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Journal articles on the topic 'Cost of Australia'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Wilkes, Martin. "Australian LNG: the cost myths and truths." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15093.

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In recent years the media has published articles relating to the high cost of doing business in Australia. The impacts of low productivity, high-labour costs, and poor performance have all been highlighted as ailments with Australia and within the LNG (construction) industry in particular. This has led to views that Australia is a high-cost environment and Australian LNG is expensive. The numbers that are often quoted appear to support these views, however they overlook—and sometimes mask—aspects of individual projects that are important to understand before making any generic pronouncements about the competitiveness of the Australian industry in general. This extended abstract: Exposes the inadequacies of the general comparisons that have been made in the recent past. Demonstrates the actual impact of several identified issues. Demonstrates the importance of decisions made early in the project development cycle by respective owners on the projects and project costs. Identifies the differences and similarities in development and costs of LNG projects in Australia compared to other areas of the world, in particular the US. Examines the impact of lack of collaboration.

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Creighton, Colin, Paul I. Boon, Justin D. Brookes, and Marcus Sheaves. "Repairing Australia's estuaries for improved fisheries production – what benefits, at what cost?" Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 6 (2015): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14041.

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An Australia-wide assessment of ~1000 estuaries and embayments undertaken by the National Land and Water Resources Audit of 1997–2002 indicated that ~30% were modified to some degree. The most highly degraded were in New South Wales, where ~40% were classified as ‘extensively modified’ and <10% were ‘near pristine’. Since that review, urban populations have continued to grow rapidly, and increasing pressures for industrial and agricultural development in the coastal zone have resulted in ongoing degradation of Australia's estuaries and embayments. This degradation has had serious effects on biodiversity, and commercial and recreational fishing. A business case is developed that shows that an Australia-wide investment of AU$350 million into repair will be returned in less than 5 years. This return is merely from improved productivity of commercial fisheries of a limited number of fish, shellfish and crustacean species. Estuary repair represents an outstanding return on investment, possibly far greater than most of Australia's previous environmental repair initiatives and with clearly demonstrated outcomes across the Australian food and services economies.

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3

Srisaeng, Panarat, Glenn S. Baxter, and Graham Wild. "THE EVOLUTION OF LOW COST CARRIERS IN AUSTRALIA." Aviation 18, no. 4 (December 22, 2014): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2014.987485.

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Due to the vast distances across the country as well as between urban centres, Australia is heavily reliant upon its air transport industry. Following deregulation of Australia's domestic air travel market on the 30th October, 1990, low cost carriers have entered the market. Australia's LCC market has had three discrete phases. The first wave occurred between 1990 and 1993 and was subsequently followed by a duopoly period in 1994–1999. The second wave occurred between 2000 and 2006 and the final wave has been in the post-2006 period. This paper examines the evolution of Australia's domestic low cost carrier airline market and finds that by 2010, low cost carriers had captured around 64 per cent of the market. Following the evolution of the “Virgin Australia” business model from a low cost carrier to a full service network carrier, commencing in 2011, the low cost carrier's market share has declined significantly and is now around 31 per cent. “Jetstar” and “Tiger Airways” are the two major carriers presently operating in this market segment.

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4

Maynard, Margaret. "Fashion and Air Travel: Australian Photography and Style." Costume 51, no. 1 (March 2017): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cost.2017.0007.

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The expansion of commercial air travel in Australia after the Second World War caused significant changes to women's fashion and its marketing in this country. The developing technology of aeroplanes as commercial carriers meant European clothes and ideas reached Australia increasingly rapidly. A long-term sense of stylistic inferiority diminished and the sometimes unquestioning acceptance of imported style was challenged. As post-war retailers expanded their product range, they sought possibilities to market Australian designed and made garments both in Europe and the US. Using co-marketing with the airline industry in particular, retailers began to foster a new confidence amongst middle-class women that by wearing local attire they could participate in a worldwide network of stylish production and consumption. For a brief period, Australian, US and European-made fashions were in serious competition. This article suggests promotional images featuring the connectivity between the technology of air transport and fashion after the Second World War mark a discrete moment in the representation of women in this country as mature and stylishly dressed global travellers, prior to a vigorously emerging youth market by the mid-1960s. It also posits the idea that, although representational stereotypes of Australian women as homemakers remained intact, the use of technological settings of airline travel in fashion photography created a new and cosmopolitan narrative that ran counter to the ideal of domesticity.

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5

Lipscombe, Ray, Don Blackmore, and Dennis Elliott. "Australia's Fixed-Wing Aerial Dispersant Capability." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-329.

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ABSTRACT Since January 1997, Australia has had in place a fixed-wing aerial dispersant capability (FWADC) designed to provide the country with a cost-effective aerial dispersant delivery system. The FWADC is managed by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) and is funded jointly by AMSA and the Australian Institute of Petroleum (AIP) through its subsidiary, the Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre (AMOSC). The FWADC is based on the concept of using single-engine turbine-powered agricultural aircraft with a payload capacity of between 1,850 and 3,100 Liters of dispersant, depending on aircraft type. At a cost of AUD$400,000 per annum, Australia has access to a minimum of two primary aircraft, 24 hours every day of the year. Additional aircraft complement the two primary aircraft on an “aircraft of opportunity” basis. This paper addresses the background to the development and implementation of Australia's fixed-wing aerial dispersant capability and its integration into Australia's national oil spill response contingency arrangements. It also provides an overview of AMSA's role in managing the capability and providing training for aircraft operators and support crews in aerial dispersant-related operations.

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6

Dohrmann, Peter J. "LOW-COST TELERADIOLOGY FOR AUSTRALIA." ANZ Journal of Surgery 61, no. 2 (February 1991): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1991.tb00186.x.

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7

Ogden, K. W. "Road cost recovery in Australia." Transport Reviews 8, no. 2 (April 1988): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01441648808716679.

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8

Seah, Davinia S. E., Timothy Z. Cheong, and Matthew H. R. Anstey. "The hidden cost of private health insurance in Australia." Australian Health Review 37, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11126.

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The provision of health services in Australia currently is primarily financed by a unique interaction of public and private insurers. This commentary looks at a loophole in this framework, namely that private insurers have to date been able to avoid funding healthcare for some of their policy holders, as it is not a requirement to use private insurance when treatment occurs in Australian public hospitals.

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9

Miller, George S., Suzanne Robinson, Christopher M. Reid, and David J. Hunter-Smith. "Cosmetic breast augmentation in Australia: a cost of complication study." Australasian Journal of Plastic Surgery 1, no. 2 (September 24, 2018): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34239/ajops.v1i2.120.

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Background: Treatment of complications from cosmetic breast augmentation is subsidised by government funding in Australia. Aim: We aimed to estimate the total cost to the Australian public health system of the treatment of complications following cosmetic breast augmentation. Method: Using the PRISMA 2009 statement, a systematic review was conducted to find articles reporting on complications following cosmetic breast augmentation. A quantitative analysis was performed to calculate overall complication rates. An economic cost analysis was performed on data from procedures performed in Australia between 2000-01 and 2014-15. We modelled costs to the public health system for this period and projected costs to the year 2030. Results: Thirty-nine articles were identified for inclusion in the quantitative analysis of complication rates following cosmetic breast augmentation. Economic modelling showed an estimated cost of over A$10 million just for surgeons’ and surgical assistants’ fees to treat complications between 2000 and 2015. We forecast over A$50 million for this cost over the subsequent fifteen years. Total health spending on complications is estimated to have been almost A$200 million between 2000 and 2015. Conclusion: This study illustrates the significant economic cost to the Australian health system created by complications following cosmetic breast augmentation. We believe this study reinforces the importance of the Australian breast device registry (ABDR) to further guide regulation, economic policy and health policy.

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10

Best, Rick. "International comparisons of cost and productivity in construction: a bad example." Construction Economics and Building 12, no. 3 (September 11, 2012): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v12i3.2662.

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In a report published in June 2012 the Business Council of Australia (BCA) reported that it costs considerably more to build a variety of types of infrastructure in Australia than it does in the US. Airports (90% more costly) and hospitals (62%) were quoted as the worst cases with other projects ranging from 26% to 43% more. They used these figures to conclude that Australia is a high cost, low productivity environment for building infrastructure projects. These claims were based on cost/m2 figures published by a major international construction consultancy. The method used by the BCA is flawed in two ways: one is the in the use of costs that are recognised as giving only the broadest of indications of probable costs and the second is the use of exchange rates to convert Australian construction costs to US dollars. Careful analysis of the methodology used, supported by a series of other comparisons based on other data sources and other conversion factors (purchasing power parities or PPPs), suggests that in real terms it probably costs no more to build in Australia than it does in the US and that it may well be cheaper to build in Australia than it is in the US.

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Burke, Denis T. "Monetary cost of schizophrenia to Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 144, no. 13 (June 1986): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb113722.x.

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12

Cook, Arnold, and Edwin Jones. "FULL COST PRICING IN FVESTERX AUSTRALIA." Economic Record 30, no. 1-2 (June 28, 2008): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1954.tb03090.x.

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13

Ashe, Brian, K. J. McAneney, and A. J. Pitman. "Total cost of fire in Australia." Journal of Risk Research 12, no. 2 (March 2009): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669870802648528.

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14

Harrigan, Peter. "Australia: Cost-shift games and confusion." Lancet 341, no. 8843 (February 1993): 484–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)90225-6.

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15

Pezzullo, Lynne, Jared Streatfeild, Josiah Hickson, Andrew Teodorczuk, Meera R. Agar, and Gideon A. Caplan. "Economic impact of delirium in Australia: a cost of illness study." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e027514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027514.

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ObjectivesTo estimate the economic impact of delirium in the Australian population in 2016–2017, including financial costs, and its burden on health.Design, setting and participantsA cost of illness study was conducted for the Australian population in the 2016–2017 financial year. The prevalence of delirium in 2016–2017 was calculated to inform cost estimations. The costs estimated in this study also include dementia attributable to delirium.Main outcome measuresThe total and per capita costs were analysed for three categories: health systems costs, other financial costs including productivity losses and informal care and cost associated with loss of well-being (burden of disease). Costs were expressed in 2016–2017 pound sterling (£) and Australian dollars ($A).ResultsThere were an estimated 132 595 occurrences of delirium in 2016–2017, and more than 900 deaths were attributed to delirium in 2016–2017. Delirium causes an estimated 10.6% of dementia in Australia. The total costs of delirium in Australia were estimated to be £4.3 billion ($A8.8 billion) in 2016–2017, ranging between £2.6 billion ($A5.3 billion) and £5.9 billion ($A12.1 billion). The total estimated costs comprised financial costs of £1.7 billion and the value of healthy life lost of £2.5 billion. Dementia attributable to delirium accounted for £2.2 billion of the total cost of delirium.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the substantial burden that delirium imposes on Australian society—both in terms of financial costs associated with health system expenditure and the increased need for residential aged care due to the functional and cognitive decline associated with delirium and dementia. To reduce the substantial well-being costs of delirium, further research should seek to better understand the potential pathways from an episode of delirium to subsequent mortality and reduced cognitive functioning outcomes.

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Chew, Derek P., Robert Carter, Bree Rankin, Andrew Boyden, and Helen Egan. "Cost effectiveness of a general practice chronic disease management plan for coronary heart disease in Australia." Australian Health Review 34, no. 2 (2010): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09742.

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Background.The cost effectiveness of a general practice-based program for managing coronary heart disease (CHD) patients in Australia remains uncertain. We have explored this through an economic model. Methods.A secondary prevention program based on initial clinical assessment and 3 monthly review, optimising of pharmacotherapies and lifestyle modification, supported by a disease registry and financial incentives for quality of care and outcomes achieved was assessed in terms of incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER), in Australian dollars per disability adjusted life year (DALY) prevented. Results.Based on 2006 estimates, 263 487 DALYs were attributable to CHD in Australia. The proposed program would add $115 650 000 to the annual national heath expenditure. Using an estimated 15% reduction in death and disability and a 40% estimated program uptake, the program’s ICER is $8081 per DALY prevented. With more conservative estimates of effectiveness and uptake, estimates of up to $38 316 per DALY are observed in sensitivity analysis. Conclusions.Although innovation in CHD management promises improved future patient outcomes, many therapies and strategies proven to reduce morbidity and mortality are available today. A general practice-based program for the optimal application of current therapies is likely to be cost-effective and provide substantial and sustainable benefits to the Australian community. What is known about this topic?Chronic disease management programs are known to provide gains with respect to reductions in death and disability among patients with coronary heart disease. The cost effectiveness of such programs in the Australian context is not known. What does this paper add?This paper suggests that implementing a coronary heart disease program in Australia is highly cost-effective across a broad range of assumptions of uptake and effectiveness. What are the implications for practitioners? These data provide the economic rationale for the implementation of a chronic disease management program with a disease registry and regular review in Australia.

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Kingwell, Ross. "Making Agriculture Carbon Neutral Amid a Changing Climate: The Case of South-Western Australia." Land 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111259.

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Making Australian agriculture carbon neutral by 2050 is a goal espoused by several agricultural organisations in Australia. How costly might it be to attain that goal, especially when adverse climate change projections apply to agriculture in southern Australia? This study uses scenario analysis to examine agricultural emissions and their abatement via reforestation in south-western Australia under projected climate change. Most scenarios include the likelihood of agricultural emissions being reduced in the coming decades. However, the impact of projected adverse climate change on tree growth and tree survival means that the cost of achieving agricultural carbon neutrality via reforestation is forecast to increase in south-western Australia. Agricultural R&D and innovation that enable agricultural emissions to diminish in the coming decades will be crucial to lessen the cost of achieving carbon neutrality. On balance, the more likely scenarios reveal the real cost of achieving carbon neutrality will not greatly increase. The cost of achieving carbon neutrality under the various scenarios is raised by an additional AUD22 million to AUD100 million per annum in constant 2020 dollar terms. This magnitude of cost increase is very small relative to the region’s gross value of agricultural production that is regularly greater than AUD10 billion.

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Donovan, Peter J., Donald S. A. McLeod, Richard Little, and Louisa Gordon. "Cost–utility analysis comparing radioactive iodine, anti-thyroid drugs and total thyroidectomy for primary treatment of Graves’ disease." European Journal of Endocrinology 175, no. 6 (December 2016): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-16-0527.

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Objective Little data is in existence about the most cost-effective primary treatment for Graves’ disease. We performed a cost–utility analysis comparing radioactive iodine (RAI), anti-thyroid drugs (ATD) and total thyroidectomy (TT) as first-line therapy for Graves’ disease in England and Australia. Methods We used a Markov model to compare lifetime costs and benefits (quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs)). The model included efficacy, rates of relapse and major complications associated with each treatment, and alternative second-line therapies. Model parameters were obtained from published literature. One-way sensitivity analyses were conducted. Costs were presented in 2015£ or Australian Dollars (AUD). Results RAI was the least expensive therapy in both England (£5425; QALYs 34.73) and Australia (AUD5601; 30.97 QALYs). In base case results, in both countries, ATD was a cost-effective alternative to RAI (£16 866; 35.17 QALYs; incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) £26 279 per QALY gained England; AUD8924; 31.37 QALYs; ICER AUD9687 per QALY gained Australia), while RAI dominated TT (£7115; QALYs 33.93 England; AUD15 668; 30.25 QALYs Australia). In sensitivity analysis, base case results were stable to changes in most cost, transition probabilities and health-relative quality-of-life (HRQoL) weights; however, in England, the results were sensitive to changes in the HRQoL weights of hypothyroidism and euthyroidism on ATD. Conclusions In this analysis, RAI is the least expensive choice for first-line treatment strategy for Graves’ disease. In England and Australia, ATD is likely to be a cost-effective alternative, while TT is unlikely to be cost-effective. Further research into HRQoL in Graves’ disease could improve the quality of future studies.

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Doran, Evan, and Jane Robertson. "Australia's pharmaceutical cost sharing policy: reducing waste or affordability?" Australian Health Review 33, no. 2 (2009): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah090231.

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In this paper we argue that Australia?s pharmaceutical cost sharing policy has been applied as if cost sharing is unproblematic for medicine affordability and good health outcomes. Australian and international experience with pharmaceutical cost sharing strongly suggests a negative impact on affordability and quality use of medicines, disproportionately affecting low income patients. We argue that Australia?s use of cost sharing reflects the currency of a cognitively powerful and morally charged idea ? moral hazard. Moral hazard refers to the change in behaviour induced by insurance coverage. Applied to pharmaceuticals, this means that low out-of-pocket cost will lead to waste. Moral hazard mixes the explanatory power of price with the intuitively cogent notion that if people do not experience consequences they will behave irresponsibly. Cost sharing policy has gone unscrutinised and uncontested not because cost sharing is unproblematic, but because in the light of the idea of moral hazard it has all the question-deadening weight of common sense.

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Ikediashi, Cornelius, and Bassam Bjeirmi. "Oil and gas project management and success: a critical evaluation of oil and gas project management success in Australia." APPEA Journal 59, no. 1 (2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18056.

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Australia remains in pole position to become the world’s leading exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and the number one exporter in the future. Maintaining this trajectory will require the oil and gas industry in Australia to remain competitive in project delivery to continue to attract investments. Yet, the Australian project delivery environment poses a big threat to this trajectory. Several research studies, organisations and institutions have come up with a long list of generic factors contributing to project management success and failure. The aim of this study is to examine oil and gas projects in Australia with a view to ascertain their success or otherwise and the specific contributing factors. This study has used a qualitative method of research by examining secondary sources of information on four recent Western Australia LNG projects (Gorgon, Wheatstone, Prelude and Ichthys) and presenting them as case studies. Specifically, the research has used mostly online sources that are either independent reports or information sourced from company websites. The key findings suggest that major oil and gas projects in Australia fail, and that failure or success is determined by the ability of the project management team to deliver the project on budget and on schedule. This is exemplified by the projects examined in this study, which have all shown cost and schedule overruns. Six critical factors are observed as contributing to cost and schedule overrun: project location, high cost of executing projects in Australia versus overseas, skills shortages, overseas manufacturing, project complexity and cultural and environment issues. Innovation, collaboration and standardisation, as adopted from other regions, are the initial practices suggested for the Australian industry to overcome all six factors and encourage further investment.

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Kargól, Marta. "Restoring the Memory of the Forgotten Dutch Embroidery Designer Nellie van Rijsoort." Costume 55, no. 1 (March 2021): 74–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cost.2021.0183.

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In 1932, Nellie van Rijsoort (1910–1996), the Dutch embroidery maker and designer, opened her atelier in Rotterdam. Among her clients were prestigious fashion stores in the Netherlands as well as wealthy middle-class customers. After the Second World War, van Rijsoort left Rotterdam and continued her career in Melbourne in the rapidly developing fashion network of Australia. Today, samples of embroidered fabrics and fashion drawings by Nellie van Rijsoort are part of the collections of the Museum Rotterdam and the National Trust of Australia in Melbourne. These collections provide insight into half a century of history of embroidered fabrics. This article illustrates the largely forgotten career of the embroidery designer. The first part of the article outlines the position and meaning of van Rijsoort's atelier in the fashion networks of the Netherlands and Australia, while the second part provides an analysis of embroidery samples and drawings, which reveal the place and function of embroideries as dress decorations.

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22

Dalziel, Kim, Leonie Segal, and Rachelle Katz. "Cost-effectiveness of mandatory folate fortification v. other options for the prevention of neural tube defects: results from Australia and New Zealand." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 4 (September 17, 2009): 566–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009991418.

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AbstractObjectiveTo provide input to Australian and New Zealand government decision making regarding an optimal strategy to reduce the rate of neural tube defects (NTD).DesignStandard comparative health economic evaluation techniques were employed for a set of intervention options for promoting folate/folic acid consumption in women capable of or planning a pregnancy. Evidence of effectiveness was informed by the international literature and costs were derived for Australia and New Zealand.ResultsPopulation-wide campaigns to promote supplement use and mandatory fortification were the most effective at reducing NTD, at an estimated 36 and 31 fewer cases per annum respectively for Australia and New Zealand, representing an 8 % reduction in the current annual NTD rate. Population-wide and targeted approaches to increase supplement use were cost-effective, at less than $AU 12 500 per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted ($US 9893, £5074), as was extending voluntary fortification. Mandatory fortification was not cost-effective for New Zealand at $AU 138 500 per DALY ($US 109 609, £56 216), with results uncertain for Australia, given widely varying cost estimates. Promoting a folate-rich diet was least cost-effective, with benefits restricted to impact on NTD.ConclusionsSeveral options for reducing NTD appear to fall well within accepted societal cost-effectiveness norms. All estimates are subject to considerable uncertainty, exacerbated by possible interactions between interventions, including impacts on currently effective strategies. The Australian and New Zealand governments have decided to proceed with mandatory fortification; it is hoped they will support a rigorous evaluation which will contribute to the evidence base.

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Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "When is Enough Enough? The Burgeoning Cost of Child Protection Services." Children Australia 39, no. 2 (May 21, 2014): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2014.6.

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The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimates that at 31 December 2011 there were 5,098,694 children and young people in Australia under the age of 18 years, while for the period 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare's report on child protection indicates that there were 48,420 substantiated cases of child abuse and neglect in Australia. The likelihood is that almost 95 (94.96) per cent of Australian children and young people were not abused or neglected in that period; and this is a cause for national celebration. These figures are good reason to praise the parents and caregivers of the 5,050,274 children who were not abused or neglected. We argue that there is a need for an emphasis in the political debate about child protection that focuses on children who are not abused, in order for the issue of child abuse and neglect to be placed in proper perspective. The lack of perspective in the current dialogue simply results in an unending demand for more resources for detection-focused services. Instead, there has to be increased emphasis on preventative services for vulnerable families who fail to meet community child-rearing standards. These exacting standards of parenting can only be achieved through parent education and the provision of intensive and extensive family support services, combined with sensitive monitoring of at-risk families. Accordingly, this article is written in a dissenting voice.

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FORD, LAURA, PHILIP HAYWOOD, MARTYN D. KIRK, EMILY LANCSAR, DEBORAH A. WILLIAMSON, and KATHRYN GLASS. "Cost of Salmonella Infections in Australia, 2015." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 1607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-105.

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ABSTRACT Gastroenteritis caused from infections with Salmonella enterica (salmonellosis) causes significant morbidity in Australia. In addition to acute gastroenteritis, approximately 8.8% of people develop irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and 8.5% of people develop reactive arthritis (ReA). We estimated the economic cost of salmonellosis and associated sequel illnesses in Australia in a typical year circa 2015. We estimated incidence, hospitalizations, other health care usage, absenteeism, and premature mortality for four age groups using a variety of complementary data sets. We calculated direct costs (health care) and indirect costs (lost productivity and premature mortality) by using Monte Carlo simulation to estimate 90% credible intervals (CrI) around our point estimates. We estimated that 90,833 cases, 4,312 hospitalizations, and 19 deaths occurred from salmonellosis in Australia circa 2015 at a direct cost of AUD 23.8 million (90% CrI, 19.3 to 28.9 million) and a total cost of AUD 124.4 million (90% CrI, 107.4 to 143.1 million). When IBS and ReA were included, the estimated direct cost was 35.7 million (90% CrI, 29.9 to 42.7 million) and the total cost was AUD 146.8 million (90% CrI, 127.8 to 167.9 million). Foodborne infections were responsible for AUD 88.9 million (90% CrI, 63.9 to 112.4 million) from acute salmonellosis and AUD 104.8 million (90% CrI, 75.5 to 132.3 million) when IBS and ReA were included. Targeted interventions to prevent illness could considerably reduce costs and societal impact from Salmonella infections and sequel illnesses in Australia.

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&NA;. "Antihypertensive therapy incurs varied cost in Australia." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1647 (July 2008): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200816470-00008.

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Kinchin, Irina, and Christopher Doran. "The Cost of Youth Suicide in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4 (April 4, 2018): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040672.

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CARLIN, JOHN B., TERRI JACKSON, LISA LANE, RUTH F. BISHOP, and GRAEME L. BARNES. "Cost effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 23, no. 6 (December 1999): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1999.tb01546.x.

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Lu, Christine Y., Ken Williams, Ric Day, Lyn March, Lloyd Sansom, and James Bertouch. "Access to high cost drugs in Australia." BMJ 329, no. 7463 (August 19, 2004): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7463.415.

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CAMPBELL, H. F., and K. A. BOND. "The Cost of Public Funds in Australia*." Economic Record 73, no. 220 (March 1997): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1997.tb00976.x.

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Dewey, Helen M., Amanda G. Thrift, Cathy Mihalopoulos, Robert Carter, Richard A. L. Macdonell, John J. McNeil, and Geoffrey A. Donnan. "Lifetime Cost of Stroke Subtypes in Australia." Stroke 34, no. 10 (October 2003): 2502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000091395.85357.09.

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Callinan, Sarah, Robin Room, Michael Livingston, and Heng Jiang. "Who Purchases Low-Cost Alcohol in Australia?" Alcohol and Alcoholism 50, no. 6 (June 23, 2015): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agv066.

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Bugeja, Martin, Meiting Lu, and Yaowen Shan. "Cost Stickiness in Australia: Characteristics and Determinants." Australian Accounting Review 25, no. 3 (September 2015): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/auar.12066.

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McDonald, John, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "The Cost of Shipping Convicts to Australia." International Journal of Maritime History 2, no. 2 (December 1990): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149000200203.

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CAMPBELL, H. F., and K. A. BOND. "THE COST OF INCOME REDISTRIBUTION IN AUSTRALIA." Australian Economic Papers 36, no. 69 (December 1997): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1997.tb00844.x.

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The Lancet. "The cost of health care in Australia." Lancet 383, no. 9919 (March 2014): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60390-1.

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Taylor, Bruce, Elizabeth McDonald, Bruno Fantino, Les Sedal, Richard MacDonnell, Fotini Pittas, and Trish Groom. "The cost of multiple sclerosis in Australia." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 14, no. 6 (June 2007): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2006.08.007.

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Taylor, Penelope S., Isabel Faeth, Michael K. Marks, Chris B. Del Mar, Susan A. Skull, M. Lynne Pezzullo, Susan M. Havyatt, and Harvey L. Coates. "Cost of treating otitis media in Australia." Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 9, no. 2 (April 2009): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erp.09.6.

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Karikios, D. J., D. Schofield, G. Salkeld, K. P. Mann, J. Trotman, and M. R. Stockler. "Rising cost of anticancer drugs in Australia." Internal Medicine Journal 44, no. 5 (May 2014): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imj.12399.

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Carter, Rob, Paul Glasziou, Gerrit Oortmarssen, Harry Koning, Chris Stevenson, Glenn Salkeld, and Rob Boer. "Cost-effectiveness of mammographic screening in Australia." Australian Journal of Public Health 17, no. 1 (February 12, 2010): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1993.tb00103.x.

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Ye, Xin Tao, Alice Parker, Melissa Lee, Rob Weintraub, Johann Brink, and Igor Konstantinov. "Cost of Paediatric Heart Transplantation in Australia." Heart, Lung and Circulation 27 (2018): S542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2018.04.114.

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Doran, R. J. P. "COMMAND PETROLEUM—HOME AND AWAY." APPEA Journal 35, no. 1 (1995): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94063.

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Recent overseas expansion has enabled Command to acquire new reserves cost effectively and gain access to world class exploration plays, but the company still calls Australia home. The evolution of the company's overseas expansion strategy can be directly attributed to specific and readily identifiable corporate characteristics. Through overseas expansion, the company has added value faster and more cost efficiently than would have been possible if its activities had been confined to Australia. Overseas expansion should not, however, be regarded as a growth panacea for other Australian oil companies. A company can only succeed by playing to its corporate strengths and not every company is genetically suited to overseas exploration.

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Bianchi, Robert J., Michael E. Drew, and Timothy Whittaker. "The Predictive Performance of Asset Pricing Models: Evidence from the Australian Securities Exchange." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 19, no. 04 (December 2016): 1650023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091516500235.

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This paper considers the accuracy (or otherwise) of cost of equity estimates provided by a range of Australian asset pricing models on industry returns. The results suggest that a simple, constant-benchmark approach (fixed excess return of five percent per annum) provides the best forecast for the cost of equity capital for the various industry segments of the Australian Securities Exchange examined across the observation window. Our results from Australia corroborate U.S. findings regarding the disconnect between asset pricing models that provide the best ex-post explanation of asset returns and models that produce superior ex-ante predictions of the cost of capital.

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Cook, P. J., A. Rigg, and J. Bradshaw. "PUTTING IT BACKWHERE IT CAME FROM: IS GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL OF CARBON DIOXIDE AN OPTION FOR AUSTRALIA?" APPEA Journal 40, no. 1 (2000): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99045.

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Liquefied natural gas projects with a total value of around $20 billion are planned for Australia. Over the next decade or so, they have the potential to generate an increase of approximately 3% in Australia's GDP, and an excess of 50,000 jobs. One of the major risks to this vast investment is uncertainty over how to deal with the major increase in direct carbon dioxide (C02) emissions that will result from these developments. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol has served to focus even more attention on this issue.Potentially, a solution to sustaining Australia's economic development, whilst at the same time meeting emission targets, may lie, in part, in developing suitable methodologies for C02 sequestration. One of the key sequestration options is geological disposal. The method, which involves injection of supercritical C02 into the deep subsurface, is being tested on a commercial scale in only one place in the world at the present time, although several other countries are now developing research programs into the technique.The APCRC research program GEODISC is investigating the applicability of this method in Australia. Whilst the focus of GEODISC is on the application of C02 disposal to the Australian natural gas industry, its outcomes will have implications for other industries such as power generation and minerals processing. It will also be looking at some of the other potential benefits of geological sequestration, such as enhanced oil recovery and enhanced coalbed methane recovery.The program will establish the most viable locations for C02 injection, determine the key areas of technical, social and economic risk, and help define a pilot injection program to address the most critical areas of uncertainty. GEODISC brings together six major petroleum companies, the Australian Greenhouse Office and key Australian research groups. The total cost of GEODISC will be approximately $10 million over four years. The major expected outcome of GEODISC will be to help the Australian gas industry plan the way ahead in terms of C02 emissions in an environmentally acceptable manner, whilst concurrently ensuring that the industry does not incur major cost disadvantages, which may adversely impact upon Australia's international competitiveness.

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Cullen, Frankie. "Production and development across Australia 2016." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16258.

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In 2016, sustained depressed and volatile oil prices led companies to continue cost reduction strategies. Proposed developments have seen delays and reductions in scope as a result. Australian oil production declined by around 10%. However, new and continued liquefied natural gas (LNG) production bolstered both Australian and global gas supply. Australia was the strongest contributor to global LNG growth in 2016, showing the biggest year-on-year increase. In the first half of 2016, 20% of global LNG came from Australia, second only to Qatar with 29% of the market share. Australia remains on track to become the world’s largest LNG producer in the next 3–5 years. 2016 saw the start-up of Gorgon LNG in March, the first of Chevron’s two North West Shelf LNG projects and the third of several producing, developing and proposed LNG projects within the North Carnarvon Basin – already Australia’s most prolific producing basin. On the east coast, development of the coalbed methane (CBM) to LNG projects continued with an additional train brought onstream at each of the Origin/ConocoPhillips-operated APLNG Project and Santos’ GLNG Project. This further increased production in the Bowen–Surat Basins and drove discussions around the ability of east coast gas to meet both the demands of the LNG projects and ensure continued domestic gas reliability. Additional gas may be required for both, opening opportunities for production from other basins. Gas production continues to drive the Australian industry, with substantial inputs from LNG and unconventional operations. The next phase, in all sectors, will be key to Australia’s future in the global energy market. Will it be able to overcome the expected challenges of global oversupply, continued price volatility and domestic reliability concerns to fulfil its potential?

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Kavonic, Saul. "The death of Australian LNG—and how to bring it back to life." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15080.

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This extended abstract provides an overview of the recent LNG capex boom, Australia's place in the global LNG supply industry, and how this capital expenditure is forecast to rapidly decline in the next few years. The author analyses how the prospect for new LNG projects in Australia is bleak, with recent Australian projects remaining near the top of the breakeven cost curve compared to other competing projects globally. This incorporates an analysis of the impact of cost deflation to date, which has not been a structural shift in costs and is therefore insufficient to enhance Australia's relative competitive position. An analysis illustrating the hidden value of Australia's existing LNG infrastructure is then presented, including how debottlenecking, brownfield economics, and collaboration and infrastructure sharing could improve Australia's competitive position and what the size of the prize would be in doing so. The author then looks at what it will take from operators to realise this potential, and suggests how the industry shock resulting from the oil price drop could provide the impetus for the more collaborative and humble approach that will be needed.

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Armstrong, Gregory T. "Assessment of Organ Acquisition Costs for an Australian Public Health System." Journal of Transplant Coordination 6, no. 1 (March 1996): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/090591999600600111.

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Available data on the cost of organ acquisition in Australia's socialized public health systems are minimal. The purpose of this study was to determine the cost for organ acquisition by a state transplant service, and to provide (1) an assessment of acquisition costs within one Australian public health system, (2) a baseline for future cost assessments, and (3) an indication of cost-effectiveness in international terms. Between July and December 1993, 51 kidneys, 21 livers, and 15 hearts were provided for transplantation in the system. Data collected during this period were used to calculate the acquisition cost for each transplanted organ. Direct and indirect costs were included in the calculations. The distribution of costs incurred for organ acquisition were direct, 67%; indirect, 14%; and organ-specific, 19%. Of the total direct costs, aircraft charter accounted for 75%, or 50% of the total acquisition costs. The provision of an organ by a donor coordination service accounted for 20% of the total costs, or a mean of A$783 (US$563) per organ. This study provides a baseline for organ acquisition cost in the Australian healthcare system. The geographic and demographic nature of Australia imposes the largest single cost factor (ie, air charter), which highlights the need for alternative retrieval and transport systems of organs wherever possible. The acquisition costs reported in this study indicate that the system is cost-effective in international terms.

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Tannous, Kathy W., Ajesh George, Moin Uddin Ahmed, Anthony Blinkhorn, Hannah G. Dahlen, John Skinner, Shilpi Ajwani, et al. "Economic evaluation of the Midwifery Initiated Oral Health-Dental Service programme in Australia." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e047072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047072.

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ObjectivesTo critically evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the Midwifery Initiated Oral Health-Dental Service (MIOH-DS) designed to improve oral health of pregnant Australian women. Previous efficacy and process evaluations of MIOH-DS showed positive outcomes and improvements across various measures.Design and settingThe evaluation used a cost-utility model based on the initial study design of the MIOH-DS trial in Sydney, Australia from the perspective of public healthcare provider for a duration of 3 months to 4 years.ParticipantsData were sourced from pregnant women (n=638), midwives (n=17) and dentists (n=3) involved in the MIOH trial and long-term follow-up.Cost measuresData included in analysis were the cost of the time required by midwives and dentists to deliver the intervention and the cost of dental treatment provided. Costs were measured using data on utilisation and unit price of intervention components and obtained from a micro-costing approach.Outcome measuresUtility was measured as the number of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) from health-benefit components of the intervention. Three cost-effectiveness analyses were undertaken using different comparators, thresholds and time scenarios.ResultsCompared with current practice, midwives only intervention meets the Australian threshold (A$50 000) of being cost-effective. The midwives and accessible/affordable dentists joint intervention was only ‘cost-effective’ in 6 months or beyond scenarios. When the midwife only intervention is the comparator, the midwife/dentist programme was ‘cost-effective’ in all scenarios except at 3 months scenario.ConclusionsThe midwives’ only intervention providing oral health education, assessment and referral to existing dental services was cost-effective, and represents a low cost intervention. Midwives’ and dentists’ combined interventions were cost-effective when the benefits were considered over longer periods. The findings highlight short and long term economic benefits of the programme and support the need for policymakers to consider adding an oral health component into antenatal care Australia wide.Trial registration numberACTRN12612001271897; Post-results.

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Marklund, Matti, Miaobing Zheng, J. Lennert Veerman, and Jason H. Y. Wu. "Estimated Health Benefits, Costs, and Cost-Effectiveness of Eliminating Industrial Trans-Fatty acids in Australia." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa064_010.

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Abstract Objectives To assess the potential cost-effectiveness, health gains, and effects on health equality of eliminating industrial trans-fatty acids (TFAs) from the Australian food supply. Methods Markov cohort models were used to estimate the cost-effectiveness and policy impact on (ischemic heart disease) IHD burden and health equity of a national ban of industrial TFAs in Australia. Intake of TFA was assessed using the 2011–2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. The IHD burden attributable to TFA was calculated by comparing the current level of TFA intake to a counterfactual setting (0.5% energy per day from TFA; corresponding to TFA intake only from non-industrial sources, e.g., dairy foods). Policy costs, avoided IHD events and deaths, health-adjusted life years (HALYs) gained, and IHD-related healthcare costs saved were estimated over 10 years and lifetime of the adult Australian population. Cost-effectiveness was assessed by calculation of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) using net policy cost and HALYs gained. Health benefits and health care cost changes were also assessed in subgroups based on socioeconomic status and remoteness. Results Elimination of industrial TFA was estimated to prevent 2,294 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 1,765; 2,851) IHD deaths and 9,931 (95% UI: 8,429; 11,532) IHD events over the first 10 years. The greatest health benefits were accrued to the most socioeconomically disadvantaged quintiles and among Australians living outside of major cities. The intervention was estimated to be cost-saving or cost-effective (i.e., ICER < 169,361 AUD/HALY) regardless of the time horizon, with ICERs of 1,073 (95% UI: dominant; 3,503) and 1,956 (95% UI: 1,010; 2,750) AUD/HALY over 10 years and life time, respectively. The TFA ban was estimated to be cost-saving or highly cost-effective in sensitivity analyses altering assumptions of post-intervention TFA intake, abundance of TFA-containing products, or discount rate. Conclusions A ban of industrial TFAs could avert substantial numbers of IHD events and deaths in Australia and will likely be a highly cost-effective strategy to reduce social-economic and urban-rural inequalities in health. Funding Sources National Health and Medical Research Council; and UNSW.

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Lambert, Robyn, Naomi Burgess, Nadine Hillock, Joy Gailer, Pravin Hissaria, Tracy Merlin, Chris Pearson, Benjamin Reddi, Michael Ward, and Catherine Hill. "South Australian Medicines Evaluation Panel in review: providing evidence-based guidance on the use of high-cost medicines in the South Australian public health system." Australian Health Review 45, no. 2 (2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah20018.

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ObjectiveThe South Australian Medicines Evaluation Panel (SAMEP) was established in 2011 to make evidence-based recommendations on the funding of high-cost medicines in South Australian public hospitals via a high-cost medicines formulary. SAMEP represents one component of South Australia’s process for state-based health technology assessment (HTA). The aim of this study was to describe the experience of SAMEP in the context of Australia’s complex governance model for hospital-based care. MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of the SAMEP process and outcomes of medicine evaluations. Decision summaries and meeting minutes were reviewed and reflected upon by the authors to explore the views of the SAMEP membership regarding the function of the committee and state-based HTA more broadly. ResultsSAMEP has reviewed 29 applications, with 14 (48%) listed on the high-cost medicines formulary. Three applications have been the subject of outcome review and confirm expectations of patient benefit. ConclusionRetrospective review of the committee experience suggests that state-based HTA as operationalised by SAMEP is feasible, provides greater equity of access to high-cost medicines in the South Australian public hospital system and allows for access with evidence development. What is known about the topic?State-based hospital funders often need to make decisions on the provision of high-cost medicines for which there is no national guidance or subsidy. Little published information exists about state-based approaches to medicines evaluation and reimbursement within public hospitals in Australia. What does this paper add?The South Australian experience demonstrates a method for states and territories to tackle the challenges of providing evidence-based access to high-cost medicines in Australian public hospitals. What are the implications for practitioners?This paper provides information for other jurisdictions considering state-based approaches to medicines evaluation and contributes to the broader literature about state-based HTA in Australia.

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Tozer, P., and J. Leys. "Dust storms – what do they really cost?" Rangeland Journal 35, no. 2 (2013): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12085.

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Dust storms are frequent in Australia and can have a large impact on the soil resource, the economy and people. There have been few economic studies of the impact of wind erosion worldwide and only one in Australia before this study. While wind erosion impacts on the soil resource at the point of the erosion, the level of economic impact rises as the population and associated infrastructure affected by dust increases. This study estimates the impact on the economy of the state of New South Wales of a single large dust storm called Red Dawn that passed over the eastern coast of Australia on 23 September 2009. Estimates for rural and urban areas are presented with both on- and off-site costs evaluated. The estimated cost is A$299 million (with a range of A$293–A$313 million) with most of the cost being associated with household cleaning and associated activities. The dust storm also impacted on many cities on the coast of the state of Queensland, but their costs are not included in this study. This study demonstrates some, but not all, of the major economic costs associated with wind erosion in Australia. Given the annual average cost of dust storms it is suggested that A$9 million per year would be a conservative estimate of the level of investment required in rural areas for dust mitigation strategies, based on improved land management that could be justified to achieve a positive impact on soil condition and reduce economic losses in rural towns and the more populous coastal cities.

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