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Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Sandve, Kjell. "Cost analysis and optimal maintenance planning for monotone, repairable systems." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336620.

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2

Wiking, Josefin. "Alternative cost-optimal pathways for the transport sector of Cyprus." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-179032.

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This thesis investigates the possible future pathways for the road transportation sector of Cyprus, in a time horizon from the year 2013 to 2040. The road transportation sector of Cyprus is the most energy consuming sector in the country, completely dependent on the use of diesel and gasoline. In order to comply with the renewable energy target for the transportation sector set by the European Union, Cyprus needs to transform its road transportation sector. The software MESSAGE (Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impact) is used to model the road transport sector, consisting of passenger and freight transportation. The results of the modelling provides insights into the most cost-effective pathways for Cyprus in the future. In addition to the reference scenario, four different scenarios are examined. These scenarios are focusing on different relevant aspects for Cyprus which are renewable energy, natural gas, public transport and hydrogen. The results of the study indicate that the total numbers of petroleum fueled vehicles will increase in the future, and the freight transport will be particularly difficult to transform. For the passenger transport, there will be a fuel switch from gasoline to diesel, since diesel is less expensive than gasoline. There are possibilities for increasing the numbers of alternative low-carbon emitting vehicle technologies in Cyprus. For the passenger transport, the most cost-effective low-carbon vehicle technologies are hybrid diesel electric cars, plug-in hybrid diesel electric cars and hybrid electric diesel buses. For the freight transport, the most cost-effective low-carbon vehicle technologies are natural gas heavy trycks and electric light trucks. Lastly, the results of the study indicate that it will not be possible for Cyprus to reach the renewable energy target for the transportation sector. The country has to investigate in taxation schemes for increasing the numbers of alternative vehicles as well as increasing the blends of biofuels into gasoline and diesel.
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3

Wang, Yibin. "Cost benefit analysis of condition monitoring systems for optimal maintenance decision making." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/6847.

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Tremendous advances in high performance sensing and signal processing technology enable the development of condition monitoring systems (CMS) for complex engineered systems to detect, diagnose, and predict the system-wide effects of failure events. Although employing CMS in preventing catastrophic system failures and reducing the operation and maintenance (O&M) costs have been acknowledged, the cost and benefit of CMS have not been well studied and further the advantages of CMS have not been fully recognized for the optimal maintenance decision making, mainly due to the lack of valid theoretical modeling addressing the interrelationship between the CMS effectiveness and system downtime due to system failures. In this study, a Poisson Process model will be developed for the modeling of occurrence of the system-wide failure events and study the potential benefits provided by the CMS in preventing these failure events. With the developed Poisson process model, the cost benefit analysis (CBA) will then be implemented by considering the CMS system reliability and costs varying with its failure detection effectiveness presented by the probabilistic detectability measure. Facilitated by CBA of the CMS, break-even points (BEP) between expected lifecycle benefits and the required CMS detectability level can be found to select optimal CMS for different system failure modes. Moreover, with the help of the CBA results, optimal maintenance strategies can be determined to minimize the O&M costs. The presented CBA methodology for the CMS systems will be demonstrated with an aircraft maintenance case study and the efficacy will be validated.
Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
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4

Posada, Jarred L., and David E. Caballero. "Item unique identification capability expansion: established process analysis, cost benefit analysis, and optimal marking procedures." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44647.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
The purpose of this Master of Business Administration project is to identify possible expansion capabilities, by researching the most cost-effective two-dimensional barcode technology known as an item unique identification that will allow for tracking Department of the Navy assets from cradle to grave. While the Navy is not 100 percent complete, the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics mandated that all new tangible and legacy items over $5,000 and/or serially managed, mission critical, or controlled by inventory, must be serialized and registered by 2010. There are two methods that the Navy can use to mark such items: intrusive and nonintrusive. For legacy items, the best method to mark an item would be nonintrusive, due to the criticality of maintaining the integrity of the item for safety reasons. Thus, it was determined that the best marking procedure for legacy items would be metal foil tags, generated by a contracting company, since they are the most cost-effective, nonintrusive marking method.
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5

Budianto, Richard. "A cost-optimal and geospatial analysis for the power system of Sierra Leone." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264349.

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In 2014, the electricity access in Sierra Leone was almost 13.1%, consisting of 42% in urban areas and 1% in rural areas. The high transmission and distribution losses in the national grid, the insufficient generation capacity, and regulatory constraints are also some of the country´s challenges in the power sector (SEforALL Africa Hub, 2018). Nevertheless, the government of Sierra Leone has set a target to increase the electrification rate to 92% in 2030 (SEforALL Africa Hub, 2018). This target could be achieved by exploiting the abundant sources of renewable energy in such as hydro and solar. The objective of this study is to analyze the investments in the power sector of Sierra Leone in order to cover the country´s future electricity needs considering national targets (electrification rate) and different tiers of electricity in the residential sector. The modelling tools, OnSSET,spatial electrification planning tool and OSeMOSYS, cost optimization for medium to long-run integrated assessment and energy planning tool are used for this thesis project. In order to achieve future electricity target, the modelling period of this study has been set to 2015- 2065. Under this study, three scenarios are analyzed, the reference, medium electricity demand, and high electricity demand for the period 2015-2065. In 2015, the consumption level was 578 kWh/household/year for the urban population and 73 kWh/household/ year for the rural population. The reference scenario considers Tier 3 (Global Tracking Framework, 2015) on electricity consumption for urban population and Tier 2 (Global Tracking Framework, 2015) for the rural population in 2065. The medium electricity demand scenario assumes slightly higher energy consumption (Tier 4 (Global Tracking Framework, 2015) for urban population and Tier 3 (Global Tracking Framework, 2015) for rural population) in 2065. Lastly, the high electricity demand scenario assumes the highest electricity demand (Tier 5 (Global Tracking Framework, 2015) for urban population and Tier 4 (Global Tracking Framework, 2015) for rural population) in 2065. This study shows that for Sierra Leone, in order to cover its electricity needs in the future as well as to be fully electrified, its power generation will mainly be based on hydro. In the Reference scenario, where both OnSSET and OSeMOSYS analysis were used, it is suggested that 28% of the total electricity produced is to be generated by solar PV and 60% by hydropower plant. This is due to the fact that OnSSET, as a spatial analysis tool, also takes into consideration the distance between available resource and demand, on top of resource availability. Meanwhile, in the medium and high electricity demand scenarios, where only OSeMOSYS analysis was conducted, hydropower plant shows a more dominant contribution than the reference scenario. Around 68% of total electricity produced for medium electricity demand scenario is from hydropower plant. In the high electricity demand scenario, besides high electricity production from hydro (79.5% of total electricity produced), production from other technology such as HFO and solar PV is more evenly spread, especially in 2065. Overall, it can still be deduced that hydro power plant is the most promising option for electricity generation in all scenarios. This is attributed mostly to its abundance as well as low production costs, such that even when the distance is considered, it is still reasonably more attractive than other options available.
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6

Kleyner, Andre V. "Determining optimal reliability targets through analysis of product validation cost and field warranty data." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3107.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Mechanical Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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7

Perman, Daniel. "Optimal väggisoleringstjocklek på hyresfastighet vid begränsad byggyta." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-26411.

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Miljömedvetenheten och ökat intresse för energieffektiva hus har gjort att byggnader isoleras som aldrig förr. Oftast är det på lång sikt ganska så lätt att räkna hem en ökad isoleringsmängd och det är just den ekonomiska vinsten som brukar lyftas fram som det främsta argument varför en beställare bör välja den tjockare isoleringen. För en beställare av hyresfastigheter är det oftast ekonomin som avgör ifall ett projekt ska påbörjas eller inte och denna studie ska därför vara en hjälp till att välja den mest ekonomiska isoleringstjockleken i väggar. Syftet med denna studie är att utreda var den optimala väggisoleringstjocken hamnar på en hyresfastighet med flerfamiljsbostäder som byggs på en begränsad byggyta. Inte sällan finns det krav på maximal byggyta från kommunen och då innebär det att ju tjockare isoleringen är desto mindre blir den uthyrningsbara boytan. Kvalitativa intervjuer låg till grund för att bestämma några vanligt förekommande ytterväggskonstruktioner som isoleringen sedan skulle optimeras på. Dessa ytterväggar placerades på en teoretisk referensbyggnad som därefter energiberäknades med hjälp av handberäkningar där matematiska uttryck för en varierande isoleringstjocklek användes. De teoretiska ytterväggarna kalkylerades därefter med hjälp av kalkylprogrammet Sektionsdata.  En livscykelkostnadsanalys utfördes sedan där historisk statistik på hyror, energipriser och räntor utnyttjades. Slutligen kunde en optimal isoleringstjocklek hittas för varje väggtyp. Väggkonstruktionerna som valts var två betongväggar och två träregelväggar, båda med puts respektive tegel. Optimal isoleringstjocklek för väggkonstruktionen betongstomme med tegel hamnade på 84mm. För väggkonstruktionen betongstomme med puts hamnade optimal isoleringstjocklek på 88mm. För väggkonstruktionerna med trästomme kunde en optimal isoleringstjocklek inte hittas eftersom väggarnas uppbyggnad med två respektive tre isoleringsskikt gjorde att väggarna förblev överisolerade i ett ekonomiskt perspektiv även vid minsta möjliga tjocklek på isoleringsskiktet som skulle optimeras.  Studien visar på att det med dagens byggregler ger en stor vinst att hålla nere på väggisoleringstjockleken på flerfamiljsbostäder som byggs på en begränsad byggyta.
Environmental awareness and increased interest in energy-efficient housing have made the buildings more insulated in Sweden. Usually, it is quite easy to calculate a profit from a greater amount of insulation, in the long term. This is usually the seller’s main argument to why the client should choose the thicker insulation. For a client that wants to build a rental property, it is usually the economy that determines whether a project should be started or not. Hopefully this study will be a help to choose the most economic insulation thickness in walls. The purpose of this study is to investigate where the optimum of wall insulation thickness is in an apartment building for renting which is built on a limited area. Quite often there are requirements for a maximum building area from the municipality, which means that the rentable living space will come smaller when the insulation gets thicker. Qualitative interviews were used to determinate the common wall constructions which the insulation would be optimized for. These walls were placed in a theoretical reference building in which the energy use were estimated using hand calculations where mathematical expressions of a variety of insulation thickness were used. Thereafter, the prices of the walls were calculated using a spreadsheet program called Sektionsdata. A life cycle cost analysis was performed in which the historical statistics on rents, energy prices and interest rates were used. Finally, the optimal insulation thickness was found for each wall type. The wall types chosen were a wall of concrete and brick, a wall of concrete and rendering, a wall of wood and brick and a wall of wood and rendering. Optimal insulation thickness of the wall with concrete and brick ended up at 84mm. For the wall of rendered concrete, the optimal insulation thickness ended up at 88mm. The optimal insulation thickness of the walls of wood could not be found as the wall structure with two and three insulation layers made the walls too isolated in an economic perspective even at a minimal thickness of the layer that was going to be optimized. The study shows that with current building codes in Sweden it is profitable to keep down the wall insulation thickness in an apartment building for renting, built on a limited area.
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8

Krsmanovic, Dusko <1985&gt. "A Law and Economics Analysis of Lobbying Regulation Towards an optimal structure through the Cost Indicator Index." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6695/4/Krsmanovic_Dusko_Tesi.pdf.

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This research primarily represents a contribution to the lobbying regulation research arena. It introduces an index which for the first time attempts to measure the direct compliance costs of lobbying regulation. The Cost Indicator Index (CII) offers a brand new platform for qualitative and quantitative assessment of adopted lobbying laws and proposals of those laws, both in the comparative and the sui generis dimension. The CII is not just the only new tool introduced in the last decade, but it is the only tool available for comparative assessments of the costs of lobbying regulations. Beside the qualitative contribution, the research introduces an additional theoretical framework for complementary qualitative analysis of the lobbying laws. The Ninefold theory allows a more structured assessment and classification of lobbying regulations, both by indication of benefits and costs. Lastly, this research introduces the Cost-Benefit Labels (CBL). These labels might improve an ex-ante lobbying regulation impact assessment procedure, primarily in the sui generis perspective. In its final part, the research focuses on four South East European countries (Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia), and for the first time brings them into the discussion and calculates their CPI and CII scores. The special focus of the application was on Serbia, whose proposal on the Law on Lobbying has been extensively analysed in qualitative and quantitative terms, taking into consideration specific political and economic circumstances of the country. Although the obtained results are of an indicative nature, the CII will probably find its place within the academic and policymaking arena, and will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of lobbying regulations worldwide.
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9

Krsmanovic, Dusko <1985&gt. "A Law and Economics Analysis of Lobbying Regulation Towards an optimal structure through the Cost Indicator Index." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6695/.

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This research primarily represents a contribution to the lobbying regulation research arena. It introduces an index which for the first time attempts to measure the direct compliance costs of lobbying regulation. The Cost Indicator Index (CII) offers a brand new platform for qualitative and quantitative assessment of adopted lobbying laws and proposals of those laws, both in the comparative and the sui generis dimension. The CII is not just the only new tool introduced in the last decade, but it is the only tool available for comparative assessments of the costs of lobbying regulations. Beside the qualitative contribution, the research introduces an additional theoretical framework for complementary qualitative analysis of the lobbying laws. The Ninefold theory allows a more structured assessment and classification of lobbying regulations, both by indication of benefits and costs. Lastly, this research introduces the Cost-Benefit Labels (CBL). These labels might improve an ex-ante lobbying regulation impact assessment procedure, primarily in the sui generis perspective. In its final part, the research focuses on four South East European countries (Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia), and for the first time brings them into the discussion and calculates their CPI and CII scores. The special focus of the application was on Serbia, whose proposal on the Law on Lobbying has been extensively analysed in qualitative and quantitative terms, taking into consideration specific political and economic circumstances of the country. Although the obtained results are of an indicative nature, the CII will probably find its place within the academic and policymaking arena, and will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of lobbying regulations worldwide.
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10

Ertem, Mustafa Alp. "Optimal Scope Of Work For International Integrated Systems." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606209/index.pdf.

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This study develops a systems integration project scheduling model which identifies the assignment of activity responsibilities that minimizes expected project implementation cost, considering the project risk. Assignment of resources to the individual jobs comprising the project is a persistent problem in project management. Mostly, skilled labor is an essential resource and both the time and the cost incurred to perform a job depend on the resource to which job is assigned. A systems integration project includes implementation issues in the areas of shipping, installation, and commissioning. Implementation problems lead to project delays, increased costs, and decreased performance, leading to customer dissatisfaction with the systems integrator. Activities can be performed in one of three ways: by the integrator, by the customer, or jointly between the integrator and customer. In this study we select the performer (mode) of each activity comprising the project network while taking into consideration the varying cost, duration and extreme event probability of each activity among different modes-integrator, joint work and customer. Use of the model will permit customers and integrators to mutually agree on an appropriate assignment of responsibilities in the contract. Systems integrators can also use the model to improve their implementation services offerings. An experimental design and a Monte-Carlo simulation study were conducted to see the effects of the parameters of the problem on the selection of modes.
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11

Scharin, Henrik. "Management of eutrophicated coastal zones : the quest for an optimal policy under spatial heterogeneity /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a503.pdf.

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12

Liu, Liang. "Probabilistic Assessment and Optimal Life-Cycle Management Considering Climate Change and Cost-Benefit Analysis: Applications to Bridge Networks and Ships." Thesis, Lehigh University, 2021. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=28156457.

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The continuous operation of civil and marine structures is essential for maintaining the flow of people and goods. However, structures are exposed to extreme or progressive events during their service time. The uncertainties associated with the occurrence and the magnitude of extreme events (e.g. flooding and scour) may change, leading to unprecedented loading conditions, while the progressive events (e.g. corrosion and fatigue) may jeopardize the structural capacity to resist loads. In order to maintain or improve the structural capacity, repair and maintenance actions need to be applied to structures. However, the determination of these actions may be challenging for decision makers due to (a) limited financial resources to be allocated for a group of structures, (b) uncertainties associated with current structure conditions and future loading conditions, and (c) various decision-making factors (e.g. reliability threshold, decision time, and risk attitude). In order to address these issues, the focus of the research in this dissertation is to enhance the development of management strategies with the application in (a) management of bridge networks under hydraulic events and climate changes, (b) service life extension of ships considering financial feasibility and decision-making factors, and (c) determination of reliability threshold in the decision-making process. The management of bridge networks involves the quantification of regional hazards imposed on the network, performance assessment of structures, and consequence evaluation of potential bridge failure. Regional hazards such as floods may be affected by the changes in the intensity of precipitation due to anticipated climate changes. These hazards may cause extensive damage to bridges, and failure may cause significant costs to bridge managers and result in inconvenience on the daily traffic commute. This research focuses on enhancing the assessment and management of bridges networks vulnerable to regional hydraulic events and climate changes. The integration of transportation network analysis, which reflects the redistribution of traffic flow in the event of bridge failure, is shown to be essential when determining the risk level of bridges. Furthermore, this work includes proposed methodologies for determining optimal management strategies that account for the connection between global climate predictions and regional hydrologic conditions. The crux of determining management strategies, especially for extending ship service lives, is to ensure an adequate safety margin within and beyond the design life. In addition to the loading effect and structural capacity, the safety margin of ships is related to the deterioration acting on the structure. During ship operation, in-service condition surveys are conducted on ship details to assess structural conditions and to inform maintenance actions. This research focuses on the integration of condition surveys of ship details, as well as the timing of conducting surveys, to improve the service life extension for ship structures. While decision makers strive to maintain the safe operation of ships, they should also identify the management strategy that can deliver the best return given the limited budget. This research, from the perspective of cost-effectiveness and profitability, proposes optimization frameworks to clarify the financially feasible life expectancy of different management strategies as well as identify the optimal duration of extended service life for different categories of commercial ships. The last focus of this research emanates from the reliability threshold when determining management strategies. In addition to facilitating decision-making on the management of civil and marine structures, the reliability threshold in terms of target reliability index has been extensively used in design guidelines to ensure adequate safety margin for structures. The level of safety is typically related to the failure mode and severity of failure consequences (e.g. number of potential fatalities). Driven by the emerging application of unmanned ships where there are fewer or no crew members on board, this research specifically focuses on the integration of different acceptance criteria for human safety into the determination of the target reliability index.
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Yousefi, Mojir Kayran. "A Computational Model for Optimal Dimensional Speed on New High-Speed Lines." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-37230.

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High Speed Lines (HSL) in rail passenger services are regarded as one of the most significant projects in many countries comparing to other projects in the transportation area. According to the EU (European Council Directive 96/48/EC,2004) , high-speed lines are either new-built lines for speeds of 250km/h or greater, or in some cases upgraded traditional lines. At the beginning of 2008, there were 10,000 km of new HSL lines in operation, and by taking into account the upgraded conventional lines, in total, there were 20,000 km line in the world. The network is growing fast because of the demand for short travelling time and comfort isincreasing rapidly. Since HSL projects require a lot of capital, it is getting more important for governments and companies to estimate and to calculate the total costs and benefits of building, maintaining, and operating of HSL so that they can decide better and more reliable in choosing between projects. There are many parameters which affect the total costs and benefits of an HSL. The most important parameter is dimensional speed which has a great influence on other parameters. For example, tunnels need larger cross section for higher speed which increases construction costs. More important, higher speed also influences the number of passengers attracted from other modes of transport. Due to a large number of speed-dependant parameters, it is not a simple task to estimate an optimal dimensional speed by calculating the costs and benefits of an HSL manually. It is also difficult to do analysis for different speeds, as speed changes many other relevant parameters. As a matter of fact, there is a need for a computational model to calculate the cost-benefit for different speeds. Based on the computational model, it is possible to define different scenarios and compare them to each other to see what the potentially optimal speed would be for a new HSL project. Besides the optimal speed, it is also possible to analyze and find effects of two other important parameters, fare and frequency, by cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The probability model used in the calculation is based on an elasticity model, and input parameters are subject to flexibility to calibrate the model appropriately. Optimal high-speed line (OHSL) tool is developed to make the model accessible for the users.
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14

Burr, Chrystie T. "Essays on Public and Environmental Economics." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293611.

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Over the last 10 years, the solar photovoltaic (PV) market has experienced tremendous growth due in part to government incentive programs. However the effect and welfare analysis of these policy instruments remain ambiguous. In the first chapter of my dissertation, we estimate a dynamic model of households investment decisions on rooftop PV systems to understand the impact of these programs on residential solar installations and evaluate the outcome of alternative incentive policies. The model separately evaluates the effect of system prices, up-front subsidies, tax credits and production revenues using a 5-year data set collected by the California Solar Initiative program, which subsidized solar installations in California. The results indicate that capacity-based subsidies are equally effective as production-based subsidies, but that the latter are more efficient. With a $100 social cost of carbon, the total subsidies in California would be welfare neutral. If California were only as sunny as Frankfurt, Germany, this value has to be $200 to be welfare neutral. We find that without subsidies, 85% of the existing installations would not have occurred. The second chapter of my dissertation is on the political economics of corruption. This is a relevant question in the Environmental Economics due to the human factors involved in government regulations. We investigate the effects of unhindered corruption in the entry-certifying process of an industry on market structure and social welfare. To gain entry, a firm must pay a bribe-maximizing official an exogenous percentage of anticipated profit, in addition to the usual set up cost. This would lead to a monopoly, but only in markets without pre-existing firms. A benevolent social planner may use bribery to the benefit of society by either manipulating the number of pre-existing firms in the market, or by setting up independent (corrupt) licensing authorities. A socially optimal number of firms in the market may be reached by choosing the right number of pre-existing firms or by having exactly two licensing authorities. These mechanisms may be seen as restoring second-best efficiency in settings characterized by two major sources of distortion: Imperfect competition and corruption.
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Krsmanović, Duško [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Faure. "A Law and Economics Analysis of Lobbying Regulation : Towards an Optimal Structure Through the Cost Indicator Index / Duško Krsmanović ; Betreuer: Michael Faure." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1133262155/34.

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Bam, Prayag. "Development and Implementation of Network Level Trade-off Analysis tool in Transportation Asset Management." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1512227253641838.

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Lapioli, Simone. "Energy retrofit of an office building in Stockholm: feasibility analysis of an EWIS." Thesis, KTH, Installations- och energisystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190992.

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The energy retrofit of existing buildings has always been a challenging task to accomplish. The example of the Swecohuset building, proves how an integrated approach design between architectural and energetic aspects as well as the use of well-known and efficient technologies are key aspects to achieve the energy-saving goal. This work, in the first part describes the Swecohuset retrofit process, along with the reasons behind the choices which have led to the current result of a reduction by 2/3 of the energy need for space conditioning purposes. Then, in the second part, after a brief focus on the passive aspects which characterize the current energy performance of the building, it is carried out a feasibility analysis of an EWIS (external wall insulation system) by studying its interaction with a complex system as an optimization problem, with the main purpose of understanding the basis of the BPO and explore further building potentialities.
SIRen
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Miran, Seyedeh Azadeh. "RELIABILITY-BASED MANAGEMENT OF BURIED PIPELINES CONSIDERING EXTERNAL CORROSION DEFECTS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1467217785.

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Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq. "Optimal ranking and sequencing of non-domestic building energy retrofit options for greenhouse gas emissions reduction." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10501.

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Whether it is based on current emissions data or future projections of further growth, the building sector currently represent the largest and singular most important contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. This notion is also supported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based on projection scenarios for 2030 that emissions from buildings will be responsible for about one-third of total global emissions. As such, improving the energy efficiency of buildings has become a top priority worldwide. A significant majority of buildings that exist now will still exist in 2030 and beyond; therefore the greatest energy savings and carbon footprint reductions can be made through retrofit of existing buildings. A wide range of retrofit options are readily available, but methods to identify optimal solutions for a particular abatement project still constitute a major technical challenge. Investments in building energy retrofit technologies usually involve decision-making processes targeted at reducing operational energy consumption and maintenance bills. For this reason, retrofit decisions by building stakeholders are typically driven by financial considerations. However, recent trends towards environmentally conscious and resource-efficient design and retrofit have focused on the environmental merits of these options, emphasising a lifecycle approach to emissions reduction. Retrofit options available for energy savings have different performance characteristics and building stakeholders are required to establish an optimal solution, where competing objectives such as financial costs, energy consumption and environmental performance are taken into account. These key performance parameters cannot be easily quantified and compared by building stakeholders since they lack the resources to perform an effective decision analysis. In part, this is due to the inadequacy of existing methods to assess and compare performance indicators. Current methods to quantify these parameters are considered in isolation when making decisions about energy conservation in buildings. To effectively manage the reduction of lifecycle environmental impacts, it is necessary to link financial cost with both operational and embodied emissions. This thesis presents a novel deterministic decision support system (DSS) for the evaluation of economically and environmentally optimal retrofit of non-domestic buildings. The DSS integrates the key variables of economic and net environmental benefits to produce optimal decisions. These variables are used within an optimisation scheme that consists of integrated modules for data input, sensitivity analysis and takes into account the use of a set of retrofit options that satisfies a range of criteria (environmental, demand, cost and resource constraints); hierarchical course of action; and the evaluations of ‘best’ case scenario based on marginal abatement cost methods and Pareto optimisation. The steps involved in the system development are presented and its usefulness is evaluated using case study applications. The results of the applications are analysed and presented, verifying the feasibility of the DSS, whilst encouraging further improvements and extensions. The usefulness of the DSS as a tool for policy formulation and developments that can trigger innovations in retrofit product development processes and sustainable business models are also discussed. The methodology developed provides stakeholders with an efficient and reliable decision process that is informed by both environmental and financial considerations. Overall, the development of the DSS which takes a whole-life CO2 emission accounting framework and an economic assessment view-point, successfully demonstrates how value is delivered across different parts of the techno-economic system, especially as it pertains to financial gains, embodied and operational emissions reduction potential.
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20

Mbiyana, Keegan. "Winter Road Maintenance Planning-Decision Support Modelling." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70475.

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Winter in Northern Sweden comes with very harsh and unpredictable condition associated with large amounts of snowfall covering roadways thereby affecting transportation by roads. When the road conditions i.e. the snow depth, road unevenness and friction of the road surface are accessed and found to exceed the threshold, a maintenance action must be carried out to retain the road to the required condition for the user. The aim of maintenance, in this case, is to make the road comfortable, safe and economical for the road user. Decision support system, therefore, comes in handy to facilitate on deciding what maintenance action to carry out and when the action should be carried out, where the action should be carried out and how to go about the action based on the various data and resources available. This thesis project concentrates on how to carry out a winter road maintenance after receiving an alert of an action to carry out, when to carry it out and the road network that needs to be maintained. The thesis work focusses only on two of the winter road maintenance actions namely snow ploughing of bus stops in Luleå and application of abrasives commonly referred to as sanding of bus stops. Carrying out winter road maintenance comes at a huge cost from both direct and indirect costs with the Swedish government spending about SEK 1.75 billion every year as indicated by Jana Sochor and Cecilia Yu (Sochor & Yu, 2004). This means that reduction in the maintenance cost of even 5% through optimisation of the maintenance cost would translate into a saving of about 87.5 million SEK per year and in 10 years could amount to close to 1 billion SEK. Optimization also leads to efficiency and effectiveness that could result in improved movement on the road and reduced environmental and social-economic impacts. Maintenance planning thus becomes essential for the effective and efficient execution of work and utilisation of the available scarce resource. This thesis project focusses on the use of Operations research methods to minimise the cost of carrying out a winter road maintenance action by finding the near optimal or if possible optimal solution and still deliver the required service level. The thesis delivers two main things: It first delivers a framework to support winter road maintenance decision making after an alert of an action is received and secondly an algorithm for the route that minimises the cost of maintenance by providing the route that minimises the travel distance of the ploughing/sanding vehicle from its source depot and back to the depot after completing a maintenance action assuming that the vehicle and material (fuel and sand) are in the same depot. The routes with minimum travel distance will, therefore, be that route that will reduce the labour time and in turn the labour cost, reduce the fuel consumption and the maintenance of the equipment due to reduced usage. The project uses a vehicle routing problem which is a generalised travelling Salesman as the optimisation technique to determine the optimal solution for the allocation of resources for carrying out a maintenance action to facilitate efficient utilisation of the available resources. This is with the help of a commercial optimisation software and support tools namely ArcGIS. To come up with the algorithm, the first step was a digital representation of the vehicle road network in Luleå for network analysis after which the bus stops were imported from google earth into the network. A two-stage optimisation was then carried out: first was a model for route optimisation based on the road network in ArcGIS with the objective function to minimise the travel distance and constraints based on the available resources. The results of ii the model were then exported into excel for the second optimisation for the optimal cost of maintenance done through a developed excel algorithm. The total cost of maintenance comprised direct and indirect cost. The direct cost consisted of the cost of fuel, the cost of personnel and the cost of hiring vehicles while the indirect cost results from the penalty fee charged for sanding and ploughing a bus stop after the threshold time given to a maintenance contractor by the municipality. Any bus stop that is ploughed after the threshold attracts a penalty per hour of the exceeded time. Six penalty threshold times were considered i.e. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes and a single parameter deterministic sensitivity analysis was carried out for each cost parameters to determine the sensitivity of the total maintenance cost. The more relaxed penalty thresholds were found to be less sensitive to the direct cost and the total maintenance cost compared to the more sensitive ones. When the penalty threshold is relaxed, the optimal maintenance cost reduces, and the required number of vehicles reduces. The cost of vehicle hire was found to be more sensitive than the other costs. The results of this project can help the maintenance contractor in developing a work schedule for the maintenance personnel and improve vehicle fleet management. By modelling the worst scenario, a contractor can plan for the maximum number of vehicles required and consequently the personnel required. With the optimal travel route for each vehicle and the total maintenance cost determined, maintenance contractors can determine the sustainability and profitability of their business and be able to negotiate for a better and more sustainable agreement (Contract) or for the relaxation of the penalty threshold time if it does not affect the service level required i.e. the quality and safety requirements. The approach used in this project can also be used for other winter road maintenance problems.
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21

Ljungberg, Anders. "Lokal kollektivtrafik på samhällsekonomisk grundval." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10095.

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Förutom i Stockholm uppvisar den lokala kollektivtrafiken en nedåtgående trend i trafikutvecklingen, trots en årlig subvention om 10 miljarder kronor. Drift av lokal kollektivtrafik i mindre och medelstora städer baserat på samhällsekonomiska kriterier skulle bl a medföra en prispolitik som kräver en subvention om drygt 50%. Att detta ungefär motsvarar rådande subventioneringsgrad är dock inte ett tecken på att kollektivtrafiken bedrivs på samhällsekonomisk grundval, eftersom det visar sig att prisstrukturen är grovt suboptimal. Vad gäller investeringspolitik framgår det dessutom av en enkätundersökning att trafikhuvudmännen inte använder samhällsekonomisk kalkyl (CBA) vid planering och drift av lokal kollektivtrafik, så syftet med avhandlingen är att visa på de möjligheter till förbättringar av den lokala kollektivtrafiken som skulle uppstå om den bedrevs på samhällsekonomisk grundval. Operationaliseringen av teorin kräver först att några grundfrågor för en tillämpning av allmän välfärdsekonomisk teori på bedrivande av lokal kollektivtrafik benas upp. Det är väsentligt att göra en åtskillnad av utbudet av kollektiva transporttjänster mellan ett grundläggande utbud som är att betrakta som ”merit goods” och övrigt utbud där nyttan på normalt sätt mäts genom konsumenternas betalningsvilja. I en omfattande fallstudie av den lokala kollektivtrafiken i Linköping exemplifieras vad effekten blir, dels av vissa utbudsförändringar, som har sållats fram i strävan mot systemoptimum, dels av ändamålsenlig efterfrågestyrning, och med CBA beräknas vad nettoresultatet kan tänkas bli. Om förbättringar som ger lika stor nettonytta som i Linköping kan göras hos flertalet andra trafikhuvudmän med en samhällsekonomisk ansats, skulle den totala nettonyttan aggregerad över hela Sverige vara betydligt större än vad vissa av de omskrivna jätteprojekten inom kollektivtrafiksektorn kan prestera.
Except in Stockholm, local public transport shows a declining trend in spite of an annual total subsidy from the County councils of 10 billion SEK. This is fair enough. Running local bus services in small and medium sized towns in accordance with welfare economic criteria implies among other things a pricing policy which requires subsidization just above 50%, which happens to be the same as the present degree of tax-financing. However, this is just a coincidence, and not a mark of optimality, because it is found that the structure of fares is clearly suboptimal. As regards investment policy it is furthermore confirmed by a questionnaire survey that neither the principals (the County councils) nor their agents (bus companies) use cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for the design of local public transport systems, so the purpose of the thesis is to demonstrate the potential improvements of public transport in small and medium sized towns run on the basis of welfare economics. The operationalization of the welfare economic foundations requires some theoretical reorientation in the particular case of local public transport. A fundamental division of the supply is made between the “merit goods” part of total supply and the “normal goods” part, where benefit is measured by the individual willingness-to-pay. In a case study of the bus transport system of Linköping a number of generally applicable minor improvements are found by the welfare economic approach, which aggregated to the national level would imply a total net benefit which more spectacular projects in the public transport sector rarely can present.
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22

Li, Wei. "Optimal market timing strategies under transaction costs." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1999. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/164.

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23

Dhanda, Abhishek. "Experimental analysis, modeling, and optimal control of PEM fuel cell electrochemistry /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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24

Mertz, Théophile. "Optimisation simultanée de la configuration et du dimensionnement des réseaux de chaleur urbains." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3019/document.

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L’objectif de ces travaux est de développer une méthode d’aide à la conception des réseaux de chaleur urbains (RCU). Cette méthode utilise un modèle de type MINLP (Mixed Integer Non Linear Programming) pour l’optimisation simultanée de la configuration et du dimensionnement d’un RCU. Aux variables continues pour l’aide au dimensionnement (température, vitesse, diamètre, aire des échangeurs), s’ajoutent des variables binaires aidant à définir la configuration du réseau (maillage et choix des technologies). La fonction objectif à minimiser est le coût total (capex et opex), qui est soumise à un ensemble de contraintes non linéaires (p. ex. pertes thermiques et de charge, bilans). La méthode développée dans ce manuscrit offre la possibilité de connecter en cascade des consommateurs n’ayant pas les mêmes besoins en température, et de réaliser des réseaux bouclés (une canalisation par tranchée). Elle permet aussi de choisir : les consommateurs à connecter au RCU, le ou les sites de production ainsi que le type de technologie utilisée. Enfin la bonne prise en compte de la physique permet de choisir le meilleur compromis entre pertes thermiques et pertes de charge, sur une large gamme de température. Cette formulation permet donc d’optimiser des réseaux de 4éme génération et de démontrer la rentabilité de l’intégration d’EnR&R sur le long terme (30 ans). Un premier travail est réalisé afin de proposer une méthodologie de résolution en plusieurs étapes permettant l’obtention de l’optimum global. Différents cas d’études académiques sont utilisés pour présenter les intérêts multiples de cette formulation. Enfin la comparaison avec un réseau existant a permis de démontrer la cohérence des résultats du modèle et a servi de base pour l’optimisation d’un cas d’étude de grande dimension. Plusieurs études de sensibilité post-optimale sont réalisées afin de démontrer l’intérêt de cet outil pour l’aide à la conception initiale ou l’extension de RCU existants
The aim of this thesis is to develop a method that provides design assistance for District Heating Network (DHN). This tool allows simultaneously the optimization of the configuration and its sizing, thanks to an MINLP formulation (Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming). Binary variables help to choose the optimal configuration (network layout and technologies of production), whereas continuous variables help DHN sizing (temperature, diameter, velocity, heat exchanger area, thermal generating capacity …). The objective function to minimize is the total cost (capex and opex), subjected to numerous nonlinear constraints (e.g. thermal losses, pressure drop, energy balance).This method enables to design temperature cascade between consumers, when consumer temperature requirements are different, and also looped network (only one pipe in one trench). It helps also the decision to connect (or not) consumers to the main network and also the location(s) and type(s) of the heating plant. Moreover, the arbitrage between heat losses and pressure drops is taken into account thanks to physical considerations (non-linear equations). Eventually, it is possible to design 4th generation DHN and prove their financial profitability over the long terms (30 years). First a multi-step resolution strategy is proposed to ensure finding global optimum of the complex MINLP problem. Then academic study cases are analyzed to underline the numerous assets of the formulation. Finally, the optimal design compared to an existing DHN ensures the consistency of the method and allows to build a study case at a wider scale, which can be solved thanks to the comprehensive strategy developed. The design assistance method is available for initial design as well as for extension of existing DHN
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25

Chaudhry, Waqas Zia. "An analysis of transaction cost in infrastructure projects." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/201749/2/Waqas_Chaudhry_Thesis.pdf.

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This research is designed to closely analyse the transaction cost associated with the construction and/or maintenance of infrastructure and mining projects. When the transaction cost is not clearly defined, it can either leave out essential costs, which should have been part of the transaction cost, or include unnecessary costs. This will provide false data to the owner and the analysis in these scenarios can be misleading.The research endeavoured to study the impact of bundling, wherein various small contracts or sections/portions of work are combined and the optimum bundling point existence.The results validate the suppositions of this research.
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26

Kaylor, Sean C. "Development of a Low Cost Handheld Microfluidic Phosphate Colorimeter for Water Quality Analysis." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/147.

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This thesis describes the design, fabrication, and testing process for a microfluidic phosphate colorimeter utilized for water quality analysis. The device can be powered by, and interfaced for data collection with, a common cell phone or laptop to dramatically reduce costs. Unlike commercially available colorimeters, this device does not require the user to measure or mix sample and reagent. A disposable poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluid chip, powered by an absorption pumping mechanism, was used to draw water samples, mix the sample at a specific ratio with a molybdovanadate reagent, and load both fluids into an onboard cuvette for colorimetric analysis. A series of capillary retention valves, channels, and diffusion pumping surfaces passively controls the microfluidic chip so that no user input is required. The microfluidic chip was fabricated using a modified SU-8 soft lithography process to produce a 1.67mm light absorbance pathlength for optimal Beer Lambert Law color absorbance. Preliminary calibration curves for the device produced from standard phosphate solutions indicate a range of detection between 5 to 30mg/L for reactive orthophosphate with a linearity of R²=91.3% and precision of 2.6ppm. The performance of the PDMS absorption driven pumping process was investigated using flow image analysis and indicates an effective pumping rate up to approximately 7µL/min to load a 36µL sample.
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Fox, James P. "Downtime reduction analysis of the Australia Post flat mail optical character reader." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/28479/1/James_Fox_Thesis.pdf.

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Machine downtime, whether planned or unplanned, is intuitively costly to manufacturing organisations, but is often very difficult to quantify. The available literature showed that costing processes are rarely undertaken within manufacturing organisations. Where cost analyses have been undertaken, they generally have only valued a small proportion of the affected costs, leading to an overly conservative estimate. This thesis aimed to develop a cost of downtime model, with particular emphasis on the application of the model to Australia Post’s Flat Mail Optical Character Reader (FMOCR). The costing analysis determined a cost of downtime of $5,700,000 per annum, or an average cost of $138 per operational hour. The second section of this work focused on the use of the cost of downtime to objectively determine areas of opportunity for cost reduction on the FMOCR. This was the first time within Post that maintenance costs were considered along side of downtime for determining machine performance. Because of this, the results of the analysis revealed areas which have historically not been targeted for cost reduction. Further exploratory work was undertaken on the Flats Lift Module (FLM) and Auto Induction Station (AIS) Deceleration Belts through the comparison of the results against two additional FMOCR analysis programs. This research has demonstrated the development of a methodical and quantifiable cost of downtime for the FMOCR. This has been the first time that Post has endeavoured to examine the cost of downtime. It is also one of the very few methodologies for valuing downtime costs that has been proposed in literature. The work undertaken has also demonstrated how the cost of downtime can be incorporated into machine performance analysis with specific application to identifying high costs modules. The outcome of this report has both been the methodology for costing downtime, as well as a list of areas for cost reduction. In doing so, this thesis has outlined the two key deliverables presented at the outset of the research.
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Fox, James P. "Downtime reduction analysis of the Australia Post flat mail optical character reader." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/28479/.

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Machine downtime, whether planned or unplanned, is intuitively costly to manufacturing organisations, but is often very difficult to quantify. The available literature showed that costing processes are rarely undertaken within manufacturing organisations. Where cost analyses have been undertaken, they generally have only valued a small proportion of the affected costs, leading to an overly conservative estimate. This thesis aimed to develop a cost of downtime model, with particular emphasis on the application of the model to Australia Post’s Flat Mail Optical Character Reader (FMOCR). The costing analysis determined a cost of downtime of $5,700,000 per annum, or an average cost of $138 per operational hour. The second section of this work focused on the use of the cost of downtime to objectively determine areas of opportunity for cost reduction on the FMOCR. This was the first time within Post that maintenance costs were considered along side of downtime for determining machine performance. Because of this, the results of the analysis revealed areas which have historically not been targeted for cost reduction. Further exploratory work was undertaken on the Flats Lift Module (FLM) and Auto Induction Station (AIS) Deceleration Belts through the comparison of the results against two additional FMOCR analysis programs. This research has demonstrated the development of a methodical and quantifiable cost of downtime for the FMOCR. This has been the first time that Post has endeavoured to examine the cost of downtime. It is also one of the very few methodologies for valuing downtime costs that has been proposed in literature. The work undertaken has also demonstrated how the cost of downtime can be incorporated into machine performance analysis with specific application to identifying high costs modules. The outcome of this report has both been the methodology for costing downtime, as well as a list of areas for cost reduction. In doing so, this thesis has outlined the two key deliverables presented at the outset of the research.
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29

Abou-Kandil, Hisham. "Elaboration de structures de commande hiérarchisées : approches monocritère et multicritères." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066074.

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Pour un problème de commande optimale linéaire-quadratique monocritère les lois de commande partiellement en boucle fermée à deux niveaux sont étudiées. Une généralisation des moyens de synthèse de ces lois est proposée. Pour les problèmes multicritères linéaires-quadratiques, l'utilisation des stratégies de Nash et de Stackelberg nécessite la résolution d'un ensemble d'équations matricielles couplées. La solution analytique exacte de tous les jeux de Stackelberg en boucle ouverte et d'une large classe des jeux de Nash est obtenue. Ces résultats s'appuient sur les propriétés des spectres des matrices caractérisant les conditions nécessaires à satisfaire par les différentes stratégies.
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30

Penner, Margaret. "Optimal design for linear regression with variable costs and precision requirements and its applications to forestry." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29057.

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Various criteria are discussed and as algorithms for obtaining optimal designs for use in linear regression. Linear regression is used widely and effectively in forestry but the method of quantifying the linear relationship in terms of selecting observations or designing an experiment to obtain observations is often inefficient. The experiment or study objectives must be identified to develop a criterion for comparing designs. Then a method of obtaining observations can be found which performs well under this criterion. Biometricians in forestry have been slow to take advantage of one of the assumptions of linear regression, namely that the independent variables are fixed. In part this has been due to limitations in the theory. Two important assumptions in most optimal design work, namely that precision requirements and costs are constant for all observations, are not valid for most forestry applications. Ignoring nonconstant costs can lead to designs less efficient than ones where each combination of independent variables is selected with the same frequency. The objective of this study was to develop a method of optimal sample selection that allowed for costs and precision requirements that vary from observation to observation. The resulting practical experimental layouts are more efficient for attaining the experimenter's objectives than randomly selected observations or designs constructed using the currently available design theory. Additional features of designs that consider differing costs and precision requirements are their larger sample size and their robustness to misspecification of the sample space. Traditional optimal designs concentrated observations on the boundaries of the sample space. By recognizing that these observations may be more costly and may not be of primary interest to the experimenter, more efficient designs can be constructed from less extreme observations. A computer program for obtaining optimal designs is also included.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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31

Mickelson, Katherine A. "LiDAR-Based Landslide Inventory and Susceptibility Mapping, and Differential LiDAR Analysis for the Panther Creek Watershed, Coast Range, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/253.

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LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) elevation data were collected in the Panther Creek Watershed, Yamhill County, Oregon in September and December, 2007, March, 2009 and March, 2010. LiDAR derived images from the March, 2009 dataset were used to map pre-historic, historic, and active landslides. Each mapped landslide was characterized as to type of movement, head scarp height, slope, failure depth, relative age, and direction. A total of 153 landslides were mapped and 81% were field checked in the study area. The majority of the landslide deposits (127 landslides) appear to have had movement in the past 150 years. Failures occur on slopes with a mean estimated pre-failure slope of 27° ± 8°. Depth to failure surfaces for shallow-seated landslides ranged from 0.75 m to 4.3 m, with an average of 2.9 m ± 0.8 m, and depth to failure surfaces for deep-seated landslides ranged from 5 m to 75m, with an average of 18 m ± 14 m. Earth flows are the most common slope process with 110 failures, comprising nearly three quarters (71%) of all mapped deposits. Elevation changes from two of the successive LiDAR data sets (December, 2007 and March, 2009) were examined to locate active landslides that occurred between the collections of the LiDAR imagery. The LiDAR-derived DEMs were subtracted from each other resulting in a differential dataset to examine changes in ground elevation. Areas with significant elevation changes were identified as potentially active landslides. Twenty-six landslides are considered active based upon differential LiDAR and field observations. Different models are used to estimate landslide susceptibility based upon landslide failure depth. Shallow-seated landslides are defined in this study as having a failure depth equal to less than 4.6 m (15 ft). Results of the shallow-seated susceptibility map show that the high susceptibility zone covers 35% and the moderate susceptibility zone covers 49% of the study area. Due to the high number of deep-seated landslides (58 landslides), a deep-seated susceptibility map was also created. Results of the deep-seated susceptibility map show that the high susceptibility zone covers 38% of the study area and the moderate susceptibility zone covers 43%. The results of this study include a detailed landslide inventory including pre-historic, historic, and active landslides and a set of susceptibility maps identifying areas of potential future landslides.
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32

Li, Chia-Hsing. "Optimum governance of investment conduct in the Capital Markets Union : a legal and economic analysis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25757.

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The Action Plan on Building a Capital Markets Union (‘CMU’) in the European Union (‘EU’) was launched by the European Commission in 2015. It aims to pursue a further development and integration of European capital markets by 2019. However, in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007–09 and the Eurozone crisis, it is proven that appropriate governance is indispensible to underpin such integrated markets. Therefore, in order to establish a solid CMU, this thesis attempts to answer one crucial question: ‘whether investment conduct should be supervised centralisedly at the European level in the CMU’. This thesis, at first, explores the regulatory system of investment conduct in the EU to date, with particular emphasis given to the competence allocation between the EU and Member States (and between Member States). Two findings are important: first, even though the rules of investment conduct are harmonised to a large extent in the EU, supervisory issues still matter to investment intermediaries and their clients in cross-border transactions; and, second, the current supervisory system of investment conduct in the EU might bring significant costs in cross-border transactions, but this does not necessarily mean that the installation of a single supervisor in charge of investment conduct supervision is inevitable in the CMU. This thesis then examines the proposed single supervisor in detail, with an aim to find out the optimum institutional governance of investment conduct in the CMU. Based on the transaction cost approach, this thesis compares the proposed single supervisor and the current system from the perspectives of private law systems and administrative regulation respectively. From the perspective of private law governance, it is undeniable that many issues of private law in governing investment conduct are still unclear and complex in the EU, but the proposed single supervisor provides little help to these issues. By comparison, a non-mandatory pan-EU alternative dispute resolution (‘ADR’) for cross-border disputes of investment conduct might be a better option in reducing transaction costs in the CMU. From the perspective of administrative governance, the proposed single supervisor may also be difficult to pass the EU Treaty principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. This is because the total transaction costs of European capital markets will not decrease (but even increase) after the introduction of the proposed single supervisor. It is further argued that, other than the establishment of the proposed single supervisor, policymakers have to pay more attention on how to ensure the current network-based system functions effectively in the CMU. In the light of this, not only a negative answer of the research question is concluded, but also policy recommendations for designing the optimum governance of investment conduct in the CMU are given in this thesis.
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33

Daghoum, Mazen. "Vers une méthodologie d'aide à la conception des bâtiment au niveau d'un avant-projet sommaire selon une démarche performancielle." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ECAP0084.

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Utilisation d'outils mathématiques de la science de la gestion. Problématique du predimensionnement de l'ensemble des divisions spatiales et techniques d'un bâtiment en fonction du cahier des charges, techniques et économiques; modèles d'optimisation monocritère sur 4 cas de dimension réduite, dont 3 sont associes a un principe de solution et le 4 a un système constructif
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Caruba, Thibaut. "Analyses médico-économiques de la prise en charge de la maladie coronarienne stable : méta-analyse en réseau et modélisation." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921072.

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La maladie coronaire stable est une maladie chronique pour laquelle de nombreuses stratégies thérapeutiques sont disponibles, dont le traitement par médicaments seuls et les traitements invasifs par angioplastie avec stent ou par pontage aortocoronaire. Face aux résultats de plusieurs méta-analyses mettant en évidence un taux de mortalité comparable entre ces traitements, nous avons décidé d'effectuer un travail de recherche comparant leurs coûts. Dans la première partie de mon travail, nous avons comparé, après une période de un an et une autre de 3 ans de suivi des patients, les données cliniques et économiques publiées pour 5 traitements de l'angor stable : les médicaments seuls, le pontage aortocoronaire, l'angioplastie sans stent, l'angioplastie avec stent nu et l'angioplastie avec stent actif. La mortalité et le taux d'IDM étaient nos critères de jugement clinique. Les coûts directs, liés au traitement effectué et liés à la prise en charge des éventuelles complications, ont été uniformisés via la parité de pouvoir d'achat et exprimés en US $ 2008. Il s'agissait de notre critère de jugement économique. Un total de 19 études cliniques a été retenu dans notre méta-analyse en réseau. Nos résultats mettent en évidence une absence de différence significative sur le critère clinique. En revanche, nous avons observé une différence concernant le coût moyen de chaque traitement après un an et 3 ans de suivi. Le traitement le moins onéreux était le traitement par médicaments seuls, après un an et 3 ans de suivi, avec respectivement un coût moyen par patient de 3 069 US $ et 13 854 US $. Le coût moyen le plus élevé a toujours été obtenu avec le traitement par pontage aortocoronaire : 27 003 US $ après un an et 28 670 US $ après 3 ans de suivi. Cependant, nos conclusions sont limitées d'une part, par la variabilité des méthodes économiques utilisées dans les études sélectionnées dans notre méta-analyse et, d'autre part, par l'évolution des traitements dans le temps. Dans la seconde partie de mon travail de recherche, nous avons calculé le coût de prise en charge d'un patient angoreux stable traité par l'une des 4 stratégies thérapeutiques suivantes : médicaments seuls, pontage aortocoronaire, angioplastie avec stent nu et angioplastie avec stent actif. Pour se faire, nous avons défini d'une part 6 situations cliniques correspondant aux possibles états cliniques du patient un an après l'instauration du traitement étudié et, d'autre part, déterminé les quantités de soins consommés pour chacune de ces situations cliniques. La perspective retenue était celle de l'Assurance Maladie. Les coûts calculés étaient liés aux hospitalisations, aux soins ambulatoires et aux moyens de transport utilisés pour accéder à l'hôpital. La stratégie médicamenteuse était la moins onéreuse avec un coût moyen annuel de 1 518 € ; ce coût prenant en compte les probabilités de survenue des 6 états cliniques. Le traitement par pontage aortocoronaire était le plus onéreux des 4 traitements étudiés, avec un coût moyen annuel de 15 237 €. La perspective de mes travaux est de modéliser la prise en charge d'un patient angoreux stable en envisageant un second traitement si le premier traitement effectué conduit à une situation d'échec thérapeutique. Les arbres que nous avons construits nous permettront ensuite d'effectuer une analyse coût-efficacité de deux stratégies thérapeutiques avec une durée totale de suivi des patients de 2 ans. Enfin, si nos travaux mettent en avant l'intérêt économique du traitement par médicaments, nous soulignons que ces résultats sont obtenus après avoir suivi les patients sur une courte durée (études à un an et à 3 ans), alors que l'angor stable est une maladie chronique où les stratégies thérapeutiques peuvent se succéder en cas d'échec à l'un des traitements...
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35

Zia, Muhammad Fahad. "On energy management optimization for microgrids enriched with renewable energy sources Microgrids energy management systems: a critical review on methods, solutions, and prospects, in Applied Energy 222, July 2018 Optimal operational planning of scalable DC microgrid with demand response, islanding, and battery degradation cost considerations, in Applied Energy 237, March 2019 Energy management system for an islanded microgrid with convex relaxation, in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 55, Nov.-Dec. 2019 Microgrid transactive energy: review, architectures, distributed ledger technologies, and market analysis, in IEEE Access, January 2020." Thesis, Brest, 2020. http://theses-scd.univ-brest.fr/2020/These-2020-SPI-Genie_electrique-ZIA_Muhammad_Fahad.pdf.

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Le réseau électrique actuel est confronté à plusieurs défis liés aux exigences environnementales, à l'augmentation de la demande mondiale d'électricité, aux contraintes de fiabilité élevées, à la nécessité d’une énergie décarbonisée et aux restrictions de planification. Afin d’évoluer vers un système d'énergie électrique respectueux de l’environnement et intelligent, les installations de production centralisées sont de nos jours transformées en de plus petites centrales de génération distribuées. Le concept de micro-réseau émerge ainsi. Le micro-réseau peut être considéré comme un système de distribution basse tension avec un ensemble de charges contrôlables et de ressources énergétiques distribuées, qui peuvent inclure de nombreuses sources d'énergie renouvelables et des systèmes de stockage d'énergie. La gestion d’énergie d'un grand nombre de ressources énergétiques distribuées est nécessaire au bon fonctionnement d'un micro-réseau afin d’en assurer la stabilité, la fiabilité et la disponibilité. Par conséquent,un système de gestion d'énergie est au coeur de l'exploitation des micro-réseaux afin d’en assurer un développement économique et durable. À cet égard, cette thèse se focalise sur la proposition de modèles d'optimisation de système de gestion de l'énergie pour une exploitation optimale des micro-réseaux. Une gestion d’énergie optimale requiert la prise en compte de plusieurs contraintes techniques, économiques et environnementales. De plus, ces travaux de recherche prennent en considération un modèle pratique du coût de dégradation des batteries Li-ion. Le problème de gestion d’énergie optimale se traduit ainsi par un problème d’optimisation sous contraintes. La fonction objective regroupe le coût d'exploitation des générateurs distribués, le coût des émissions de gaz à effet de serre des sources de production conventionnelles, l’obligation d’une utilisation maximale des sources d'énergie renouvelables, le coût de dégradation des batteries, les différentes incitations afin de modifier le profil de la demande et des pénalités en cas de délestage. Les contraintes quant à elles sont liées aux contraintes techniques des différents sous-systèmes du micro-réseau. Par ailleurs, un modèle conceptuel complet à sept couches est également développé afin de fournir des informations normalisées sur la mise en oeuvre d’une nouvelle économie de l’énergie
The current electric power system isfacing the challenges of environmental protection,increasing global electricity demand, high reliability requirement, cleanliness of energy, and planning restrictions. To evolve towards green and smart electric power system, centralized generating facilities are now being transformed into smaller and more distributed generations. As a consequence, the concept of microgrid emerges, where a microgrid can operate as a single controllable system and can be assumed as a cluster of loads and distributed energy resources, which may include many renewable energy sources and energy storage systems. The energy management of large numbers of distributed energy resources is needed for reliable operation of microgrid system. Therefore, energy management is the fundamental part of the microgrid operation for economical and sustainable development. In this regard, this thesis focuses on proposing energy management optimization models for optimal operation of microgrid system that include proposed practical Li-ion battery degradation cost model. These different energy management models include objective functions of operating cost of distributed generators, emission cost of conventional generation source, maximum utilization of renewable energy sources, battery degradation cost, demand response incentives, and load shedding penalization cost, with microgrid component and physical network constraints. A comprehensive conceptual seven layer model is also developed to provide standardized insights in implementing real transactive energy systems
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36

Heidrich, Stefanie. "Essays on intergenerational income mobility, geographical mobility, and education." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-120718.

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This thesis consists of an introductory part and the following four self-contained papers: In Paper [I] we analyze the implications of social identity and self-categorization for optimal redistributive income taxation. A two-type model is supplemented by an assumption that individuals select themselves into social categories, in which norms are formed and education effort choices partly depend on these norms. The results show, among other things, that externality correction by a welfarist government leads to an element of tax progression that serves to reduce the discrepancy between the effort norm and the actual effort chosen by low-productivity individuals in the high-effort group. Furthermore, if the preference for social identity is sufficiently strong, increased wage-inequality leads to higher social welfare through a relaxation of the selection constraint. It may thus be desirable to use publicly provided education to induce more wage-inequality, even if higher wage-inequality increases the intrinsic utility of a potential mimicker. In Paper [II] I employ high quality register data to present new facts about income mobility in Sweden. The focus of the paper is regional differences in mobility, using a novel approach based on a multilevel model. This method is well-suited when regions differ greatly in population size as is the case in Sweden. The maximum likelihood estimates are substantially more precise than those obtained by running separate OLS regressions. I find small regional differences in income mobility when measured in relative terms. Regional differences are large when adopting an absolute measure and focusing on children with below-median parent income. On the national level I find that the association between parent and child income ranks has decreased over time, implying increased mobility. In Paper [III] I study the long term effects of inter-municipal moving during childhood on income using Swedish register data. Due to the richness of the data I am able to control for important sources of selection into moving, such as parent separation, parents' unemployment, education, long run income, and immigration background. I find that children's long run incomes are significantly negatively affected by moving during childhood, and the effect is larger for those who move more often. For children who move once, I also estimate the effect of the timing and the quality of the move. I measure the quality of each neighborhood based on the adult outcomes for individuals who never move. The quality of a move is defined as the difference in quality between the origin and the destination. Given that a family moves, I find that the negative effect of childhood moving on adult income is increasing in age at move. Children benefit economically from the quality of the region they move to only if they move before age 12 (sons) and age 16 (daughters). In Paper [IV] I study the bias of IGE estimates for different missing-data scenarios based on simulated income processes. Using an income process from the income dynamics and risks literature to generate two linked generations’ complete income histories, I use Monte Carlo methods to study the relationship between available data patterns and the bias of the IGE. I find that the traditional approach using the average of the typically available log income observations leads to IGE estimates that are around 40 percent too small. Moreover, I show that the attenuation bias is not reduced by averaging over many father income observations. Using just one income observation for each generation at the optimal age (as discussed in the paper) or using weighted instead of unweighted averages can reduce the bias. In addition, the rank-rank slope is found to be clearly less sensitive to missing data.
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Brugnera, Rosilene Regolão. "Análise integrada de desempenho energético, impacto ambiental e custo: estudo de soluções de fachada para edifícios de escritórios no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102131/tde-31082018-154505/.

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Mundialmente, o setor da construção civil é um dos principais responsáveis pelo consumo de energia primária e emissão de CO2. No Brasil, cerca de 48,5% do consumo de energia elétrica advém do setor de edificações, sendo os edifícios comerciais responsáveis por 14,4% deste valor. Nesse contexto, as características da fachada considerada o maior elemento construtivo nos edifícios comerciais -, influenciam diretamente o consumo energético e os impactos ambientais desse tipo de edificação. Por conta disso, o investimento em políticas que promovam a eficiência energética pode ser considerado a chave para o desenvolvimento sustentável e mitigação das alterações climáticas. Diversos acordos mundiais, como o Protocolo de Kyoto, a Diretiva Europeia 2010/31/EU (com os renomados objetivos 20-20-20) e o Anexo 57, da Agência Internacional de Energia (IEA), estabeleceram limites para as emissões de CO2, redução do consumo de energia, investimento na produção de energias renováveis e métodos para avaliar a energia incorporada e as emissões de CO2 dos edifícios. Dentre os sistemas utilizados para avaliar e produzir edificações mais sustentáveis, destaca-se a Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Essa técnica é capaz de fazer uma avaliação holística de todo o ciclo de vida um produto, identificando elementos que impactam o meio ambiente. Através dela, evidencia-se o do consumo energético advindo da fase de uso da edificação como um fator importante no ciclo de vida de um edifício, que pode gerar impactos ambientais significativos. Assim, uma série de ferramentas estão disponíveis no sentido de integrar a avaliação do desempenho energético ao ambiental, dentre elas, destacam-se para a presente pesquisa as metodologias MARS-SC e a Análise de Custo Ótimo. A primeira é uma análise multicritério, que realiza a normalização dos impactos ambientais (calculados na ACV) por categorias de indicadores, enquanto a segunda prevê um estudo de otimização entre um cenário-base e vários cenários de reabilitação energética, considerando custo, emissões de CO2 e consumo de recursos energéticos. Com isso, o objetivo dessa pesquisa consiste na avaliação integrada do consumo de energia, impactos ambientais e custo, ao longo do ciclo de vida de distintas soluções (288 cenários) de fachada de edifícios de escritórios no Brasil por meio de metodologias de análises multicritério (MARS-SC) e Custo Ótimo. Para os cenários de análise, foram calculados o consumo energético e a quantidade de materiais - que geraram os impactos ambientais e os custos. Os resultados indicaram a importância da fase de uso no ciclo de vida do edifício, a qual foi responsável por cerca 70% em média das emissões de CO2 ao longo de 60 anos de utilização do edifício. Tal impacto se refletiu no custo do ciclo de vida das soluções construtivas, pois os cenários com maior consumo energético na fase de uso causaram um grande impacto no custo operacional. Dentre os parâmetros avaliados em cada cenário, o tipo de fachada e a porcentagem de abertura na fachada foram os que mais influenciaram os resultados, em todos os aspectos (energético, ambiental e custo). Os cenários com Fachada Tradicional foram os que obtiveram os melhores desempenhos, enquanto que o de Fachada Cortina, PAF de 80%, vidro incolor e sem dispositivo de sombreamento foi o de maior consumo energético, mais impactante ambientalmente e mais caro. Em contrapartida, o uso de dispositivos de sombreamento, apesar de aumentar as emissões de CO2 na fase de pré-uso, reduziu o consumo energético na fase de uso da edificação. Este fato promoveu, no balanço final, reduções dos impactos ambientais totais e do custo das soluções construtivas, ou seja, a redução do custo operacional se sobrepôs ao custo de construção. Dessa forma, ter como premissa a eficiência energética atrelada ao projeto arquitetônico, pode garantir edifícios melhores não apenas energeticamente, mas também ambiental e economicamente. Tal fato pode impactar não apenas um edifício isolado, mas todo um conjunto edificado de um bairro, uma cidade ou mesmo um país.
Globally, the construction industry is one of the main sectors responsible for primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In Brazil, about 48.5% of electricity consumption comes from the building sector, with commercial buildings representing 14.4% of this value. In this context, the characteristics of the façade - considered the greatest constructive element in commercial buildings - directly influence energy consumption and the environmental impacts of this type of building. As a result, investment in policies that promote energy efficiency can be considered the key to sustainable development and climate change mitigation. Several global agreements, such as the Kyoto Protocol, the European Directive 2010/31 / EU (with the well-known \"20-20-20\" objectives) and Annex 57, from the International Energy Agency (IEA), have established limits to CO2 emissions, energy consumption reduction, investments in production of renewable energy and methods for assessing a building´s incorporated energy and CO2 emissions. Among the systems used to evaluate and create more sustainable buildings, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) stands out. This technique can make a holistic assessment of a product´s entire life cycle and identify issues that impact the environment. This method makes it evident that the energy consumption yielding from the building´s use phase is an important factor in the building´s life cycle, bringing significant environmental impacts. Among all the tools available to integrate the evaluation of energy with environmental performance, MARS-SC Methodology and Cost Optimum Analysis stand out on this research. The first is a multicriteria analysis, which performs the normalization of environmental impacts by indicator´s categories, while the second one provides an optimization study between a baseline scenario and several energy rehabilitation ones, considering cost, CO2 emissions and energy resources consumption. The objective of this research is to assess the integrated energy consumption, environmental impact and cost of different life cycle façade solutions (288 scenarios) from office buildings in Brazil through methodologies of multi-criteria analysis (MARSSC) and Cost Optimum Analysis. For the analysis scenarios, the energy consumption and material quantities - which generated the environmental impacts and costs - were calculated. The results showed the importance of a building´s life cycle´s use phase, which represented an average of 70% in CO2 emissions. This impact was reflected in the life cycle cost of construction solutions, as the scenarios with higher energy consumption in the use phase caused the major operating costs impact. Among the parameters evaluated, for each scenario, the type of façade and the window-to-wall ratio were the ones that most influenced the results in all aspects (energy, environmental and cost). The Traditional Façade scenarios obtained the best performance, while the Curtain Façade, WWR 80%, colorless glass without shading devices had the highest energy consumption, more expensive and more environmentally impacting. In contrast, the use of shading devices, despite of increasing CO2 in the pre-use phase, reduced energy consumption in the building´s use phase. This fact showed, on ending accounts, reductions in the total environmental impact and cost of construction solutions, i.e. the reduction of operating costs surpassed the cost of construction. Thus, the premise of having energy efficiency linked to the architectural project can guarantee better buildings, not only energetically, but also environmentally and economically. This may impact not only one building, but a whole group of buildings within a neighborhood, a city or even a country.
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Souza, Rubens Feitosa de. "Contribuições da interação da teoria das opções reais e do Target Costing à definição de um processo de precificação que maximize o resultado da empresa." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1537.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rubens Feitosa de Souza.pdf: 1128344 bytes, checksum: 716a4dbabbf4be18026c6cbb31c21ad3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-03
The aims of this work is to show the contributions that the interaction between real options theory and target costing may offer in the pricing process. The justification for this issue lies in the lack of studies on the subject, because there are many works on the target costing and the real options theory, however, in the literature no studies were found that explicitly describe the interaction between the real options theory and target costing. To get to the objective of the work, spoke out about the pricing from the perspective of cost, the investment analysis and the economic viewpoint, it was demonstrated throughout the work the various techniques and theories on pricing, supported on a deductive method, descriptive and exploratory. At the end of the work, using the assumptions of target costing as premises of managerial flexibility of real options theory, proved a great contribution to the pricing process because decision makers might have a far more complete variables that impact the price and make the right decision on market possibilities
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar as contribuições que a interação entre a teoria das opções e o target costing podem oferecer ao processo de precificação. A justificativa para este tema reside na escassez de trabalhos sobre o assunto, pois, existem muitos trabalhos sobre o target costing e sobre a teoria das opções reais, porém, na literatura não foram encontrados trabalhos que descrevam explicitamente a interação entre a teoria das opções reais e o target costing. Para chegar-se ao objetivo do trabalho, discorreu-se sobre a precificação pela ótica de custos, pela análise de investimentos e pela ótica econômica, ou seja, demonstrou-se ao longo do trabalho as diversas técnicas e teorias sobre precificação, amparado em um método dedutivo, do tipo descritivo e exploratório. Ao final do trabalho, utilizando os pressupostos do target costing como premissas de flexibilidade gerencial da teoria das opções reais, demonstrou-se uma grande contribuição ao processo de precificação pois, os tomadores de decisão puderam ter uma visão bem mais completa das variáveis que impactam no preço e tomar a decisão correta via as possibilidades de mercado
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chiu, chui hsin, and 邱垂興. "HVAC Duct Optimal Design and Life Cycle Cost Analysis." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38756167522133532086.

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Gao, Yulin. "Optimal seismic retrofitting level for bridges based on benefit-cost analysis." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11722.

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There are a large number of seismically deficient bridges in British Columbia that need to be strengthened to protect public safety in future earthquakes: Many upgrading options are available for seismic rehabilitation of these bridges, such as No Retrofitting, Safety Level Retrofitting, and Functional Level Retrofitting, etc. The search of the optimal solution among various feasible options is a complicated decision problem. The big amount of money spent for seismic retrofitting needs to be justified based on the economic and safety decisions, and they involve considerations of risk and cost. A reliability-based risk decision model is constructed in the thesis to try to facilitate an answer to the seismic retrofitting of bridges. The methodology and procedures of decision analysis are demonstrated through a case study bridge. The global linear, elastic response spectrum analysis is undertaken to obtain seismic demand and the component capacity/demand ratios are computed to identify the critical structural components. Seismic deficiencies and failure mechanism of the identified critical components are evaluated by local inelastic push over analysis. Two seismic retrofitting schemes are designed to counteract the seismic deficiencies. The effect of seismic retrofitting on the structural behavior during earthquake excitations is evaluated. The retrofitting costs of both schemes are calculated. Structural failure probability during future earthquakes is calculated by the simple FORM/SORM approach. Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) is used to generate random variables to obtain seismic demand and seismic capacity, which are fitted to the probability distribution functions. Both the failure probabilities of original bridge and retrofitted bridge are computed. The reduced failure probability due to seismic retrofitting is obtained. Seismic damage analysis is undertaken to compute damage indices of the bridge before and after seismic retrofitting, which are used for mapping out economic losses. Both direct and indirect economic losses are estimated. An expected value of the future earthquake damage costs are calculated and discounted to the present year. Present values of the total costs including retrofitting cost and future seismic financial damages for all retrofitting schemes are calculated. Then a benefit-cost analysis based on the constructed decision model is undertaken to determine the optimal seismic retrofitting level for the bridge. It concludes that for the case study bridge considered in this research, the optimal seismic retrofitting option is the level II retrofitting, which aims to keep normal or a limited traffic flow immediately after an earthquake of 10% exceedence probability in 50 years. Sensitivity analysis is made to explore the effect of change of input variables on the decision outcome.
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41

Lau, Tang Ching. "An optimal and cost-effective approach to managing osteoporosis and preventing fractures in Singapore." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1421748.

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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
We then undertook a study to examine the incidence of hip fracture In Singapore from 2000 to 2017. We observed several important trends in the occurrence of hip fractures in this study. During the period 2000-2017, absolute numbers of hip fractures continued to increase, with a mean annual increase of 71 fractures per 100,000 and an Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) of 3.5% (95% CI: 3.3, 3.8). Nevertheless, the crude fracture rate per 100,000 declined in both men and women, indicating that the increase in absolute number of hip fractures was due to an increase in the numbers of women and men at risk for hip fracture. When crude rates per 100,000 were age-adjusted, fractures trends declined even more steeply, indicating the major contribution of the aging Singapore population to the increase in total number of fractures. With the available information on patients’ knowledge, attitude and practice, as well as the cost burden of fracture management in Singapore obtained from the studies as conducted in the thesis, we therefore undertook a fracture liaison service program (OPTIMAL) to prevent recurrent fractures from 2008 to 2016. The OPTIMAL program is a clinician champion-driven, case coordinator-run secondary prevention program for osteoporotic fractures. The program strives to narrow the prevalent care gap in osteoporosis care through a judicious combination of fracture case finding, appropriate assessment and evaluation, patient education on osteoporosis and risk factor management, education on nutrition, fall prevention and exercises for muscle strengthening, balance and coordination, in addition to the use of effective anti-osteoporosis pharmacological agents. The most important finding of this study was the reduction in all sites fracture risk by 41% and hip fracture risk by 47.1% of patients enrolled into the OPTIMAL program when compared with non-enrolees after two years. The absolute risk reduction in hip fracture rate was 7.67% (15.58% in non-enrolees versus 7.93% in OPTIMAL enrolled patients). The absolute reduction in fracture risk was 9% at 5 years. The OPTIMAL program prevented 77 hip fractures for every 1000 participants and reduce mortality by 40% over five years. This led to significant gains of 228 QALYs per 1000 patients. Patients in the program incurred higher costs due to costs of the intervention, BMD test, and osteoporosis treatment, but preventing subsequent hip fractures also saved costs. Discounting costs and benefits at 5 % per year, the program cost $5,607 more and gained 0.228 QALYs per patient, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $24,636 per QALY gained. These results compared favourably with other observational studies and randomised controlled trials of similar fracture liaison service program (8). Taking together with the reduction in fracture, this projected good return of investment would support the cost-effectiveness of implementing such program in Singapore. Therefore, the overall results from the studies as presented in the thesis would indicate that with the aging population, there is a likelihood of increased osteoporosis-related fractures. This projected increase is expected to impose heavy financial burden to the health care system in Singapore. However, with a coordinated approach in managing osteoporosis as shown by the OPTIMAL program implemented in Singapore, it may be possible at least to damper the clinical and financial impact of osteoporosis-related fractures. The results from the studies in this thesis would also provide an example of tackling the problem of increased osteoporosis-related fractures faced by other countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region.
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42

Donnellan, Brett John. "Household Energy System Sizing Technique to Minimise Household Energy Cost and Estimate Optimal System Size." Thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/136631.

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The goal of this research is to analytically optimise a Household Energy System (HES), consisting of solar PV generation and energy storage, such that the household’s annual energy cost is minimised for a given capital investment. The household’s annual energy cost is shown to depend only on the amount of energy it is supplied from the grid, called grid sourced energy (GSE). Note if it is assumed that PV generation will first be used to supply the load, then it can be shown that any excess energy the PV system would feed-into the grid is related to the grid sourced energy (GSE). The analytical solution for optimal HES size is derived from two equations: i) a closed-form equation for the GSE in terms of storage capacity for a fixed PV rating, and ii) an estimation equation of the sensitivity of the GSE to variations in PV rating. The relationship between GSE and storage capacity, for a fixed PV rating, is found by identifying that the GSE is a piecewise-linear function of storage capacity, under the given assumptions. A piecewise-linear function can be expressed, in closed form, as a finite series where the series partial sums consists of both a constant term and a variable term (storage capacity). For the relationship between the GSE and storage capacity these constant terms are called the critical capacities and are found using a technique developed in Chapter 2. This technique and the piecewise-linear equation is validated against a conventional numerical approach and the two methods are shown to produce identical results. However the piecewise-linear equation provides a faster computational solution compared to the conventional approach. The critical capacities identified in Chapter 2 also provides analytical insight into the trade-off between storage capacity and annual energy cost for a given PV rating. There currently does not exist a closed-form equation between GSE and PV rating and hence no closed-form equation exists for the sensitivity of GSE to variation in PV ratings. This sensitivity is important since it can be used to find the optimal HES size for a given investment. However by using the GSE to storage capacity equation and the critical capacities, an equation is constructed in Chapter 2 which describes the GSE to PV rating relationship for a discrete set of PV ratings. By using this constructed equation and the sensitivity of GSE to variations in PV rating can be estimated for a given set of assumptions. The GSE to storage capacity relationship and the sensitivity of the GSE to variations in PV rating can be combined to derived an equation which estimates the optimal HES size, for a given investment. The estimation of the optimal HES size is validated against the conventional search based solutions and it is shown that the approximation provides a reasonably accurate but computationally faster solution. The estimation equation can also provide useful insights into the sensitivity of the optimal HES size to variations in the cost parameters.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2022
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Chang, Kuo-Pimg, and 張國平. "An analysis of the Cost-effectiveness of offshore wind turbine and the optimal development model." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58356893691853380599.

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碩士
東海大學
高階經營管理碩士在職專班
104
This study was the first analysis of the offshore wind power industry within Taiwan, and then analyze the external environment industry, the last and then analyze the main reason for Taiwan's offshore wind industry undeveloped. This study use An analysis of the Cost-effectiveness to analyzes the cost structure of Taiwan's offshore wind turbine 3.6MW, 5MW, 6MW. And the future efficiency and effectiveness of the main factors affecting the future of Taiwan's offshore wind turbine 3.6MW, 5MW, 6MW. And then use sensitivity analysis to identify the key influencing factors. The study through external industry analysis, analysis the status of Taiwan offshore wind power industry, analysis of the technological uncertainty, market uncertainty, policy uncertainty, then find Taiwan's current offshore wind power industry why it can be not rise for three reasons for this. The study will have a depth discussion with the government, businesses, and environmental groups. Discuss that what kind of approach and cooperation should they take in order to create the rise of Taiwan offshore wind power industry.
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44

Li, Geng-Shi, and 李庚熹. "A Hyper-ABC Algorithm for Optimal Micro-Siting of Wind Farms Based on Cost-Benefit Analysis." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99871863505283199288.

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碩士
國立暨南國際大學
資訊管理學系
102
The ascending of carbon dioxide density is the main reason causing the global warming which occasionally results in extremely abnormal weather. Due to the decreasing capacity of fossil materials on earth, practitioners and researchers now pay more attentions on the renewable energy such as solar and wind power. Recent years, Taiwan government intrigued the development of wind power industry. This thesis is devoted to find the optimal placement of wind turbines in a wind farm. There are many factors affecting the efficiency of wind power production. Among them, wake effect is the most significant. Therefore, the wind power production efficiency does not necessarily grows with the increasing number of installed wind turbines. This thesis applied a hyper-heuristic algorithm combining several metaheuristics to construct an optimal wind turbine placement considering wake effect influence. Finally, we compare our approach with existing works in the literature.
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45

Huang, Wen-Yi, and 黃雯怡. "A Study of Optimal Operations and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Circle Light Rail Transit-A Case of Kaohsiung." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73227552128409806736.

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碩士
國立嘉義大學
行銷與運籌研究所
101
The use of public transportation in the city of Kaohsiung is low due to the incomplete network of routes and insufficient quality of transport service. According to the report “Survey of daily use of transportation modes” by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Taiwan in 2010, the utilization rate of individual transport modes in Kaohsiung reached 83%; however, the utilization rate of public transport modes only accounted for 6%. In order to increase the riderships of public transport and improve the availability of public transit network, the government started to build the light rail transit in June 2013. This study investigates the acceptance of the light rail transit by conducting questionnaire surveys for those who took bus 168 designed for light rail transit routes. Four modes of public transportation including light rail transit, mass rapid transit, bus rapid transit, and bus are compared and chosen by respondents. In addition, this study constructs a mathematical programming model concerning operating costs to solve the optimal operations of circle light rail transit with the objective of the maximum operating profit. The results show that the transit bureau should reduce the departure frequency when transit riderships reach only the 30-50% of planned targets so as to reduce the operating loss. Nevertheless, the frequency could be increased when riderships reach the 60-100% of planned targets. This study provides practical suggestions for the transit bureau in the decision-making process in the operation of light rail transit.
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46

Holt, Bruce A. "Development of an Optimal Replenishment Policy for Human Capital Inventory." 2011. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/980.

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A unique approach is developed for evaluating Human Capital (workforce) requirements. With this approach, new ways of measuring personnel availability are proposed and available to ensure that an organization remains ready to provide timely, relevant, and accurate products and services in support of its strategic objectives over its planning horizon. The development of this analysis and methodology was established as an alternative approach to existing studies for determining appropriate hiring and attrition rates and to maintain appropriate personnel levels of effectiveness to support existing and future missions. The contribution of this research is a prescribed method for the strategic analyst to incorporate a personnel and cost simulation model within the framework of Human Resources Human Capital forecasting which can be used to project personnel requirements and evaluate workforce sustainment, at least cost, through time. This will allow various personnel managers to evaluate multiple resource strategies, present and future, maintaining near “perfect” hiring and attrition policies to support its future Human Capital assets.
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47

Chang, Wei-Na, and 張維娜. "Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Optimal Budget Allocation of Peritoneal Dialysis and Haemodialysis Using in End Stage Renal Disease Treatment." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32223802779994100214.

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碩士
國立清華大學
工業工程與工程管理學系
95
End stage renal disease (ESRD) has been a widespread disease in many countries, especially in Taiwan. According to statistics from the Taiwan Society of Nephrology in 2002, Taiwan ranks second globally in the prevalence and also has the highest incidence of ESRD. In addition, although ESRD patients occupy only 0.15% in the whole health insurance in Taiwan, it costs 7.2% (the highest of whole diseases) of the expense of health insurance. In other words, it is known that the resources and money spent in this disease become a huge burden in the society. Hence, this paper examined the cost-effectiveness of ESRD treatment for patients to make them treated with better cost-effectiveness treatment modalities. The Markov-chain model was used to study the influence of substitutive policies on the overall cost-effectiveness of the ESRD treatment program. After analyzing the cost-effectiveness of the treatments, a mathematical model was constructed to allocate the patients to maximize the effectiveness under the limited funds and to achieve their best QALYs (quality-adjusted life-years). The result shows that Peritoneal Dialysis is the treatment with better cost-effectiveness; therefore, various policies in the budget allocation model are constructed to analyze how the policy will change under different parameters by using sensitivity analysis. The method provides the government a reference for promoting popularization program to change patient proportions in the specific treatment.
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48

Yen, Han-Zhong, and 顏漢中. "The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Land Use in Puli Area: Applying GIS to Allocate the Optimal Land Transformation from Agriculture to Ecological." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69n779.

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碩士
國立暨南國際大學
經濟學系
102
In recent years, the agriculture in Taiwan has been fast diminished, especially after joining WTO and the ECFA. Meanwhile, the government has managed to promote the development of the value-added agriculture: eco-tourism. According to the Council of Agriculture, in 2007 the share of agriculture in GDP is 1.45%. But if counting the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd levels of agriculture-related industries, the share is about 11 %. In 2010, the share is slightly increased to 11.21%. As can be seen, the added value of agriculture effectively increases farmers' income and their competitiveness. The development of eco-tourism majorly relies on the local ecological resources. However, the promotion plan of eco-tourism should not only consider the comparative advantages between the eco-tourism and agriculture, but also the ecosystem services of different agricultural crops production process. For example, the government of Nicaragua cooperated with the Global Environment Facility (GEF) on subside farmers who develop their farms with the function of ecosystem services by increasing the ecological diversity, water conservation, and the carbon sequestration effect, etc (Pagiola et al., 2007). In addition, it is important to consider the human impact on the ecological protection areas, transportation routes, species rarity and other indicators. Currently, Taiwan has no specific studies integrating multiple-oriented indicators to provide the local government the information of planning the regional economic development. Therefore, in this study, the Geographical Information System (GIS) was applied to integrate indicators such as land use, geological environment, boundary maps of towns and villages, transportation facility, and social economic information. By applying cost-benefit analysis, the agricultural output value per unit of land, the agro-ecosystem service value, tourism output value, leisure value were evaluated to effectively select the optimal farmlands to be developed as an ecotourism area, which may help to accelerate economic prosperity, improve the balance of regional development, and provide employment opportunities.
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49

Zhou, Ting-Zhong, and 周庭仲. "The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Land Use in Puli Area:Applying GIS to Allocate the Optimal Land Transformation from Agriculture to Leisure Farm." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cmfp78.

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碩士
國立暨南國際大學
經濟學系
102
According to the official website information in 2014, the total population in Puli Township is 85,445, of which 26% is engaged in agriculture. The major agricultural products are rice, water bamboos, edible red sugar canes, and flowers. Agricultural industry is an important economic activity in Puli. However, after Taiwan participated into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2002, the agricultural sector suffered a severe impact. The development of leisure agriculture to decrease the substitutability from the foreigner industry can enhance its competitiveness. Therefore, in recent years, the transformation of agriculture into leisure farm has developed rapidly. According to the Council of Agriculture, the estimated visitors to the leisure farms exceeded 15 million and the business created the value up to NT$ 8 billion in 2012. However, when the government promote the leisure agriculture development, not only the comparative advantage of agricultural output value and tourism output value but also the ecosystem services in the production process of different agricultural crops should be considered. For example, the government of Nicaragua and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) cooperated on subsidies for farmers for making farmlands developing the function of ecosystem services to increase the ecological diversity, water conservation, and the carbon sequestration effect (Pagiola et al., 2007). In addition, to manage the development of the leisure industry should also consider the geographical and environmental conditions, transportation convenience, the socio-economic background, and other indicators. Currently, Taiwan has not had specific studies integrating multiple-oriented indicators to provide the local government to plan the regional economic development. Therefore, in this study, the Geographical Information System (GIS) was applied to integrate indicators such as land use, geological environment, boundary maps of towns and villages, transportation facility, and social economic information. By applying cost-benefit analysis, the agricultural output value per unit of land, the agro-ecosystem service value, tourism output value, leisure value were evaluated to effectively select the optimal farmlands to be developed as a leisure farm, which may help to accelerate economic prosperity, improve the balance of regional development, and provide employment opportunities.
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50

Ferreira, Ana Isabel Rodrigues. "Optical fiber: exploring costs and benefits." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/76354.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Economics
We live in an era of digital transformation and, the importance of Technologies of Information and Communication in today's societies is increasing. The access and use of these technologies have socioeconomic impacts and, the benefits cover several sectors. The European Union has created different initiatives to improve and increase connectivity to faster communication networks and, at affordable prices. In this way, optical fiber plays a fundamental role due to its advantages, such as higher speed, better connectivity, more signal stability, and greater infrastructure durability. However, there is a visible difference in access between cities and less populated areas to this type of technology, making it necessary to increase investment in more rural areas. In this context, Portugal created public tenders and, in a partnership with private companies, the access to fiber in rural areas has been increasing. This work aims to measure the costs and benefits of optical fiber installation in Portuguese municipalities with lower population density. Although investment in these places is not as attractive as in cities, the objective is to prove that the benefits outweigh the costs. The methodology used was a cost-benefit analysis, in line with the state of the art in the area and that the European Commission subscribes for this type of project. In addition, an online questionnaire was structured and distributed to the municipalities under analysis, to understand the general opinion regarding fiber optics. In the 63 municipalities analyzed it was verified that the benefits outweighed the costs. On average, for each euro invested there, is calculated a return of 3.49€ (if there was a new fiber connection) or 1.74€ (if there was an upgrade from basic broadband to optical fiber). Thereby, under the assumptions assumed, it has been proved that investment in these rural areas is beneficial.
Vivemos numa fase de transformação digital e a importância das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação nas sociedades atuais é cada vez maior. O acesso e o uso destas tecnologias têm impactos socioeconómicos e os benefícios são transversais a vários setores. A União Europeia tem criado iniciativas no sentido de aumentar e melhorar a conectividade a redes de comunicação mais rápidas e a preços acessíveis. Desta forma, a fibra ótica desempenha um papel fundamental, devido às suas vantagens, como maior velocidade, melhor conectividade, maior estabilidade do sinal e maior durabilidade das infraestruturas. Contudo, é visível a diferença de acesso, entre as cidades e as zonas menos habitadas, a este tipo de tecnologia, sendo necessário aumentar o investimento nos locais mais rurais. Portugal, neste contexto, apoiou este investimento através de concursos públicos e, em parceria com algumas empresas portuguesas, o acesso a fibra ótica tem vindo a aumentar nas zonas rurais. Este trabalho propõe uma forma de mensurar os custos e os benefícios da implementação da fibra ótica em municípios portugueses, com menor densidade populacional. Apesar do investimento nestes locais não ser tão atrativo como nas cidades, o objetivo é perceber se os benefícios superam os custos. A metodologia usada foi uma análise de custo benefício, em linha com o estado da arte da área, e que a Comissão Europeia subscreve para este tipo de investimentos. Foi ainda estruturado e distribuído um questionário online junto dos Municípios em análise, com o intuito de perceber o nível de conhecimento e opiniões relativamente à fibra ótica. Nos 63 municípios analisados, verificam-se benefícios superiores aos custos. Em média, por cada euro investido calcula-se um retorno de 3.49€ (no caso da instalação de fibra ótica) ou 1.74€ (no caso de ter existido um upgrade de banda larga básica para fibra ótica). Dentro dos pressupostos assumidos conclui-se que o investimento nestas zonas rurais é benéfico.
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