Journal articles: 'Cost evaluations'

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N, Kurniadi, Davis J, Kitchen-Andren K, Mullen C, and Rolin S. "A-239 Cost of Neuropsychological Evaluation Comparable to Neuroimaging in the Eastern USA." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.239.

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Abstract Objective Anecdotal evidence indicates a belief among physicians that neuropsychological evaluation is more expensive than brain imaging procedures. Another concern is that neuropsychological evaluations are a limited resource to be utilized sparingly, likely due to insurance limits on the annual allowable units of neuropsychological evaluation. This study aimed to contextualize the cost of neuropsychological evaluation relative to common neuroimaging studies used in conditions seen by neuropsychologists. Data Selection Publically available fee schedules from 27 hospitals in the eastern U.S. were reviewed to identify standard costs of head CT, brain MRI, and 5- and 8-hour neuropsychological evaluations conducted with technicians. Data Synthesis Head CT averaged $2963 (range $282–$6007) and brain MRI averaged $4857 (range $834–$11,524). Five-hour evaluations using technicians averaged $2080 (range $698–$4165). Eight-hour evaluations using technicians averaged $3289 (range $1104–$6657). Conclusions Contrary to anecdotal concerns, neuropsychological evaluations do not appear more expensive than brain neuroimaging procedures in several eastern U.S. hospitals. Focused neuropsychological evaluations comparable to or less than head CT procedure cost. Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations are comparable to or less than MRI brain procedure cost. These preliminary findings may dispel the notion that neuropsychological evaluations are more costly than brain imaging. Additional research is needed in all regions of the U.S.

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Higgins, Alisa M., and Anthony H. Harris. "Health Economic Methods: Cost-Minimization, Cost-Effectiveness, Cost-Utility, and Cost-Benefit Evaluations." Critical Care Clinics 28, no. 1 (January 2012): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2011.10.002.

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Hoch, Jeffrey S., Bridgette P. Smith, Jiyeong Kim, and Carolyn S. Dewa. "The Rationale for Economic Evaluation in Speech and Language: Cost, Effectiveness, and Cost-effectiveness." Seminars in Speech and Language 43, no. 03 (June 2022): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1750345.

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AbstractEconomic evaluation studies the costs and outcomes of two or more alternative activities to estimate the relative efficiency of each course of action. Economic evaluation is both important and necessary in the management of speech and language issues. Economic evaluation can help focus attention on interventions that provide value for improving population health. The purpose of this article is to introduce readers to fundamental economic concepts. Readers are also introduced to common issues when conducting economic evaluations and how to address them in practice.

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Cohen, D. R., and N. Patel. "The Potential to Forgo Social Welfare Gains through Overreliance on Cost Effectiveness/Cost Utility Analyses in the Evidence Base for Public Health." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/107927.

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Economic evaluations of clinical treatments most commonly take the form of cost effectiveness or cost utility analyses. This is appropriate since the main—sometimes the only—benefit of such interventions is increased health. The majority of economic evaluations in public health, however, have also been assessed using these techniques when arguably cost benefit analyses would in many cases have been more appropriate, given its ability to take account of nonhealth benefits as well. An examination of the nonhealth benefits from a sample of studies featured in a recent review of economic evaluations in public health illustrates how overfocusing on cost effectiveness/cost utility analyses may lead to forgoing potential social welfare gains from programmes in public health. Prior to evaluation, programmes should be considered in terms of the potential importance of nonhealth benefits and where these are considerable would be better evaluated by more inclusive economic evaluation techniques.

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Bowden, A. Brooks, and Clive Belfield. "Evaluating the Talent Search TRIO program: A Benefit-Cost Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 6, no. 3 (2015): 572–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bca.2015.48.

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Talent Search was created to improve high school completion and college enrollment for disadvantaged students. Since the program’s inception in 1967, there has not been a valid study on its economic value. In this paper, we perform a full economic evaluation, yielding direct information on the value of Talent Search and highlighting key methodological issues relating to economic evaluations of education programs. We provide rigorous estimates of social costs using the ingredients method. Using prior estimates of impacts from Constantine et al. [(2006). Study Of The Effect of The Talent Search Program On Secondary And Postsecondary Outcomes In Florida, Indiana And Texas: Final Report From Phase II of The National Evaluation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, Policy and Program Studies Service], we perform a cost-benefit analysis based on new estimates of shadow prices. Finally, to examine site-specific differences in impacts and costs, we undertake cost-effectiveness analysis and derive confidence intervals that illustrate key sensitivity issues. Regarding costs, we find significant resource use beyond federal funding amounts; but we also find that the present value benefits of Talent Search almost certainly exceed the present value of costs by a substantial margin. With regard to cost-effectiveness, we find significant differences across sites and extremely wide confidence intervals. We conclude with an outline of key research issues that need to be addressed to enhance future economic evaluations in educational settings with wide site-specific variation.

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Silverman, Jerald. "Cost: benefit evaluations for research protocols." Lab Animal 39, no. 5 (May 2010): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0510-133a.

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WONG, T. T. "RISK MODELING IN ROBOT COST EVALUATIONS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 01, no. 04 (December 1994): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539394000349.

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Many engineering attempts have been developed to predict major cost components of robot systems. Aggregations of cost estimates for various types of robots have been collected in so-called Life Cycle Cost (LCC) models. These models virtually all treat LCC estimates as “most likely” predictions of what actual costs will be in the future. Actual costs will vary, however, from the “most likely” estimates because some cost estimates are subjective in nature and these are in fact subject to considerable uncertainty. This paper examines the elicitation of subjective estimates and the modeling of LCC uncertainties. A new technique for dealing with subjective robot cost uncertainty is defined and explained. Specifically a conceptual device is introduced as the measuring instrument for subjective cost uncertainty in terms of probabilities and an analytical risk modeling procedure is described which uses the beta probability distribution.

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Langfitt, John T. "Cost Evaluations in Epilepsy: An Update." Epilepsia 41, s2 (February 2000): S62—S68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb01525.x.

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Svensson, Mikael, and Lars Hultkrantz. "A Comparison of Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Practice: Divergent Policy Practices in Sweden." Nordic Journal of Health Economics 5, no. 2 (February 16, 2017): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/njhe.1592.

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This paper compares the implementation of the two economic evaluation methods Cost-Effectiveness/Utility (CEA/CUA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) as tools for allocation of national public funds in the health and transport sector in Sweden, respectively. We compare the recommended values for important economic parameters such as the social discount rate, the marginal cost of public funds, and the explicit and implicit valuation of health, and document a number of substantial and unexplained differences in implementation. Such differences are problematic considering that the increasing use of economic evaluations to guide policy decisions also has implied an overlap of application areas. We conclude with a discussion on the need of a harmonized procedure for economic evaluations in the public sector in order to reduce the risk of inefficient allocations purely due to different applications of the methods. Published: Online February 2017. In print December 2017.

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McLaughlin, Nancy, Michael K. Ong, Victor Tabbush, Farhad Hagigi, and Neil A. Martin. "Contemporary health care economics: an overview." Neurosurgical Focus 37, no. 5 (November 2014): E2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.8.focus14455.

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Economic evaluations provide a decision-making framework in which outcomes (benefits) and costs are assessed for various alternative options. Although the interest in complete and partial economic evaluations has increased over the past 2 decades, the quality of studies has been marginal due to methodological challenges or incomplete cost determination. This paper provides an overview of the main types of complete and partial economic evaluations, reviews key methodological elements to be considered for any economic evaluation, and reviews concepts of cost determination. The goal is to provide the clinician neurosurgeon with the knowledge and tools needed to appraise published economic evaluations and to direct high-quality health economic evaluations.

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McCrone, Paul, and Martin Knapp. "Economic evaluation of early intervention services." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, S51 (December 2007): s19—s22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.51.s19.

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SummaryEarly intervention services have been introduced in a number of countries, but the evidence base to support them is limited. In particular there are very few economic evaluations, which are crucial if decision-makers are to have a better understanding of how scarce resources can be used appropriately. This paper discusses the different approaches used in economic evaluations and shows how these differ in the way in which outcomes are measured. The most useful forms of evaluation are cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis. We describe how the results of evaluations can be interpreted using incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and acceptability curves. Finally, the paper summarises some key evidence to date on early intervention services and economic evaluations currently being undertaken

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Xu, Wan Hong, Yuan Yuan Zhang, and Shu Liu. "Multi-Level in Fuzzy Evaluation of the Development Analysis of Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2357.

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In view of overall strategies for the development of Electric Vehicles and their internal conditions, the complex engineering designs of their promotions often involves some parameters’ determination such as research and development, market, battery cost performance, motor cost performance, some quality indicators of mutual restraints and many other complex influential factors are. In order to obtain satisfactory products, the evaluation indicator of Electric Vehicle development should be analyzed and evaluated. This paper constructs evaluation index systems of Electric Vehicles development and determines the evaluation index and weight reasonably by multi-level and multi-objective fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods. And by transforming complicated multiple evaluations into simple quantitative evaluations, it provides a scientific evaluation method for improving the overall evaluations of electric vehicle development.

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Belfield, Clive R., and A. Brooks Bowden. "Using Resource and Cost Considerations to Support Educational Evaluation: Six Domains." Educational Researcher 48, no. 2 (November 28, 2018): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x18814447.

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Cost, cost-effectiveness, and benefit-cost analysis are methods used by economists to evaluate public policies. Essentially, these methods rely on impact evaluations, that is, research studies of efficacy and effectiveness. However, in most research in education, these cost and impact evaluations are performed separately. This separation creates methodological deficiencies and undermines the contribution of educational research to decision making. In this article, we identify key domains of educational research evaluations that, we believe, would be enhanced if resource and cost analyses were integrated more directly. These domains relate to outcome specification, treatment contrast, implementation fidelity, the role of mediators, power of the test, and meta-analysis. For each domain, we provide a case study example of how these cost analyses can complement and augment current research practices in educational evaluation. More interaction between economists and education researchers would be beneficial for both groups.

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Jönsson, Bengt, and Göran Karlsson. "Cost–Benefit Evaluation of Dental Implants." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 6, no. 4 (October 1990): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300004207.

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AbstractThe growing evidence of the efficacy and effectiveness of dental implants calls for economic evaluations to determine the economic efficiency of this technology for different indications. Such studies must be integrated with the clinical evaluations in order to produce the relevant data. In most cases, dental implants will produce a better outcome than the best alternative technology, but this improvement will only come at greater cost. Cost–benefit evaluations of dental implants must therefore address the difficult task of assessing the value of the improvement in oral health.

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Dewar, Diane M., James Lambrinos, Rajiv Mallick, and Yuhong Zhong. "A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 16, no. 1 (January 2000): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300161136.

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Objective: An economic evaluation of the resources used for mechanically ventilated patients using various measures for the benefits of extending life.Methods: Regression analysis is applied to New York State discharge data for patients under DRG 475 during 1992–96 to predict age-specific survival rates and payments per life saved. Sensitivity analysis is used to compare benefits of extending life associated with different economic values of life with the payments per life saved at each age.Results: Payments per life saved decreased over time, primarily due to reduced reimbursements. Payments exceeded the age-adjusted and the quality-of-life and age-adjusted benefits for all economic values of life at ages 90 and older.Conclusions: Since the benefits of extending life associated with DRG 475 exceed the payments per life saved at most ages, economic evaluations may be best applied with psychosocial evaluations to allocate resources more ethically.

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McCrone, Paul. "Health economic measures in schizophrenia research." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, S50 (August 2007): s42—s45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.50.s42.

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BackgroundIt is essential in economic evaluations of schizophrenia interventions that all relevant costs are identified and measured appropriately Also of importance is the way in which cost data are combined with information on outcomesAimsTo examine the use of health economicsin evaluations of interventions for schizophreniaMethodsAreview of the key methods used to estimate costs and to link costs and outcomes was conductedResultsCosts fall on a number of different agencies and can be short term or long term. Cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-utility analysis are the most appropriate methods for combing cost and outcome dataConclusionsSchizophrenia poses a number of challenges for economic evaluation

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Raimond, Véronique. "OP60 Methodological Guidance And Doctrine Of The French National Authority For Health For Economic Evaluation." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 38, S1 (December 2022): S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646232200112x.

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IntroductionThe French National Authority for Health (HAS) “defines and issues guidelines and medico-economic opinions on prevention, healthcare, prescription, and best care strategies, and contributes to their comparison or ranking to support public health and optimize health insurance spending.” Based on a decade of producing cost-effectiveness evaluations, the Economic Evaluation and Public Health Committee (CEESP) issued two documents to frame its activity related to the economic evaluation of health products: (i) the new guidance highlights the expectations of the CEESP regarding cost-effectiveness evaluations; (ii) the doctrine elucidates the grading of methodological reservations expressed during the technical appraisal of manufacturers’ submissions, the CEESP’s statements regarding its findings, and the key messages it wishes to convey to public decision-makers, especially to negotiate healthcare product prices.MethodsWe aim at sharing the content of these documents and describing the willingness of the CEESP to support decision-makers in implementing evidence-based pricing policies.ResultsThe new guidance provided an opportunity for HAS to stress the importance of interpreting the evaluations, which are often perceived as highly technical. In this perspective, several guidelines call for more reasoned reflection on the objectives of the evaluation upon its conception, along with a constant effort to justify the methodological choices made and an extensive interpretation of the results produced.The doctrine highlights two steps taken by the CEESP, mainly built on analyzing the cost-effectiveness evaluation’s uncertainty. First, the ability to characterize the level of the ICER in a context where no thresholds for willingness-to-pay exist in France; second, the suggestion of specific regulation schemes to increase the cost-effectiveness of the products.ConclusionsThe CEESP developed the new guidance and its doctrine as conditions to ensure the usefulness of the economic evaluation for decision-making.

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Horowitz, Jake, and Edwin Zedlewski. "Applying Cost-Benefit Analysis to Policing Evaluations." Justice Research and Policy 8, no. 1 (June 2006): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3818/jrp.8.1.2006.51.

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Ehreth, Jenifer. "Cost Methodology in Long-Term Care Evaluations." Medical Care Review 49, no. 3 (September 1992): 331–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002570879204900303.

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Birch, Stephen. "Cost–benefit analysis and health care evaluations." Social Science & Medicine 59, no. 4 (August 2004): 885–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.020.

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Heyse, JosephF. "I12. Statistical considerations in cost-effectiveness evaluations." Clinical Therapeutics 18 (January 1996): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-2918(96)80109-3.

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Herman, Patricia M., Deirdre J. Avery, Crystal S. Schemp, and Michele E. Walsh. "Are cost-inclusive evaluations worth the effort?" Evaluation and Program Planning 32, no. 1 (February 2009): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2008.08.008.

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John, Nikita M., Stuart J. Wright, Sean P. Gavan, and Caroline M. Vass. "The role of information provision in economic evaluations of non-invasive prenatal testing: a systematic review." European Journal of Health Economics 20, no. 8 (June 22, 2019): 1123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-019-01082-x.

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Abstract Background Technological progress has led to changes in the antenatal screening programmes, most significantly the introduction of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). The availability of a new type of testing changes the type of information that the parent(s) require before, during and after screening to mitigate anxiety about the testing process and results. Objectives To identify the extent to which economic evaluations of NIPT have accounted for the need to provide information alongside testing and the associated costs and health outcomes of information provision. Methods A systematic review of economic evaluations of NIPTs (up to February 2018) was conducted. Medline, Embase, CINAHL and PsychINFO were searched using an electronic search strategy combining a published economic search filter (from NHS economic evaluations database) with terms related to NIPT and screening-related technologies. Data were extracted using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards framework and the results were summarised as part of a narrative synthesis. Results A total of 12 economic evaluations were identified. The majority of evaluations (n = 10; 83.3%) involved cost effectiveness analysis. Only four studies (33.3%) included the cost of providing information about NIPT in their economic evaluation. Two studies considered the impact of test results on parents’ quality of life by allowing utility decrements for different outcomes. Some studies suggested that the challenges of valuing information prohibited their inclusion in an economic evaluation. Conclusion Economic evaluations of NIPTs need to account for the costs and outcomes associated with information provision, otherwise estimates of cost effectiveness may prove inaccurate.

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Hui, Daphne, Bert Dolcine, and Hannah Loshak. "Approaches to Evaluations of Virtual Care in Primary Care." Canadian Journal of Health Technologies 2, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): es0358. http://dx.doi.org/10.51731/cjht.2022.238.

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A literature search informed this Environmental Scan and identified 11 evaluations of virtual care in primary care health settings and 7 publications alluding to methods, standards, and guidelines (referred to as evaluation guidance documents in this report) being used in various countries to evaluate virtual care in primary care health settings. The majority of included literature was from Australia, the US, and the UK, with 2 evaluation guidance documents published by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Evaluation guidance documents recommended using measurements that assess the effectiveness and quality of clinical care including safety outcomes, time and travel, financial and operational impact, participation, health care utilization, technology experience including feasibility, user satisfaction, and barriers and facilitators or measures of health equity. Evaluation guidance documents specified that the following key decisions and considerations should be integrated into the planning of a virtual care evaluation: refining the scope of virtual care services; selecting an appropriate meaningful comparator; and identifying opportune timing and duration for the evaluation to ensure the evaluation is reflective of real-world practice, allows for adequate measurement of outcomes, and is comprehensive, timely, feasible, non-complex, and non–resource-intensive. Evaluation guidance documents highlighted that evaluations should be systematic, performed regularly, and reflect the stage of virtual care implementation to encompass the specific considerations associated with each stage. Additionally, evaluations should assess individual virtual care sessions and the virtual care program as a whole. Regarding economic components of virtual care evaluations, the evaluation guidance documents noted that costs or savings are not limited to monetary or financial measures but can also be represented with time. Cost analyses such as cost-benefit and cost-utility estimates should be performed with a specific emphasis on selecting an appropriate perspective (e.g., patient or provider), as that influences the benefits, effects, and how the outcome is interpreted. Two identified evaluations assessed economic outcomes through cost analyses in the perspective of the patient and provider. Evidence suggests that, in some circumstances, virtual care may be more cost-effective and reduces the cost per episode and patient expenses (e.g., travel and parking costs) compared to in-person care. However, virtual care may increase the number of individuals treated, which would increase overall health care spending. Four identified evaluations assessed health care utilization. The evidence suggests that virtual care reduces the duration of appointments and may be more time-efficient compared to in-person care. However, it is unclear if virtual care reduces the use of medical resources and the need for follow-up appointments, hospital admissions, and emergency department visits compared to in-person care. Five identified evaluations assessed participation outcomes. Evidence was variable, with some evidence reporting that virtual care reduced attendance (e.g., reduced attendance rates) and other evidence noting improved attendance (e.g., increased completion rate and decreased cancellations and no-show rates) compared to in-person care. Three identified evaluations assessed clinical outcomes in various health contexts. Some evidence suggested that virtual care improves clinical outcomes (e.g., in primary care with integrated mental health services, symptom severity decreased) or has a similar effect on clinical outcomes compared to in-person care (e.g., use of virtual care in depression elicited similar results with in-person care). Three identified evaluations assessed the appropriateness of prescribing. Some studies suggested that virtual care improves appropriateness by increasing guideline-based or guideline-concordant antibiotic management, or elicits no difference with in-person care.

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Hoch, Jeffrey S., and Carolyn S. Dewa. "An Introduction to Economic Evaluation: What's in a Name?" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 3 (March 2005): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370505000305.

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Objective: This paper describes the main types of economic evaluation techniques. Method: To examine the strengths and limitations of different types of economic evaluations, we used a hypothetical example to review the reasoning underlying each method and to illustrate when it is appropriate to use each method. Results: The choice of economic evaluation method reflects a decision about what should represent “success” and how success should be valued. Measures of benefit and cost must be considered systematically and simultaneously. Claiming that a new treatment is cost-effective requires making a value judgment based on the personal beliefs of the claimant. Even when cost and effect data are objective, a verdict of cost-effective is subjective. The conclusions of an economic study can change significantly, depending on which patient outcome is used to measure success. Conclusions: Clinicians must be sure that important patient outcomes are not excluded from economic evaluations. Economic evaluation is a process designed to produce an estimate rather than a decision. New treatment can be more costly and still be cost-effective (if the extra benefit is valued more than the extra cost to produce it). However, since economic evaluation does not explicitly consider a decision maker's available budget, a new treatment can be deemed cost-effective but too expensive to approve.

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Shearer, James, and Sarah Byford. "The basics of economic evaluation in mental healthcare." BJPsych Advances 21, no. 5 (September 2015): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.114.013003.

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SummaryEconomic evaluation involves the comparative analysis of the costs and consequences of alternative (different) treatment options. Economic evaluations provide decision makers with information about the relative value for money, or cost-effectiveness, of various treatment programmes. The relative cost-effectiveness of new interventions is a key consideration in health technology assessments by the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and economic evaluations alongside randomised controlled trials are routinely requested by funders such as the National Institute for Health Research. This article outlines some of the key concepts and issues in the economic evaluation of mental healthcare.

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Woersching, Alex L., Matthew E. Borrego, and Dennis W. Raisch. "Assessing the Quality of Economic Evaluations of FDA Novel Drug Approvals." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 50, no. 12 (August 11, 2016): 1028–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028016662893.

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Objective: To systematically review and assess the quality of the novel drugs’ economic evaluation literature in print during the drugs’ early commercial availability following US regulatory approval. Data Sources: MEDLINE and the United Kingdom National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database were searched from 1946 through December 2011 for economic evaluations of the 50 novel drugs approved by the FDA in 2008 and 2009. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The inclusion criteria were English-language, peer-reviewed, original economic evaluations (cost-utility, cost-effectiveness, cost-minimization, and cost-benefit analyses). We extracted and analyzed data from 36 articles considering 19 of the 50 drugs. Two reviewers assessed each publication’s quality using the Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument and summarized study quality on a 100-point scale. Data Synthesis: Study quality had a mean of 70.0 ± 16.2 QHES points. The only study characteristics associated with QHES score (with P < 0.05) were having used modeling or advanced statistics, 75.1 versus 61.9 without; using quality-adjusted life years as an outcome, 75.9 versus 64.7 without; and cost-utility versus cost-minimization analysis, 75.9 versus 58.7. Studies most often satisfied quality aspects about stating study design choices and least often satisfied aspects about justifying design choices. Conclusion: The reviewed literature considered a minority of the 2008-2009 novel drugs and had mixed study quality. Cost-effectiveness stakeholders might benefit from efforts to improve the quality and quantity of literature examining novel drugs. Editors and reviewers may support quality improvement by stringently imposing economic evaluation guidelines about justifying study design choices.

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Woodward, Robert S., Stuart B. Boxerman, Mark A. Schinitzler, and W. Claiborne Dunagan. "Optimum investments in project evaluations: When are cost-effectiveness analyses cost-effective?" Journal of Medical Systems 20, no. 6 (December 1996): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02257282.

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Zanganeh, Mandana, Peymane Adab, Bai Li, and Emma Frew. "A Systematic Review of Methods, Study Quality, and Results of Economic Evaluation for Childhood and Adolescent Obesity Intervention." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 8, 2019): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030485.

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Many suggested policy interventions for childhood and adolescent obesity have costs and effects that fall outside the health care sector. These cross-sectorial costs and consequences have implications for how economic evaluation is applied and although previous systematic reviews have provided a summary of cost-effectiveness, very few have conducted a review of methods applied. We undertook this comprehensive review of economic evaluations, appraising the methods used, assessing the quality of the economic evaluations, and summarising cost-effectiveness. Nine electronic databases were searched for full-economic evaluation studies published between January 2001 and April 2017 with no language or country restrictions. 39 economic evaluation studies were reviewed and quality assessed. Almost all the studies were from Western countries and methods were found to vary by country, setting and type of intervention. The majority, particularly “behavioural and policy” preventive interventions, were cost-effective, even cost-saving. Only four interventions were not cost effective. This systematic review suggests that economic evaluation of obesity interventions is an expanding area of research. However, methodological heterogeneity makes evidence synthesis challenging. Whilst upstream interventions show promise, an expanded and consistent approach to evaluate cost-effectiveness is needed to capture health and non-health costs and consequences.

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Bagattini, Ângela Maria, Daniela Pachito, Rafael Pacheco, Aline Rocha, and Rachel Riera. "Qualidade metodológica das avaliações econômicas de antineoplásicos submetidas à Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS) na atualização do rol 2020 – Estudo de avaliação crítica." Jornal Brasileiro de Economia da Saúde 13, no. 1 (April 2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21115/jbes.v13.n1.p31-42.

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Objective: To describe and critically appraise the economic evaluations of antineoplastic drugs submitted to the ANS during the process of updating its 2020’ list of procedures. Methods: Cross-sectional study of critical analysis of the economic evaluation studies included in the documentation submitted to the ANS with the aim of incorporating them into the list of procedures. The methodological quality assessment was carried out using the Methodology Checklist 6: Economic Evaluations Version 3.0 of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Results: Overall, 49 economic evaluations were included: 22 cost-effectiveness studies, 10 cost-utility studies, three cost-minimization studies and 14 mixed economic studies. Methodological quality was mostly considered as acceptable or low quality. Conclusion: Economic evaluation studies are fundamental in the decision-making process of incorporating technologies into supplementary health care. This critical appraisal suggests that the quality of the economic studies presented within the proposals to incorporate antineoplastics during the process of updating the ANS 2020 roll was limited. Methodological inconsistencies and lack of transparent reporting reduce the validity and applicability of findings for decision-making

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Mitchell, Eileen, Elayne Ahern, Sanjib Saha, and Dominic Trepel. "Neuropsychological rehabilitation interventions for people with an acquired brain injury and their caregivers. A protocol for a systematic review of economic evaluation." HRB Open Research 3 (November 12, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13144.1.

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Background: New emerging evidence has demonstrated the need for effective interventions to help people living with an acquired brain injury (ABI). Evidence on cost-effectiveness, which can help inform use of limited resources, is scarce in this area and therefore the purpose of this systematic review is to critically appraise and consolidate the current evidence on economic evaluations of ABI rehabilitation interventions. Methods: Systematic review methodology will be applied to identify, select and extract data from published economic evaluation studies (trial-based, non-trial based, simulation-based, decision model and trial-based model economic evaluations) of ABI treatment interventions in adults. A systematic literature search will be conducted on the following electronic databases: EMBASE, Econlit, CINAHL, Medline, Econlit, the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database and PsyclNFO. This review will only include cost-effectiveness analysis studies (e.g., cost per life year gained), cost-benefit and cost minimisation analyses in which the designs were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCT studies, cost-utility analyses (e.g., cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained or cost per disability-adjusted life year averted), cohort studies, and modeling studies. Only studies that were published in English, associated with adults who have an ABI will be included. There will be no restrictions on perspective, sample size, country, follow-up duration or setting. The search strategy terms will include the following: acquired brain injury, brain*; cost*; or cost–benefit analysis*. Following data extraction, a narrative summary and tables will be used to summarize the characteristics and results of included studies. Discussion: The findings from this review will be beneficial to health policy decision makers when examining the evidence of economic evaluations in this field. In addition, it is anticipated that this review will identify gaps in the current economic literature to inform future-related research. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42020187469 (25th June 2020).

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Mitchell, Eileen, Elayne Ahern, Sanjib Saha, and Dominic Trepel. "Neuropsychological rehabilitation interventions for people with an acquired brain injury. A protocol for a systematic review of economic evaluation." HRB Open Research 3 (December 8, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13144.2.

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Background: New emerging evidence has demonstrated the need for effective interventions to help people living with an acquired brain injury (ABI). Evidence on cost-effectiveness, which can help inform use of limited resources, is scarce in this area and therefore the purpose of this systematic review is to critically appraise and consolidate the current evidence on economic evaluations of ABI rehabilitation interventions. Methods: Systematic review methodology will be applied to identify, select and extract data from published economic evaluation studies (trial-based, non-trial based, simulation-based, decision model and trial-based model economic evaluations) of ABI treatment interventions in adults. A systematic literature search will be conducted on the following electronic databases: EMBASE, Econlit, CINAHL, Medline, the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database and PsyclNFO. This review will only include cost-effectiveness analysis studies (e.g., cost per life year gained), cost-benefit and cost minimisation analyses in which the designs were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCT studies, cost-utility analyses (e.g., cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained or cost per disability-adjusted life year averted), cohort studies, and modelling studies. Only studies that were published in the english language, associated with adults who have an ABI will be included. There will be no restrictions on perspective, sample size, country, follow-up duration or setting. The search strategy terms will include the following: acquired brain injury, brain*; cost*; or cost–benefit analysis*. Following data extraction, a narrative summary and tables will be used to summarize the characteristics and results of included studies. Discussion: The findings from this review will be beneficial to health policy decision makers when examining the evidence of economic evaluations in this field. In addition, it is anticipated that this review will identify gaps in the current economic literature to inform future-related research. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42020187469 (25th June 2020).

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Pansing, Cynthia, Eric N. Schreffler, and Mark A. Sillings. "Comparative Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of 58 Transportation Control Measures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1641, no. 1 (January 1998): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1641-12.

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Often when public agencies allocate funding for transportation programs, evaluation of a project’s performance becomes an afterthought, if a consideration at all. Relatively recently, evaluation of project performance has garnered attention as a means for both assessing how cost-effectively public funds help attain transportation and air quality objectives and guiding future public investment decisions. Nonetheless, these efforts suffer at times from a lack of coordination and would benefit from the application of a standardized method. Such a standardized method is applied to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of three categories of transportation control measure (TCM) projects: fixed-route transit, transportation demand management (TDM), and alternative fuel projects. The method provides a means for estimating and quantifying travel mode effects and converting them to net emissions benefits. Three sets of funding programs implemented in California were the subjects of evaluation efforts in which the standardized method was applied. The results of these evaluations are presented, and conclusions are suggested about project cost-effectiveness on the basis of project data and comparisons across categories of projects. On the basis of the evaluation of 58 projects, TDM projects other than telecommunications projects were cost-effective compared with alternative fuel and fixed-route transit projects. In light of the key evaluation findings, an approach and framework for future evaluations of TCM projects to ensure consistency and comparability are proposed. Some future uses of the evaluation data in the form of a centralized database are also suggested.

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Fried, Bruce J., Catherine Worthington, and Raisa B. Deber. "Economic Evaluations in the Canadian Mental Health System I: Theory behind Economic Evaluation*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 7 (October 1989): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400702.

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Economic evaluation is becoming an increasingly important part of the evaluation of health and mental health services. Current models for conducting economic evaluation, including cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-benefit analysis, and cost-utility analysis, have great potential for improving the quality of decision-making and for making mental health programs more effective and efficient. This paper presents the basic economic theory underlying the various forms of economic evaluation and provides general guidelines for developing and conducting an economic analysis of a health program.

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Beg, Muhammad Arif, Zhanmin Zhang, and W. Ronald Hudson. "Development of Pavement Type Evaluation Procedure for Texas Department of Transportation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1699, no. 1 (January 2000): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1699-04.

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A rational procedure is presented for evaluating alternative pavement types for roadway projects. Agency costs, user delay costs, and performance levels are important factors for comparing alternative pavement strategies. These factors are included in the evaluation procedure. Economic evaluations are based on life-cycle cost analysis. Cost-effectiveness analysis is also included in the procedure and uses area under the performance curve as a measure of the effectiveness of a pavement design strategy. Limitations in economic evaluations and the role of other miscellaneous factors in pavement type selection are also discussed. A computer program, TxPTS, was developed to automate the evaluation procedure. Case studies are presented demonstrating the use of the program.

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Mayer, Susanne, Agata Łaszewska, and Judit Simon. "Unit Costs in Health Economic Evaluations: Quo Vadis, Austria?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010117.

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Evidence-informed healthcare decision-making relies on high quality data inputs, including robust unit costs, which in many countries are not readily available. The objective of the Department of Health Economics’ Unit Cost Online Database, developed based on systematic reviews of Austrian costing studies, is to make conducting economic evaluations from healthcare and societal perspectives more feasible with publicly available unit cost information in Austria. This article aims to describe trends in unit cost data sources and reporting using this comprehensive database as a case study to encourage relevant national and international methodological discussions. Database analysis and synthesis included publication/study characteristics and costing reporting details in line with the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS 2022) with the year of the database launch as the cut-off point to assess how the methods have developed over time. Forty-two full economic evaluations and 278 unit costs were analyzed (2004–2016: 34 studies/232 unit costs, 2017–2022: 8 studies/46 unit costs). Although the reporting quality of costing details including the study perspective, unit cost sources and years has improved since 2017, the unit cost estimates and sources remained heterogeneous in Austria. While methodologically standardized national-level unit costs would be the gold standard, a systematically collated list of unit costs is a first step towards supporting health economic evaluations nationally.

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Chapel, John M., and Guijing Wang. "Understanding cost data collection tools to improve economic evaluations of health interventions." Stroke and Vascular Neurology 4, no. 4 (December 2019): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/svn-2019-000301.

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Micro-costing data collection tools often used in literature include standardized comprehensive templates, targeted questionnaires, activity logs, on-site administrative databases, and direct observation. These tools are not mutually exclusive and are often used in combination. Each tool has unique merits and limitations, and some may be more applicable than others under different circumstances. Proper application of micro-costing tools can produce quality cost estimates and enhance the usefulness of economic evaluations to inform resource allocation decisions. A common method to derive both fixed and variable costs of an intervention involves collecting data from the bottom up for each resource consumed (micro-costing). We scanned economic evaluation literature published in 2008-2018 and identified micro-costing data collection tools used. We categorized the identified tools and discuss their practical applications in an example study of health interventions, including their potential strengths and weaknesses. Sound economic evaluations of health interventions provide valuable information for justifying resource allocation decisions, planning for implementation, and enhancing the sustainability of the interventions. However, the quality of intervention cost estimates is seldom addressed in the literature. Reliable cost data forms the foundation of economic evaluations, and without reliable estimates, evaluation results, such as cost-effectiveness measures, could be misleading. In this project, we identified data collection tools often used to obtain reliable data for estimating costs of interventions that prevent and manage chronic conditions and considered practical applications to promote their use.

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Maguire, Orla, Laura McCullagh, Cara Usher, and Michael Barry. "OP65 Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation Of Orphan Drugs: Impact Of Extra Criteria?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319001260.

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IntroductionThere is ongoing debate as to whether conventional pharmacoeconomic evaluation (PE) methods are appropriate for orphan medicinal products (OMPs). The National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics (NCPE) in Ireland has a well-defined process for conducting pharmacoeconomic evaluations of pharmaceuticals, which is the same for OMPs and non-OMPs. The objective of this study was to identify whether supplementary criteria considered in the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of OMPs would affect final reimbursement recommendations.MethodsA literature search was conducted to identify criteria. Orphan drug pharmacoeconomic evaluations completed by the NCPE between January 2015 and December 2017 were identified and supplementary criteria, where feasible, were applied.ResultsFourteen pharmacoeconomic evaluations were included in the study. Three criteria that could feasibly be applied to the NCPE evaluation process were identified, all three of which essentially broadened the economic perspective of the pharmacoeconomic evaluation. Higher cost-effectiveness threshold: Despite being arbitrarily raised from EUR 45,000/QALY to EUR 100,000/QALY, only one orphan drug demonstrated cost-effectiveness at this higher threshold. Weighted QALY gain: here, a weighted gain of between one and three is applied to drugs demonstrating QALY gains between 10 and 30, respectively. No OMPs included in the study showed a QALY gain of more than 10. Thirteen demonstrated QALY gains less than 10 and one could not be evaluated. Societal perspective: six submissions incorporated societal perspective as a scenario analysis. Despite incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) being reduced between 4 percent and 58 percent, only two OMPs demonstrated cost-effectiveness at the higher threshold (EUR 100,000/QALY).ConclusionsApplication of supplementary criteria to the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of OMPs had a minor effect on three products assessed. However, for the majority, the final cost-effectiveness outcomes remained the same. The study highlights that other criteria are being considered in the decision to reimburse.

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Ross, John A., Khaled Barkaoui, and Garth Scott. "Evaluations That Consider the Cost of Educational Programs." American Journal of Evaluation 28, no. 4 (December 2007): 477–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098214007307942.

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Yates, Brian T. "Book Review: Cost-Benefit and Health Care Evaluations." American Journal of Evaluation 27, no. 4 (December 2006): 503–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098214006294305.

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Marr, W. W., and W. J. Walsh. "Life-cycle cost evaluations of electric/hybrid vehicles." Energy Conversion and Management 33, no. 9 (September 1992): 849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(92)90013-m.

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van den Brink, Mandy, Wilbert B. van den Hout, Anne M. Stiggelbout, Cornelis J. H. van de Velde, and Job Kievit. "Cost Measurement in Economic Evaluations of Health Care." Medical Care 42, no. 8 (August 2004): 740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000132351.78009.a1.

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Lacy, Gregory L., Douglas W. Soderdahl, and Javier Hernandez. "Optimal cost-effective staging evaluations in prostate cancer." Current Urology Reports 8, no. 3 (May 2007): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11934-007-0005-9.

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Jean, Lachaine, Miron Audrey, Catherine Beauchemin, and on behalf of the iGenoMed Consortium. "Economic Evaluations of Treatments for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Literature Review." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2018 (June 13, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7439730.

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Objective. The objective of this literature review was to evaluate the existing evidence regarding the cost-effectiveness of treatment options in IBD. Methods. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify economic evaluations of IBD therapy. The literature search was performed using electronic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE. Searches were limited to full economic evaluations published in English or French between 2004 and 2016. Results. A total of 5,403 potentially relevant studies were identified. After screening titles and abstracts, 48 studies were included, according to the eligibility criteria. A total of 56% and 42% of the studies were assessing treatments of UC or CD, respectively. Treatment options under evaluation included biological agents, mesalamine, immunosuppressants, and surgery. The majority of studies evaluated the cost-effectiveness of biological treatments. Biological therapies were dominant in 23% of the analyses and were cost-effective according to a $CAD50,000/QALY and $CAD100,000/QALY threshold in 41% and 62% of the analyses, respectively. Conclusion. This literature review provided a comprehensive overview of the economic evaluations for the different treatment options for IBD over the past 12 years and represents a helpful reference for future economic evaluations.

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Eddy, Katherine E., Alexander Eggleston, Sher Ting Chim, Rana Islamiah Zahroh, Elizabeth Sebastian, Chloe Bykersma, Steve McDonald, et al. "Economic evaluations of maternal health interventions: a scoping review." F1000Research 11 (February 24, 2022): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.76833.1.

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Background Evidence on the affordability and cost-effectiveness of interventions is critical to decision-making for clinical practice guidelines and development of national health policies. This study aimed to develop a repository of primary economic evaluations to support global maternal health guideline development and provide insights into the body of research conducted in this field. Methods A scoping review was conducted to identify and map available economic evaluations of maternal health interventions. We searched six databases (NHS Economic Evaluation Database, EconLit, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and PsycInfo) on 20 November 2020 with no date, setting or language restrictions. Two authors assessed eligibility and extracted data independently. Included studies were categorised by subpopulation of women, level of care, intervention type, mechanism, and period, economic evaluation type and perspective, and whether the intervention is currently recommended by the World Health Organization. Frequency analysis was used to determine prevalence of parameters. Results In total 923 studies conducted in 72 countries were included. Most studies were conducted in high-income country settings (71.8%). Over half pertained to a general population of pregnant women, with the remainder focused on specific subgroups, such as women with preterm birth (6.2%) or those undergoing caesarean section (5.5%). The most common interventions of interest related to non-obstetric infections (23.9%), labour and childbirth care (17.0%), and obstetric complications (15.7%). Few studies addressed the major causes of maternal deaths globally. Over a third (36.5%) of studies were cost-utility analyses, 1.4% were cost-benefit analyses and the remainder were cost-effectiveness analyses. Conclusions This review provides a navigable, consolidated resource of economic evaluations in maternal health. We identified a clear evidence gap regarding economic evaluations of maternal health interventions in low- and middle-income countries. Future economic research should focus on interventions to address major drivers of maternal morbidity and mortality in these settings.

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Erku, Daniel, Amanual G. Mersha, Eskinder Eshetu Ali, Gebremedhin B. Gebretekle, Befikadu L. Wubishet, Gizat Molla Kassie, Anwar Mulugeta, Alemayehu B. Mekonnen, Tesfahun C. Eshetie, and Paul Scuffham. "A systematic review of scope and quality of health economic evaluations conducted in Ethiopia." Health Policy and Planning 37, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czac005.

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Abstract There has been an increased interest in health technology assessment and economic evaluations for health policy in Ethiopia over the last few years. In this systematic review, we examined the scope and quality of healthcare economic evaluation studies in Ethiopia. We searched seven electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINHAL, Econlit, York CRD databases and CEA Tufts) from inception to May 2021 to identify published full health economic evaluations of a health-related intervention or programme in Ethiopia. This was supplemented with forward and backward citation searches of included articles, manual search of key government websites, the Disease Control Priorities-Ethiopia project and WHO-CHOICE programme. The quality of reporting of economic evaluations was assessed using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. The extracted data were grouped into subcategories based on the subject of the economic evaluation, organized into tables and reported narratively. This review identified 34 full economic evaluations conducted between 2009 and 2021. Around 14 (41%) of studies focussed on health service delivery, 8 (24%) on pharmaceuticals, vaccines and devices, and 4 (12%) on public-health programmes. The interventions were mostly preventive in nature and focussed on communicable diseases (n = 19; 56%) and maternal and child health (n = 6; 18%). Cost-effectiveness ratios varied widely from cost-saving to more than US $37 313 per life saved depending on the setting, perspectives, types of interventions and disease conditions. While the overall quality of included studies was judged as moderate (meeting 69% of CHEERS checklist), only four out of 27 cost-effectiveness studies characterized heterogeneity. There is a need for building local technical capacity to enhance the design, conduct and reporting of health economic evaluations in Ethiopia.

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Bean, Jeffrey K. "Evaluation methods for low-cost particulate matter sensors." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 11 (November 25, 2021): 7369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7369-2021.

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Abstract. Understanding and improving the quality of data generated from low-cost sensors represent a crucial step in using these sensors to fill gaps in air quality measurement and understanding. This paper shows results from a 10-month-long campaign that included side-by-side measurements and comparison between reference instruments approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and low-cost particulate matter sensors in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. At this rural site in the Midwestern United States the instruments typically encountered only low (under 20 µg m−3) concentrations of particulate matter; however, higher concentrations (50–400 µg m−3) were observed on 3 different days during what were likely agricultural burning events. This study focused on methods for understanding and improving data quality for low-cost particulate matter sensors. The data offered insights on how averaging time, choice of reference instrument, and the observation of higher pollutant concentrations can all impact performance indicators (R2 and root mean square error) for an evaluation. The influence of these factors should be considered when comparing one sensor to another or when determining whether a sensor can produce data that fit a specific need. Though R2 and root mean square error remain the dominant metrics in sensor evaluations, an alternative approach using a prediction interval may offer more consistency between evaluations and a more direct interpretation of sensor data following an evaluation. Ongoing quality assurance for sensor data is needed to ensure that data continue to meet expectations. Observations of trends in linear regression parameters and sensor bias were used to analyze calibration and other quality assurance techniques.

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Ofori, S. K., Y. W. Hung, J. S. Schwind, K. Diallo, D. Babatunde, S. O. Nwaobi, X. Hua, et al. "Economic evaluations of interventions against influenza at workplaces: systematic review." Occupational Medicine 72, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqab163.

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Abstract Background The burden of influenza is mostly felt by employees and employers because of increased absenteeism rates, loss of productivity and associated direct costs. Even though interventions against influenza among working adults are effective, patronage and compliance to these measures especially vaccination are low compared to other risk groups. Aims This study was aimed to assess evidence of economic evaluations of interventions against influenza virus infection among workers or in the workplace setting. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) reporting guideline for systematic reviews was followed. Three databases, PubMed, Web of Science and EconLit, were searched using keywords to identify relevant articles from inception till 25 October 2020. Original peer-reviewed papers that conducted economic evaluations of influenza interventions using cost–benefit, cost–effectiveness or cost–utility analysis methods focused on working-age adults or work settings were eligible for inclusion. Two independent teams of co-authors extracted and synthesized data from identified studies. Results Twenty-four articles were included: 21 were cost–benefit analyses and 3 examined cost–effectiveness analyses. Two papers also presented additional cost–utility analysis. Most of the studies were pharmaceutical interventions (n = 23) primarily focused on vaccination programs while one study was a non-pharmaceutical intervention examining the benefit of paid sick leave. All but two studies reported that interventions against influenza virus infection at the workplace were cost-saving and cost-effective regardless of the analytic approach. Conclusions Further cost–effectiveness research in non-pharmaceutical interventions against influenza in workplace settings is warranted. There is a need to develop standardized methods for reporting economic evaluation methods to ensure comparability and applicability of future research findings.

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Buhaug, Harald. "Problems and Prospects in the Economic Evaluation of Antenatal Care." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 8, S1 (January 1992): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300012903.

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AbstractEconomic evaluations can be used to compare alternative antenatal care programs in terms of cost and outcome. The cost of routine antenatal care is small compared to the total cost associated with pregnancy and childbirth. The main problem in economic evaluations is related to outcome measurement.

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Caserotti, Marta, Enrico Rubaltelli, and Paul Slovic. "How decision context changes the balance between cost and benefit increasing charitable donations." Judgment and Decision Making 14, no. 2 (March 2019): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500003429.

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AbstractRecent research on charitable donations shows that donors evaluate both the impact of helping and its cost. We asked whether these evaluations were affected by the context of alternative charitable causes. We found that presenting two donation appeals in joint evaluation, as compared to separate evaluation, increased the perceived benefit of the cause ranked as more important (Study 1), and decreased its perceived cost, regardless of the relative actual costs (Study 2). Finally, we try to reconcile an explanation based on perceived cost and benefit with previous work on charitable donations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cost evaluations'

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