Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cost surface analysis

Academic literature on the topic 'Cost surface analysis'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cost surface analysis"

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Alexander, M., K. Srihari, and C. R. Emerson. "Manufacturing Cost Analysis of Surface Mount PCB Designs." Circuit World 20, no. 2 (January 1994): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb046250.

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Wilson, Bryan T., Bradford K. Brimley, Jim Mills, Jun Zhang, Anol Mukhopadhyay, and Charles Holzschuher. "Benefit–Cost Analysis of Florida High-Friction Surface Treatments." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2550, no. 1 (January 2016): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2550-08.

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Qi, Zhen, and Enbo Wei. "Analysis of cost functions for retrieving sea surface salinity." Journal of Ocean University of China 11, no. 2 (April 29, 2012): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-012-1872-3.

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Zhou, Jing Ling, Shu Qian Wu, Guo Qing Wu, and Hao Cheng. "Surface Roughness Measurement Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 1330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.1330.

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The surface roughness is a physical quantity of micro geometry error surface material used for assessment of processed composed of peak, valley and the spacing of the. Have a great influence on the parts usage. Generally speaking, the surface roughness is small, can improve the matching quality, reduce wear, extending the service life of parts, but the processing cost of parts will increase. Commonly used assessment parameters can be divided into height parameters, spacing and shape parameters (parameter) three series. Measurement methods are commonly used surface texture tester, optical surface profiler and atomic force microscope. This paper makes a comparative analysis on the different measurement methods.
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Rianmora, Suchada, Makbul Hajad, and Viboon Tangwarodomnukun. "Wire-EDMing Parameters Investigation and Machining Cost Analysis." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 12, no. 4 (October 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.291975.

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Cost analysis of wire-EDMing operation were investigated in this study where 304 stainless steel was used as a work sample. Servo voltage, pulse on time, pulse off time, wire feed rate and wire tension were varied in the experiment to define the optimal conditions for supporting wire-EDMing process. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array was applied for designing the experiment. Machining cost, material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness were taken into consideration as the process responses. From the experiment, increasing the servo voltage, pulse off time and wire feed rate could reduce the surface roughness, whereas an increase in pulse on time and wire tension gave poor surface quality. Increasing servo voltage and pulse on time significantly affected the kerf width; comparing to other factors, they caused insignificant changes in the kerf width. Additionally, the correlation between machining cost and machining performance was analyzed and discussed in this study.
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Brahimaj, Frashër, Izet Zeqiri, Risto Dambov, and Shkurte Brahimaj. "IMPACT OF DRILLING ANGLE ON BLASTING COSTS IN SURFACE WORKS." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 37, no. 4 (2022): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2022.4.6.

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The removal of rock masses or their use with surface exploitation requires that this work be done at the lowest possible cost. The reduction of operating costs is done by analyzing each work action, working method, and the possibility of changing them, to have an impact on reducing costs. The drilling angle is one of the most important factors during surface exploitation by blasting. By changing the drilling angle, we achieve a reduction of the total drilling length, to have a reduction of the amount of explosives and other changes during the blasting process which do not greatly affect the cost of blasting. Determining the impact of drilling angle on the cost of blasting is determined by analytical methods and by comparing the results of applied drilling angle methods. During the analytical analysis of the blasting data and the comparison of their results, which was performed to determine the change in the cost of blasting depending on the drilling angle, and it concluded that for the removal of 200000 (m3) rock material, 356167.98 (€) can be saved, by applying the 90° angle drilling method. This change of drilling angle from the projected angle of 63° to the angle of drilling 90°, reduces the total cost of blastings by about 10.69 (%).
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Huriot, J. M., T. E. Smith, and J.-F. Thisse. "Minimum-Cost Distances in Spatial Analysis." Geographical Analysis 21, no. 4 (September 3, 2010): 294–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1989.tb00898.x.

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Diaz-Nieto, J., D. N. Lerner, and A. J. Saul. "Least-Cost Path Analysis to Identify Retrofit Surface-Water Conveyance Solutions." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 21, no. 3 (March 2016): 04015071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001315.

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Lai, J. Y., and L. H. Ngu. "Comparative laboratory cost analysis of various activated carbon activation process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1195, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1195/1/012018.

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Abstract Activated carbon (AC) is an established adsorbent for organic pollutants reduction, metal removal, and liquid and gas adsorption. Cost analysis corresponds to determining the best approach for AC production depending on activation techniques with different degrees of activation is still minimal in literature. A cost estimation of AC production in laboratory scale using different conventional activation and post-activation surface modification process is performed in this study. This study attempts to develop a cost-friendly selection of activation process from laboratory scale prices. Chemicals and utility costs were acquired from vendor quotes (i.e., Sigma-Aldrich and Fisher Scientific) and Sarawak industrial electricity tariffs based on 100 g production. Oil palm-based ACs produced from five different activation or surface modification methods were compared to ascertain the least expensive production approach in terms of estimated production cost. Of the five methods investigated, method that quoted the least expensive production cost is chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) with minimum estimated cost of $7.30 whereas the most expensive production cost involves surface modification by polyethyleneimine (PEI) impregnation with cost of $873.00. Therefore, the estimated production cost for KOH activation is the minimum at $0.073 g−1 while the maximum is $8.73 g−1 for PEI impregnation.
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GHERARDI, ALESSANDRO, and ALESSANDRO BEVILACQUA. "A CAPACITIVE IMAGE ANALYSIS SYSTEM TO CHARACTERIZE THE SKIN SURFACE." International Journal of Modern Physics C 20, no. 12 (December 2009): 2027–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183109014904.

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The assessment of the skin surface is of a great importance in the dermocosmetic field to evaluate the response of individuals to medical or cosmetic treatments. In vivo quantitative measurements of changes in skin topographic structures provide a valuable tool, thanks to noninvasive devices. However, the high cost of the systems commonly employed is limiting, in practice, the widespread use of these devices for a routine-based approach. In this work we resume the research activity carried out to develop a compact low-cost system for skin surface assessment based on capacitive image analysis. The accuracy of the capacitive measurements has been assessed by implementing an image fusion algorithm to enable a comparison between capacitive images and the ones obtained using high-cost profilometry, the most accurate method in the field. In particular, very encouraging results have been achieved in the measurement of the wrinkles' width. On the other hand, experiments show all the native design limitations of the capacitive device, primarily conceived to work with fingerprints, to measure the wrinkles' depth, which point toward a specific re-designing of the capacitive device.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cost surface analysis"

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Bradley, Cecil D. "A statistical analysis of Surface Escort cost estimation/." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23407.

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This study investigates the relationship of the component weights of US Navy Surface Escort Ships and their corresponding costs of construction. The procedures of various US Navy agencies who conduct Surface Ship Costing are described, with emphasis upon the method followed by COMNAVSEASYSCOM, Washington D.C.. A statistical analysis is provided which focuses upon multiple linear regression techniques applied to the weight/cost relationship. Additionally, the research includes the investigation of non-weight explanatory variable contribution to the various regression models. The analysis concludes that linear relationships do exist between the variables. The statistical evidence provided suggests that linear regression provides equivalent results to non-linear logarithmic transformation of the dependent cost variable. Further, the analysis indicates that the inclusion of non-weight dummy variables, such as contract type for vessel construction, enhance models with strictly weight explanatory variables. The models developed herein lack the precision demanded of budgetary cost estimating. However, the equations will generate point estimates that may add credence to existing methods, especially within concept formulation or tradeoff studies. Keywords: Cost estimation, Surface ship cost estimation, Statistical analysis of ship costing, Theses. (SDW)
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Skinner, Walter Mark. "A cost and operational effectiveness analysis of alternative anti-surface warfare platforms." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA268519.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1993.
Thesis advisor(s): Michael G. Sovereign ; Joseph G. San Miguel. "June 1993." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Sturm, Joseph P. "Analysis of cost estimation disclosure in environmental impact statements for surface transportation projects." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1202501316/.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- Clemson University, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 57 p. ; also includes graphics (chiefly col.). Contains 2 additional supplemental files.
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Perry, Ryan M., and Nicholas R. Russo. "Naval Surface Forces Real-Time Reutilization Asset Management Warehouses: a cost-benefit analysis." Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10318.

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MBA Professional Report
This research examines the NAVAL SURFACE FORCES Real-Time Reutilization Asset Management Warehouse operations, associated costs, and benefits it provides the Navy. Our methodology is to utilize established cost-benefit analysis techniques in order to provide the Navy with information to determine whether the benefits of storing, inventorying and providing free issue parts to customers are worth the costs of operating and maintaining the warehouses. The objective is to focus on total warehouse operating costs and compare these costs to the savings the Navy receives through storing and providing the repair parts. The results can help decision makers determine if the warehouse operations are beneficial as is, should be remodeled to increase benefits, or simply do not cover the associated costs. The research concluded that the warehouses generate an annual cost avoidance of $4 8 million, direct revenue of $5 million, and fill 2,300 high-priority requisitions.
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Perry, Ryan Russo Nicholas. "Naval Surface Forces Real-Time Reutilization Asset Management Warehouses a cost-benefit analysis /." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/MBAPR/2008/Dec/08Dec%5FPerry%5FMBA.pdf.

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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008."
Advisor(s): Euske, Kenneth ; Wagner, Brett. "December 2008." "MBA professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on January 28, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-54). Also available in print.
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Buzon, Carlos D. "Cost/benefit analysis of Commander, Naval Surface Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet's Supply Maintenance Training Team." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28078.

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Gavino, Christopher C. "Cost effectiveness analysis of the "Sea to SWOS" training initiative on the Surface Warfare Officer qualification process." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Dec%5FGavino.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): William R. Gates, William D. Hatch II. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-73). Also available online.
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Young, Eric Coy. "Naval Reserve Force : cost and benefit analysis of reducing the number of Naval Surface Reserve Force operating budget holders /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA341005.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1997.
"December 1997." Thesis advisor(s): Katsuaki L. Terasawa. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-86). Also available online.
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Miletic, Martin, and Andreas Samuelsson. "Life cycle cost analysis -With focus on the floor types, linoleum and vinyl with or without PUR reinforced surface." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3198.

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The flooring industry is a market that constantly changing every year with new products and improvements. The purpose of this report is to uncover which of the floors, linoleum and vinyl with or without PUR reinforced surface has the lowest life cycle cost for the customer over a 30-year period. The scope of the study is to investigate the three different floors in the public sector in Sweden, Norway, and Finland. A similar study was made many years ago where remarkable result was uncovered. The way used to determining the result in this study is made by two different methods within the LCC. The LCC calculations in this study are based on the primary data collections; qualitative interviews, time study, and observations. Secondary data have also been used in the report. When a customer invests in a floor there are three major costs purchasing, installation, and maintenance. Maintenance will ultimately be the biggest cost because it extends over the entire life cycle while the others are two fixed costs. The analysis uncover that the amount of water and chemical usage to maintain the floors has reduced since the old study. The consumption that has increased is the energy, a result from the increase usage of cleaning machines in the public sector. The most profitable floor to invest in is the vinyl with PUR reinforced surface. This floor has in Sweden and Norway a higher purchasing price than linoleum and vinyl without PUR reinforced surface but in the long run (30 years) its total life cycle cost are lesser than the two others. If the public sector in Sweden invests in a vinyl floor with reinforced PUR surface instead of a vinyl without PUR, the life cycle cost at a hospital or municipality will be reduced by 16,3 percent.
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Gouws, Johan. "The cost benefit analysis of reclamation strategies used in surface coal mining to ensure sustainable post-mining land use." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97326.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study, a cost benefit analysis was done to determine the best possible methods for postmining reclamation. A comparison was made between a conventional method with additional organic material added to the soil and a Backgrounding method where cattle are reared on the land. The best method, according to the financial model that was built, was the method of Backgrounding cattle on the rehabilitated land. The main reason for this outcome may be due to the fact that the meat that is produced is a high value product. It might not be practically applicable to mines at this stage, but the calculation provides an insight into the possibilities that reclaimed mine land holds for the agricultural industry.
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Books on the topic "Cost surface analysis"

1

Bradley, Cecil D. A statistical analysis of Surface Escort cost estimation. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1988.

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Buzon, Carlos D. Cost/benefit analysis of Commander, Naval Surface Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet's Supply Maintenance Training Team. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1991.

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Nosal, David E. An analysis of the proposed Surface Warfare Officer Career Incentive Pay (SWOCIP) program using the Annualized Cost of Leaving (ACOL) model. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1997.

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Young, Eric Coy. Naval Reserve Force: Cost and benefit analysis of reducing the number of Naval Surface Reserve Force operating budget holders. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1997.

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Schroeder, J. H. The surface mine reclamaiton bonding program in Pennsylvania: a cost analysis of the bonding alternatives and an evaluation of the program. S.l: s.n, 1985.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Mars aqueous chemistry experiment (MACE): Final technology report : contract no. NASW-4698. Denver, Colo: Lockheed Martin, 1995.

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Office, General Accounting. Financial management: Analysis of operating cash balance of the Defense Logistics Agency's stock fund : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Defense, House Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1990.

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Hall, Gary M. Analysis of Naval Surface Forces, Pacific afloat Intermediate Maintenance Activity "Repair of other Vessel" cost estimation procedures. 1986.

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Cost Effectiveness Analysis of the "Sea to SWOS" Training Initiative on the Surface Warfare Officer Qualification Process. Storming Media, 2002.

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Naval Reserve Force: Cost and Benefit Analysis of Reducing the Number ofNaval Surface Reserve Force Operating Budget Holders. Storming Media, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cost surface analysis"

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Kuroki, Kimiko, Hideo Fukuhara, Takashi Tadokoro, and Katsumi Maenaka. "Low-Cost Cell-Surface-Mimic Analysis of Ligand Interactions of Biotinylated Immune Receptors Using Surface Plasmon Resonance." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 21–35. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1944-5_2.

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Bentum, Robert van, and Ian Smout. "7. Post-Construction Issues; Cost Analysis of Buried Pipe Distribution Systems; Trends in the Upgrading and Development of Buried Pipe Systems." In Buried Pipelines for Surface Irrigation, 167–90. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780441788.007.

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Schulze, Stefan, Heather Schiller, Zuha Mutan, Jordan Solomonic, Orkan Telhan, and Mechthild Pohlschroder. "Cost-Effective and Versatile Analysis of Archaeal Surface Adhesion Under Shaking and Standing Conditions." In Archaea, 397–406. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2445-6_27.

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Kar, Shyamsundar, Sanjay Chatterjee, Souravendra Krishna Deb, Surosri Mukherjee, Arindam Nandi, Gourab Mukherjee, Roshan Agarwal, and Silvi Aich. "An Analysis of Water Pollution–Where Surface Water Can be Habitable Avoiding Most of the Major Disease Using Easy and Low Cost Water Filtration." In Environmental Biotechnology For Soil and Wastewater Implications on Ecosystems, 81–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6846-2_11.

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Sivasankar, Venkataraman, André Darchen, and Toufik Chaabane. "Cost–Benefit Analyses and Comparative Study on Sorption Capacity with Other Modified Carbons." In Surface Modified Carbons as Scavengers for Fluoride from Water, 187–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40686-2_9.

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Har-Shai, Yaron, and Lior Har-Shai. "Minimally Invasive Technologies for the Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: Intralesional Cryosurgery." In Textbook on Scar Management, 235–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_28.

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AbstractA novel intralesional cryosurgical needle is inserted into the hypertrophic scars and keloid (HSK). It is connected to a canister of liquid nitrogen, which causes the cryoprobe to freeze, thereby freezing the HSK from inside out.Following the cryo-treatment, the histomorphometric analysis demonstrated rejuvenation of the treated scar. The frozen tissue was devoid of proliferating cells and of mast cells whereas the number of blood vessels remained unaltered.The surface thermal history showed slow cooling and thawing rates as well as less pronounced end temperature, which is “friendly” to the melanocytes, thus only minimal hypopigmentation was evident. A significant long hold time was documented. This allows time for solute effects, ice crystal formation, and recrystallization, which enhances and increases the rate of cell death. This long hold time is unique for the intralesional cryosurgery technology and might explain the superior clinical results.More than 50% of scar volume reduction was achieved following a single cryotherapy. For ear HSK, 70% of volume reduction was achieved, and for the upper back and shoulders 60%. Significant alleviation of objective and subjective clinical symptoms was documented. During the follow-up period there was no worsening or infection of the HSK and only minimal hypopigmentation.A pain control protocol was applied, which significantly reduced pain severity during and after the cryosurgery treatment to tolerable levels (VAS ≤ 3).The intralesional cryosurgery treatment is an evidence-based, effective, and safe technology, simple to operate, can be applied as an office procedure, is cost-effective, and takes a short learning curve. The technique achieves remarkable clinical results usually by a single treatment.
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Pagán, José Ignacio, Isabel López, Luis Aragonés, and Antonio J. Tenza-Abril. "Experiences with beach nourishments on the coast of Alicante, Spain." In Proceedings e report, 441–50. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.44.

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The historical evolution of sandy beaches on the coast of Alicante (Spain) has been analysed from aerial images from 1956 to 2019. The beach nourishments carried out in the 1990s to avoid coastal damages and to improve the touristic offer were studied. Shoreline evolution and beach surface has been obtained using GIS. The change of the sediment composition, from gravel to sand, due to the fills has caused a relevant imbalance. Beach nourishments failed its main aim of avoiding the shoreline erosion, causing environmental damages to the nearby Posidonia oceanica meadows.
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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai, et al. "Methodology for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Soils Using Non-isotopic Techniques." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 11–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_2.

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AbstractSeveral approaches exist for measuring greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly CO2, N2O, and CH4, from soil surfaces. The principle methods that are used to measure GHG from agricultural sites are chamber-based techniques. Both open and closed chamber techniques are in use; however, the majority of field applications use closed chambers. The advantages and disadvantages of different chamber techniques and the principal steps of operation are described. An important part of determining the quality of the flux measurements is the storage and the transportation of the gas samples from the field to the laboratory where the analyses are carried out. Traditionally, analyses of GHGs are carried out via gas chromatographs (GCs). In recent years, optical analysers are becoming increasingly available; these are user-friendly machines and they provide a cost-effective alternative to GCs. Another technique which is still under development, but provides a potentially superior method, is Raman spectroscopy. Not only the GHGs, but also N2, can potentially be analysed if the precision of these techniques is increased in future development. An important part of this chapter deals with the analyses of the gas concentrations, the calculation of fluxes, and the required safety measures. Since non-upland agricultural lands (i.e. flooded paddy soils) are steadily increasing, a section is devoted to the specificities of GHG measurements in these ecosystems. Specialised techniques are also required for GHG measurements in aquatic systems (i.e. rivers), which are often affected by the transfer of nutrients from agricultural fields and therefore are an important indirect source of emission of GHGs. A simple, robust, and more precise methodof ammonia (NH3) emission measurement is also described.
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Nguyen, Trung Quang, Duc Long Luong, Anh-Duc Pham, and Quynh Chau Truong. "Cost and Environmental Benefit Analysis of Solar—Panel Installation on Glass Surfaces to Reduce the Energy Consumption in High Rise Buildings." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 857–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5144-4_83.

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Fiedler, Torben, Joachim Rösler, Martin Bäker, Felix Hötte, Christoph von Sethe, Dennis Daub, Matthias Haupt, Oskar J. Haidn, Burkard Esser, and Ali Gülhan. "Mechanical Integrity of Thermal Barrier Coatings: Coating Development and Micromechanics." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 295–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_19.

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Abstract To protect the copper liners of liquid-fuel rocket combustion chambers, a thermal barrier coating can be applied. Previously, a new metallic coating system was developed, consisting of a NiCuCrAl bond-coat and a Rene 80 top-coat, applied with high velocity oxyfuel spray (HVOF). The coatings are tested in laser cycling experiments to develop a detailed failure model, and critical loads for coating failure were defined. In this work, a coating system is designed for a generic engine to demonstrate the benefits of TBCs in rocket engines, and the mechanical loads and possible coating failure are analysed. Finally, the coatings are tested in a hypersonic wind tunnel with surface temperatures of 1350 K and above, where no coating failure was observed. Furthermore, cyclic experiments with a subscale combustion chamber were carried out. With a diffusion heat treatment, no large-scale coating delamination was observed, but the coating cracked vertically due to large cooling-induced stresses. These cracks are inevitable in rocket engines due to the very large thermal-strain differences between hot coating and cooled substrate. It is supposed that the cracks can be tolerated in rocket-engine application.
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Conference papers on the topic "Cost surface analysis"

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Venter, Gerhard, and Raphael Haftka. "Response surface approximations for cost optimization of dropped ply composite laminates with uncertainty." In 7th AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-4856.

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Bruno, M. S., and R. A. Bilak. "Cost-Effective Monitoring of Injected Steam Migration Using Surface Deformation Analysis." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27888-ms.

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Kundu, A., J. Watterson, and S. Raghunathan. "A multi-disciplinary study of aircraft aerodynamic surface smoothness requirements to reduce operating cost." In 7th AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-4874.

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Li, Zhijun, Panayotis Georgiopoulos, Panos Y. Papalambros, Zoran Filipi, Guangquan Wu, and Xiaodong Yang. "Model Based Analysis of Performance-Cost Tradeoffs for Engine Manifold Surface Finishing." In SAE 2004 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-1561.

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Pirrami, Lorenzo, Danilo Demarchi, and Marco Mazza. "Capacitive coupling analysis using double-surface ICs for low cost passive RFID tags." In 2016 12th Conference on Ph.D. Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PRIME). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/prime.2016.7519477.

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"Cost-benefit analysis of farm water storage: surface storage versus managed aquifer storage." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.l16.arshad.

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Travis, Rebekah, and Karen Son. "Cost Effective Measurement of Surface Radiative Properties for Simulation Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) Analysis." In Proposed for presentation at the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congree and Exposition - Undergraduate Expo held November 1-5, 2021 in virtual, virtual virtual. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1882329.

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Kumar, Manish, Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi, and Yadvendra Singh. "Design and analysis of low-cost high-sensitive surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor." In Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XXVII, edited by Marek Osiński, Yasuhiko Arakawa, and Bernd Witzigmann. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2510270.

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Inamdar, Kedar H., and S. G. Joshi. "Quantitative Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Flat Metal Surfaces Using Computer Vision System." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95322.

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In this paper, a method of quantitative evaluation of surface roughness based on computer vision system is presented. A low cost computer vision system consisting of flat bed desktop scanner connected to personal computer (PC) is used. A large number of surface specimens such as EN-8, EN-9, cast iron, copper, brass, aluminium, C-20, C-45 steel etc. were carefully prepared by using various machining processes like planing, shaping, turning, milling, grinding, polishing etc. to generate a database of surface specimens with different lay-types and surface roughness values. This database is evaluated for conventional surface roughness parameters like Rt, Ra, Rq and for RGB colour component values at each pixel over the digital images of these produced surfaces. By using the technique of multiple linear regression analysis, the conventional roughness values and colur component values were correlated with each other to form a multiple linear regression equation for Rt. The value of surface roughness Rt obtained for a given specimen using this equation was then crosschecked and confirmed with the results obtained by using conventional method for the same specimen. When any test surface is introduced for surface roughness evaluation, the developed method relates the colour component values obtained from its surface image, to the conventional values like Rt, Ra, Rq. In addition to this, surface topographical representation and summits are also presented. Using this method even the evaluation of the surface roughness in the nano-metre level can be carried out to fulfill the requirements of experimental field of 0.001 to 50 microns.
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Posada-Gomez, R., J. J. Enriquez-Rodriguez, G. Alor-Hernandez, G. Aguila-Rodriguez, A. Martinez-Sibaja, and U. Juarez-Martinez. "Advances in the Development of a Low-Cost Surface Scanner for Gait Analysis Applications." In 2009 International Conference on Electrical, Communications, and Computers (CONIELECOMP). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/conielecomp.2009.40.

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Reports on the topic "Cost surface analysis"

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Perry, Ryan M., and Nicholas R. Russo. Naval Surface Forces Real-Time Reutilization Asset Management Warehouses: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada493977.

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McClure, Michael A., Yitzhak Spiegel, David M. Bird, R. Salomon, and R. H. C. Curtis. Functional Analysis of Root-Knot Nematode Surface Coat Proteins to Develop Rational Targets for Plantibodies. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575284.bard.

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The goal of this research was to provide a better understanding of the interface between root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and their host in order to develop rational targets for plantibodies and other novel methods of nematode control directed against the nematode surface coat (SC). Specific objectives were: 1. To produce additional monoclonal SC antibodies for use in Objectives 2, 3, and 4 and as candidates for development of plantibodies. 2. To determine the production and distribution of SC proteins during the infection process. 3. To use biochemical and immunological methods to perturbate the root-knot nematode SC in order to identify SC components that will serve as targets for rationally designed plantibodies. 4. To develop SC-mutant nematodes as additional tools for defining the role of the SC during infection. The external cuticular layer of nematodes is the epicuticle. In many nematodes, it is covered by a fuzzy material termed "surface coat" (SC). Since the SC is the outermost layer, it may playa role in the interaction between the nematode and its surroundings during all life stages in soil and during pathogenesis. The SC is composed mainly of proteins, carbohydrates (which can be part of glycoproteins), and lipids. SC proteins and glycoproteins have been labeled and extracted from preparasitic second-stage juveniles and adult females of Meloidogyne and specific antibodies have been raised against surface antigens. Antibodies can be used to gain more information about surface function and to isolate genes encoding for surface antigens. Characterization of surface antigens and their roles in different life-stages may be an important step towards the development of alternative control. Nevertheless, the role of the plant- parasitic nematode's surface in plant-nematode interaction is still not understood. Carbohydrates or carbohydrate-recognition domains (CROs) on the nematode surface may interact with CROs or carbohydrate molecules, on root surfaces or exudates, or be active after the nematode has penetrated into the root. Surface antigens undoubtedly play an important role in interactions with microorganisms that adhere to the nematodes. Polyclonal (PC) and monoclonal (MC) antibodies raised against Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and other plant-parasitic nematodes, were used to characterize the surface coat and secreted-excreted products of M. javanica and M. incognita. Some of the MC and PC antibodies raised against M. incognita showed cross-reactivity with the surface coat of M. javanica. Further characterization, in planta, of the epitopes recognized by the antibodies, showed that they were present in the parasitic juvenile stages and that the surface coat is shed during root penetration by the nematode and its migration between root cells. At the molecular level, we have followed two lines of experimentation. The first has been to identify genes encoding surface coat (SC) molecules, and we have isolated and characterized a small family of mucin genes from M. incognita. Our second approach has been to study host genes that respond to the nematode, and in particular, to the SC. Our previous work has identified a large suite of genes expressed in Lycopersicon esculentum giant cells, including the partial cDNA clone DB#131, which encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase. Isolation and predicted translation of the mature cDNA revealed a frame shift mutation in the translated region of nematode sensitive plants. By using primers homologous to conserved region of DB#131 we have identified the orthologues from three (nematode-resistant) Lycopersicon peruvianum strains and found that these plants lacked the mutation.
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Lasko, Kristofer, and Sean Griffin. Monitoring Ecological Restoration with Imagery Tools (MERIT) : Python-based decision support tools integrated into ArcGIS for satellite and UAS image processing, analysis, and classification. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40262.

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Monitoring the impacts of ecosystem restoration strategies requires both short-term and long-term land surface monitoring. The combined use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and satellite imagery enable effective landscape and natural resource management. However, processing, analyzing, and creating derivative imagery products can be time consuming, manually intensive, and cost prohibitive. In order to provide fast, accurate, and standardized UAS and satellite imagery processing, we have developed a suite of easy-to-use tools integrated into the graphical user interface (GUI) of ArcMap and ArcGIS Pro as well as open-source solutions using NodeOpenDroneMap. We built the Monitoring Ecological Restoration with Imagery Tools (MERIT) using Python and leveraging third-party libraries and open-source software capabilities typically unavailable within ArcGIS. MERIT will save US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) districts significant time in data acquisition, processing, and analysis by allowing a user to move from image acquisition and preprocessing to a final output for decision-making with one application. Although we designed MERIT for use in wetlands research, many tools have regional or global relevancy for a variety of environmental monitoring initiatives.
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Slattery, Kevin T. Unsettled Aspects of the Digital Thread in Additive Manufacturing. SAE International, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021026.

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In the past years, additive manufacturing (AM), also known as “3D printing,” has transitioned from rapid prototyping to making parts with potentially long service lives. Now AM provides the ability to have an almost fully digital chain from part design through manufacture and service. Web searches will reveal many statements that AM can help an organization in its pursuit of a “digital thread.” Equally, it is often stated that a digital thread may bring great benefits in improving designs, processes, materials, operations, and the ability to predict failure in a way that maximizes safety and minimizes cost and downtime. Now that the capability is emerging, a whole series of new questions begin to surface as well: •• What data should be stored, how will it be stored, and how much space will it require? •• What is the cost-to-benefit ratio of having a digital thread? •• Who owns the data and who can access and analyze it? •• How long will the data be stored and who will store it? •• How will the data remain readable and usable over the lifetime of a product? •• How much manipulation of disparate data is necessary for analysis without losing information? •• How will the data be secured, and its provenance validated? •• How does an enterprise accomplish configuration management of, and linkages between, data that may be distributed across multiple organizations? •• How do we determine what is “authoritative” in such an environment? These, along with many other questions, mark the combination of AM with a digital thread as an unsettled issue. As the seventh title in a series of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports on AM, this report discusses what the interplay between AM and a digital thread in the mobility industry would look like. This outlook includes the potential benefits and costs, the hurdles that need to be overcome for the combination to be useful, and how an organization can answer these questions to scope and benefit from the combination. This report, like the others in the series, is directed at a product team that is implementing AM. Unlike most of the other reports, putting the infrastructure in place, addressing the issues, and taking full advantage of the benefits will often fall outside of the purview of the product team and at the higher organizational, customer, and industry levels.
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Todd, B. J., C. F. M. Lewis, and G. D. Hobson. Resurrection of 1967 single-channel seismic reflection data and isopach map of sediments in central and eastern Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada, and Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, U.S.A. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331498.

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In the Laurentian Great Lakes, the seismostratigraphy revealed by legacy seismic reflection profiles (i.e., analogue paper records) provides insight to the history of glaciation and deglaciation, sediment deposition and lake level history. Digital recovery and analysis of Great Lakes legacy seismic data is a cost-effective method to generate the offshore broad scale surfaces pertinent to the surficial framework geology layer required as input by three-dimensional stratigraphic studies. This Open File describes the digital recovery of 1566 km of recently discovered single channel seismic reflection data collected in central and eastern Lake Erie in the summer of 1967. A legacy isopach map of sediment thickness, based on the 1967 data, has also been resurrected.
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Bao, Jieyi, Xiaoqiang Hu, Cheng Peng, Yi Jiang, Shuo Li, and Tommy Nantung. Truck Traffic and Load Spectra of Indiana Roadways for the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317227.

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The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) has been employed for pavement design by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) since 2009 and has generated efficient pavement designs with a lower cost. It has been demonstrated that the success of MEPDG implementation depends largely on a high level of accuracy associated with the information supplied as design inputs. Vehicular traffic loading is one of the key factors that may cause not only pavement structural failures, such as fatigue cracking and rutting, but also functional surface distresses, including friction and smoothness. In particular, truck load spectra play a critical role in all aspects of the pavement structure design. Inaccurate traffic information will yield an incorrect estimate of pavement thickness, which can either make the pavement fail prematurely in the case of under-designed thickness or increase construction cost in the case of over-designed thickness. The primary objective of this study was to update the traffic design input module, and thus to improve the current INDOT pavement design procedures. Efforts were made to reclassify truck traffic categories to accurately account for the specific axle load spectra on two-lane roads with low truck traffic and interstate routes with very high truck traffic. The traffic input module was updated with the most recent data to better reflect the axle load spectra for pavement design. Vehicle platoons were analyzed to better understand the truck traffic characteristics. The unclassified vehicles by traffic recording devices were examined and analyzed to identify possible causes of the inaccurate data collection. Bus traffic in the Indiana urban areas was investigated to provide additional information for highway engineers with respect to city streets as well as highway sections passing through urban areas. New equivalent single axle load (ESAL) values were determined based on the updated traffic data. In addition, a truck traffic data repository and visualization model and a TABLEAU interactive visualization dashboard model were developed for easy access, view, storage, and analysis of MEPDG related traffic data.
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Whisler, Daniel, Rafael Gomez Consarnau, and Ryan Coy. Novel Eco-Friendly, Recycled Composites for Improved CA Road Surfaces. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2046.

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The continued use of structural plastics in consumer products, industry, and transportation represents a potential source for durable, long lasting, and recyclable roadways. Costs to dispose of reinforced plastics can be similar to procuring new asphalt with mechanical performance exceeding that of the traditional road surface. This project examines improved material development times by leveraging advanced computational material models based on validated experimental data. By testing traditional asphalt and select carbon and glass reinforced composites, both new and recycled, it is possible to develop a finite element simulation that can predict the material characteristics under a number of loads virtually, and with less lead time compared to experimental testing. From the tested specimens, composites show minimal strength degradation when recycled and used within the asphalt design envelopes considered, with an average of 49% less wear, two orders of magnitude higher compressive strength, and three orders for tensile strength. Predictive computational analysis using the validated material models developed for this investigation confirms the long-term durability.
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Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Micrometeorological methods for inferring whole canopy evapotranspiration in large agricultural structures: measurements and modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594402.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives as stated in the approved proposal were: (1) To establish guidelines for the use of micrometeorological techniques as accurate, reliable and low-cost tools for continuous monitoring of whole canopy ET of common crops grown in large agricultural structures. (2) To adapt existing methods for protected cultivation environments. (3) To combine previously derived theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in large agricultural structures (an outcome of our previous BARD project) with ET data derived from application of turbulent transport techniques for different crops and structure types. All the objectives have been successfully addressed. The study was focused on both screenhouses and naturally ventilated greenhouses, and all proposed methods were examined. Background to the topic Our previous BARD project established that the eddy covariance (EC) technique is suitable for whole canopy evapotranspiration measurements in large agricultural screenhouses. Nevertheless, the eddy covariance technique remains difficult to apply in the farm due to costs, operational complexity, and post-processing of data – thereby inviting alternative techniques to be developed. The subject of this project was: 1) the evaluation of four turbulent transport (TT) techniques, namely, Surface Renewal (SR), Flux-Variance (FV), Half-order Time Derivative (HTD) and Bowen Ratio (BR), whose instrumentation needs and operational demands are not as elaborate as the EC, to estimate evapotranspiration within large agricultural structures; and 2) the development of mathematical models able to predict water savings and account for the external environmental conditions, physiological properties of the plant, and structure properties as well as to evaluate the necessary micrometeorological conditions for utilizing the above turbulent transfer methods in such protected environments. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions are: (i) the SR and FV techniques were suitable for reliable estimates of ET in shading and insect-proof screenhouses; (ii) The BR technique was reliable in shading screenhouses; (iii) HTD provided reasonable results in the shading and insect proof screenhouses; (iv) Quality control analysis of the EC method showed that conditions in the shading and insect proof screenhouses were reasonable for flux measurements. However, in the plastic covered greenhouse energy balance closure was poor. Therefore, the alternative methods could not be analyzed in the greenhouse; (v) A multi-layered flux footprint model was developed for a ‘generic’ crop canopy situated within a protected environment such as a large screenhouse. The new model accounts for the vertically distributed sources and sinks within the canopy volume as well as for modifications introduced by the screen on the flow field and microenvironment. The effect of the screen on fetch as a function of its relative height above the canopy is then studied for the first time and compared to the case where the screen is absent. The model calculations agreed with field experiments based on EC measurements from two screenhouse experiments. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of four simple TT techniques for ET estimates within large agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable the future development of lowcost ET monitoring system which will be attainable for day-to-day use by growers in improving irrigation management.
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Glazer, Itamar, Alice Churchill, Galina Gindin, and Michael Samish. Genomic and Organismal Studies to Elucidate the Mechanisms of Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Fungi to Ticks. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593382.bard.

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The overall goal of this research was to elucidate the factors affecting early development of Metarhizium spp. (previously named M. anisopliae) on ticks or tick cuticle extracts and the molecular basis of these early infection processes. The original objectives were: 1. Characterize the pre-penetration events (adhesion, germination and appressorium formation) of spores of M. anisopliae strains with high or low virulence during tick infection. 2. Create GFP-expressing strains of M. anisopliae tick pathogens having high and low virulence to compare their progress of infection by microscopy. 3. Use microarray analyses, primarily with existing M. anisopliae EST sequences in GenBank, to identify and characterize fungal genes whose expression is regulated in response to host cuticle extracts. Objective 3 was later modified (as approved by BARD) to use RNAseq to characterize the early stages of fungal gene expression during infection of intact host cuticles. This new method provides a massively larger and more informative dataset and allows us to take advantage of a) recently published genomes of Metarhizium robertsii and M. acridum for RNAseq data analysis, and b) newly developed and highly efficient cDNA sequencing technologies that are relatively low cost and, therefore, allow deep sequencing of multiple transcriptome samples. We examined pre-penetration and penetration events that differentiate high and low virulence strains of Metarhizium spp., focusing on spore adhesion, germination, appressorium formation, and penetration of tick integuments. Initiation of fungal infection was compared on susceptible and resistant tick species at different tick developmental stages. In vitro studies comparing the effects of protein and fatty acid profiles from tick cuticle extracts demonstrated that resistant tick cuticles contain higher concentrations of specific lipids that inhibit fungal development than do susceptible tick cuticles, suggesting one mechanism of Ixodidae resistance to fungal entomopathogens (Objective 1). We used molecular markers to determine that the three M. anisopliae strains from Israel that we studied actually were three distinct species. M. brunneum is highly virulent against the tick Rhipicephalus annulatus, M. pingshaense and M. robertsii are intermediate in virulence, and M. majus is of low virulence. We transformed all four Metarhizium species to express GFP and used them in pathogenicity assays against diverse tick species. Key findings were that a) resistant ticks inhibit Metarhizium infection prior to hemocoel invasion by reducing fungal viability on the cuticle surface (Objective 2), as was supported by the in vitro studies of Objective 1, and b) Metarhizium kills susceptible ticks after cuticle penetration but prior to hemocoel colonization. Transcriptome studies of the most virulent species, M. brunneum, are in progress and include analyses of ungerminated conidia and conidia germination and development on a low nutrient medium or on susceptible R. annulatus exoskeleton (Objective 3). We anticipate these studies will contribute to identifying fungal genetic factors that increase virulence and speed of kill and may help reveal tick chemistries that could be included in biocontrol formulations to increase efficacy. Methodologies developed to screen tick cuticle extracts for ability to support conidia germination and development may help in the selection of wild fungi with increased virulence against resistant ticks. The overall knowledge gained should contribute not only to the improvement of tick control but also to the control of other blood-sucking arthropods and related plant pests. Use of bio-based agents for controlling arthropods will contribute to a healthier, more sustainable environment and serve a growing number of organic food farmers.
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Habib, Ayman, Darcy M. Bullock, Yi-Chun Lin, and Raja Manish. Road Ditch Line Mapping with Mobile LiDAR. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317354.

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Maintenance of roadside ditches is important to avoid localized flooding and premature failure of pavements. Scheduling effective preventative maintenance requires mapping of the ditch profile to identify areas requiring excavation of long-term sediment accumulation. High-resolution, high-quality point clouds collected by mobile LiDAR mapping systems (MLMS) provide an opportunity for effective monitoring of roadside ditches and performing hydrological analyses. This study evaluated the applicability of mobile LiDAR for mapping roadside ditches for slope and drainage analyses. The performance of alternative MLMS units was performed. These MLMS included an unmanned ground vehicle, an unmanned aerial vehicle, a portable backpack system along with its vehicle-mounted version, a medium-grade wheel-based system, and a high-grade wheel-based system. Point cloud from all the MLMS units were in agreement in the vertical direction within the ±3 cm range for solid surfaces, such as paved roads, and ±7 cm range for surfaces with vegetation. The portable backpack system that could be carried by a surveyor or mounted on a vehicle and was the most flexible MLMS. The report concludes that due to flexibility and cost effectiveness of the portable backpack system, it is the preferred platform for mapping roadside ditches, followed by the medium-grade wheel-based system. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulders, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data, and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulder, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively.
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