Journal articles on the topic 'Cost of operation'
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Zhang, Xuefei, Zhiwei Li, Chengzhi Wang, Xuejun Tang, and Sen Yang. "Research on operation and maintenance cost of power grid equipment based on standard operation-taking 220kV transformer substation as an example." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129201005.
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In view of the inadequate implementation of the grid operation and maintenance standards and specifications current, the lack of planning in cost usage, and the inability to achieve single equipment collection of costs, taking 220kV substation as an example, this paper proposes a single asset operation and maintenance cost calculation method based on grid standard operations, and puts forward suggestions on the cost management of grid equipment operation and maintenance. Through verification and analysis with the relevant provisions of the cost supervision and examination method, the power grid company will face greater operating pressure, and the cost management level needs to be further improved. Through the calculation of the operation and maintenance cost of a single asset, it provides a reference basis for the distribution of the operation and maintenance cost of the power grid enterprise, and at the same time provides a reasonable explanation for the power grid enterprise to adapt to the cost supervision and review of the transportation dispatching pricing.
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Simões, Danilo, Ricardo Hideaki Miyajima, Rodrigo Petrongari Tonin, Paulo Torres Fenner, and Gislaine Cristina Batistela. "INCORPORATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A FELLER-BUNCHER." FLORESTA 48, no. 3 (June 14, 2018): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v48i3.56404.
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The constant technical and economic analysis of timber harvesting operations is essential and determining, due to the monetary magnitude. Traditionally, these analyses are conducted deterministically, which does not allow obtaining values with probabilities of occurrence. Considering this issue, stochastic models were built in order to analyze the behavior of probabilistic production cost in felling operations with feller-buncher, through the Monte Carlo method. The study was conducted in the Central-West region of the state of São Paulo in a forest of Eucalyptus sp., with six years of age, planted in 3 x 2 m spacing. Technical analysis was based on the study of time and movements, which determined the effective productivity and economy in the hourly operating cost of the feller-buncher and in the production costs of the operation. Due to uncertainties, probability distributions were assigned to these results, which identified the most relevant variables and quantified the probabilities of the production cost. The results demonstrated that the fuel cost had a statistically significant strong positive correlation coefficient ( = 0.91) (p-value < 0.01). The hourly cost, consequently, was directly proportional to the production cost of the operation. The production cost of the operation in flat relief was 18% lower than the production cost of the operation in undulating relief.
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Öztürk, Zübeyde, and Turgut Öztürk. "A simplified approach to determine the optimum operating speed on high-speed railway lines." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 2 (February 2009): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-107.
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In this study, cost–speed relationship for high speed railways was examined and optimum economic speed was investigated. The Eskişehir–Ankara section of the İstanbul–Ankara railway line, which is still under construction, was taken as the sample. This section has been completed and test runs are being conducted. The new line is constructed parallel to the old railway line and the operation speeds and operation forms of the trains on this line are not yet finalized. It is not yet clear what the maximum operation speeds of the trains will be and whether the operation will be restricted to only high speed passenger trains or a combination of passenger and freight trains will be used. Therefore, cost changes associated with speed for both operations were examined in the study. The speed for the lowest cost was investigated for the benefit of the operating institute. The rail line is scheduled to begin operation in 2010, and as such demand estimation values for 2010 and unit cost values of Turkish State Railways (TCDD) were utilized. Only construction and operation costs were analyzed, societal costs were not included in the study. Several costs were formulated independent ofthe speed, whereas the majority of them were formulated and calculated based on speed. Finally, the contribution of each studied cost component, in the total cost, and variations in these costs and total cost for different speeds for both operation conditions were analyzed in this study. It was found that some cost components increased and some decreased as the speed increases. Total cost, which includes all the cost components studied, initially dropped off then rose up as the speed incrementally increases. Minimum cost occurred at 200 km/h in the case of operating with only passenger trains, while it occurred at the second speed level in combined operation (where passenger trains are at the speed of 200 km/h and freight trains are at the speed of 90 km/h).
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Lee, Sangwan, Kuk Cho, Hyunbae Park, and Dooyong Cho. "Cost-Effectiveness of Introducing Autonomous Trucks: From the Perspective of the Total Cost of Operation in Logistics." Applied Sciences 13, no. 18 (September 19, 2023): 10467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131810467.
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This study explored the economic influence of introducing fully autonomous trucks (ATs) on the total cost of operation (TCO) from the viewpoint of freight transport operators. We utilized the cost–benefit analysis and scenario planning frameworks using a case study of a middle-mile route between a port and a large logistics distribution center in South Korea, where an autonomous truck pilot project has been running for several years. We employed a data source obtained from Hanjin Transportation Co., LTD., which enables us to reflect the actual expenses of operating freight transportation in the context of the study route. The findings of this study indicate that ATs would attain substantial operation cost savings for freight transport operators across all five scenarios, ranging from the most pessimistic to the most optimistic. Specifically, results of the base scenario reveal that monthly TCO decreases by 56.25, 47.04, 42.97, and 41.73 percent for 1-, 5-, 12-, and 25-ton trucks, respectively. The cost reduction per month was USD 2399 for a 1-ton truck, USD 2891 for a 5-ton truck, and USD 3438 for a 12-ton truck. Even in the most pessimistic scenario, the operation cost savings for operating with ATs in the route are USD 1415, USD 1642, USD 1985, and USD 2222 per month for 1-, 5-, 12-, and 25-ton trucks, respectively. When factoring in changes in cost, the wage reduction for vehicle drivers was substantial (USD 2430, USD 2835, USD 3240, and USD 3645 for 1-, 5-, 12-, and 25-ton trucks, respectively). However, remote operation was a new cost factor that increased TCO, which increased by USD 243,384,357 in the base case. This study’s findings have multiple implications, including (1) informing economic efficiency and productivity of operating autonomous vehicles (AVs), (2) providing insights on indicative cost estimates for AV operations, (3) providing valuable information for making informed investment decisions, and (4) supporting the notion that freight transport is an especially attractive market for AVs.
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Chen, Jing Pu, and Wei Wei Wang. "“Target-Operation” Cost Management Model." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 1022–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.1022.
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Objective cost management and Activity-Based cost management are both more advanced cost management methods, but they are difficult to overcome their own shortcomings. In order to overcome the defects of these two methods of cost management, in the meanwhile, to find a new way to perfect the cost control system in enterprise, the writer planned to make this study. By analyzing and summarizing the domestic and international research results based on the integration of the Objective cost management and Activity-Based cost management, the writer pointed out the lack of current research and raised from the development, design, procurement, production and service to the full range of “Target-Operation” cost management, and designed three functional modules, including target cost estimate module, operation chain optimization module, cost breakdown and control module and auxiliary module to improve the model's content. This study offers a new way for the managers of enterprises in the field of cost control system and strengthening enterprise competitive power.
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Shirbhate, Sanjay. "Multipurpose Low Cost Table Machine." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 7, no. 2 (S) (July 10, 2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.icsesd201710.
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The concept of this paper is to develop idea of multipurpose machine as by conducting various operation on same machine, using single operating system. Here, in this machine there is a electric motor which is connected to the pulleys driven by belt (more than one pulley for various speed). The pulley is connected with the shaft which rotate in circular motion and to this shaft circular tools are connected as per required operation as circular saw cuts wooden pieces, pipe cutter will cuts iron rod or iron hollow pipe, grinding circular wheel grinds the job, polishing wheel polishes the job etc. more types of tools and the operation can be done on the same machine. The idea of this machine is to motivate small scale house hold units for ex. Furniture making, office table, Chair, show case for wedding ceremony etc. with low cost machines with multipurpose operation done on same machine.
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Lu, Jianglin, Yaxin Zhang, and Yiming Su. "Research on Urban Rail Transit Operation Optimization Based on Target Planning." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 105 (June 30, 2024): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hjv2rh13.
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The optimization of train schedule is one of the classic problems in the traffic organization mode in the field of rail transit. In order to reduce the operation cost of operators and improve the service level of passengers, it is feasible and necessary to optimize the train operation road. This paper considers the factors of minimum number of trains and total mileage of trains, and minimizes the operating cost of enterprises and maximizes the passenger service level in the context of urban rail transit operation with large and small crossing schemes. We used the weighted coefficient method to combine multiple targets into a single optimization problem and perform the model solution using Lingo software. The results provide insights into the best train operation scheme, including the number of large and small crossings, operating distances, and the number of trains required for effective urban rail transit operations.
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Alayo, Jorge Hans. "A Least Cost Transmission Planning Model Considering Operation Cost." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0124.
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Abstract Existing transmission planning models consider basic aspects of the problem. In practice, a transmission utility needs to model other important details such as operation cost of the power system. In this article, a least cost transmission expansion model is proposed considering the operation cost in order to model the trade-off between building new transmission capacity and increasing the power system’s operation cost. The proposed model is transformed into a mixed integer linear programming problem using linearization techniques and solved with CPLEX. Finally, results of the model for the Garver test system and IEEE 24-bus test system are shown.
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Liu, Peng. "A Modal for Operation Coordination among Regional Rail Transit, Urban Metro and Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 1970–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.1970.
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In order to achieve joint operation among regional rail transit, urban rail transit and major bus lines, a joint operation coordination model was set up to optimize the joint operation, based on the analysis to the operation rules and cost of three mode of transit and passenger's travel cost. Thereafter, the standard genetic algorithm was used to test the application of this model with an example. And test results show that: the total cost and operating cost of joint operation system and passengers' waiting cost and transfer cost in the peak hour or in the flat peak hour are lower in the coordination state than in the non-coordination state; and passengers' travel cost are reduced more significantly than operation cost of joint coordination system. This can significantly increase passengers' satisfaction and it is very favorable to the operators' long-term operation and intelligent control.
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Thalheimer, Erich. "Cryptocurrency mining noise: The cost of progress?" INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 264, no. 1 (June 24, 2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/nc-2022-666.
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Love it or loathe it, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are here to stay. Yet do you know how crypto is "manufactured"? It turns out to be a very noisy operation! Hundreds, if not thousands of powerful computer servers and processors are needed to solve the vexing Bitcoin mining algorithms. And those computers generate heat, a lot of heat (!), that must be cooled and ventilated, thus creating noise. This paper will describe the noise assessment and control efforts performed on a major Bitcoin mining operation in Tennessee. Megawatts of power are needed to support the operations, and the ventilation noise was causing significant community complaints that threatened to shut down the mining operation. Fortunately, application of some traditional and custom-made noise mitigation measures solved the noise problem and allowed the mining operation to proceed around the clock. At the time of writing this abstract, 1 Bitcoin = $46,500.
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Sinha, Sharad, and Thambipillai Srikanthan. "Architecture and Application-Aware Management of Complexity of Mapping Multiplication to FPGA DSP Blocks in High Level Synthesis." International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/564924.
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Multiplication is a common operation in many applications and there exist various types of multiplication operations. Current high level synthesis (HLS) flows generally treat all multiplication operations equally and indistinguishable from each other leading to inefficient mapping to resources. This paper proposes algorithms for automatically identifying the different types of multiplication operations and investigates the ensemble of these different types of multiplication operations. This distinguishes it from previous works where mapping strategies for an individual type of multiplication operation have been investigated and the type of multiplication operation is assumed to be knowna priori. A new cost model, independent of device and synthesis tools, for establishing priority among different types of multiplication operations for mapping to on-chip DSP blocks is also proposed. This cost model is used by a proposed analysis and priority ordering based mapping strategy targeted at making efficient use of hard DSP blocks on FPGAs while maximizing the operating frequency of designs. Results show that the proposed methodology could result in designs which were at least 2× faster in performance than those generated by commercial HLS tool: Vivado-HLS.
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Kim, Mincheol, Taeho Choi, Minhwa Kim, Sungsoo Han, and Jayong Koo. "Optimal operation efficiency and control of water pumps in multiple water reservoir system: case study in Korea." Water Supply 15, no. 1 (August 19, 2014): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.079.
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Pumping regimes for water distribution systems have been established to reduce pump operation costs. Optimization of water reservoir networks has been studied extensively for operating pumps efficiently. According to research, optimization reduces pump operation costs by approximately 10–20%. However, comparing economic benefits per country would be too complex because the effects of optimization differ depending on the power cost estimation system of each country and the existing operations. This study presents an optimization algorithm to minimize the operating costs of an entire system via the application of dynamic programming. Case studies were conducted to apply the algorithm to real values in four scenarios. By setting cost minimization as an objective, an optimum water pump operation plan was derived that encompasses operating conditions, variations in water demand, and energy costs. Results showed that operating a standby pump in an existing system can increase the system's efficiency. In addition, even if hourly water consumption remains constant, each case requires its own operating method, because each case has different operational costs. By considering various conditions such as those mentioned in this study, future pump operation schedules can be optimized and stabilized to maintain economic water supply.
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Nurcahyo, Rahmat, F. Farizal, Bimo M. I. Arifianto, and Muhammad Habiburrahman. "Mass Rapid Transit Operation and Maintenance Cost Calculation Model." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (February 17, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7645142.
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Mass rapid transit (MRT) is an efficient transportation mode that is urgently needed by a growing city such as Jakarta, Indonesia. However, limited research has attempted to evaluate the system’s current performance through a comprehensive, unit-based calculation of the costs of MRT operation and maintenance. This research aimed to develop a system for calculating and comparing MRT operation and maintenance costs per kilometer per year. The cost model has three components, namely, capital, operation cost, and maintenance cost, which are, respectively, calculated based on their percentage toward total cost. The cost model calculation determined that Jakarta MRT operation and maintenance costs total USD 8.44 million per kilometer per year. This result was compared to other countries’ MRT operations.
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YI, Chang-Yong, Han-Seong GWAK, and Dong-Eun LEE. "STOCHASTIC CARBON EMISSION ESTIMATION METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTION OPERATION." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 23, no. 1 (July 13, 2016): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.992466.
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Low carbon construction is an important operation management goal because greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction has become a global concern. Major construction resources that contribute GHG, such as equipment and labour, are being targeted to achieve this goal. The GHG emissions produced by the resources vary with their operating conditions. It is commendable to provide a statistical GHG emission estimation method that models the transitory nature of resource states at micro-scale of construction operations. This paper proposes a computational method called Stochastic Carbon Emission Estimation (SCE2) that measures the variability of GHG emissions. It creates construction operation models consisting of atomic work tasks, utilizes hourly equipment fuel consumption and hourly labourer respiratory rates that change according to their operating conditions classified into five categories, and identifies an optimal resource combination by trading off eco-economic performance metrics such as the amount of GHG emissions, operation completion time, operation completion cost, and productivity. The study is of value to researchers because SCE2 fill in a gap to eco-economic operation modelling and analysis tool which considers operating conditions at micro-scale of construction operation having many stochastic work tasks. This study is also relevance to practitioners because it allows project managers to achieve eco-economic goals while honouring predefined constraints associated with time and cost.
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Bettarelli, Douglas, Vishal Bandaru, Khaja Siddiqui, Travis Cole, Chip Shaw, Deepak Bharadia, Alan Pang, and John Griswold. "554 Implementation of a Checklist in Burn Surgery: Usage Improves Operation Efficiency and Cost." Journal of Burn Care & Research 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2023): S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irad045.150.
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Abstract Introduction Checklists have been successfully implemented in operating rooms (OR) around the United States to improve communication, efficiency, and patient well-being. They can be relatively simple additions to facilitate communication and prepare operating rooms before surgeries. Even so, team member buy-in is paramount for physicians to maintain consistent usage when operating. Systematizing actions can be challenging in emergent situations, so effective strategies to ensure timely and beneficial patient outcomes is critical. Proper checklist execution has dramatically improved patient outcomes and operation efficiency, namely those in operating rooms with complex surgeries. We hypothesized that a checklist would reduce the average time of surgeries in a burn unit. Methods We analyzed how checklist implementation impacted surgery duration and time spent in an OR. Our curated checklist used TeamSTEPPS strategies to communicate predicted surgery sites, supplies, expectations, and concerns. We collected retrospective data from operations in the burn unit one year before the checklist (August 18, 2020 – August 18, 2021) and one year after the checklist (August 19, 2021 – August 19, 2022). Patients chosen were diagnosed with second or third-degree burns and operated on by one of three burn surgeons in the hospital using the checklist. We categorized operations based on burn size based on total body surface area (TBSA), body square area operated on, and procedures with debridement, grafting, or both to ensure similar patient populations. Results Our current data consists of operations before (n=142) and after (n=139) the checklist was implemented, respectfully. The average time of surgery was 106.6 minutes before and 93.7 minutes after the checklist. The average time in the operating room per operation was 166.1 minutes before and 155.1 minutes after the checklist. Conclusions We learned that average surgery length decreased by 13.0 minutes (12.1%) and patient OR time decreased by 10.9 minutes (6.6%) with p-values of 0.013 and 0.053, respectively. We plan to expand the range of patients further and look at costs saved in the operating room. Applicability of Research to Practice The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates for specialized checklists in operating rooms that encounter complex surgeries with intensive care because of their notable impact on efficiency. Based on WHO’s checklist recommendation, burn units may significantly improve due to the many complications that arise during operations. Complicated issues during debridement and grafting include hypothermia, infection, inflammatory response, and systemic shutdown. Additionally, burn patients may require several nonelective surgeries to have the best outcome, adding another layer of complexity. When used in these clinical events, a checklist can encourage preparedness and communication that may improve operation times and cost of care.
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Mininni, G., L. Spinosa, and V. Lotito. "Cost Optimization of Sewage Sludge Filterpressing." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 2001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0656.
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Chemical conditioning and dewatering models are utilized to determine optimal conditions in order to minimize total cost (amortization, operating and disposal) of sewage sludge filtration under pressure. The results of a parametric study are discussed in this paper. The influence on filtration time and chemicals dosage of operation variables, such as feed sludge solids concentration, specific resistance to filtration, unit disposal cost and total operating time, is investigated. Total costs range from 6,000 to 20,000 Lit/hd y and show high incidence of disposal and amortization costs (55-82%). The latter is influenced to a large extent by the total operating time, in that longer machine operation allows a great reduction in equipment size to be obtained. Results put in evidence the great importance of input sludge concentration and chemical conditioning, to obtain a sludge of better filterability.
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Stuart, William B. "Checking Our Foundations: Matthews' Least Cost Models Revisited." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.1.30.
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Abstract Logging in the U.S. South at the beginning of the twentieth century was an operating unit of manufacturing and therefore treated as a cost center. Around the middle of the century, it shifted to a service provided by standalone firms operating as “for profit” businesses. The engineering economy approach of cost control from the earlier era of company logging operations continues to be used by professionals. Increasing production to distribute “fixed costs” is a key element of many cost control approaches. The most common of these, the model for identifying the point of operation where average total cost per unit is minimized, exemplified by Matthews' road spacing model, is revisited considering the complexities of the modern operating environment and the competing objectives of land management, wood supply, and for-profit contractors. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):30–35.
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Ashwin, Das. "Low Cost Automated Hammering Machine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34854.
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This Project focus on cad modeling, design, and fabrication of the automatic hammering machine. Our primary goal for this is to design is to eliminate man power and utilize electrical energy for automatic hammering machine. Besides, we tend to obtain the maximum torque by minimizing the r.p.m. of gear which a result it can also control the impact velocity for hammering torque force as per required design of gear and r.p.m., In our project, we are using torque force to perform various manufacturing operations in industries like riveting, upset forging, punching, etc. Also, the time required for operation is less so it is useful in mass production. In this project, we have devised a solid model of project assembly by using Solid works Software. The model consists of a motor, shaft, hammer, spring, pulley, mechanical counter. From this, we erect a conceptual model of an automatic hammering machine. As this s operation is repetitive much more human effort is required which drains energy as well as time. By keeping in mind these parameters, a worker can use this machine to increase productivity. Moreover, if a handicapped person if willing to perform such operation can perform this operation with ease. It is simple in construction and compact in design highly qualified workers are not required. There are various benefits that when industry views while using automated systems. These benefits can be very helpful in the long period. It can be the best and long-lasting product.
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Carbone, Giuseppe, Aviral Shrot, and Marco Ceccarelli. "Operation Strategy for a Low-Cost Easy-Operation Cassino Hexapod." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 4, no. 4 (2007): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/327349.
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This paper presents operation strategies for a hexapod walking machine that has been designed and built at the Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics (LARM) at the University of Cassino. Special care has been addressed in proposing and describing a suitable mechanical design and architecture that can be easily operated by a PLC with on–off logic. Experimental tests are reported in order to show feasibility and operational capability of the proposed design.
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Carbone, Giuseppe, Aviral Shrot, and Marco Ceccarelli. "Operation strategy for a low-cost easy-operation Cassino Hexapod." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 4, no. 4 (April 25, 2008): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11762320802002573.
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Wang, Peng, Jinling Lu, Qingsen Cai, Senlin Chen, and Xingqi Luo. "Analysis and Optimization of Cooling Water System Operating Cost under Changes in Ambient Temperature and Working Medium Flow." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 6903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216903.
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The circulating cooling water system is widely used in various industrial production fields, and its operating cost largely depends on external factors, such as ambient temperature and working medium flow. Considering the relative elevation of the heat exchanger, this study establishes a total system operation cost analysis and optimization model based on the superstructure method. The model uses ambient dry bulb temperature, ambient wet bulb temperature, and working medium flow as random variables. Water supply temperature is adopted as the decision variable, and the minimum operating cost of the system is used as the objective function. An analysis of the effect of the three random variables on the operation cost shows that the effect of ambient dry bulb temperature on the operation cost is negligible, and the effect of ambient wet bulb temperature and working medium flow on the operation cost is significant. In addition, a control equation of water supply temperature is established to determine the “near optimal” operation, which is based on the correlation among ambient wet bulb temperature, working medium flow, and optimal water supply temperature. Then, the method is applied to a case system. The operating cost of the system is reduced by 22–31% at different times during the sampling day.
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Nguyen, Tu A., and M. L. Crow. "Stochastic Optimization of Renewable-Based Microgrid Operation Incorporating Battery Operating Cost." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 31, no. 3 (May 2016): 2289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2015.2455491.
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Mohamed, Mysara Ahmed, Abdalla Noureldin Osman Kheiry, Abbas Elshiekh Rahama, and Alameen Alwathig Alameen. "Optimization Model for Machinery Selection of Multi-Crop Farms in Elsuki Agricultural Scheme." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 7 (July 22, 2017): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i7.739-744.1144.
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The optimization machinery model was developed to aid decision-makers and farm machinery managers in determining the optimal number of tractors, scheduling the agricultural operation and minimizing machinery total costs. For purpose of model verification, validation and application input data was collected from primary & secondary sources from Elsuki agricultural scheme for two seasons namely 2011-2012 and 2013-2014. Model verification was made by comparing the numbers of tractors of Elsuki agricultural scheme for season 2011-2012 with those estimated by the model. The model succeeded in reducing the number of tractors and operation total cost by 23%. The effect of optimization model on elements of direct cost saving indicated that the highest cost saving is reached with depreciation, repair and maintenance (23%) and the minimum cost saving is attained with fuel cost (22%). Sensitivity analysis in terms of change in model input for each of cultivated area and total costs of operations showing that: Increasing the operation total cost by 10% decreased the total number of tractors after optimization by 23% and total cost of operations was also decreased by 23%. Increasing the cultivated area by 10%, decreased the total number of tractors after optimization by(12%) and total cost of operations was also decreased by 12% (16669206 SDG(1111280 $) to 14636376 SDG(975758 $)). For the case of multiple input effect of the area and operation total cost resulted in decrease maximum number of tractors by 12%, and the total cost of operations also decreased by 12%. It is recommended to apply the optimization model as pre-requisite for improving machinery management during implementation of machinery scheduling.
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Nikam, Ishwar. "Cycle Time and Cost Reduction of Ball Turning Operation of Cardan Shaft." International journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology 05, no. 04 (April 30, 2017): 5118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v4i4.11.
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Zub, Igor, Yuri Yezhov, and Nikolai Stenin. "The coefficient of technical readiness as an indicator of the effectiveness of the strategy of technical operation of lifting and transport equipment of terminals." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 08009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124408009.
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Technical operation of lifting and transport equipment is one of the key problems of ports and terminals. The functions of technical operation include maintenance and repair of lifting and transport equipment. The imperfection of the maintenance and repair system leads to downtime of lifting and transport equipment, which affects the cost of loading and unloading operations. The main requirements for technical operation are to ensure the quality and speed of loading and unloading operations with minimal operating costs. One of the indicators for assessing the quality of technical operation is the coefficient of technical readiness, which shows that the probability that the lifting and transport equipment will be in a working state at any time, except for periods in which operation is not provided. These periods include the time when the lifting and transport equipment is being maintained and repaired. Technical operation strategy is selected based on the technical readiness coefficient.
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Ranjan, Ritesh, and Prabhanjan Kumar Pranav. "Cost analysis of manual bund shaping in paddy fields: Economical and physiological." Research in Agricultural Engineering 67, No. 4 (December 17, 2021): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/23/2021-rae.
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Bund shaping is one of the essential operations in preparing a paddy transplanting field. This operation is undertaken manually by spades in a traditional way as this has not been mechanised thus far. Therefore, this study was conducted to expose this operation by evaluating the economic, as well as physiological, cost involved in the bund shaping. For the economic cost, the study was conducted in nine different districts of Assam (India). The bund length for the estimated area was measured and estimated for one ha of land. The average rate of manual bund shaping was also measured to calculate the cost involved in this operation. Moreover, for the physiological cost, ten experienced subjects were calibrated and measured for their maximum aerobic capacity by sub-maximal exercise in laboratory condition. Furthermore, the heart rate was measured during the manual bund shaping and was then correlated with the calibrated data. It was found that the average required bund shaping length per ha was 3 669 m which was associated with a cost of 2 062.8 rupees. It was found that the bund shaping consumed 76.96% of the maximum volume of the oxygen consumption capacity of the subjects; however, the energy expenditure rate with respect to time and bund length were 7.37 kcal·min<sup>–1</sup> and 4.33 kcal·m<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. Hence, bund shaping in a paddy field comes under a severe workload category which emphasises the need of mechanisation for the bund shaping operation.
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Alvarez Guerrero, Jose David, Bikash Bhattarai, Rajendra Shrestha, Thomas L. Acker, and Rafael Castro. "Integrating Electric Vehicles into Power System Operation Production Cost Models." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040263.
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The electrification of the transportation sector will increase the demand for electric power, potentially impacting the peak load and power system operations. A change such as this will be multifaceted. A power system production cost model (PCM) is a useful tool with which to analyze one of these facets, the operation of the power system. A PCM is a computer simulation that mimics power system operation, i.e., unit commitment, economic dispatch, reserves, etc. To understand how electric vehicles (EVs) will affect power system operation, it is necessary to create models that describe how EVs interact with power system operations that are suitable for use in a PCM. In this work, EV charging data from the EV Project, reported by the Idaho National Laboratory, were used to create scalable, statistical models of EV charging load profiles suitable for incorporation into a PCM. Models of EV loads were created for uncoordinated and coordinated charging. Uncoordinated charging load represents the load resulting from EV owners that charge at times of their choosing. To create an uncoordinated charging load profile, the parameters of importance are the number of vehicles, charger type, battery capacity, availability for charging, and battery beginning and ending states of charge. Coordinated charging is where EVs are charged via an “aggregator” that interacts with a power system operator to schedule EV charging at times that either minimize system operating costs, decrease EV charging costs, or both, while meeting the daily EV charging requirements subject to the EV owners’ charging constraints. Beta distributions were found to be the most appropriate distribution for statistically modeling the initial and final state of charge (SoC) of vehicles in an EV fleet. A Monte Carlo technique was implemented by sampling the charging parameters of importance to create an uncoordinated charging load time series. Coordinated charging was modeled as a controllable load within the PCM to represent the influence of the EV fleet on the system’s electricity price. The charging models were integrated as EV loads in a simple 5-bus system to demonstrate their usefulness. Polaris Systems Optimization’s PCM power system optimizer (PSO) was employed to show the effect of the EVs on one day of operation in the 5-bus power system, yielding interesting and valid results and showing the effectiveness of the charging models.
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Akishin, A. A., V. V. Brekson, O. V. Vinogradova, V. A. Kuchumov, N. D. Mironov, and N. B. Nikiforova. "Online assessment of the electric locomotive life cycle cost." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 78, no. 4 (November 25, 2019): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2019-78-4-195-202.
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The selection and supply of electric locomotives based on the life cycle contract requires a more thorough review of indicators of their effectiveness implemented in operation. This study examines the main operation indicators currently used: coefficients of operational availability, technical availability, intrinsic availability (instantaneous), availability of the locomotive fleet, performed ton-kilometer operation, and electric power consumption. However, these indicators are not comprehensive and do not provide an overall economic assessment of operation. For a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of operation of locomotives, an online calculation of the life cycle cost is proposed. This involves directly using operating and service data for its performance, and the calculation of an indicator — life cycle specific cost (LCSC). The online LCSC is a uniform criterion associated with the energy efficiency of the performed transportation, volume of the ton-kilometer operation, operation expenses, reliability of electric locomotive, and its equipment availability ratio (EAR). The LCSC analysis enables assessment of deviations of the operation effectiveness indicators from those planned, and determining a strategy for improvement of the electric locomotive. It helps to define peculiarities in the operation of an electric locomotive and to forecast its condition and potential properties. Additionally, the LCSC facilitates analyzing the condition of a group of electric locomotives when changing the operation technology (for example, operation starting with increased rolling stock weight), including assessment of the extent of economic benefits of fulfilled measures.Currently, scientists of the JSC “VNIIZhT” and specialists of LLC “Ural Locomotives” are conducting tests on the electric locomotives 2EC6 on the Oktyabrskaya railroad using the “Online LCC” server. This allows online analysis of information collected on the operation and servicing of locomotives under the life cycle contract, pro viding effective and prompt control of the electric locomotive fleet.
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dra, Gajen, V. M. Victor, and N. Agrawal. "Development of Mobile App for Estimation of Energy Input and Cost Economics of Selected Farm Operations." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1103.022.
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The paper is devoted to the development of an android applications of cost of operation and energy calculation for rice production. It will help to schedule future development by understanding the feasibility of the individual operations and machines involved in those farm operation. Cost of operation contents specify the name of a cost group. “imputed costs” and "variable cost". A function of energy input is the crop yield, it can be applied directly and indirectly. Direct energy is needed to perform different crop-related tasks. The key products for indirect energy help is the energy used in the processing, packaging and transport of fertilizers, crops, machinery and pesticides. The algorithm is a set of words that specify the operation that a variety of rules are intended for the development of an algorithm is a critical step in solving a problem. Algorithm development was carried out in formally and visual able in nature. The algorithm for cost economic and energy inputs in agriculture production is developed to use that as a blueprint for mobile app. The app is an Android-based framework, created using Android Studio, the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for the development of Android applications. The aim of work is to create the energy and cost estimation app for farmers that helps analyze energy trends and the cost of various rice cultivation operations. The app named as ECOCAL-farm energy and cost calculator where E stands for energy, CO stands for cost of operation and CAL stands for calculator.
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Zhang, Baojie, Yiqian Sun, Hongfeng Zhao, Hongyan Hao, Pengpeng Kang, Guixing Yang, Defu Liu, Guowei Fan, and Guowei Liu. "Multi-Objective Optimization Scheduling of Microgrids Considering Single Use Cost of Energy Storage and Unit Combination Startup and Shutdown Cost." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2774, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2774/1/012051.
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Abstract Microgrids typically consist of various energy resources such as thermal power, solar energy, wind energy, energy storage, and so on. These energy resources have different characteristics and fluctuations. By utilizing the characteristics of different energy resources in a complementary and synergistic manner, their energy utilization efficiency can be promoted and the system stability can be improved. This paper considers the energy storage device in the completion of a single charge and discharge loss, that is, the single-use cost. Special attention to the impact of start-stop costs of unit combinations on microgrid operations. It proposes that in the daily dispatch and operation of microgrids, sinking costs can be reasonably reduced within a reasonable range, and power supply reliability can be appropriately lowered to improve the economic performance of power systems. Using the single-use cost of energy storage devices and the start-stop costs of unit combinations as variables, their impact on the economic operation of isolated microgrids is analyzed. For grid-connected microgrids with the objectives of minimizing operating costs and achieving optimal environmental protection, an optimal balance between economic and environmental performance is achieved through solving by Anti-Entropy weight method and Particle Swarm Optimization combination.
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Liu, Fang, and Xiu Yang. "Micro-Grid Multi-Objective Optimizing Operation." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1307.
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Reducing environmental pollution and achieving economic operation have become focus of the research about micro-grid (MG). The minimum operating cost and the minimum pollution emission cost are taken as optimizing objects, and the multi-object optimizing model of MG is established. The membership function is used to process multi-objective function, then the conversion of multi-object to single object is achieved. Genetic Algorithm is used to optimize the operating state of each unit, then the best operation mode is formed.
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Mubarak, Hamza, Munir Azam Muhammad, Nurulafiqah Nadzirah Mansor, Hazlie Mokhlis, Shameem Ahmad, Tofael Ahmed, and Muhammad Sufyan. "Operational Cost Minimization of Electrical Distribution Network during Switching for Sustainable Operation." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 4196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074196.
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Continuous increases in electrical energy demand and the deregulation of power systems have forced utility companies to provide high-quality and reliable services to maintain a sustainable operation and reduce electricity price. One way to continue providing the required services while simultaneously reducing operational costs is through minimizing power losses and voltage deviation in the distribution network. For this purpose, Network Reconfiguration (NR) is commonly adopted by employing the switching operation to enhance overall system performance. In the past, work proposed by researchers to attain switching sequence operation was based on hamming distance approach. This approach caused the search space to grow with the increase in total Hamming distance between the initial and the final configuration. Therefore, a method is proposed in this paper utilizing a Mixed Integer Second Order Cone Programming (MISOCP) to attain optimal NR to address this issue. The Hamming dataset approach is opted to reduce search space by considering only radial configuration solutions to achieve an optimal switching sequence. In addition, a detailed economic analysis has been performed to determine the saving after the implementation of the proposed switching sequence. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is validated through simulations on IEEE 33-bus distribution network and a practical 71-bus network in Malaysia. The result shows that the proposed method determined the optimal network configuration by minimizing the power losses for the 33 bus and 71-bus system by 34.14% and 25.5% from their initial configuration, respectively to maintain sustainable operation.
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Chen, Jun, and Yi Feng Jiang. "A Feasibility Study of Wastewater Containing Pb(II) Recovery Using Electrodialysis Reversal." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 2007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.2007.
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Lead is a highly toxic heavy metal. The investigation was conducted to remove Pb(II) from storage battery industry wastewater by using electrodialysis (ED) in laboratory. The storage battery industry wastewater has an initial Pb(II) concentration of 8.5 mg/L. The performance of ED is determined by a set of fixed and variable process parameters such as inlet concentration, operating current density, and operating flow rate. Like all the efficient ED operations, the process has to be optimized in terms of overall costs considering cell component designs and properties as well as all operating parameters. Under the conditions of operating current density at 3 A/cm2, liquid flow rate of 300 L/h and circulation time of 5~6, the Pb(II) concentration of storage battery industrial outlet wastewater can be reduced to below 0.01mg/L and the conductivity could be reduced below 10 s/cm. The treated water could be reused in the manufacture of storage battery. A mathematical correlationship of Jlim＝10.379V0.5324C, which described the characteristics of the equipment, was finally obtained. The results showed that Pb(II) wastewater of the storage battery industry could be effective treated by ED and the separation process presented several advantages such as highly selective desalination, high water recovery and the possibility of an intermittent operation. Operation cost of the EDR mini-plant was also estimated in this project. Total operation cost including electricity fee and chemical cost is about $0.102/m3 of treated water.
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Razali, Halim, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, and Ali Sohif Mat. "Hydrogen as an Alternative: Life Cycle Cost Analysis between Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (Al+Hci) and Gasoline Engine Based on Brake Specific Fuel Consumption." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.423.
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Estimation of the life cycle cost (LCC) for a hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2ICE) that uses hydrogen as an alternative fuel by forecasting a financial investment plan for a period of five years (n = 5). This is influenced by the interest rate of 10% (i = 10). The effect of Annual Operating Cost and salvage value in the LCC for H2ICE would give impact on the cost of investment and economic growth in the long term. The result shows the brake specific fuel consumption to achieve 14% savings for grams per kilowatt hour for the engine (G + H2) compared to the engine (G). The operation of H2ICE in the first year would be increased by 22%, the reason is due to the cost of equipment, maintenance and purchase of new components. However, the percentage of operation cost for the following five to ten year of Present worth (PW) is reduced to 0.36% in the fourth year (n = 4) within the interest rate of 10%. The return of initial investment in the capital-first cost (FC) is to occur at the beginning of the fifth year (n = 5) of H2ICE operations. The cost of savings for the next five years would become more profitable reaching 37% reduction in cost compared to conventional fuel consumption
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Gretzschel, Oliver, Theo G. Schmitt, Joachim Hansen, Klaus Siekmann, and Jürgen Jakob. "Sludge digestion instead of aerobic stabilisation – a cost benefit analysis based on experiences in Germany." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 2 (November 12, 2013): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.711.
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As a consequence of a worldwide increase of energy costs, the efficient use of sewage sludge as a renewable energy resource must be considered, even for smaller wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with design capacities between 10,000 and 50,000 population equivalent (PE). To find the lower limit for an economical conversion of an aerobic stabilisation plant into an anaerobic stabilisation plant, we derived cost functions for specific capital costs and operating cost savings. With these tools, it is possible to evaluate if it would be promising to further investigate refitting aerobic plants into plants that produce biogas. By comparing capital costs with operation cost savings, a break-even point for process conversion could be determined. The break-even point varies depending on project specific constraints and assumptions related to future energy and operation costs and variable interest rates. A 5% increase of energy and operation costs leads to a cost efficient conversion for plants above 7,500 PE. A conversion of WWTPs results in different positive effects on energy generation and plant operations: increased efficiency, energy savings, and on-site renewable power generation by digester gas which can be used in the plant. Also, the optimisation of energy efficiency results in a reduction of primary energy consumption.
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Barkhatov, A. F., and A. V. Baranova. "REDUCTION OF OIL PIPILINE OPERATING COST BY OPTIMIZING PIPELINE OPERATION SEQUENCE PLAN." Oil and Gas Business, no. 1 (February 2015): 153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2015-1-153-177.
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Silva, Francisco J. G., Vitor F. C. Sousa, Arnaldo G. Pinto, Luís P. Ferreira, and Teresa Pereira. "Build-Up an Economical Tool for Machining Operations Cost Estimation." Metals 12, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12071205.
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Currently, there is a lack of affordable and simple tools for the estimation of these costs, especially for machining operations. This is particularly true for manufacturing SMEs, in which the cost estimation of machined parts is usually performed based only on required material for part production, or involves a time-consuming, non-standardized technical analysis. Therefore, a cost estimation tool was developed, based on the calculated machining times and amount of required material, based on the final drawing of the requested workpiece. The tool was developed primarily for milling machines, considering milling, drilling, and boring/threading operations. Regarding the considered materials, these were primarily aluminum alloys. However, some polymer materials were also considered. The tool first estimates the required time for total part production and then calculates the total cost. The total production time is estimated based on the required machining operations, as well as drawing, programming, and machine setup time. A part complexity level was also introduced, based on the number of details and operations required for each workpiece, which will inflate the estimated times. The estimation tool was tested in a company setting, comparing the estimated operation time values with the real ones, for a wide variety of parts of differing complexity. An average error of 14% for machining operation times was registered, which is quite satisfactory, as this time is the most impactful in terms of machining cost. However, there are still some problems regarding the accuracy in estimating finishing operation times.
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Ullah, Kalim, Sajjad Ali, Taimoor Ahmad Khan, Imran Khan, Sadaqat Jan, Ibrar Ali Shah, and Ghulam Hafeez. "An Optimal Energy Optimization Strategy for Smart Grid Integrated with Renewable Energy Sources and Demand Response Programs." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 5718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215718.
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An energy optimization strategy is proposed to minimize operation cost and carbon emission with and without demand response programs (DRPs) in the smart grid (SG) integrated with renewable energy sources (RESs). To achieve optimized results, probability density function (PDF) is proposed to predict the behavior of wind and solar energy sources. To overcome uncertainty in power produced by wind and solar RESs, DRPs are proposed with the involvement of residential, commercial, and industrial consumers. In this model, to execute DRPs, we introduced incentive-based payment as price offered packages. Simulations are divided into three steps for optimization of operation cost and carbon emission: (i) solving optimization problem using multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), (ii) optimization of operating cost and carbon emission without DRPs, and (iii) optimization of operating cost and carbon emission with DRPs. To endorse the applicability of the proposed optimization model based on MOGA, a smart sample grid is employed serving residential, commercial, and industrial consumers. In addition, the proposed optimization model based on MOGA is compared to the existing model based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm in terms of operation cost and carbon emission. The proposed optimization model based on MOGA outperforms the existing model based on the MOPSO algorithm in terms of operation cost and carbon emission. Experimental results show that the operation cost and carbon emission are reduced by 24% and 28% through MOGA with and without the participation of DRPs, respectively.
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Tabakov, Petr A., and Vasiliy P. Tabakov. "Economically acceptable service life of mtz-80/82 tractors." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-2-67-75.
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Recently, the scientific and technical literature increasingly discusses the service life of agricultural machinery. Economically acceptable lifetimes of tractors and agricultural machines could exceed the amortization ones by 10-15 years. There is a correlation between the life of agricultural machinery and its annual output, which significantly affects the life and effectiveness of its use.(Research purpose). The research purpose is in studying the dependence of the annual running hours, the total cost of eliminating failures, and the cost of running time from the operating life in the range from 1 to 32 years. (Materials and methods) The study was conducted according to the reporting data of SCA "Malalla" and "Pervomaisk" of Batyrevsky district of the Chuvash Republic during 1998-2019. During the study, there were monitored 20 MTZ tractors for 20 years, and archived accounting data were also used. (Results and discussion) An analysis of the consumption of spare parts showed that the largest number of total spare parts falls on the interval of the service life of 17-19 years and operating time of 32-35 thousand of conventional hectares. The largest number of spare parts are spent on 14, 16 and 19 years of operation. For the first three years of operation, until the total operating time of 5850 conventional hectares, the total consumption of spare parts is of 15,410 rubles, which is 2.2 percent of the cost of a new tractor. (Conclusions) A study of the consumption of spare parts, tractor operating hours and the cost of operating hours by years of operation allows us to conclude that from 27 to 32 years of operation, with a total operating time of 46784 conventional hectares, despite the annual increase in the consumption of spare parts, its operating time begins to decrease, and the cost of an operating time unit increases sharply and reaches the operating time during the depreciation period and the total consumption of spare parts reaches the cost of a new tractor. Just at this time, it is necessary to stop the operation of the tractor. The results allow us to create recommendations to improve the efficiency of the operation and use of the machine and tractor fleet in agricultural organizations.
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Liu, Zhanwei, and Xiaogang He. "Balancing-oriented hydropower operation makes the clean energy transition more affordable and simultaneously boosts water security." Nature Water 1, no. 9 (September 18, 2023): 778–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s44221-023-00126-0.
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AbstractReservoir hydropower offers a compelling combination of stability and flexibility services for modern water and power grids. However, its operating flexibility is poorly characterized in energy system planning, missing opportunities to cost-effectively uptake variable renewable energy (VRE) for a clean energy transition. In this study, we have developed a fully coupled reservoir operation and energy expansion model to quantify the economic and environmental benefits attained from adaptive hydropower operation in a high VRE future. Our case study of the China Southern Power Grid reveals that, in a 2050 net-zero grid, simply adapting hydropower operations to balance VRE can reduce 2018–2050 total system costs by 7% (that is, US$28.2 billion) and simultaneously save 123.8 km3 of water each year (that is, more than three times the reservoir capacity of the Three Gorges Dam). These vast, yet overlooked, cost- and water-saving potentials highlight the importance of incorporating balancing-oriented hydropower operation into future pathways to jointly decarbonize and secure power and water grids.
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Kondsrashova, Elizaveta. "Optimal maintenance tasks taking into account cost indicators." E3S Web of Conferences 460 (2023): 10036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346010036.
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The reliability of technical systems plays a key role in ensuring their efficient operation over time. This article discusses the importance of reliability in maintaining preset parameters of the functioning of a system and its dependence on operating conditions. Maintenance is done to maintain the reliability of a system and control its functionality. The authors propose methods for selecting quality indicators and the optimal frequency of preventive maintenance and emphasise the importance of considering cost aspects when making decisions on maintenance. In conclusion, the article offers a brief algorithm for quality control of technical systems while placing an emphasis on system safety and economic efficiency. The study demonstrates the need to develop and apply new cost-based analysis methods to determine optimal maintenance strategies for technical systems. Overall, the article provides recommendations for improving maintenance operations and increasing the reliability of technical systems.
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TOMITA, Yasuo, Shunsuke ISHIHARA, and Kouki IWAMOTO. "Operation Cost Analysis of “Sumiyoshidai Kurukuru Bus”." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 27 (2010): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.27.903.
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Wright, Christopher. "Operation and Cost of High-Speed Craft." Marine Technology and SNAME News 27, no. 02 (March 1, 1990): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1990.27.2.104.
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The various types of high-speed craft (HSC)—air supported, foil supported, displacement hull, planing hull—are briefly described and their suitability for certain passenger routes in different operating environments is analyzed. The transport and commercial efficiencies of a number of existing craft of mixed sizes and services are graded and graphically compared. The paper concludes with a discussion on the economics of HSC service and the many factors that bear upon optimum craft selection for a particular route and operating environment.
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Hyland, Neil, and Shawn E. O'Keeffe. "Optimising Cloud Operation Cost Utilising External Memory." International Journal of Digital Innovation in the Built Environment 9, no. 2 (July 2020): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdibe.2020070104.
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Handling large volumes of data on computers incur operational costs when physical hardware is considered, especially RAM, creating a need for intelligent solutions that both maintain an acceptable level of performance and enable cheaper scaling. The authors extend their previous work converting their existing point cloud processing and analysis tool to use external memory via the STXXL C++ library, replacing the entire dataset storage layer with STXXL's intelligent caching system. A rationale for adopting this technique, and methodology for testing previous and modified versions of the software is put forth, and the authors investigate the behaviour of their software tool to establish trade-offs. Competing versions of their software are fed sample datasets in E57 and IFC formats; the results of which are captured and analysed. The authors find that while execution speed is lowered, reduced memory consumption contributes to a higher throughput, enabling greater efficiency and real hardware cost savings.
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Sahay, S. S., and K. Mitra. "Cost Model Based Optimisation Of Carburising Operation." Surface Engineering 20, no. 5 (October 2004): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708404x1143.
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Djordjevic, Vojislav, and Milos Gajic. "Criteria and models of operation cost projecting." Vojno delo 66, no. 4 (2014): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1404055d.
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Markovic, Branimir, and Dano Mavrak. "Contribution of intelligence to operation cost determination." Vojno delo 66, no. 4 (2014): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1404130m.
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Budnik, Michał, and Wojciech Stanek. "Exergetic cost of steam power plant operation." Archives of Thermodynamics 32, no. 2 (August 1, 2011): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-011-0008-2.
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Exergetic cost of steam power plant operation The paper is devoted to the problems of exergetic cost determination. A brief description of theoretical fundamentals of exergetic cost determination and its application are presented. The applied method of calculations is based on the rules of determination of cumulative exergy consumption. The additional possibilities ensured by the exergetic cost analysis in comparison to the direct exergy consumption analysis are discussed. The presented methodology was applied for the analysis of influence of operational parameters on exergetic cost indices of steam power plant. Results of calculations concern one of the modern Polish power plant unit. Basing on the obtained results several conclusions have been formulated that show advantages of application of exergetic cost analyses.
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Qin Zhou, D. Shirmohammadi, and W. H. E. Liu. "Distribution feeder reconfiguration for operation cost reduction." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 12, no. 2 (May 1997): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.589665.
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Bennett, G. F. "Granular activated carbon: Design, operation and cost." Journal of Hazardous Materials 31, no. 2 (July 1992): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(92)85018-v.
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