Academic literature on the topic 'Cost of Australia'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Cost of Australia.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Cost of Australia"
1
Wilkes, Martin. "Australian LNG: the cost myths and truths." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15093.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years the media has published articles relating to the high cost of doing business in Australia. The impacts of low productivity, high-labour costs, and poor performance have all been highlighted as ailments with Australia and within the LNG (construction) industry in particular. This has led to views that Australia is a high-cost environment and Australian LNG is expensive. The numbers that are often quoted appear to support these views, however they overlook—and sometimes mask—aspects of individual projects that are important to understand before making any generic pronouncements about the competitiveness of the Australian industry in general. This extended abstract: Exposes the inadequacies of the general comparisons that have been made in the recent past. Demonstrates the actual impact of several identified issues. Demonstrates the importance of decisions made early in the project development cycle by respective owners on the projects and project costs. Identifies the differences and similarities in development and costs of LNG projects in Australia compared to other areas of the world, in particular the US. Examines the impact of lack of collaboration.
2
Creighton, Colin, Paul I. Boon, Justin D. Brookes, and Marcus Sheaves. "Repairing Australia's estuaries for improved fisheries production – what benefits, at what cost?" Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 6 (2015): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14041.
Full textAbstract:
An Australia-wide assessment of ~1000 estuaries and embayments undertaken by the National Land and Water Resources Audit of 1997–2002 indicated that ~30% were modified to some degree. The most highly degraded were in New South Wales, where ~40% were classified as ‘extensively modified’ and <10% were ‘near pristine’. Since that review, urban populations have continued to grow rapidly, and increasing pressures for industrial and agricultural development in the coastal zone have resulted in ongoing degradation of Australia's estuaries and embayments. This degradation has had serious effects on biodiversity, and commercial and recreational fishing. A business case is developed that shows that an Australia-wide investment of AU$350 million into repair will be returned in less than 5 years. This return is merely from improved productivity of commercial fisheries of a limited number of fish, shellfish and crustacean species. Estuary repair represents an outstanding return on investment, possibly far greater than most of Australia's previous environmental repair initiatives and with clearly demonstrated outcomes across the Australian food and services economies.
3
Srisaeng, Panarat, Glenn S. Baxter, and Graham Wild. "THE EVOLUTION OF LOW COST CARRIERS IN AUSTRALIA." Aviation 18, no. 4 (December 22, 2014): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16487788.2014.987485.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the vast distances across the country as well as between urban centres, Australia is heavily reliant upon its air transport industry. Following deregulation of Australia's domestic air travel market on the 30th October, 1990, low cost carriers have entered the market. Australia's LCC market has had three discrete phases. The first wave occurred between 1990 and 1993 and was subsequently followed by a duopoly period in 1994–1999. The second wave occurred between 2000 and 2006 and the final wave has been in the post-2006 period. This paper examines the evolution of Australia's domestic low cost carrier airline market and finds that by 2010, low cost carriers had captured around 64 per cent of the market. Following the evolution of the “Virgin Australia” business model from a low cost carrier to a full service network carrier, commencing in 2011, the low cost carrier's market share has declined significantly and is now around 31 per cent. “Jetstar” and “Tiger Airways” are the two major carriers presently operating in this market segment.
4
Maynard, Margaret. "Fashion and Air Travel: Australian Photography and Style." Costume 51, no. 1 (March 2017): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cost.2017.0007.
Full textAbstract:
The expansion of commercial air travel in Australia after the Second World War caused significant changes to women's fashion and its marketing in this country. The developing technology of aeroplanes as commercial carriers meant European clothes and ideas reached Australia increasingly rapidly. A long-term sense of stylistic inferiority diminished and the sometimes unquestioning acceptance of imported style was challenged. As post-war retailers expanded their product range, they sought possibilities to market Australian designed and made garments both in Europe and the US. Using co-marketing with the airline industry in particular, retailers began to foster a new confidence amongst middle-class women that by wearing local attire they could participate in a worldwide network of stylish production and consumption. For a brief period, Australian, US and European-made fashions were in serious competition. This article suggests promotional images featuring the connectivity between the technology of air transport and fashion after the Second World War mark a discrete moment in the representation of women in this country as mature and stylishly dressed global travellers, prior to a vigorously emerging youth market by the mid-1960s. It also posits the idea that, although representational stereotypes of Australian women as homemakers remained intact, the use of technological settings of airline travel in fashion photography created a new and cosmopolitan narrative that ran counter to the ideal of domesticity.
5
Lipscombe, Ray, Don Blackmore, and Dennis Elliott. "Australia's Fixed-Wing Aerial Dispersant Capability." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-329.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Since January 1997, Australia has had in place a fixed-wing aerial dispersant capability (FWADC) designed to provide the country with a cost-effective aerial dispersant delivery system. The FWADC is managed by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) and is funded jointly by AMSA and the Australian Institute of Petroleum (AIP) through its subsidiary, the Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre (AMOSC). The FWADC is based on the concept of using single-engine turbine-powered agricultural aircraft with a payload capacity of between 1,850 and 3,100 Liters of dispersant, depending on aircraft type. At a cost of AUD$400,000 per annum, Australia has access to a minimum of two primary aircraft, 24 hours every day of the year. Additional aircraft complement the two primary aircraft on an “aircraft of opportunity” basis. This paper addresses the background to the development and implementation of Australia's fixed-wing aerial dispersant capability and its integration into Australia's national oil spill response contingency arrangements. It also provides an overview of AMSA's role in managing the capability and providing training for aircraft operators and support crews in aerial dispersant-related operations.
6
Dohrmann, Peter J. "LOW-COST TELERADIOLOGY FOR AUSTRALIA." ANZ Journal of Surgery 61, no. 2 (February 1991): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1991.tb00186.x.
Full text
7
Ogden, K. W. "Road cost recovery in Australia." Transport Reviews 8, no. 2 (April 1988): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01441648808716679.
Full text
8
Seah, Davinia S. E., Timothy Z. Cheong, and Matthew H. R. Anstey. "The hidden cost of private health insurance in Australia." Australian Health Review 37, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11126.
Full textAbstract:
The provision of health services in Australia currently is primarily financed by a unique interaction of public and private insurers. This commentary looks at a loophole in this framework, namely that private insurers have to date been able to avoid funding healthcare for some of their policy holders, as it is not a requirement to use private insurance when treatment occurs in Australian public hospitals.
9
Miller, George S., Suzanne Robinson, Christopher M. Reid, and David J. Hunter-Smith. "Cosmetic breast augmentation in Australia: a cost of complication study." Australasian Journal of Plastic Surgery 1, no. 2 (September 24, 2018): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34239/ajops.v1i2.120.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Treatment of complications from cosmetic breast augmentation is subsidised by government funding in Australia.
Aim: We aimed to estimate the total cost to the Australian public health system of the treatment of complications following cosmetic breast augmentation.
Method: Using the PRISMA 2009 statement, a systematic review was conducted to find articles reporting on complications following cosmetic breast augmentation. A quantitative analysis was performed to calculate overall complication rates.
An economic cost analysis was performed on data from procedures performed in Australia between 2000-01 and 2014-15. We modelled costs to the public health system for this period and projected costs to the year 2030.
Results: Thirty-nine articles were identified for inclusion in the quantitative analysis of complication rates following cosmetic breast augmentation. Economic modelling showed an estimated cost of over A$10 million just for surgeons’ and surgical assistants’ fees to treat complications between 2000 and 2015. We forecast over A$50 million for this cost over the subsequent fifteen years. Total health spending on complications is estimated to have been almost A$200 million between 2000 and 2015.
Conclusion: This study illustrates the significant economic cost to the Australian health system created by complications following cosmetic breast augmentation. We believe this study reinforces the importance of the Australian breast device registry (ABDR) to further guide regulation, economic policy and health policy.
10
Best, Rick. "International comparisons of cost and productivity in construction: a bad example." Construction Economics and Building 12, no. 3 (September 11, 2012): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v12i3.2662.
Full textAbstract:
In a report published in June 2012 the Business Council of Australia (BCA) reported that it costs considerably more to build a variety of types of infrastructure in Australia than it does in the US. Airports (90% more costly) and hospitals (62%) were quoted as the worst cases with other projects ranging from 26% to 43% more. They used these figures to conclude that Australia is a high cost, low productivity environment for building infrastructure projects. These claims were based on cost/m2 figures published by a major international construction consultancy. The method used by the BCA is flawed in two ways: one is the in the use of costs that are recognised as giving only the broadest of indications of probable costs and the second is the use of exchange rates to convert Australian construction costs to US dollars. Careful analysis of the methodology used, supported by a series of other comparisons based on other data sources and other conversion factors (purchasing power parities or PPPs), suggests that in real terms it probably costs no more to build in Australia than it does in the US and that it may well be cheaper to build in Australia than it is in the US.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cost of Australia"
1
Xydias, Maria. "Cost of quality reporting in manufacturing organisations in Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09CM/09cmx91.pdf.
Full text
2
Gallego, Gisselle. "Access to High Cost Medicines in Australian Hospitals." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1008.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)In the public hospital sector in Australia there is no dedicated scheme to offset costs associated with high cost medications (HCMs) to the institution or the public. (1) Concerns exist as to the equity of access and appropriate mechanisms to manage access to HCMs in public hospitals. (2) There are gaps in the literature as to how decisions are made, and in particular, decision-making processes by which ethical, clinical and economic considerations maybe taken into account. To date, limited work has been conducted regarding the use and funding of HCMs in public hospitals. There are no published data on perceptions, concerns and attitudes, among health care decision-makers or among the community-at-large about access to HCMs in public hospitals. The research reported in this thesis describes the decision-making process and criteria used by health care decision-makers to allocate resources to HCMs in public hospitals. The investigation triangulated quantitative and qualitative methods used to collect and analyse data. Four studies were conducted to describe the decision-making process and explore the perceptions, concerns and attitudes of health care decision-makers and the perceptions of members of the general public regarding access to HCMs in public hospitals. The first study, reported in Chapter Three, was a review of individual patient use (IPU) requests for non-formulary HCMs. This study showed that these requests had a significant impact on the capped expenditure of a public hospital. Subsequent to this review, a new policy and procedure for managing requests for HCMs for IPU was established. A high-cost drugs subcommittee (HCD-SC) operating under the auspices of the Drug and Therapeutics Committee (DTC) was created. The second study, reported in Chapter Four, described the operations of the newly formed HCD-SC. This study also evaluated the decision-making process using the ethical framework “accountability for reasonableness”. (3) Different factors were involved in decisions about access to HCMs and decisions were not solely based on effectiveness and cost. HCD-SC members considered it was important to have consistency in the way decisions were being made. The evaluation of this process allowed identification of good practices and gaps which were considered as opportunities for improvement. The third study, reported in Chapter Five, found that health care decision-makers in an Area Health Service echoed the concerns and agreed about the problems associated with access to HCMs expressed by the HCD-SC members. These studies concluded that the majority of decision-makers wanted an explicit, systematic process to allocate resources to HCMs. These studies also identified tensions between funding systems and hospital decision-making. According to participants there were no mechanisms in place to systematically capture, analyse and share the lessons learned between the macro level (ie. Federal, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme - PBS) and the meso level (ie. Institution, public hospital) regarding funding for HCMs. Furthermore, decision-makers considered there are strong incentives for cost-shifting between the Commonwealth and the States. Health care decision-makers also acknowledged the importance of public participation in decision-making regarding allocation of resources to HCMs in public hospitals. However the results of these studies showed that those decisions were not generally made in consultation with the community. Decision-makers perceived that the general public does not have good general knowledge about access to HCMs in public hospitals. A survey of members of the general public, reported in Chapter Six, was then conducted. The survey aimed to gather information about the knowledge and views of members of the general public about access to HCMs in public hospitals. Results of this fourth study showed that respondents had good general knowledge but were poorly informed about the specifics of funding of hospitals and HCMs in private and public hospitals. The results also offered support for the development of a process to involve community members in discussion on policy on the provision of treatment and services within health care institutions and specifically, to seek the views of members of the public on the provision of HCMs and expensive services within public hospitals. In summary, the research reported in this thesis has addressed the gaps in the literature as to how decisions are made, and in particular, the decision-making process and criteria used by health care decision-makers to allocate resources to HCMs in public hospitals. In a move towards more explicitness in decision-making regarding the allocation of scarce health care resources, the findings from these studies provide an evidence base for developing strategies to improve decision-making processes regarding access to HCMs the public sector.
3
Wong, Leon Keat Leong Accounting Australian School of Business UNSW. "The pricing or mispricing of earnings quality in Australia." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Accounting, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43569.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates the pricing (or mispricing) of earnings quality in Australia. It investigates whether information in earnings quality is used by investors in valuing firms, evidenced by an association between earnings quality and the cost of equity. In the alternate form, the question may be posed as whether earnings quality is mispriced by investors such that there may be opportunities to earn abnormal profits from trading strategies based on earnings quality. Ten earnings quality constructs are studied: total accruals, unexpected accruals, cash-to-profit, accrual quality, persistence, predictability, smoothness, relevance, conservatism and timeliness. In the cost of equity pricing tests, when earnings quality is proxied using one construct (accrual quality), it is found to be associated with the cost of equity. However, when the additional nine constructs are included in the regression models, accrual quality loses statistical significance. Various other constructs are found to be associated with the cost of equity depending on the choice of the cost of equity proxy. In the trading strategy tests, there is some initial evidence of trading strategy opportunities for firms with high quality earnings. However, after deleting outlier observations with annual buy-and-hold returns of greater than 200% the potential for earning abnormal returns from a hedge portfolio strategy disappears. The existence of Australian evidence on the accruals anomaly provides a convenient basis to validate the results of the earnings quality trading strategy tests. Although no clear evidence on the accruals anomaly is found, results are obtained which appear to be consistent with prior Australian evidence of the accruals anomaly, depending on the research design choices made. Overall, the evidence on whether earnings quality is priced or mispriced in Australia is best viewed as inconclusive. It highlights the importance of conducting thorough robustness tests and suggests a need for caution by researchers in making inferences from a narrow set of earnings quality constructs and research design specifications.
4
Choquenot, David, and n/a. "Feral donkeys in northern Australia : population dynamics and the cost of control." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 1988. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061113.145306.
Full textAbstract:
(1) Rate of increase was measured for feral donkey
populations in parts of northern Australia as the average
exponential rate of increase, r, in a population subjected
to substantial reduction.
(2) The annual rate of increase was estimated to be r =
0.21. This estimate was compared with the exponential rate
of increase in another recovering donkey population and
found to be in close agreement.
(3) Ultimate and proximate factors regulating the
abundance of feral donkey populations were examined by
monitoring and sampling two populations; one at or close to
equilibrium density, the other below equilibrium density and
recovering from reduction.
(4) The size of the population at equilibrium density
remained stable over the 12 months of monitoring while the
size of the recovering population increased by 20 percent
(r = 0.18/yr).
(5) Growth and body condition were significantly
depressed in the population at equilibrium density
suggesting that donkey populations are limited by the food
resources available to them.
(6) Breeding occured over a discrete season, with
births occurring between September and February.
11
(7) Fecundity was high, with more than 75 percent of
mature females breeding in each year, and was independent of
population density.
(8) Adult and juvenile mortality were density
dependent, with mortality over the first six months of life
the most important demographic factor influencing rate of
increase in donkey populations, and hence population
abundance.
(9) Implications of the estimated rate of population
increase for the cost of long-term control of feral donkey
populations were examined by constructing numerical models
predicting the relative cost of ongoing control.
(10) These models were constructed using functions to
describe density dependent variation in population
productivity and the cost per donkey removed.
(11) The cost of removing donkeys at various population
densities was estimated using predator-prey theory. The
cost, measured in hours of helicopter time per removal, was
found theoretically and empirically to take the form of an
inverted functional response curve, with cost saturated at
high donkey densities.
(12) The utility of models predicting the cost of
continuing pest control is illustrated by comparing the
relative costs of two potential strategies for feral donkey
control.
5
Cheng, Qinglu. "Cost-effectiveness of guideline-based care for venous leg ulcers in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/134462/1/Qinglu_Cheng_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigated the cost-effectiveness of guideline-based care to manage patients with venous leg ulcers in the Australian setting. It showed that both the healthcare system and patients affected by venous leg ulcers would benefit from implementing and funding guideline-based care. This research provided important evidence to policy makers on the most efficient use of scarce health resources to manage venous leg ulcers. It is expected that these results will support changes to the reimbursement structure to increase access to guideline-based care for venous leg ulcers in Australia.
6
Jadambaa, Amarzaya. "Bullying in Australia: Prevalence, health outcomes, cost outcomes, and economic evaluation of bullying prevention." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/206147/1/Amarzaya_Jadambaa_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Bullying among children and adolescents is a major public health problem. The negative consequences of bullying are not limited to health problems, nor to experiences in childhood and adolescence, and can persist into adulthood. This research found that one in seven Australian children experienced bullying victimisation; bullying victimisation contributes a significant proportion of the burden of disease; a substantial annual cost to Australian society results from bullying; and further investment in bullying prevention is an efficient use of scarce healthcare resources. This thesis makes an important contribution to the field of bullying and the vital role of bullying intervention programmes.
7
Antioch, Kathryn M. "Improving cost effectiveness, distributional justice and allocative efficiency in hospital funding and service delivery in Australia and internationally." Monash University, Dept. of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5296.
Full text
8
Fan, Lijun. "Effectiveness and cost analysis of a hospital in the nursing home program in Queensland, Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/101165/1/Lijun_Fan_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis evaluated the effectiveness and cost-saving potential of a health service delivery model in Queensland Australia, the Hospital in the Nursing Home program. The research adopted a before-after controlled study design, comparing the outcomes between an intervention hospital and a control hospital during the pre- and post-intervention periods. Findings from the research supported that the intervention was preferred over the current practice, which reduced the attendances to emergency departments (EDs) and inpatient hospitals from patients in residential aged care facilities, shortened their length of ED stay, and saved the overall costs.
9
Felmingham, Casey. "Residential construction and demolition waste in Perth, Western Australia: Cost benefit analysis of best practices." Thesis, Felmingham, Casey (2015) Residential construction and demolition waste in Perth, Western Australia: Cost benefit analysis of best practices. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/29858/.
Full textAbstract:
In Perth, Western Australia the construction and demolition (C&D) industry contributes 50% of all waste generated. The recovery rate in WA for C&D waste is currently only 38% which is very poor compared to European countries as they are exceeding 80%. This project aimed to assess C&D waste generation in Perth to determine how waste recovery could be improved. Waste from three construction sites and two demolition sites was collected and collated to determine waste generation and composition and to identify areas for improvement. Also landfill sites, skip bin operators, and resource recovery facilities were surveyed on the cost of waste disposal to determine the most cost effective option. This study showed that the residential construction industry would generate approximately 881,000 tonnes of waste during 2015 using the predicted housing figures from HIA and UDIA. Also it shows that there is great variation with the generation of demolition waste due to the different site characteristics, which was shown by the two demolition sites of different sizes both generating nearly 300 tonnes of waste. Resource recovery was found to be the most cost effective option out of landfill, skip bins and resource recovery. The waste streams produced highlight that the main area of concern is rubble materials, concrete, sand, dirt, and broken bricks and tiles. Therefore better waste management of these wastes and possible recycling into waste derived materials is recommended. The findings from this study indicate that large scale changes are needed within the industry to increase resource recovery rates in WA, such as legislation change, more education, and the possible introduction of subsidy programs.
10
Bhuyan, Muhammad Hasnat Morshed. "Identifying the cost optimised electricity system transformation pathway to 100% renewable electricity for Western Australia." Thesis, Bhuyan, Muhammad Hasnat Morshed (2019) Identifying the cost optimised electricity system transformation pathway to 100% renewable electricity for Western Australia. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51410/.
Full textAbstract:
In the context of reaching the state, federal, and global climate target, it is crucial to decarbonise the electricity sector of Western Australia. The purpose of the study is to develop exploratory scenarios to explore the cost optimised electricity generation mix for a transition to decarbonized electricity system of Western Australia with 100% renewable energy integration. The research also studies the features, advantage, and disadvantages of different energy modelling tools for the study. OSeMOSYS energy model with MoManI interface, a flexible, easy to learn and open-source energy model, is used to develop the electricity model for Western Australia. The dissertation shows a detailed procedure to develop the electricity system model of Western Australia. The model developed in this study constructs two scenarios, which are Business as Usual (BAU) and 100% RE. These two scenarios will help the energy planners to understand how cost-effective the electricity system decarbonisation will be. The result generated from the model is analysed through comparative analysis in the technoeconomic and environmental perspective. The focus of the analysis of the result is future electricity generation mix, installed capacity and total cost of the electricity system in 2040, especially under the 100% RE scenario. The result demonstrates that wind technology will be central to the lowest cost electricity system transformation pathway. After wind, the solar technologies, especially the rooftop solar PV technology, will play an important role in the decarbonisation of the electricity system. The model result also shows that there won’t be any production from coal technologies after 2038 in the BAU scenario and after 2018 in 100% RE scenario. According to the model result, storage capacities of 2.32 GW in 2019 and 1.16 GW in 2028 will help the transition of the electricity system to 100% renewable energy.
Books on the topic "Cost of Australia"
1
Australia at cost. 3rd ed. Ashbourne: Moorland Publishing Company, 1992.
Find full text
2
Butler, J. R. G. Hospital cost analysis. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 1995.
Find full text
3
Langfield-Smith, Kim. Target costing for effective cost management: Product cost planning at Toyota Australia. New York: IFAC, 1999.
Find full text
4
Natalie, Kruger, and Mylne Lee, eds. Australia from $50 a day: Ultimate guide to comfortable low cost travel. New York: Hungry Minds, 2002.
Find full text
5
Haymann, Nathalie. Resumed in protest: The human cost of roads. Grays Point, NSW: Bungoona Books, 1994.
Find full text
6
McLennan, W. 1993-94 household expenditure survey, Australia. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996.
Find full text
7
McCulloch, Jock. Asbestos: Its human cost. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1987.
Find full text
8
The Cost of war: Australians return. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Find full text
9
Llewellyn, Marc. Australia from $50 a day: Ultimate guide to comfortable low cost travel. New York: Macmillan, 1999.
Find full text
10
Hospital morbidity patterns and costs of immigrants in Australia. Canberra: The National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cost of Australia"
1
Hoque, Zahirul, and Tarek Rana. "The nonprofit and voluntary sector in Australia." In Cost Management for Nonprofit and Voluntary Organisations, 11–35. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429059056-2.
Full text
2
Kezelman, Cathy. "Childhood trauma – the long-term impact and the human cost." In Humanising Mental Health Care in Australia, 43–55. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429021923-3.
Full text
3
Lynch, Gordon. "‘Australia as the Coming Greatest Foster-Father of Children the World Has Ever Known’: The Post-war Resumption of Child Migration to Australia, 1945–1947." In UK Child Migration to Australia, 1945-1970, 131–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69728-0_5.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis chapter examines the policy context and administrative systems associated with the resumption of assisted child migration from the United Kingdom to Australia in 1947. During the Second World War, the Australian Commonwealth Government came to see child migration as an increasingly important element in its wider plans for post-war population growth. Whilst initially developing a plan to receive up to 50,000 ‘war orphans’ shortly after the war in new government-run cottage homes, the Commonwealth Government subsequently abandoned this, partly for financial reasons. A more cost-effective strategy of working with voluntary societies, and their residential institutions, was adopted instead. Monitoring systems of these initial migration parties by the UK Government were weak. Whilst the Home Office began to formulate policies about appropriate standards of care for child migrants overseas, this work was hampered by tensions between the Home Office and the Commonwealth Relations Office about the extent to control over organisations in Australia was possible.
4
Illankoon, I. M. Chethana S., Vivian W. Y. Tam, Khoa N. Le, and Sajith Vimukthi Weerakoon. "Life-Cycle Cost Model for Green Star Office Buildings in Australia." In Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2018, 189–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04293-6_19.
Full text
5
Cameron, Camille. "The Price of Access to the Civil Courts in Australia – Old Problems, New Solutions: A Commercial Litigation Funding Case Study." In Cost and Fee Allocation in Civil Procedure, 59–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2263-7_2.
Full text
6
Clark, D. H., G. Treloar, and R. Blair. "Estimating the Increasing Cost of Commercial Buildings in Australia Because of Greenhouse Emissions Trading." In Smart & Sustainable Built Environments, 129–37. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470759493.ch13.
Full text
7
Xing, Weiqi, Vivian W. Y. Tam, Khoa N. Le, and Jian Li Hao. "Cost and Carbon Emission Savings of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Made in Australia: A Case Study." In Lecture Notes in Operations Research, 1080–89. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5256-2_84.
Full text
8
Claudino-Sales, Vanda. "Ningaloo Coast, Australia." In Coastal World Heritage Sites, 171–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1528-5_26.
Full text
9
Burr, Andrew, Anne Eckenroth, Ruta Kersyte, and Kesarin Jaitham. "Australia: The East Coast model (Victoria, Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and South Australia)." In International Contractual and Statutory Adjudication, 72–99. New York, NY : Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. | Series: Construction practice series: Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315294537-4.
Full text
10
Massarotto, Paul. "Cost Benefit Analysis of Coalbed Methane Recovery Activities in Australia and New Zealand- Implications for Commercial Projects and Government Policy." In Coalbed Methane: Scientific, Environmental and Economic Evaluation, 33–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1062-6_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Cost of Australia"
1
O’Neill, Lee, Geoff Cole, and Beverley Ronalds. "Development of a Decommissioning Cost Model for Australian Offshore Platforms." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67367.
Full textAbstract:
Experience has shown that regional factors can contribute to significant variability in decommissioning costs for offshore platforms. Nevertheless, previous studies aimed at estimating decommissioning costs have been valuable inputs for operators, regulators and decommissioning contractors as they develop abandonment and decommissioning strategies and public policy. Estimated costs associated with decommissioning offshore oil and gas platforms in Australia have not been reported widely in the open literature. This paper summarises the physical and regulatory environment in Australia, and develops a cost model which reflects the decommissioning challenges for fixed platforms in this remote region. This cost model could be readily applied to other remote petroleum provinces provided that mobilization times and the nature of the local ocean environment are known. The total cost of decommissioning all 39 current fixed platforms in Australian waters is estimated to be between US$845 and US$1044 million.
2
Pal, Urvashi, and Horace King. "Cost Increase due to UHD Video Broadcasting as Compared to HD." In SMPTE Australia Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/m001750.
Full text
3
Cousins, Mark. "Changing the Game: A Guide to Cost-Efficient Software-Based HEVC Video Processing Deployment." In SMPTE Australia Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/m001597.
Full text
4
Christensen, David, and Andrew Re. "Is Australia Prepared for the Decommissioning Challenge? A Regulator's Perspective." In SPE Symposium: Decommissioning and Abandonment. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208483-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA) is Australia's independent expert regulator for health and safety, structural (well) integrity and environmental management for all offshore oil and gas operations and greenhouse gas storage activities in Australian waters, and in coastal waters where regulatory powers and functions have been conferred. The Australian offshore petroleum industry has been in operation since the early 1960s and currently has approximately 57 platforms, 11 floating facilities, 3,500km of pipelines and 1000 wells in operation. Many offshore facilities are now approaching the end of their operational lives and it is estimated that over the next 50 years decommissioning of this infrastructure will cost more than US$40.5 billion. Decommissioning is a normal and inevitable stage in the lifetime of an offshore petroleum project that should be planned from the outset and matured throughout the life of operations. While only a few facilities have been decommissioned in Australian waters, most of Australia's offshore infrastructure is now more than 20 years old and entering a phase where they require extra attention and close maintenance prior to decommissioning. When the NOGA group of companies entered liquidation in 2020 and the Australian Government took control of decommissioning the Laminaria and Corallina field development it became evident that there were some fundamental gaps in relation to decommissioning in the Australian offshore petroleum industry. There are two key focus areas that require attention. Firstly, regulatory reform including policy change and modification to regulatory practice. Secondly, the development of visible and robust decommissioning plans by Industry titleholders. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance and benefit of adopting good practice when planning for decommissioning throughout the life cycle of a petroleum project. Whilst not insurmountable, the closing of these gaps will ensure that Australia is well placed to deal with the decommissioning challenge facing the industry in the next 50 years.
5
Wullems, Christian, and Anjum Naweed. "Low-Cost Railway Level Crossings: Breaking Down the Barriers." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3808.
Full textAbstract:
Level crossing risk continues to be a significant safety concern for the security of rail operations around the world. Over the last decade or so, a third of railway related fatalities occurred as a direct result of collisions between road and rail vehicles in Australia. Importantly, nearly half of these collisions occurred at railway level crossings with no active protection, such as flashing lights or boom barriers. Current practice is to upgrade level crossings that have no active protection. However, the total number of level crossings found across Australia exceed 23,500, and targeting the proportion of these that are considered high risk (e.g. public crossings with passive controls) would cost in excess of AU$3.25 billion based on equipment, installation and commissioning costs of warning devices that are currently type approved. Level crossing warning devices that are low-cost provide a potentially effective control for reducing risk; however, over the last decade, there have been significant barriers and legal issues in both Australia and the US that have foreshadowed their adoption. These devices are designed to have significantly lower lifecycle costs compared with traditional warning devices. They often make use of use of alternative technologies for train detection, wireless connectivity and solar energy supply. This paper describes the barriers that have been encountered for the adoption of these devices in Australia, including the challenges associated with: (1) determining requisite safety levels for such devices; (2) legal issues relating to duty of care obligations of railway operators; and (3) issues of Tort liability around the use of less than fail-safe equipment. This paper provides an overview of a comprehensive safety justification that was developed as part of a project funded by a collaborative rail research initiative established by the Australian government, and describes the conceptual framework and processes being used to justify its adoption. The paper provides a summary of key points from peer review and discusses prospective barriers that may need to be overcome for future adoption. A successful outcome from this process would result in the development of a guideline for decision-making, providing a precedence for adopting low-cost level crossing warning devices in other parts of the world. The framework described in this paper also provides relevance to the review and adoption of analogous technologies in rail and other safety critical industries.
6
Hamashima, Chisato, Takafumi Katayma, Satoyo Hosono, Teruhiko Terasawa, Keika Hoshi, and Seijyu Sasaki. "5 A systematic review of cost-effectiveness analysis in cervical cancer screening: how can overdiagnosis be included in cost-effectiveness analysis?" In Preventing Overdiagnosis Abstracts, December 2019, Sydney, Australia. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2019-pod.19.
Full text
7
Ge, Janet Xin, and Grace K. C. Ding. "Cost Effective and Sustainable?: Photovoltaic (PV) Rebate Program in Australia." In 2009 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2009.5301987.
Full text
8
Wedanage, Koliya Webadu, Rohan Wickramasuriya, Khin Than Win, and Pascal Perez. "Forecasting healthcare cost in Australia using health insurance claims data." In 2021 17th International Computer Engineering Conference (ICENCO). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icenco49852.2021.9698885.
Full text
9
Byrne, Graeme, and Lorraine Staehr. "International Internet Based Video Conferencing in Distance Education: A Low-Cost Option." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2451.
Full textAbstract:
Higher education institutions in Australia are increasingly embracing the Internet as a tool to support academic programs offered in the Asian region. The purpose of this study is to describe a low cost internet-based international video conferencing system and to assess staff attitudes toward its use to deliver lectures and tutorials to Hong Kong. The students are enrolled in undergraduate business programs at a regional campus of an Australian university. The video conferencing system is used to deliver around 50% of the course content with the remainder delivered in “face-to-face” mode requiring the lecturer concerned to travel to Hong Kong. To evaluate the use of the videoconferencing system, semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff involved in the program. The results revealed an overall positive attitude toward the technology itself, but revealed some shortcomings in its effectiveness as a teaching tool.
10
Vorobieff, George. "Has Diamond Grinding Been A Cost Effective Pavement Preservation Treatment In Australia?" In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/e39ac1sm.
Full textAbstract:
Australia introduced conventional longitudinal diamond grinding of highway concrete pavements in 2009 with the purchase of two "4‐foot" highway grinding machines by two contractors. The availability of these machines in Australia has enabled contractors to improve ride quality of new pavements, rather than accept a deduction to the tendered rate for the supply and placement of concrete pavement. Grinding of new concrete base is permitted up to an IRI of 3.5 m/km, thereby reducing the need to remove and replace concrete pavement which met the specified thickness, strength and density, but not ride quality. More importantly, with the introduction of the grinding machines, asset managers have the opportunity to use diamond grinding to treat existing concrete pavements that have a rough ride, or when the textured surface no longer meets specified levels for skid resistance. Although the primary use of diamond grinding was to improve ride quality of new and existing concrete pavements, it has also been used to: treat stepping across transverse contraction joints in PCP, improve skid resistance at roundabouts, improve both ride quality and texture for JRCP pavements (greater than 40 years of age) with a thin wearing course and spalling in the asphalt at transverse joints. The above treatments to concrete pavement allow asset preservation and avoid high reconstruction costs. The Austroads concrete pavement design procedure is based on the PCA design method and road smoothness is not a design parameter, unlike the USA approach to concrete pavement design where ride quality is a design input. There is still much work to be done to convince asset managers in Australia that the removal of the high areas of a concrete pavement to smooth the surface, reduces the dynamic wheel loading and minimises accumulated fatigue stress in the concrete. This paper reviews the last 10 years of diamond grinding projects and the success of this pavement preservation treatment for new and existing urban and rural concrete pavements in Australia. Recommendations to reduce the cost of diamond grinding concrete pavements and extend the use of this treatment are also provided.
Reports on the topic "Cost of Australia"
1
Cunningham, Stuart, Marion McCutcheon, Greg Hearn, Mark David Ryan, and Christy Collis. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Gold Coast. Queensland University of Technology, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.203691.
Full textAbstract:
The Gold Coast has one of the strongest and most resilient city brands in Australia. Monikers such as the ‘glitter strip’, ‘Sin City’, ‘Australia’s playground’ and ‘famous for fun’ have variously been applied to brand the Gold Coast, with its identity long touted as revolving around ‘sun, surf and sand’. Belinda McKay (2005, p. 68) observes that the Gold Coast is often seen as a place to escape to, ‘where new possibilities can be imagined and enacted’: this sense of escape from the ordinary remains a strong element of the Gold Coast’s place identity.
2
Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
Full textAbstract:
Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
3
Lai, Sharon, Kevin Lane, and Laura Nunn. The Term Funding Facility: Has It Encouraged Business Lending? Reserve Bank of Australia, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rdp2022-07.
Full textAbstract:
The Reserve Bank of Australia's Term Funding Facility (TFF) was announced in March 2020 as part of a package of policy measures to support the Australian economy. It achieved a key objective of providing banks with three-year low-cost funding and was available for drawdown until 30 June 2021. This paper examines the effectiveness of the TFF in increasing the supply of credit to businesses, which was another one of the objectives of the program. Using bank-level data and a difference-in-differences approach, we find no statistically significant evidence that the TFF increased credit supply to businesses. However, our confidence intervals are wide and there are significant identification challenges involved in disentangling the effects of the TFF from the effects of pandemic-related disruptions and other policy interventions on credit supply and demand. Nonetheless, the TFF provided an assured source of funding at a time of considerable stress in the financial system and lowered banks' funding costs, and any effects on business lending via these channels may not be fully reflected in our results.
4
Marshall, Amber, Krystle Turner, Carol Richards, Marcus Foth, Michael Dezuanni, and Tim Neale. A case study of human factors of digital AgTech adoption: Condamine Plains, Darling Downs. Queensland University of Technology, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227177.
Full textAbstract:
As global agricultural production methods and supply chains have become more digitised, farmers around the world are adopting digital AgTech such as drones, Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensors, blockchain, and satellite imagery to inform their on-farm decision-making. While early adopters and technology advocates globally are spruiking and realising the benefits of digital AgTech, many Australian farmers are reluctant or unable to participate fully in the digital economy. This is an important issue, as the Australian Government has said that digital farming is essential to meeting its target of agriculture being a $100billion industry by 2030. Most studies of AgTech adoption focus on individual-level barriers, yielding well-documented issues such as access to digital connectivity, availability of AgTech suppliers, non-use of ICTs, and cost-benefit for farmers. In contrast, our project took an ‘ecosystems’ approach to study cotton farmers in the Darling Downs region in Queensland, Australia who are installing water sensors, satellite imagery, and IoT plant probes to generate data to be aggregated on a dashboard to inform decision-making. We asked our farmers to map their local ecosystem, and then set up interviewing different stakeholders (such technology providers, agronomists, and suppliers) to understand how community-level orientations to digital agriculture enabled and constrained on-farm adoption. We identified human factors of digital AgTech adoption at the macro, regional and farm levels, with a pronounced ‘data divide’ between farm and community level stakeholders within the ecosystem. This ‘data divide’ is characterised by a capability gap between the provision of the devices and software that generate data by technology companies, and the ability of farmers to manage, implement, use, and maintain them effectively and independently. In the Condamine Plains project, farmers were willing and determined to learn new, advanced digital and data literacy skills. Other farmers in different circumstances may not see value in such an undertaking or have the necessary support to take full advantage of the technologies once they are implemented. Moreover, there did not seem to be a willingness or capacity in the rest of the ecosystem to fill this gap. The work raises questions about the type and level of new, digital expertise farmers need to attain in the transition to digital farming, and what interventions are necessary to address the significant barriers to adoption and effective use that remain in rural communities. By holistically considering how macro- and micro-level factors may be combined with community-level influences, this study provides a more complete and holistic account of the contextualised factors that drive or undermine digital AgTech adoption on farms in rural communities. This report provides insights and evidence to inform strategies for rural ecosystems to transition farms to meet the requirements and opportunities of Agriculture 4.0 in Australia and abroad.
5
Caritat, P. de, and U. Troitzsch. Towards a regolith mineralogy map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study in the Darling-Curnamona-Delamerian region. Geoscience Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2021.035.
Full textAbstract:
Bulk quantitative mineralogy of regolith is a useful indicator of lithological precursor (protolith), degree of weathering, and soil properties affecting various potential landuse decisions. To date, no national-scale maps of regolith mineralogy are available in Australia. Catchment outlet sediments collected over 80% of the continent as part of the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) afford a unique opportunity to rapidly and cost-effectively determine regolith mineralogy using the archived sample material. This report releases mineralogical data and metadata obtained as part of a feasibility study in a selected pilot area for such a national regolith mineralogy database and atlas. The area chosen for this study is within the Darling-Curnamona-Delamerian (DCD) region of southeastern Australia. The DCD region was selected as a ‘deep-dive’ data acquisition and analysis by the Exploration for the Future (2020-2024) federal government initiative managed at Geoscience Australia. One hundred NGSA sites from the DCD region were prepared for X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, which consisted of qualitative mineral identification of the bulk samples (i.e., ‘major’ minerals), qualitative clay mineral identification of the <2 µm grain-size fraction, and quantitative analysis of both ‘major’ and clay minerals of the bulk sample. The identified mineral phases were quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite, hematite, goethite, rutile, zeolite, amphibole, talc, kaolinite, illite (including muscovite and biotite), palygorskite (including interstratified illite-smectite and vermiculite), smectite (including interstratified illite-smectite), vermiculite, and chlorite. Poorly diffracting material (PDM) was also quantified and reported as ‘amorphous’. Mineral identification relied on the EVA® software, whilst quantification was performed using Siroquant®. Resulting mineral abundances are reported with a Chi-squared goodness-of-fit between the actual diffractogram and a modelled diffractogram for each sample, as well as an estimated standard error (esd) measurement of uncertainty for each mineral phase quantified. Sensitivity down to 0.1 wt% (weight percent) was achieved, with any mineral detection below that threshold reported as ‘trace’. Although detailed interpretation of the mineralogical data is outside the remit of the present data release, preliminary observations of mineral abundance patterns suggest a strong link to geology, including proximity to fresh bedrock, weathering during sediment transport, and robust relationships between mineralogy and geochemistry. The mineralogical data generated by this study are presented in Appendix A of this report and are downloadable as a .csv file. Mineral abundance or presence/absence maps are shown in Appendices B and C to document regional mineralogical patterns.
6
Short, A. D. The Australian coast: teacher notes and student activities. Geoscience Australia, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2014.050.
Full text
7
Cunningham, Stuart, Marion McCutcheon, Greg Hearn, Mark Ryan, and Christy Collis. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Sunshine Coast. Queensland University of Technology, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.136822.
Full textAbstract:
The Sunshine Coast (unless otherwise specified, Sunshine Coast refers to the region which includes both Sunshine Coast and Noosa council areas) is a classic regional hotspot. In many respects, the Sunshine Coast has assets that make it the “Goldilocks” of Queensland hotspots: “the agility of the region and our collaborative nature is facilitated by the fact that we're not too big, not too small - 330,000 people” (Paddenburg, 2019); “We are in that perfect little bubble of just right of about everything” (Erbacher 2019). The Sunshine Coast has one of the fastest-growing economies in Australia. Its population is booming and its local governments are working together to establish world-class communications, transport and health infrastructure, while maintaining the integrity of the region’s much-lauded environment and lifestyle. As a result, the Sunshine Coast Council is regarded as a pioneer on smart city initiatives, while Noosa Shire Council has built a reputation for prioritising sustainable development. The region’s creative economy is growing at a faster rate that of the rest of the economy—in terms of job growth, earnings, incomes and business registrations. These gains, however, are not spread uniformly. Creative Services (that is, the advertising and marketing, architecture and design, and software and digital content sectors) are flourishing, while Cultural Production (music and performing arts, publishing and visual arts) is variable, with visual and performing arts growing while film, television and radio and publishing have low or no growth. The spirit of entrepreneurialism amongst many creatives in the Sunshine Coast was similar to what we witnessed in other hotspots: a spirit of not necessarily relying on institutions, seeking out alternative income sources, and leveraging networks. How public agencies can better harness that energy and entrepreneurialism could be a focus for ongoing strategy. There does seem to be a lower level of arts and culture funding going into the Sunshine Coast from governments than its population base and cultural and creative energy might suggest. Federal and state arts funding programs are under-delivering to the Sunshine Coast.
8
McIntyre, Phillip, Susan Kerrigan, and Marion McCutcheon. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Coffs Harbour. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.208028.
Full textAbstract:
Coffs Harbour on the north coast of NSW is a highway city sandwiched between the Great Dividing Range and the Pacific Ocean. For thousands of years it was the traditional land of the numerous Gumbaynggirr peoples. Tourism now appears to be the major industry, supplanting agriculture and timber getting, while a large service sector has grown up around a sizable retirement community. It is major holiday destination. Located further away from the coast in the midst of a dairy farming community, Bellingen has become a centre of alternative culture which relies heavily on a variety of festivals activated by energetic tree changers and numerous professionals who have relocated from Sydney. Both communities rely on the visitor economy and there have been considerable changes to how local government in this region approach strategic planning for arts and culture. The newly built Coffs Harbour Education Campus (CHEC) is an experiment in encouraging cross pollination between innovative businesses and education and incorporates TAFE NSW, Coffs Harbour Senior College and Southern Cross University as well as the Coffs Harbour Technology Park and Coffs Harbour Innovation Centre all on one site. The 250 seat Jetty Memorial Theatre is the main theatre in Coffs Harbour for local and touring productions while local halls and converted theatres are the mainstay of smaller communities in the region. As peak body Arts Mid North Coast reports, there is a good record of successful arts related events which range across all genres of music, art, sculpture, Aboriginal culture, street art, literature and even busking and opera. These are mainly managed by passionate local volunteers.
9
Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.
Full textAbstract:
Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities
10
Kerrigan, Susan, Phillip McIntyre, and Marion McCutcheon. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Geelong and Surf Coast. Queensland University of Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.206969.
Full textAbstract:
Geelong and the Surf Coast are treated here as one entity although there are marked differences between the two communities. Sitting on the home of the Wathaurong Aboriginal group, this G21 region is geographically diverse. Geelong serviced a wool industry on its western plains, while manufacturing and its seaport past has left it as a post-industrial city. The Surf Coast has benefitted from the sea change phenomenon. Both communities have fast growing populations and have benefitted from their proximity to Melbourne. They are deeply integrated with this major urban centre. The early establishment of digital infrastructure proved an advantage to certain sectors. All creative industries are represented well in Geelong while many creatives in Torquay are embedded in the high profile and economically dominant surfing industry. The Geelong community is serviced well by its own creative industries with well-established advertising firms, architects, bookshops, gaming arcades, movie houses, music venues, newspaper headquarters, brand new and iconic performing and visual arts centres, libraries and museums, television and radio all accessible in its refurbished downtown area. Co-working spaces, collective practices and entrepreneurial activity are evident throughout the region.