Journal articles: 'Cost surface analysis'

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Alexander, M., K. Srihari, and C. R. Emerson. "Manufacturing Cost Analysis of Surface Mount PCB Designs." Circuit World 20, no. 2 (January 1994): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb046250.

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Wilson, Bryan T., Bradford K. Brimley, Jim Mills, Jun Zhang, Anol Mukhopadhyay, and Charles Holzschuher. "Benefit–Cost Analysis of Florida High-Friction Surface Treatments." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2550, no. 1 (January 2016): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2550-08.

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Qi, Zhen, and Enbo Wei. "Analysis of cost functions for retrieving sea surface salinity." Journal of Ocean University of China 11, no. 2 (April 29, 2012): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-012-1872-3.

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Zhou, Jing Ling, Shu Qian Wu, Guo Qing Wu, and Hao Cheng. "Surface Roughness Measurement Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 1330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.1330.

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The surface roughness is a physical quantity of micro geometry error surface material used for assessment of processed composed of peak, valley and the spacing of the. Have a great influence on the parts usage. Generally speaking, the surface roughness is small, can improve the matching quality, reduce wear, extending the service life of parts, but the processing cost of parts will increase. Commonly used assessment parameters can be divided into height parameters, spacing and shape parameters (parameter) three series. Measurement methods are commonly used surface texture tester, optical surface profiler and atomic force microscope. This paper makes a comparative analysis on the different measurement methods.

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Rianmora, Suchada, Makbul Hajad, and Viboon Tangwarodomnukun. "Wire-EDMing Parameters Investigation and Machining Cost Analysis." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 12, no. 4 (October 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.291975.

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Cost analysis of wire-EDMing operation were investigated in this study where 304 stainless steel was used as a work sample. Servo voltage, pulse on time, pulse off time, wire feed rate and wire tension were varied in the experiment to define the optimal conditions for supporting wire-EDMing process. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array was applied for designing the experiment. Machining cost, material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness were taken into consideration as the process responses. From the experiment, increasing the servo voltage, pulse off time and wire feed rate could reduce the surface roughness, whereas an increase in pulse on time and wire tension gave poor surface quality. Increasing servo voltage and pulse on time significantly affected the kerf width; comparing to other factors, they caused insignificant changes in the kerf width. Additionally, the correlation between machining cost and machining performance was analyzed and discussed in this study.

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Brahimaj, Frashër, Izet Zeqiri, Risto Dambov, and Shkurte Brahimaj. "IMPACT OF DRILLING ANGLE ON BLASTING COSTS IN SURFACE WORKS." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 37, no. 4 (2022): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2022.4.6.

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The removal of rock masses or their use with surface exploitation requires that this work be done at the lowest possible cost. The reduction of operating costs is done by analyzing each work action, working method, and the possibility of changing them, to have an impact on reducing costs. The drilling angle is one of the most important factors during surface exploitation by blasting. By changing the drilling angle, we achieve a reduction of the total drilling length, to have a reduction of the amount of explosives and other changes during the blasting process which do not greatly affect the cost of blasting. Determining the impact of drilling angle on the cost of blasting is determined by analytical methods and by comparing the results of applied drilling angle methods. During the analytical analysis of the blasting data and the comparison of their results, which was performed to determine the change in the cost of blasting depending on the drilling angle, and it concluded that for the removal of 200000 (m3) rock material, 356167.98 (€) can be saved, by applying the 90° angle drilling method. This change of drilling angle from the projected angle of 63° to the angle of drilling 90°, reduces the total cost of blastings by about 10.69 (%).

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Huriot, J. M., T. E. Smith, and J.-F. Thisse. "Minimum-Cost Distances in Spatial Analysis." Geographical Analysis 21, no. 4 (September 3, 2010): 294–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1989.tb00898.x.

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Diaz-Nieto, J., D. N. Lerner, and A. J. Saul. "Least-Cost Path Analysis to Identify Retrofit Surface-Water Conveyance Solutions." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 21, no. 3 (March 2016): 04015071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001315.

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Lai, J. Y., and L. H. Ngu. "Comparative laboratory cost analysis of various activated carbon activation process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1195, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1195/1/012018.

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Abstract Activated carbon (AC) is an established adsorbent for organic pollutants reduction, metal removal, and liquid and gas adsorption. Cost analysis corresponds to determining the best approach for AC production depending on activation techniques with different degrees of activation is still minimal in literature. A cost estimation of AC production in laboratory scale using different conventional activation and post-activation surface modification process is performed in this study. This study attempts to develop a cost-friendly selection of activation process from laboratory scale prices. Chemicals and utility costs were acquired from vendor quotes (i.e., Sigma-Aldrich and Fisher Scientific) and Sarawak industrial electricity tariffs based on 100 g production. Oil palm-based ACs produced from five different activation or surface modification methods were compared to ascertain the least expensive production approach in terms of estimated production cost. Of the five methods investigated, method that quoted the least expensive production cost is chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) with minimum estimated cost of $7.30 whereas the most expensive production cost involves surface modification by polyethyleneimine (PEI) impregnation with cost of $873.00. Therefore, the estimated production cost for KOH activation is the minimum at $0.073 g−1 while the maximum is $8.73 g−1 for PEI impregnation.

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GHERARDI, ALESSANDRO, and ALESSANDRO BEVILACQUA. "A CAPACITIVE IMAGE ANALYSIS SYSTEM TO CHARACTERIZE THE SKIN SURFACE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 20, no. 12 (December 2009): 2027–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183109014904.

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The assessment of the skin surface is of a great importance in the dermocosmetic field to evaluate the response of individuals to medical or cosmetic treatments. In vivo quantitative measurements of changes in skin topographic structures provide a valuable tool, thanks to noninvasive devices. However, the high cost of the systems commonly employed is limiting, in practice, the widespread use of these devices for a routine-based approach. In this work we resume the research activity carried out to develop a compact low-cost system for skin surface assessment based on capacitive image analysis. The accuracy of the capacitive measurements has been assessed by implementing an image fusion algorithm to enable a comparison between capacitive images and the ones obtained using high-cost profilometry, the most accurate method in the field. In particular, very encouraging results have been achieved in the measurement of the wrinkles' width. On the other hand, experiments show all the native design limitations of the capacitive device, primarily conceived to work with fingerprints, to measure the wrinkles' depth, which point toward a specific re-designing of the capacitive device.

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Decorla-Souza, Patrick, Harry Cohen, Dan Haling, and James Hunt. "Using STEAM for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Transportation Alternatives." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1649, no. 1 (January 1998): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1649-08.

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The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act emphasizes assessment of multimodal alternatives and demand management strategies. This emphasis has increased the need for planners to provide good comparative information to decision makers with regard to proposed alternative transportation solutions. Benefit-cost analysis is a useful tool to compare the economic worth of alternatives and evaluate tradeoffs between economic benefits and nonmonetizable social and environmental impacts. FHWA has developed a new tool for benefit-cost analysis called the Surface Transportation Efficiency Analysis Model (STEAM). The software is based on the principles of economic analysis and allows development of monetized impact estimates for a wide range of transportation investments and policies, including major capital projects, pricing, and travel demand management. Impact measures are monetized to the extent feasible, and quantitative estimates of natural resource usage (e.g., energy consumption) and environmental impact (e.g., pollutant emissions) are also provided. Decision makers can then use net monetary benefits (or costs) of alternatives as computed by STEAM to evaluate tradeoffs against nonmonetizable impacts. The software was applied in evaluation of corridor alternatives for the Central Freeway corridor in the hypothetical urban area of Any City, U.S.A.

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Cebesoy, Tibet. "Surface mining equipment cost analysis with a developed linear break even model." International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment 11, no. 2 (January 1997): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09208119708944060.

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Spring, Adam P., and Caradoc Peters. "Developing a low cost 3D imaging solution for inscribed stone surface analysis." Journal of Archaeological Science 52 (December 2014): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.017.

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Gonzales, Emily K., and Sarah E. Gergel. "Testing assumptions of cost surface analysis—a tool for invasive species management." Landscape Ecology 22, no. 8 (July 24, 2007): 1155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9106-6.

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Chatterjee, Anik. "Cost and Quality Analysis of Bio-Deposited Recycled Aggregates Concrete." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 3519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45790.

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Abstract: Internationally, the utilization of concrete particularly high-strength concrete has been increasing day-by-day due to rapid industrialization and infrastructural developments. An enormous quantity of natural coarse aggregate is required for making concrete to meet the huge demand. Construction activities mainly depend on natural resources as a source of raw materials, leading to ecological imbalance & the natural resources of coarse aggregate are depleting rapidly all over the world and urgently need to be conserved. On the other hand, millions of tonnes of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes are being generated from different sources. So far the disposal of these huge quantity of (C&D) waste is posing a big problem to the local administration & environment. In this study, recycled aggregates were collected from a 20-30 year old demolished building at the university and recycled into fractions of 1.20 mm~2.45mm and 10 mm~20 mm and replaced for both fine aggregates and coarse aggregates. In this study, by surface treatments on coarse fractions of recycled aggregates were treated by microbes, and the properties of the RAC were studied with the combination of both surface-treated recycled coarse aggregates and un-treated recycled fine aggregates.

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王, 超. "Analysis of Production Cost of Surface Mine Based on Quadratic Polynomial Curve Model." Advances in Applied Mathematics 09, no. 09 (2020): 1572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/aam.2020.99185.

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Sturm, Joseph, Mashrur Chowdhury, Anne Dunning, and Jennifer Ogle. "Analysis of cost estimation disclosure in environmental impact statements for surface transportation projects." Transportation 38, no. 3 (December 28, 2010): 525–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11116-010-9313-x.

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Driels, M. R., and J. S. Klegka. "Cost and performance analysis of printed circuit board manufacture using surface mount devices." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 4, no. 1 (February 1989): 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02601511.

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BAL, GUILLAUME, and KUI REN. "RECONSTRUCTION OF SINGULAR SURFACES BY SHAPE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND LEVEL SET METHOD." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 16, no. 08 (August 2006): 1347–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021820250600156x.

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We consider the reconstruction of singular surfaces from the over-determined boundary conditions of an elliptic problem. The problem arises in optical and impedance tomography, where void-like structure or cracks may be modeled as diffusion processes supported on co-dimension one surfaces. The reconstruction of such surfaces is obtained theoretically and numerically by combining a shape sensitivity analysis with a level set method. The shape sensitivity analysis is used to define a velocity field, which allows us to update the surface while decreasing a given cost function, which quantifies the error between the prediction of the forward model and the measured data. The velocity field depends on the geometry of the surface and the tangential diffusion process supported on it. The latter process is assumed to be known in this paper. The level set method is next applied to evolve the surface in the direction of the velocity field. Numerical simulations show how the surface may be reconstructed from noisy estimates of the full, or local, Neumann-to-Dirichlet map.

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Andrades, Ignacio Sánchez, Juan J. Castillo Aguilar, Juan M. Velasco García, Juan A. Cabrera Carrillo, and Miguel Sánchez Lozano. "Low-Cost Road-Surface Classification System Based on Self-Organizing Maps." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 6009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216009.

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Expanding the performance and autonomous-decision capability of driver-assistance systems is critical in today’s automotive engineering industry to help drivers and reduce accident incidence. It is essential to provide vehicles with the necessary perception systems, but without creating a prohibitively expensive product. In this area, the continuous and precise estimation of a road surface on which a vehicle moves is vital for many systems. This paper proposes a low-cost approach to solve this issue. The developed algorithm resorts to analysis of vibrations generated by the tyre-rolling movement to classify road surfaces, which allows for optimizing vehicular-safety-system performance. The signal is analyzed by means of machine-learning techniques, and the classification and estimation of the surface are carried out with the use of a self-organizing-map (SOM) algorithm. Real recordings of the vibration produced by tyre rolling on six different types of surface were used to generate the model. The efficiency of the proposed model (88.54%) and its speed of execution were compared with those of other classifiers in order to evaluate its performance.

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Kucharczyková, Barbara, Dalibor Kocáb, Petr Daněk, and Ivailo Terzijski. "Cost-Effective High-Performance Concrete: Experimental Analysis on Shrinkage." Materials 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172730.

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This paper focuses on the experimental determination of the shrinkage process in Self-Compacting High-Performance Concrete (SCC HPC) exposed to dry air and autogenous conditions. Special molds with dimensions of 100 mm × 60 mm × 1000 mm and 50 mm × 50 mm × 300 mm equipped with one movable head are used for the measurement. The main aim of this study is to compare the shrinkage curves of SCC HPC, which were obtained by using different measurement devices and for specimens of different sizes. In addition, two different times t0 are considered for the data evaluation to investigate the influence of this factor on the absolute value of shrinkage. In the first case, t0 is the time of the start of measurement, in the second case, t0 is the setting time. The early-shrinkage (48 h) is continuously measured using inductive sensors leant against the movable head and with strain gauges embedded inside the test specimen. To monitor the long term shrinkage, the specimens are equipped with special markers, embedded into the specimens’ upper surface or ends. These markers serve as measurement bases for the measurement using mechanical strain gauges. The test specimens are demolded after 48 h and the long term shrinkage is monitored using the embedded strain gauges (inside the specimens) and mechanical strain gauges that are placed, in regular intervals, onto the markers embedded into the specimens’ surface or ends. The results show that both types of measurement equipment give a similar result in the case of early age measurement, especially for the specimens cured under autogenous conditions. However, the early age and especially long term measurement are influenced by the position of the measurement sensors, particularly in the case of specimens cured under dry air conditions. It was proven that the time t0 have a fundamental influence on the final values of the shrinkage of investigated SCC HPC and have a significant impact on the conclusions on the size effect.

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Ma, Tao, Xiaoxia Chen, Qing Peng, Pengfei Zhang, and Yonghong He. "Surface functionalization of SPR chip for specific molecular interaction analysis under flow condition." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 10, no. 02 (March 2017): 1650040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545816500401.

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Surface functionalization of sensor chip for probe immobilization is crucial for the biosensing applications of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. In this paper, we report a method circulating the dopamine aqueous solution to coat polydopamine film on sensing surface for surface functionalization of SPR chip. The polydopamine film with available thickness can be easily prepared by controlling the circulation time and the biorecognition elements can be immobilized on the polydopamine film for specific molecular interaction analysis. These operations are all performed under flow condition in the fluidic system, and have the advantages of easy implementation, less time consuming, and low cost, because the reagents and devices used in the operations are routinely applied in most laboratories. In this study, the specific absorption between the protein A probe immobilized on the sensing surface and human immunoglobulin G in the buffer is monitored based on this surface functionalization strategy to demonstrated its feasibility for SPR biosensing applications.

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Aydin, Elif Burcu, Muhammet Aydin, and Mustafa Kemal Sezginturk. "Biosensors in Drug Discovery and Drug Analysis." Current Analytical Chemistry 15, no. 4 (July 3, 2019): 467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411014666180912131811.

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Background: The determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and human biologic fluids is important for pharmaceutical and medical sciences. Successful analysis requires low sensitivity, high selectivity and minimum interference effects. Current analytical methods can detect drugs at very low levels but these methods require long sample preparation steps, extraction prior to analysis, highly trained technical staff and high-cost instruments. Biosensors offer several advantages such as short analysis time, high sensitivity, real-time analysis, low-cost instruments, and short pretreatment steps over traditional techniques. Biosensors allow quantification not only of the active component in pharmaceutical formulations, but also the degradation products and metabolites in biological fluids. The present review gives comprehensive information on the application of biosensors for drug discovery and analysis. Moreover, this review focuses on the fabrication of these biosensors. Methods: Biosensors can be classified as the utilized bioreceptor and the signal transduction mechanism. The classification based on signal transductions includes electrochemical optical, thermal or acoustic. Electrochemical and optic transducers are mostly utilized transducers used for drug analysis. There are many biological recognition elements, such as enzymes, antibodies, cells that have been used in fabricating of biosensors. Aptamers and antibodies are the most widely used recognition elements for the screening of the drugs. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have several advantages such as low detection limits, a wide linear response range, good stability and reproducibility. Optical biosensors have several advantages such as direct, real-time and label-free detection of many biological and chemical substances, high specificity, sensitivity, small size and low cost. Modified electrodes enhance sensitivity of the electrodes to develop a new biosensor with desired features. Chemically modified electrodes have gained attention in drug analysis owing to low background current, wide potential window range, simple surface renewal, low detection limit and low cost. Modified electrodes produced by modifying of a solid surface electrode via different materials (carbonaceous materials, metal nanoparticles, polymer, biomolecules) immobilization. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer opportunities to design and construct biosensors. Unique features of nanomaterials provide many advantages in the fabrication of biosensors. Nanomaterials have controllable chemical structures, large surface to volume ratios, functional groups on their surface. To develop proteininorganic hybrid nanomaterials, four preparation methods have been used. These methods are immobilization, conjugation, crosslinking and self-assembly. In the present manuscript, applications of different biosensors, fabricated by using several materials, for drug analysis are reviewed. The biosensing strategies are investigated and discussed in detail. Results: Several analytical techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, radiometry, immunoassays and electrochemistry have been used for drug analysis and quantification. Methods based on chromatography require timeconsuming procedure, long sample-preparation steps, expensive instruments and trained staff. Compared to chromatographic methods, immunoassays have simple protocols and lower cost. Electrochemical measurements have many advantages over traditional chemical analyses and give information about drug quantity, metabolic fate of drugs, and pharmacological activity. Moreover, the electroanalytical methods are useful to determine drugs sensitively and selectivity. Additionally, these methods decrease analysis cost and require low-cost instruments and simple sample pretreatment steps. Conclusion: In recent years, drug analyses are performed using traditional techniques. These techniques have a good detection limit, but they have some limitations such as long analysis time, expensive device and experienced personnel requirement. Increased demand for practical and low-cost analytical techniques biosensor has gained interest for drug determinations in medical sciences. Biosensors are unique and successful devices when compared to traditional techniques. For drug determination, different electrode modification materials and different biorecognition elements are used for biosensor construction. Several biosensor construction strategies have been developed to enhance the biosensor performance. With the considerable progress in electrode surface modification, promotes the selectivity of the biosensor, decreases the production cost and provides miniaturization. In the next years, advances in technology will provide low cost, sensitive, selective biosensors for drug analysis in drug formulations and biological samples.

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Tran, Thi-Hong, Anh-Tung Luu, Quoc-Tuan Nguyen, Hong-Ky Le, Anh-Tuan Nguyen, Tien-Dung Hoang, Xuan-Hung Le, Tien-Long Banh, and Ngoc-Pi Vu. "Optimization of Replaced Grinding Wheel Diameter for Surface Grinding Based on a Cost Analysis." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040448.

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Based on a cost analysis, a method of identifying and predicting optimum replaced grinding wheel diameter (De.op) in a surface grinding operation for 9CrSi steel material was developed in this study. The De.op value was determined by minimizing the cost function. An experimental design was set up, and a computational program was developed to perform the experiment in order to calculate the De.op value. Furthermore, the impact of the grinding process parameters such as the initial grinding wheel diameter, the grinding wheel width, the total dressing depth, the Rockwell hardness of the workpiece, the radial grinding wheel wear per dress, and the wheel life on the De.op value were investigated. Moreover, the impacts of the cost components such as the machine tool hourly rate and the grinding wheel cost on the De.op value were given. Based on that, a mathematical model was proposed to determine the De.op value. The predicted De.op value was also verified by an experiment. The obtained result shows that the difference between the experimental De.op value and the predicted De.op value is within 1.7%, indicating that the mathematical model proposed in the study is reliable.

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Newsome, D. H., and C. D. Stephen. "What's it Worth? Improving Surface Water Quality." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 10 (November 1, 1999): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0515.

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Many countries are investing in measures to improve surface water quality, but the investment programmes for so doing are increasingly becoming subject to cost-benefit analysis. Whilst the cost of control measures can usually be determined for individual improvement schemes, there are currently no established procedures for valuing the benefits attributable to improved surface water quality. The paper describes a methodology that has been derived that now makes this possible.

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Mitschang, P., M. Blinzler, and A. Wöginger. "Theoretical Analysis of the Surface Texture of Textile-Reinforced Thermoplastics." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 4 (May 2003): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100403.

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Endless fiber reinforced thermoplastic sheets (organic sheets) offer a range of mechanical properties (stiffness, strength, energy absorption) that make them interesting for many high-duty applications. However they often fail to come into operation due to cost and surface problems. Cost problems can occur in consequence of either expensive raw materials or of the investment outlay required for the impregnation and consolidation steps when only small quantities are produced. The surface problem on the other hand is caused mainly by the print-through of the reinforcing fibers and it affects especially those applications in the field of automotive exterior panels. The following article describes the work needed to analyze the material and the process parameters that influence the surface appearance. A finite element model has been created, that represents a semi-finished sheet with four layers of a 2/2 twill textile reinforcement. Based on that geometry various matrix characteristics as well as the vertical orientation of the reinforcing layers have been analyzed. Finally the influence of pressure and cooling rate during the consolidation process was investigated. The simulations helped to identify primary influence parameters and clarified the possibilities and also certain limitations concerning the surface quality of this material class.

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Erdemir, Gökhan. "Force transmission analysis of surface coating materials for multi-fingered robotic grippers." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (March 18, 2021): e401. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.401.

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Robotic systems are generally used for grasping, carrying, holding, and many similar operations, typically in industrial applications. One of the most important components of robotic systems is robot grippers for the aforementioned operations, which are not only mission-critical but also represent a significant operational cost due to the time and expense associated with replacement. Grasping operations require sensitive and dexterous manipulation ability. As a consequence, tactile materials and sensors are an essential element in effective robot grippers; however, to date, little effort has been invested in the optimization of these systems. This study has set out to develop inexpensive, easily replaced pads, testing two different chemical compositions that are used to produce a tactile material for robot grippers, with the objective of generating cost, time, and environmental savings. Each tactile material produced has its specific individual dimension and weight. First, each of the materials under construction was tested under different constant pressures, and its characteristics were analyzed. Second, each tactile material was mounted on a two-fingered robot gripper and its characteristics. Material characteristics were tested and analyzed as regards their ability to grasp different sizes and types of objects using the two-fingered robot gripper. Based on the analysis of the results the most sensitive and cost-effective material for industrial type multi-fingered grippers was identified.

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Garcia, Rogério Ferreira, Isabela Lemos de Lima, Paloma Soares de Castro, Luiz Ricardo Goulart, Vivian Alonso-Goulart, Flaviana Soares Rocha, Alberto Arnaldo Raslan, and Letícia de Souza Castro Filice. "In vitro biocompatibility analysis of two types of titanium surfaces treated by Electric Discharge Machining (EDM)." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 8 (July 15, 2021): e44710817474. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17474.

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The aim of the present work was to assess the biological viability of two titanium surfaces treated by electric discharge machining (EDM) using water or hydroxyapatite as modifying agents and compare them to a machined titanium surface without modifying agent as a control. The in vitro MTT, total protein, alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red assays and scanning electron microscopy were applied to analyze pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells after 7, 14 and 21 days of cell culture on the titanium surfaces. The results showed the presence of cellular activity in all surfaces and the formation of bone matrix, with no discrepancy among the groups. All tested surfaces were capable of inducing bone formation. In the topographic analysis of the surface, EDM failed to modify the surface of the discs homogeneously. Thus, EDM is a low-cost, biocompatible technique that favors osseointegration, but which still needs to be improved.

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Bumsted, J. M. "The Manitoba Royal Commission on Flood Cost Benefit and the Origins of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Canada." American Review of Canadian Studies 32, no. 1 (March 2002): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02722010209481659.

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Wilson, Scott, Johan Potgieter, and Khalid Mahmood Arif. "Robot-Assisted Floor Surface Profiling Using Low-Cost Sensors." Remote Sensing 11, no. 22 (November 10, 2019): 2626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11222626.

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Low cost and accurate 3D surface profiling can help in numerous industry applications including inspection tasks, cleaning, minimizing bumps in navigation of non-uniform terrain, aid navigation, and road/pavement condition analysis. However, most of the available systems are costly or inaccessible for widespread use. This research presents investigation into the capability of cheap and accessible sensors to capture the floor surface profile information. A differential drive robotic platform has been developed to perform testing and conduct the research. 2D localization methods are extrapolated into 3D for the floor capturing process. Two different types of sensors, a 2D laser scanner and an RGB-D camera, are used for comparison of the floor profile capture ability. The robotic system is able to successfully capture the floor surface profile of a number of different type floors such as carpet, asphalt, and a coated floor. A key finding is that the surface itself is a significant factor on the measured profile, i.e. dirt or differing materials can cause false height measurements. Overall the methodology has proved a successful real time solution for creating a point cloud of the floor surface.

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Zhang, Ke, He Wang, Yu Hou Wu, and Song Hua Li. "Analysis of Grinding Force Influence on HIPSN Ceramic Grinding Surface." Key Engineering Materials 416 (September 2009): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.416.51.

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In ceramic machining field, the ultimate goal is to keep material surface integrity, dimension precision and max material removal rate synchronously. HIPSN ceramic ring high speed grinding experiments and researches have been performed, by testing and analyzing grinding force, combining grinding motorized spindle dynamic performance with grinding surface roughness, the influences on ceramic machining quality have been discussed. The grinding parameter can be chose in precondition promising machining quality. It possesses guidance significance in low cost, high efficiency precise ceramic parts machining.

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Varga, Gyula, and János Kundrák. "Effect of Environmentally Conscious Machining on Machined Surface Quality." Applied Mechanics and Materials 309 (February 2013): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.309.35.

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Modern machining processes continuously face cost pressures and high quality expectations. To remain competitive a company must continually identify cost reduction opportunities in production, exploit economic opportunities, and continuously improve production processes. A key technology that represents cost saving opportunities related to cooling lubrication, and simultaneously improves the overall performance of cutting operations, is dry machining. The elimination of coolants or significant reduction in cooling lubricants affects all components of a production system. A detailed analysis and adaptation of cutting parameters, cutting tools, machine tools and the production environment is mandatory to ensure an efficient process and successfully enable dry machining. Case study is shown for examination of cylindricity error and surface roughness of helical milling machined surfaces by environmentally conscious way.

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Wang, Guangming, Dennis Morian, and Doug Frith. "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Thin Surface Treatments in Pavement Treatment Strategies and Cycle Maintenance." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 25, no. 8 (August 2013): 1050–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000563.

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Lloyd, Christopher D. "Local cost surface models of distance decay for the analysis of gridded population data." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 178, no. 1 (February 19, 2014): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12047.

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Harrison, John A. "Cost of Speed: Analysis of Capital Cost Estimates for High-Speed Ground Transportation Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1584, no. 1 (January 1997): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1584-03.

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The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 required the U.S. Department of Transportation to evaluate the commercial feasibility of high-speed ground transportation—a family of technologies ranging from incremental rail improvements to high-speed rail and magnetic levitation (Maglev) systems—in selected urban corridors. The evaluation involved estimating travel times, capital costs, operation and maintenance costs, and ridership for proposed service frequencies and then computing the potential return on investment from fares and other potential revenues. The results are documented in a U.S. Department of Transportation report generally referred to as the commercial feasibility study (CFS). Two elements of the CFS are addressed here: travel times and capital costs in four illustrative corridors—Chicago to St. Louis; Los Angeles to San Francisco; Eugene, Oreg., to Vancouver, B.C.; and Miami to Tampa via Orlando. Analysis of the results reveals common cost trends: for average speeds up to about 200 km/hr (125 mph), the initial investment required is generally in the range $1.6 to $3 million per route-kilometer ($2.6 to 4.8 million per route-mile). Above this speed regime (which varies by corridor), the initial investment increases steadily with speed, generally reaching $10 to $12 million per route-km ($16 to $19 million per route-mi) for very-high-speed rail systems and from $14 to $19 million per route-km ($23 to $31 million per route-mi) for Maglev systems. Analysis of the capital cost estimates reveals that despite the wide range of initial costs for the high-speed options, the cost per minute of trip time saved is remarkably consistent in corridors of similar length and with similar terrains. Cost-effectiveness plots are provided, allowing the reader to compare the performance of each of the four corridors in terms of trip time savings and cost per route-kilometer.

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Omar, Halo Dalshad. "Surface Analysis and Roughness Parameters of Copper Metallic." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 57 (August 2015): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.57.66.

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The level of copper (Cu) distribution in the hard alloy depends little on powder material hardness although the other mechanical properties of the materials and the crystal structure of copper is face centered cubic (FCC). A discussion about simple and low cost preparation of copper powder by (Mini Mill 2 Panalytical) and preparation of the sample was rotating at 5 min and in the case of grinding of samples at high speed 300 rpm. The surface morphology of copper metallic powder was determined with Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) (Model: NTMDT Solver Nano.). The characterization of surface topographyand surface measurement determines surface topography and surface measurement copper includes roughness parameter. X-ray fluorescence analysis is a powerful analytical tool for the determination of almost all the elements present in a sample. The spectra obtained were analyzed using a X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (Model: Rigaku-NEX CG). Each element emits a unique spectrum of X-rays characteristic of that element. From the spectra obtained, there was the element to be present in the sample was copper (Cu).

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Omar, Halo Dalshad. "Surface Analysis and Roughness Parameters of Copper Metallic." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 57 (August 4, 2015): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-apd3tb.

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The level of copper (Cu) distribution in the hard alloy depends little on powder material hardness although the other mechanical properties of the materials and the crystal structure of copper is face centered cubic (FCC). A discussion about simple and low cost preparation of copper powder by (Mini Mill 2 Panalytical) and preparation of the sample was rotating at 5 min and in the case of grinding of samples at high speed 300 rpm. The surface morphology of copper metallic powder was determined with Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) (Model: NTMDT Solver Nano.). The characterization of surface topographyand surface measurement determines surface topography and surface measurement copper includes roughness parameter. X-ray fluorescence analysis is a powerful analytical tool for the determination of almost all the elements present in a sample. The spectra obtained were analyzed using a X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (Model: Rigaku-NEX CG). Each element emits a unique spectrum of X-rays characteristic of that element. From the spectra obtained, there was the element to be present in the sample was copper (Cu).

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Lakeh, Reza Baghaei, Christopher Salerno, Ega P. Herlim, Joseph Kiriakos, and Saied Delagah. "Repurposing Reverse Osmosis Concentrate as a Low-Cost Thermal Energy Storage Medium." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 8, no. 4 (October 2020): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2020.8.4.522.

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The reject of the reverse osmosis water treatment process (aka brine, concentrate, ROC) is a mixture of salts that are dissolved in high salinity water. The ROC is classified as an industrial waste by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and can face regulatory limitations on disposal. State-of-the-art of ROC disposal includes deep-well injection, surface discharge to rivers, discharge to the ocean, and evaporation ponds. In this study, the feasibility of using Reverse Osmosis Concentrate as a low-cost Thermal Energy Storage (TES) medium is explored by a techno-economic analysis. The normalized cost of TES (cost per unit volume of stored thermal energy) is estimated through a series of cost analyses and is compared to the cost targets of the U.S. Department of Energy for low-cost thermal energy storage. It was shown that the normalized cost of TES using ROC salt content is in the range of $6.11 to $8.73 depending on ROC processing methods.

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Iswidyantara, Ato Muhan, and Albert Eddy Husin. "Key success factors analysis for improving cost performance of green retrofit infrastructure on the jetty project." SINERGI 27, no. 1 (January 18, 2023): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2023.1.011.

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Several rating definitions must be met following the envision's system. The envisioned system aims to develop the green building concept in the existing jetty building. These definitions are quality of life, leadership, resource allocation, nature, climate, and resilience. This sustainability is needed to initiate changes in the planning, design, and provision of sustainable infrastructure together with the company. This also applies to implementing long-term infrastructure investments that are more cost-effective, resource-efficient, and adaptable. The study uses a qualitative and quantitative method, where data is obtained by distributing questionnaires and simulating using Statistical Products and Solution Services (SPSS). The application of Value Engineering (VE) and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) has been chosen by researchers on existing jetty buildings with the green jetty concept, with investment costs in economic green jetty buildings and a return on investment costs of less than four years. In achieving the ten most influential factors in improving cost performance in sustainable dock construction, the results of the SPSS simulation processing obtained the ten most influential factors, namely: Planning, Energy, Siting, Materials, Ecology, Community, Economy, Operation, and Maintenance Cost, Follow-up Inspection, and Labor Experience.

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Sun, Wei, Xiaokai Mu, Qingchao Sun, Zhiyong Sun, and Xiaobang Wang. "Analysis and optimization of assembly precision-cost model based on 3D tolerance expression." Assembly Automation 38, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-10-2017-137.

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PurposeThis paper aims to comprehensively achieve the requirements of high assembly precision and low cost, a precision-cost model of assembly based on three-dimensional (3D) tolerance is established in this paper.Design/methodology/approachThe assembly precision is related to the tolerance of parts and the deformation of matching surfaces under load. In this paper, the small displacement torsor (SDT) theory is first utilized to analyze the manufacturing tolerances of parts and the assembly deformation deviation of matching surface. In the meanwhile, the extracting method of SDT parameters is proposed and the assembly precision calculation model based on the 3D tolerance is established. Second, an integrated optimization model based on the machining cost, assembly cost (mapping the deviation domain to the SDT domain) and quality loss cost is built. Finally, the practicability of the precision-cost model is verified by optimizing the horizontal machining center.FindingsThe assembly deviation has a great influence on cost fluctuation. By setting the optimization objective to maximize the assembly precision, the optimal total cost is CNY 72.77, decreasing by 16.83 per cent from the initial value, which meets economical requirements. Meanwhile, the upper bound of each processing tolerance is close to the maximum value of 0.01 mm, indicating that the load deformation can be offset by appropriately increasing the upper bound of the tolerance, but it is necessary to strictly restrict the manufacturing tolerances of lower parts in a reasonable range.Originality/valueIn this paper, a 3D deviation precision-cost model of assembly is established, which can describe the assembly precision more accurately and achieve a lower cost compared with the assembly precision model based on rigid parts.

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Zavadil, Jaromir, Josef Strom Bartunek, and David Fojtik. "Analysis of Periodicities in Surface Topography of Cold rolled sheets Using Data Captured by Camera System." Measurement Science Review 20, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2020-0017.

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AbstractA method for surface analysis of cold rolled sheets is proposed in this paper. The approach is based on a low-cost specially built camera system followed by spectral analysis of the data captured from metal surfaces. The focus is on the changes in the surface topography caused by cold rolling with emphasis towards periodicities in the processed surface. Angular profile of the spectrum is calculated and used to display periodicities in surface topography and show their direction. The results obtained by using the proposed system were compared with results obtained from the optical profilometer MicroProf FRT. The experiments show that cold rolling creates marks on the surface of the material, which represent periodicities that can be effectively detected by the proposed method and camera system. Even though the camera system is not able to measure precise surface roughness, it is able to detect periodicities and the results of spectral analysis are comparable with the results from the optical profilometer.

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Guo, Hongshuai, Jinghua Xu, Shuyou Zhang, and Guodong Yi. "Build Orientation Optimization Based on Weighted Analysis of Local Surface Region Curvature." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010304.

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Build orientation becomes a hot issue in 3D printing, which has a significant impact on the surface quality, support structure and final cost of the fabricated model. In this paper, we focus our attention on the surface quality of the part when fabricated by a 3D printer under certain specific build orientation. A novel method using curvature shift is proposed to search local regions with obvious curvature changes of the model printed. Based on curvature shift strategy, the model is divided into separate regions which can be treated differently. Every triangle facet of the regions is given different weight factor by calculating the average curvature of each region. Weighted facets is introduced in building volume error function. Candidate build orientation can be obtained by the eigenvalue decomposition and the optimal build orientation is the one which leads to the minimal error of the function. From the case study, the method proposed gets a smaller error with a lower printing cost and time, which means the model surface in higher weighted regions gets a higher surface quality when printed.

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Hoes, O. A. C., W. Schuurmans, and J. Strijker. "Water systems and risk analysis." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 5 (March 1, 2005): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0119.

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Worldwide the water management sector is about to review the design standards for water systems, as expected climate changes may possibly increase the frequency of flood events. This paper reviews new flood standards for surface water systems in The Netherlands, also presenting a cost-benefit analysis. Flood standards were formulated after several serious incidents in 1998 and 2001 to inform residents about the level of protection that they may expect to receive. At this moment all water boards are about to evaluate their water systems using these standards. The cost-benefit approach has been applied to determine whether the necessary measures to comply with such standards were cost-effective. We found that the standards make too much a simplification of the variety of water systems, and lead to costly measures without being beneficial while many small-scale floods in The Netherlands do not cause any significant damage. A better starting point to anticipate on climate change is to prevent damage, instead of the prevention of flooding.

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Mahesh Babu, T. S., Vivek George Koshy, and D. Bharath. "Thermal and Vibrational Analysis of Cubesat." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 1091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.1091.

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There has been a recent increase in emphasis on small satellite because of their low cost, short development time’s relative simplicity, and cost efficiency. However, these satellites do have drawback. Their small size results in small surface areas which often translate into thermal and power constraint. A satellite basically any object that revolves around a planet in a circular or elliptical orbit path. nanosatellites are satellites that weigh less than 10Kg. These types of satellites are designed and developed to carry payloads that are much smaller and has a life span not more than 1 year generally. The below analysis is done on a Low Earth Orbiting Satellite.

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Yang, Zhongxuan, and Hejia Qiu. "Prediction Algorithm of Bridge Construction Cost Based on Regression Analysis." Journal of Coastal Research 103, sp1 (June 23, 2020): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si103-204.1.

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Borisova, Tatiana, Alan Collins, Gerard D’Souza, Matthew Benson, Mary Leigh Wolfe, and Brian Benham. "A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Total Maximum Daily Load Implementation1." JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 44, no. 4 (August 2008): 1009–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00216.x.

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Hrázský, J., and P. Král. "Analysis of properties of boards for concrete formwork." Journal of Forest Science 50, No. 8 (January 11, 2012): 382–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4665-jfs.

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The paper summarizes results of the analysis of properties of large-area materials usable for the manufacture of concrete formwork and available on our market. The materials were compared from the viewpoint of physical and mechanical properties including economic evaluations. Materials were assessed manufactured by DOKA company dealing with the production of shuttering systems, viz. Doka 3-SO, Dokadur and Dokaplex. The materials were compared with following boards available on our market: bioboard Agrop, water-resistant (exterior) surface-treated plywood and oriented strandboard (OSB). Results of the paper consist in the comparison of cost/physical-mechanical properties.

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Ricardo, Elisangela Silva Lopes, Amarildo Otavio Martins, and Uberson Rossa. "Development of a low-cost system for sampling microplastics in water." Naturae 4, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2674-6441.2022.002.0004.

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The microplastics sampling system in water was developed using low cost materials based on the international standard protocol of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration with the use of a nylon sampling net fixed to a treated wooden structure and with plastic tubes responsible for buoyancy. . Sampling was carried out in marine and fresh water off the coast of Santa Catarina, using boats as trailers in order to collect samples along the coastline. The developed structure presented excellent performances in terms of stability and robustness during the sampling process. The analysis and characterization of microplastics was carried out according to protocol recommendations using separation sieves. The developed system can be used in environmental monitoring involving the sampling of microplastics in water, in addition to its cost-effectiveness and accessibility for professionals in the area.

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Immadi, Govardhani, M. Venkata Narayana, A. Navya, C. Anudeep Varma, A. Abhishek Reddy, A. Manisai Deepika, and K. Kavya. "Analysis of substrateintegrated frequency selective surface antenna for IoT applications." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i2.pp875-881.

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<p>Antennas are long used for communication of data since a century and their usage has been diversified over the past two decades and the antennas also entered the domain of medical fields. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna has been designed on a substrate integrated waveguide with frequency selective surface which is in the shape of a square. The design of this antenna with SIW are done by using CST on a low cost FR4 substrate where є<sub>r</sub> =4.4, h=1.58 mm and tan δ=0.0035. The SIW structure merit is utilized on the traditional FSS is simulated and verified by using CST.</p>

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Pierce, Robert S., and Xiaoling Liu. "Exploiting the optical reflectance behaviour of carbon fibre composites for low-cost inspection and orientations analysis." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 39, no. 23-24 (June 23, 2020): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684420934868.

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This work focusses on understanding and exploiting the optical reflectance behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites for the non-destructive determination of fibre orientation and surface defects. By taking a series of images under different lighting conditions, fibre reflections have been isolated and MATLAB image analysis has been used to calculate the fibre orientations across the surface of the composite. An average peak method has been developed and validated against manual orientation measurements for two different applications: a machined scarf repair surface and a discontinuous fibre composite. The same experimental method and analysis code showed good results for both cases without modification, when at least 16 images with different directional lighting conditions are used. Hence, this low-cost approach can be applied to a diverse range of quality assurance and research applications where fibre orientations or other surface details need to be characterised.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cost surface analysis'

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