution on restricted versus non-restricted diets. Adaptation to a non-restricted diet improved reproductive fitness by 57%, but provided a much smaller (14%) advantage on a restricted diet. By contrast, adaptation to DR resulted in an approximately 35% increase in reproductive fitness on both restricted and non-restricted diets. Importantly, the life-extending effect of DR did not decrease following long-term evolution on the restricted diet. Thus, contrary to theoretical expectations, we found no evidence that the life-extending DR response became maladaptive during multigenerational DR. Together, our results suggest that the DR response has a low cost and that this phenomenon may have evolved as part of a generalist strategy that extends beyond the benefits of postponing reproduction.
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Tatar, Marc, and Daniel E. L. Promislow. "Fitness Costs of Female Reproduction." Evolution 51, no. 4 (August 1997): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2411062.

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Partridge, Linda, and Paul H. Harvey. "Evolutionary biology: Costs of reproduction." Nature 316, no. 6023 (July 1985): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/316020a0.

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Tatar, Marc, and Daniel E. L. Promislow. "FITNESS COSTS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTION." Evolution 51, no. 4 (August 1997): 1323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03980.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Costs of reproduction"

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Greeff, Michael. "Costs and benefits of sexual reproduction." kostenfrei, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/view/eth:29704.

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Chapman, Tracey. "Costs of reproduction in female Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13364.

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The experiments presented in this thesis investigated the mechanisms of costs of reproduction in female Drosophila melanogaster. There was no evidence to support the existence of seminal feeding, as remating was not more beneficial for females when they were nutritionally stressed. Continual exposure to males did not lead to an increase in female reproductivy success, suggesting that females were not maximising their reproductive output by frequent rematings. Females that remated often suffered a cost of mating, as a decrease in lifespan and reproductive success. The results also suggested that nutrition itself did not affect remating frequency, and that either the rate of egg-laying or the number of sperm in store accounted for differences in remating probability. Females exposed to males that could not transfer sperm also suffered a cost of mating, suggesting that sperm was not costly; so the cost of mating is probably due to mating itself or the transfer of disease, parasites or accessory fluid. One of the accessory fluid sub-components, the sex peptide (SP), has previously been shown to cause an increase in fecundity and a decrease in female sexual receptivity following transfer at mating; it was therefore a candidate for contributing to a cost of receiving accessory fluid. However, whilst the injection of male accessory gland extract into females significantly reduced female lifespan and lifetime reproductive success, there was no evidence to suggest that the SP contributed to this cost. Several experiments explored the possibility of a correlation between the rate of sterile egg-laying and SP-usage in virgin females, as would be predicted if there were receptors for the SP on the ovary, or some other site controlling oviposition rate. There was no evidence to suggest that this was the case. The correlation between the rate of fertile egg-laying and receptivity previously reported for mated females may therefore be an effect of sperm-depletion rates or some other consequence of mating and not of egg-laying per se.
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Tempest, Louisa-Jayne. "Parasites and the costs of reproduction in Soay sheep." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.720356.

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Proaktor, Gil. "Costs of reproduction invertebrates : an ecological and evolutionary approach." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444064.

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Prowse, Nicholas Brian. "The evolution of life histories in Drosophila melanogaster : costs of reproduction and responses to artificial selection on age at reproduction." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266207.

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Archer, Catharine Ruth. "Food, sex and death : costs of reproduction and the mechanistic basis of ageing." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3568.

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Ageing is the progressive decline in physiological performance with age, which is almost universal amongst multicellular organisms. While understanding ageing is an important aim in biological research, our current understanding of how and why we age is incomplete. In this thesis, I examine how sexual selection affects the evolution and mechanistic basis of ageing. I then explore how diet affects lifespan and reproduction in either sex. Finally, I test the hypotheses that oxidative stress, which occurs when cellular levels of Reactive Oxygen Species exceed circulating antioxidant defences causes ageing (i.e. the free radical theory of ageing) and/or constrains life-history strategies. To ask these questions, I employ quantitative genetics in decorated crickets Gryllodes sigillatus to examine the genetic co(variance) of ageing, lifespan, reproductive effort, oxidative damage and antioxidant protection. In the Australian field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus, I apply the geometric framework of nutrition to examine how lifespan, reproductive effort, oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity respond to dietary manipulation. In G. sigillatus, I found that sexual selection caused divergent strategies of age-dependent reproductive effort across the sexes and that this, in turn, promoted different rates of ageing in males and females. I found a trade-off between early reproductive effort and ageing rate in both sexes, although this trade-off was more pronounced in females (Chapter 3). I then explored the mechanistic basis of these sex-specific life-history strategies and, in support of the free radical theory of ageing, I found that oxidative damage was greatest in the shortest lived sex (females) and was negatively genetically correlated with lifespan. Additionally, oxidative damage was a cost of female reproductive effort that accelerated ageing, showing that oxidative stress may mediate sex-specific life-history strategies in decorated crickets (Chapter 4). If sexual selection affects reproduction and lifespan it should promote sex-specific life-history responses to dietary manipulation. In Australian black field crickets Teleogryllus commodus, I found that males and females have distinct dietary optima for lifespan and reproductive effort and that diet mediated a trade-off between these traits. I found that mating affected responses to dietary manipulation and caused sexual dimorphism in dietary intake under choice (Chapter 5). However, oxidative stress did not explain these life-history responses to dietary manipulation across the sexes (Chapter 6): although oxidative damage was greatest in the shortest lived sex (i.e. females), diets that extended lifespan did not reduce oxidative damage. My thesis illustrates the importance of considering sexual selection when considering the evolution and mechanistic basis of ageing. It offers equivocal support for the free radical theory of ageing but shows that oxidative stress may help underpin sex-specific life-history strategies. However, my results highlight that unravelling the relationship between oxidative stress and life-history strategies across the sexes will be a very difficult task.
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Blount, Jonathan David. "Carotenoids and the costs of reproduction : studies on the lesser black-backed gull." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394825.

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Ibler, Benjamin [Verfasser]. "Costs of reproduction : a demographical approach to examine life-history trade-offs / Benjamin Ibler." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1141825023/34.

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Coste, Christophe. "The costs of reproduction in evolutionary demography : an application of Multitrait Population Projection Matrix models." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC259/document.

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Les coûts de la reproduction sont un compromis biologique (trade-off ) fondamental en théorie des histoires de vie. Par ce compromis, le succès, pour un organisme, d’un évènement de reproduction réduit sa survie et sa fertilité futures. Pour les écologues, ce trade-off correspond principalement à un compromis physiologique résultant d’un processus d’allocation ayant lieu à chaque instant et au niveau de chaque individu. Au contraire, en démographie évolutive, il est envisagé comme un trade-off génétique découlant du polymorphisme génotypique d’un gène pléiotropique agissant de manière antagoniste sur la reproduction aux jeunes âges et la fitness aux âges élevés. L’étude des mécanismes des coûts de la reproduction, physiologiques et génétiques, de leur possible cohabitation et de leur effets relatifs, croisés et conjoints est le sujet de cette thèse. Un examen attentif de la définition originelle des coûts de la reproduction par Williams (1966), nous permet de construire un modèle théorique des coûts physiologiques intégrant leurs aspects mécaniques et évolutifs. Cette construction nous permet d’induire l’intensité des coûts de la reproduction selon la position d’un organisme sur trois continuums d’histoire de vie: "slow-fast", "income-capital breeders" et "quantity-quality".A partir de la décomposition, par Stearns (1989b), de l’architecture des contraintes d’histoire de vie en trois parties – le niveau génotypique, la structure intermédiaire et le niveau phénotypique – nous étendons notre modèle conceptuel pour y intégrer à la fois des trade-offs physiologiques et génétiques. Cela nous permet d’inférer les effets de l’environnement, de sa variance et de la stochasticité individuelle sur la détectabilité de chaque famille de coûts. La différence entre coûts physiologiques et génétiques se retrouve également dans leur modélisation mathématique. Il est donc nécessaire de développer de nouveaux modèles permettant d’incorporer coûts physiologiques et génétiques. Nous proposons ensuite une méthode vectorielle de construction d’un tel type de modèle, que nous appelons Matrice de Projection de Population Multitrait (MPPM). Ce dernier peut implémenter chaque type de coût en l’intégrant dans la matrice en tant que trait. Nous étendons ensuite aux MPPMs les techniques d’analyse de sensibilité, standards en démographie évolutive, des modèles à un trait aux MPPMs. Surtout, nous décrivons un nouvel outil d’analyse, pertinent en théorie des histoires de vie et en démographie évolutive: la Trait Level Analysis. Elle consiste à comparer des modèles qui partagent les mêmes propriétés asymptotiques. Ceci est rendu possible par le repliement d’une MPPM selon certains traits, une opération qui réduit le nombre de traits du modèle en moyennant ses transitions selon les abondances ergodiques relatives. Ainsi, la Trait Level Analysis permet de mesurer l’importance évolutive des coûts de la reproduction en comparant des modèles implémentant ces coûts, avec des versions ergodiquement équivalentes de ces modèles mais repliées selon les traits supportant les compromis. Nous utilisons des méthodes, classiques et nouvelles, de calculs des moments de la fitness – gradient de sélection, variance du succès reproducteur, variance environnementale – que nous appliquons aux modèles avec coûts et sans coûts afin de mesurer leurs effets démographiques et évolutifs. Nous présentons les effets conjoints des coûts physiologiques et génétiques sur la distribution par âge des taux vitaux d’une population. Nous montrons également comment les coûts physiologiques influencent les deux composants de la sélection efficace, en aplatissant le gradient de sélection d’un côté et en accroissant la taille efficace de la population de l’autre. Enfin, nous démontrons comment l’effet tampon des coûts sur les variances environnementales et démographiques améliore la résilience d’une population soumise aux coûts physiologiques de la reproduction
Costs of reproduction are pervasive in life history theory. Through this constraint, the reproductive effort of an organism at a given time negatively affects its later survival and fertility. For life historians, they correspond mostly to a physiological trade-off that stems from an allocative process, occurring at each time-step, at the level of the individual. For evolutionary demographers, they are essentially about genetic trade-offs, arising from a genetic variance in a pleiotropic gene acting antagonistically on early-age and late-age fitness components. The study, from an evolutionary demographic standpoint, of these mechanisms and of the relative, cross and joint effects of physiological and genetic costs, is the aim of this thesis. The close examination of Williams (1966)’s original definition of the physiological costs of reproduction led us to produce a theoretical design of their apparatus that accounts for both their mechanistic and evolutionary mechanisms. This design allowed us to make predictions with regards to the strength of costs of reproduction for various positions of organisms on three life-history spectra: slow-fast, income-capital breeders and quality-quantity. From Stearns (1989b)’s tryptic architecture of life history trade-offs –that divides their structure into the genotypic level, the intermediate structure and the phenotypic level – we devised a general framework, which models the possible cohabitation of both physiological and genetic costs. From this, we inferred differing detectability patterns of both types of costs according to the environmental conditions, their variance and individual stochasticity. We could also establish that both costs buffer environmental variations, but with varying time windows of effect. Their dissimilarity emerges also from the differences between mathematical projection models specific to each cost. A new family of evolutionary models is therefore required to implement both physiological and genetic trade-offs. We then describe the vector-based construction method for such a model which we call Multitrait Population Projection Matrix (MPPM) and which allows incorporating both types of costs by embedding them as traits into the matrix. We extend the classical sensitivity analysis techniques of evolutionary demography to MPPMs. Most importantly, we present a new analysis tool for both life history and evolutionary demography: the Trait Level Analysis. It consists in comparing pairs of models that share the same asymptotic properties. Such ergodic equivalent matrices are produced by folding, an operation that consists in reducing the number of traits of a multi-trait model, by averaging transitions for the traits folded upon, whilst still preserving the asymptotic flows. The Trait Level Analysis therefore allows, for example, to measure the evolutionary importance of costs of reproduction by comparing models incorporating them with folded versions of these models from which the costs are absent. Using classical and new methods to compute fitness moments – selection gradient, variance in reproductive success, environmental variance - in models with and without the costs, we can show their effects on various demographic and evolutionary measures. We reveal, in this way, the combined effects of genetic and physiological costs on the vital rates of an age-structured population. We also demonstrate how physiological costs affect both components of effective selection, as they flatten the slope of selection gradients and increase the effective size of a population. Finally, we show how their buffering of environmental and demographic variance confer greater resilience to populations experiencing physiological costs of reproduction
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Andersson, Måns S. "Physiological trade-offs in reproduction and condition dependence of a secondary sexual trait." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Evolutionary Biology, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-1407.

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This thesis examines parental condition, how it is traded off against reproduction and how it is displayed in a secondary sexual trait. The studies were performed on nest-box breeding collared flycatchers Ficedula albicollis on the island of Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. Early breeding and high fitness were found to be associated with high levels of glycosylated haemoglobin possibly governed by migratory exertion and infectious disease. In order to test if immune function is expressed in secondary sexual traits and how it is traded off against reproductive effort a series of experiments were performed, in which birds were challenged with an antigen, via a vaccine containing neutralised paramyxovirus. The forehead patch of the male collared flycatcher serves as a badge of status and is under sexual selection. Good condition, as reflected in strong immune response and low levels of blood parasites was found to be associated with bigger patch size. Patch size was also found to vary in size within the same breeding season in a pattern predictable from immune response data. Immune response, in itself, was found to be costly in terms of reduced survival, confirming that trade-offs involving suppression of immune response may increase fitness. Mating effort was found to be traded off against immune function and moult. Experimental brood size manipulations revealed a trade-off females between number of offspring and immune function. Thus I suggest a set of parameters useful for condition estimation. I also show that immune response is costly and, second, that pathogen resistance probably plays an important role in the shaping of secondary sexual traits and life-history decisions.

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Books on the topic "Costs of reproduction"

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Rannan-Eliya, Ravindra P. Expenditure for reproductive health services in Egypt and Sri Lanka. Colombo: Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, Health Policy Programme, 2000.

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Mok, Mario Chen. Migrantes nicaragüenses en Costa Rica 2000: Volumen, características y salud reproductiva. San José: Programa Centroamericano de Población, Escuela de Estadística, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2000.

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Cain, Michael D. A low-cost technique for increasing pine volume production in mixed pine-hardwood stands. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1988.

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Cain, Michael D. A low-cost technique for increasing pine volume production in mixed pine-hardwood stands. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1988.

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Cain, Michael D. A low-cost technique for increasing pine volume production in mixed pine-hardwood stands. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1988.

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Cain, Michael D. A low-cost technique for increasing pine volume production in mixed pine-hardwood stands. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1988.

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The social costs of genetic welfare. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 1991.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Elimination of library reproduction reporting requirement: Report (to accompany H.R. 1612) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Elimination of library reproduction reporting requirement: Report (to accompany H.R. 1612) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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McElligott, Alan G. Fighting, vocal activity, annual mating success and lifetime mating success of Fallow bucks (Dama dama L.): Short-term investment and long-term cost. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Costs of reproduction"

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Lummaa, Virpi. "Costs and Consequences of Reproduction." In Homo Novus – A Human Without Illusions, 111–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12142-5_9.

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Jasienska, Grazyna. "Costs of Reproduction, Health, and Life Span in Women." In The Arc of Life, 159–76. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-4038-7_10.

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Hoffman, Christy L., and Dario Maestripieri. "Costs of Reproduction Among Rhesus Macaque Females on Cayo Santiago." In Bones, Genetics, and Behavior of Rhesus Macaques, 209–26. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1046-1_10.

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Török, János, and Lászlô Toth. "Costs and Benefits of Reproduction of the Collared Flycatcher, Ficedula Albicolis." In Population Biology of Passerine Birds, 307–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75110-3_26.

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Boehlert, George W., Muneharu Kusakari, and Juro Yamada. "Oxygen consumption of gestating female Sebastes schlegeli: estimating the reproductive costs of livebearing." In Rockfishes of the genus Sebastes: Their reproduction and early life history, 81–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3792-8_9.

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Ergon, Torbjørn, Nigel G. Yoccoz, and James D. Nichols. "Estimating Latent Time of Maturation and Survival Costs of Reproduction in Continuous Time from Capture–Recapture Data." In Modeling Demographic Processes In Marked Populations, 173–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78151-8_8.

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Gustafsson, L., D. Nordling, M. S. Andersson, B. C. Sheldon, and A. Qvarnström. "Infectious diseases, reproductive effort and the cost of reproduction in birds." In Infection, Polymorphism and Evolution, 53–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0077-6_6.

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Okuma, Kazuhiro. "Formalizing Triple Reproductions and Environmental Costs." In The Evolving Relationship between Economy and Environment, 37–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4100-6_4.

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Rademacher, Kate H., Heather L. Vahdat, Laneta Dorflinger, Derek H. Owen, and Markus J. Steiner. "Global Introduction of a Low-Cost Contraceptive Implant." In Critical Issues in Reproductive Health, 285–306. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6722-5_14.

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Honor, Richard, and Robert I. Colautti. "EICA 2.0: a general model of enemy release and defence in plant and animal invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 192–207. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0192.

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Abstract Plants and animals have evolved a variety of strategies to limit the negative fitness consequences of natural enemies (i.e. herbivores, predators, parasites and pathogens). Demographic bottlenecks occurring during the invasion process reduce the number of co-introduced natural enemies, providing opportunities to study rapid evolution in environments with different or reduced enemy loads. Enemy release theory provides a set of hypotheses and predictions about the role of natural enemies in the proliferation of invasive species. This body of theory includes the Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) and the related Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypothesis (EICA), but there is often confusion about these hypotheses and the data needed to test them. We introduce a simple, general model of enemy release to identify and clarify some of the key assumptions and predictions implicit in enemy release theory and its impacts on invasion. Although introduced populations likely benefit from a reduction in the direct fitness impacts of natural enemies in the early stages of invasion, an evolutionary shift in resource allocation from defence to growth and reproduction is much less likely and depends on a delicate balance between the fitness costs and benefits of defence and the fitness impacts of natural enemies in both the native and introduced ranges. Even when the abundance of natural enemies is lower in the introduced range, the majority of scenarios do not favour evolution of less defended genotypes that are more competitive or more fecund, contrary to predictions of EICA. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that the level of damage by natural enemies in field surveys is not generally a good parameter for testing enemy release theory. Instead, common garden experiments characterizing fitness reaction norms of multiple genotypes from the native and introduced range are crucial to estimate the historic rate of adaptive evolution or predict it into the future. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation and methods from population genetics can further improve our understanding of the role of enemy release and evolution in the proliferation of invasive species.
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Conference papers on the topic "Costs of reproduction"

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Ivanova, Anna, and A. Tretyakov. "PROBLEMS OF SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF INNOVATIONS WITH A DELAYED EFFECT IN THE FOREST COMPLEX." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_412-420.

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The work is aimed at solving one of the most important fundamental and topical interdisciplinary scientific problems of the Russian Federation – the need for scientific substantiation of optimal options for the functioning of state policy in the field of use, protection, protection and reproduction of forests in the Russian Federation through economic mechanisms aimed at effective management of the forest sector of the economy and increasing gross domestic product in the forestry sector based on market demand for products. Hence, there is a special interest in the processes of the spatio-temporal dissemination of innovations for the country’s forestry complex, especially which are the guarantor and basis of intensive forestry, but due to the specifics of my reproduction, I have a deferred economic effect relative to similar innovative products obtained with the help of basic technologies. The paper provides an analytical review of the rate of diffusion of innovations in the sectors of the forestry complex based on the analysis of reliable and objective indicators, in accordance with which it was concluded that the rate of spread of innovative forestry products in time and space is extremely low. It has been established that one of the factors preventing the diffusion of innovative forestry products is the high cost of their creation and the uncertainty of the result obtained. It has been established that the high capital costs of creating an innovative product for commercial use must be compared with biological advantages: growth rate, resistance to diseases and pests, productivity.
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Husung, Stephan, Antje Siegel, and Christian Weber. "Acoustical Investigations in Virtual Environments for a Car Passing Application." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34936.

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Product development is dominated by reducing time and costs, which is often contradictory to the required high quality of product properties. Therefore, the demand for efficient tools, which support the product development process, is rising. Virtual Reality (VR) can be used as such a tool. The interactive presentation of simulation results using (extended) VR technologies is very helpful — especially if both the simulation tools and the VR presentation are multimodal. Due to the increasing importance of acoustics and the expectation of an improving presence in VR environments the sense of perception should be extended. For this a special audio-visual VR-system and audio-visual models are necessary. For the current investigations a spatial, interactive auralisation-system is used. The main focus of the paper lies on the state dependent reproduction of the acoustical behavior using a real-time capable, network-based sound-server. The developed methods are explained in the paper by an automotive example.
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Schro¨der, N., G. Drensky, and S. Florjancic. "Alstom Post-Development of GT24 and GT26 Hot Gas Turbine Parts Reconditioning." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59233.

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Reconditioning of hot gas turbine parts is driven mainly by lifetime and performance requirements. Commonly, the first approach in reconditioning is to achieve an exact reproduction of a new manufactured part, by following new part specifications. However, this may prove to be too costly and unnecessary. The unique OEM experience, allows ALSTOM to widen these specifications in order to optimize repair costs, improve throughput time and possibly reduce parts scrap rate without sacrificing lifetime and performance. This post-development is based on MI calculations re-calibrated and reinsured by extensive empirical field feedback and performance statistics over the whole GT fleet with millions of operating hours. This paper presents an overview of the required area of the OEM’s expertise and field data within post development, substantiated by examples from daily operations. The work is performed in order to ensure safe remaining part lifetime along with full functionality and known performance impact. Parameters influencing the remaining part lifetime are micro-structural degradation, crack allowances, coating properties and minimum wall thicknesses, while, parameters influencing performance are airflow specifications, radial clearances, sealing design and surface roughness. Furthermore, different manufacturing techniques and new technologies get investigated and then implemented whenever there is an opportunity to optimize process cost effectiveness and reach higher quality standards. This is done in order to ensure that the company retains its competitive edge over other reconditioning companies. As the complexity of components varies, the unique knowledge of each component allows ALSTOM to develop the most favorable reconditioning processes. This enables state-of-the-art reconditioning and repair methods to be utilized. Thus ensuring optimum throughput time, while minimizing scrap rates and maintaining performance and lifetime requirements. This unique experience and knowledge from the reconditioning processes is transferred as a benefit to the customer and also utilized in future designs, resulting in improved new part designs and optimized life cycle costs.
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Voigt, Elizabeth, Cara F. Buchanan, M. Nichole Rylander, and Pavlos Vlachos. "Blood Flow Characterization in a Perfused Collagen Vessel Bioreactor Using X-Ray Micro-PIV." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80700.

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Newly developed cancer therapies must pass through a series of increasingly complex testing regimens before obtaining FDA approval as valid treatments. The costs of these tests increase rapidly as the physiological accuracy of the platform increases, from initial proof-of-concept in static tissue cultures, to treatment of animal models, and ultimately to human clinical trials. Three-dimensional engineered blood-perfused tumor models are becoming increasingly important as intermediate platforms for the study and treatment of cancer, as they are superior to static two-dimensional cultures in their reproduction of relevant physiological conditions and are inexpensive in comparison to animal models. Because of this, the design of well-characterized adaptable in vitro vascular tumor models has become a central objective of the emerging field of tumor engineering. Characterization of the flow within three-dimensional tumor models is critical for quantifying fluid shear stress and determining its role in pivotal tumor development processes such as tumor cell angiogenesis and metastasis. Ultimately, this knowledge will provide new avenues for therapeutic modulation of the tumor microenvironment.
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Pakozdi, Csaba, Anders Östman, Bjørn C. Abrahamsen, Ole D. Økland, Tone M. Vestbøstad, Gunnar Lian, and Carl T. Stansberg. "New Combined CFD and Model Testing Technique for Identification of Wave Impact Loads on a Semisubmersible." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62643.

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A procedure is presented describing how to estimate realistic loads using combined numerical and model test data. Measured platform motions are imposed on the structure during the CFD analysis. The combination of the wave matching procedure with the imposed measured platform motion gives a very good numerical reproduction of the observed extreme event. The numerical reproduction of model test events provide all necessary information on the hydrodynamic loads for further structure analysis. This represents an improvement in industry design applications. Imposing the measured motion from regular wave model test into CFD simulation is validated by comparison of relative wave height time series. This comparison shows a very good agreement between the measured and the simulated time series. Existing model test data from irregular model test and CFD generated numerical wave are compared. A wave matching procedure has been developed, which shows very promising results with respect to reproducing critical hydrodynamic conditions observed during the model tests. This paper presents a case study how CFD can be used to enhance model test data in an efficient way to provide the critical hydrodynamic conditions for structure analysis. Comparison of the measured free surface elevation of the calibrated waves with the time series of the numerical waves, as well as the measured and simulated relative wave probes time series and the slamming load time series show that the applied numerical wave events show similar physical conditions as those observed in the model test. The effect of the platform motion on the impact force is identified by comparison of the impact force time series of the simulation with and without platform motion against model test time series. The results demonstrate that the approach provides a clear improvement compared to numerical or model testing alone. The observed steep wave events are numerically reproduced in a simplified manner, instead of trying to reproduce measured events directly. This approach significantly reduces the computational time, as well as computational costs, to an industrially acceptable level. Traditional load estimation is not able to provide such reliable detailed local load history for structural design purpose at areas exposed to wave impacts. This new procedure, where CFD simulates realistic breaking waves with coupling to measured vessel motion, offers new possibilities for the design of structures subject to risk of wave impact loading.
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Warnock, Kevin L. "Color Separation Positives in Sequence on 35mm Continuous Tone, Panchromatic Black and White Microfilm for Low Cost Archiving of Color Images." In Neugebauer Memorial Seminar on Color Reproduction, edited by Kazuo Sayanagi. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.963903.

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Brusiani, Federico, Gian Marco Bianchi, Tommaso Lucchini, and Gianluca D’Errico. "Implementation of a Finite-Element Based Mesh Motion Technique in an Open Source CFD Code." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76108.

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Nowadays, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) codes are widely used in different industrial fields. Although hardware and numerical model improvements, the mesh generation remains one of the key points for a successful CFD simulation. Mesh quality is influenced by the adopted mesh generator tool and, after all, by the designer’s experience and it becomes very important when moving meshes are required. In fact, mesh skewness, aspect ratio, and non-orthogonality have to be controlled during the deforming process since their wrong evolution could produce an unphysical behavior of the computed flow field. Mesh motion could be performed by different strategies: dynamic smoothing operation and dynamic re-meshing operation, are, today, two of the mainly used approaches. All of them can be combined to guarantee the correct reproduction of motion profile and a good mesh quality level. In this context, the authors have implemented a moving mesh methodology in the Open Source CFD code OpenFOAM®. A multiple number of meshes is used to cover the whole simulation period, and the grid point motion is accommodated by an automatic mesh motion techinque with polyhedral cell support. The Laplace equation is chosen to govern mesh motion. This guarantees that an initial valid mesh remains valid for arbitrary boundary motion. Mesh to mesh interpolation is performed by using a cell based, distance weighted interpolation technique. The proposed approach was tested on a real IC-engine geometry. In particular, the mesh quality evolution during motion, the numerical results and the computational costs were evaluated.
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Vilmin, S., E. Lorrain, and Ch Hirsch. "Application of a Nonlinear Harmonic Method to the Simulation of Clocking Effects." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59475.

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Pursuing higher levels of efficiency in turbomachines requires the capability to reproduce a fuller extent of the blade row interactions. This is especially true for the clocking phenomena, whose influence on the efficiency can be important. For instance, the efficiency variation over a set of relative positions between two successive stators could reach 1 to 2% in high pressure turbines (Huber et al, 1996, Haldeman et al, 2004). The simulation of these complex effects still relies on time-dependent methods for the reproduction of the unsteadiness and its impact onto the time-mean flow. The nonlinear harmonic method and its extension to clocking effects, as introduced by He (1998), and He and Chen (2002), can simulate the whole unsteady flow at considerably reduced CPU costs. The treatment is very powerful since it can predict the performances of a multirow component for all the clocking positions. This is done by means of harmonics that describe a spatial phase shift of the flow in a rotor or stator, due respectively to a co-rotating rotor or stator. The present paper applies this approach for the simulation of the clocking effects. This is handled by a full connection treatment, which was shown (Vilmin et al, 2006) to give a significant improvement over the mixing-plane method in the time-averaged flow estimations of the full unsteady flow across the rotor/stator interface. In a first part of the paper, implementation issues of the treatment are presented. In particular, consideration is made of the importance of the clocking effects related to the ratios between the blade numbers. In a second part, a validation pseudo-2D multirow test case is presented that demonstrate the capabilities of the method. The third part deals with the simulation of the clocking effect on the performance of a 1.5 stage turbine. CPU and cost are presented, that show the considerable efficiency of the extended harmonic method.
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Dorscheidt, Frank, Matteo Meli, Johannes Claßen, Sascha Krysmon, Stefan Pischinger, Michael Görgen, Christian Dönitz, Peter Bailly, and Martin Nijs. "Modelling of Gasoline Engine-Out Emissions Using Artificial Neural Networks." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2021-epv-080.

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"Due to ever shorter time-to-market requirements and a simultaneous increase in powertrain complexity, the challenges in the field of gasoline powertrain calibration are growing. In addition, the great variety of vehicle variants requires an increasing number of prototype vehicles for calibration and validation tasks within the framework of the current Real Driving Emissions (RDE) regulations and the expected Euro 7 emission standards. Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) approaches have been introduced successfully to support the calibration tasks in parallel to the conventional vehicle development activities. Using highly sophisticated simulation models, the HiL approach enables a more reliable compliance with the emission limits and improves the quality of calibrations, while reducing the number of required prototype vehicles, test resources and thus overall development costs. To further improve the quality, this paper presents a novel real-time simulation model that aims to predict the exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine in virtual driving cycles to support the HiL-based virtual emission calibration process. This real-time emission model is based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and can simulate the gaseous engine-out emissions during stationary operation of the engine as a function of all relevant quantitatively measurable and physically relevant influencing factors. To enable the emission simulation during real driving cycles, correction factors are added to the ANN to account for the influence of transient engine behavior on the engine-out emissions. In a first step, it is shown how 20,000 data points from engine test bench measurements are used to train the ANN. As result, a high reproduction quality is achieved, with a maximum deviation of the simulated gaseous engine raw emissions and the real vehicle measurements during driving cycle operation of 4 %. In a second step, the number of training data is reduced to demonstrate the influence of the total number of data points on the simulation accuracy. With a reduction of the number of training data points by more than 80 %, a simulation accuracy of about 4 % can be maintained."
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Dongil Han. "A cost effective color gamut mapping architecture for digital TV color reproduction enhancement." In 2005 Digest of Technical Papers. International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2005. ICCE. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce.2005.1429811.

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Reports on the topic "Costs of reproduction"

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Hennigan, Cian. Reproduction of 'Mental Health Costs of Lockdowns: Evidence from Age-Specific Curfews in Turkey'. Social Science Reproduction Platform, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48152/ssrp-n4d7-jw42.

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Hennigan, Cian. Reproduction of 'Mental Health Costs of Lockdowns: Evidence from Age-Specific Curfews in Turkey'. Social Science Reproduction Platform, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48152/ssrp-4997-hh54.

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Haddad, Joanne. Reproduction of 'Are There Too Many Farms in the World? Labor Market Transaction Costs, Machine Capacities, and Optimal Farm Size'. Social Science Reproduction Platform, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48152/ssrp-ccsf-hd16.

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Rosero-Bixby, Luis, and Tim Miller. The mathematics of the reproduction number R for Covid-19: A primer for demographers. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2022.res1.3.

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The reproduction number R is a key indicator used to monitor the dynamics of Covid-19 and to assess the effects of infection control strategies that frequently have high social and economic costs. Despite having an analog in demography’s “net reproduction rate” that has been routinely computed for a century, demographers may not be familiar with the concept and measurement of R in the context of Covid-19. This article is intended to be a primer for understanding and estimating R in demography. We show that R can be estimated as a ratio between the numbers of new cases today divided by the weighted average of cases in previous days. We present two alternative derivations for these weights based on how risks have changed over time: constant vs. exponential decay. We then provide estimates of these weights, and demonstrate their use in calculating R to trace the course of the first pandemic year in 53 countries.
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in Reproductive Health, Frontiers. Financial sustainability of reproductive health services: Understanding costs: An essential skill in reproductive health programs. Population Council, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh10.1032.

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Munguti, Nzoya, Moses Mokua, Rick Homan, and Harriet Birungi. Cost analysis of reproductive health services in PCEA Chogoria Hospital, Kenya. Population Council, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1178.

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Boateng, James, Henry Surnye, Alex Mensah, Bismark Boateng, Philomena Nyarko, Nzoya Munguti, and John Bratt. Costs of reproductive health services provided by four Christian Health Association of Ghana (CHAG) hospitals. Population Council, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1141.

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Nikolaev, N., and A. Ilyin. Cost-effectiveness of using oat pastures on the reproductive composition of horses. Ljournal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/ippologiavet-2020-5-4954rus.

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Palenque, Erica, Lizzy Montano, Ricardo Vernon, Fernando Salguero, Patricia Riveros, and John Bratt. Effects and cost of implementing a gender-sensitive reproductive health program in Bolivia. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1123.

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Leroux, Marie-Louise, Pierre Pestieau, and Gregory Ponthiere. The optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies policies. CIRANO, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/ezmm9028.

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This paper studies the optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) policies in an economy where individuals differ in their reproductive capacity (or fecundity) and in their wage. We find that the optimal ART policy varies with the postulated social welfare criterion. Utilitarianism redistributes only between individuals with unequal fecundity and wages but not between parents and childless individuals. To the opposite, ex post egalitarianism (which gives absolute priority to the worst-off in realized terms) redistributes from individuals with children toward those without children, and from individuals with high fecundity toward those with low fecundity, so as to compensate for both the monetary cost of ART and for the disutility from involuntary childlessness resulting from unsuccessful ART investments. Under asymmetric information and in order to solve for the incentive problem, utilitarianism recommends also to either tax or subsidize ART investments of low-fecundity-low productivity individuals depending on the degree of complementarity between fecundity and ART in the fertility technology. On the opposite, ex post egalitarianism always recommends marginal taxation.
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