Journal articles: 'Cost efficient powder'

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Pannitz, Oliver, and Jan T. Sehrt. "Transferability of Process Parameters in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processes for an Energy and Cost Efficient Manufacturing." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041565.

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In the past decade, the sales of metal additive manufacturing systems have increased intensely. In particular, PBF-LB/M systems (powder bed fusion of metals using a laser-based system) represent a technology of great industrial interest, in which metallic powders are molten and solidified layer upon layer by a focused laser beam. This leads to a simultaneous increase in demand for metallic powder materials. Due to adjusted process parameters of PBF-LB/M systems, the powder is usually procured by the system’s manufacturer. The requirement and freedom to process different feedstocks in a reproducible quality and the economic and ecological factors involved are reasons to have a closer look at the differences between the quality of the provided metallic powders. Besides, different feedstock materials require different energy inputs, allowing a sustainable process control to be established. In this work, powder quality of stainless steel 1.4404 and the effects during the processing of metallic powders that are nominally the same were analyzed and the influence on the build process followed by the final part quality was investigated. Thus, a correlation between morphology, particle size distribution, absorptivity, flowability, and densification depending on process parameters was demonstrated. Optimized exposure parameters to ensure a more sustainable and energy and cost-efficient manufacturing process were determined.

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Barnes, John E., William Peter, and Craig A. Blue. "Evaluation of Low Cost Titanium Alloy Products." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.165.

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Titanium has extremely attractive properties for air vehicles ranging from excellent corrosion resistance to good compatibility with graphite reinforced composites and very good damage tolerance characteristics. At current Buy to Fly ratios, the F-35 Program will consume as much as seven million pounds of titanium a year at rate production. This figure is nearly double that of the F-22 Program, which has a much higher titanium content. Lockheed Martin has initiated “Project Black Ti” to reduce the cost of titanium parts by reducing the titanium consumption but not the quantity of titanium parts. Ultimately, we want to reduce the inherent waste in the current processing of titanium alloy products. The Kroll process, by which most titanium product is made today, is nearly 60 years old. Kroll himself predicted the process would be replaced within 15 years due to inherent inefficiencies – in 1950. Titanium is also mis-characterized as a precious metal, which it is not. It is the ninth most abundant element on the earth’s surface. Aluminum by comparison is the third most abundant but has a much more efficient method to convert it to a usable form. Until the turn of the 20th century, aluminum was considered to be as precious as platinum until the Bayer Process brought prices down from $1200/kg to $0.60/kg. Regarding titanium, one way to improve efficiency and buy less material to make the same parts is via Powder Metallurgy (PM). Until recently, titanium alloy powder was very expensive. However, new methods of producing titanium alloy have been developed which generate powder as an output versus massive ingots, which require multiple melts to achieve homogeneity. With powder, in theory, we should be able to get much closer to net shape and reduce the initial buy and reduce significant machining costs. These low cost titanium powders are becoming commercially available, which has the potential to initiate a paradigm shift in the applications of titanium. PM technologies and the consolidation of these new powders are now economically viable with the potential cost of the new powders running approximately an order of magnitude less than conventional PM grade powders. This paper will present the current status of “Project Black Ti” and its potential impact to the F-35 program.

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Alsaddah, Mohammed, Ashfaq Khan, Kristian Groom, and Kamran Mumtaz. "Use of 450-808 nm diode lasers for efficient energy absorption during powder bed fusion of Ti6Al4V." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 113, no. 9-10 (February 21, 2021): 2461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06774-4.

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AbstractThe additive manufacturing process selective laser melting (SLM) uses a powder bed fusion approach to fully melt layers of powdered metal and create 3D components. Current SLM systems are equipped with either single or multiple (up to four) high-power galvo-scanning infrared fibre laser sources operating at a fixed wavelength of 1064 nm. At this wavelength, a limited laser energy absorption takes place for most metals (e.g. alloys of aluminium have less than 10% absorption and titanium 50-60% absorption). The lower absorption of 1064-nm laser sources requires higher laser powers to compensate for the loss of energy due to reflectivity and fully melt the feedstock material. This makes the use of 1064-nm lasers within current powder bed fusion SLM systems energy inefficient. Further to this, there is limited potential for scale-up of these laser sources within an SLM system architecture due to physical space requirements and high economic cost, placing further limitations on current state-of-the-art SLM productivity. This research investigates the use of low power, highly scalable fibre coupled diode laser sources and the influence of shorter laser wavelengths (450–808 nm) on material absorption and processing efficiency using a diode area melting (DAM) approach. It was found that when processing Ti6Al4V, absorption was 11% higher using 450-nm lasers when compared to using 808-nm lasers and 14% higher than 1064-nm lasers. The maximum powder bed temperature for irradiation at 450 nm and 808 nm was 1920 0C and 1760 0C respectively when using only 3.5 W of laser power. Due to the speed at which the DAM process scans the powder bed, the melt pool cooling rate was much slower (750–1400 0C/s) than traditional SLM (105–106 0C/s). This encouraged the development of β phases within the formed Ti6Al4V component. The low power, low cost, highly compact short wavelength diode laser is viable energy source for future powder bed fusion additive manufacturing systems, with potential for productivity scale-up using a DAM methodology.

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Mehanna, Yasmin A., and Colin R. Crick. "Heat-Treated Micronized Polyethylene Powder for Efficient Oil/Water Separating Filters." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 3160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143160.

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The targeted separation of oil/water mixtures is a rapidly growing field of research, mainly due to contaminated water becoming an increasingly important environmental issue. Superhydrophobic materials are highly suited to this application; however, growing efforts are being devoted to developing applicable technologies within a range of research communities. The optimal technical solution is one that combines a high separation efficiency with a straightforward fabrication procedure at a low cost. In this report, micronized polyethylene powder has been utilized as a low-cost hydrophobic material to manufacture easy-to-fabricate filters. The effect of heating and solvent addition on the water repellence behaviour has been investigated, according to which the optimum fabrication conditions were determined. The filters show high water repellence (WCA = 154°) and efficient oil/water separation (~99%). The filters are designed to provide a readily achievable approach for the separation of oils (hydrophobic solvents) from water in a range of potential applications.

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Wen, Haiming, Yaojun Lin, David N. Seidman, Julie M. Schoenung, Isabella J. van Rooyen, and Enrique J. Lavernia. "An Efficient and Cost-Effective Method for Preparing Transmission Electron Microscopy Samples from Powders." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 5 (September 9, 2015): 1184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615014695.

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AbstractThe preparation of transmission electron microcopy (TEM) samples from powders with particle sizes larger than ~100 nm poses a challenge. The existing methods are complicated and expensive, or have a low probability of success. Herein, we report a modified methodology for preparation of TEM samples from powders, which is efficient, cost-effective, and easy to perform. This method involves mixing powders with an epoxy on a piece of weighing paper, curing the powder–epoxy mixture to form a bulk material, grinding the bulk to obtain a thin foil, punching TEM discs from the foil, dimpling the discs, and ion milling the dimpled discs to electron transparency. Compared with the well established and robust grinding–dimpling–ion-milling method for TEM sample preparation for bulk materials, our modified approach for preparing TEM samples from powders only requires two additional simple steps. In this article, step-by-step procedures for our methodology are described in detail, and important strategies to ensure success are elucidated. Our methodology has been applied successfully for preparing TEM samples with large thin areas and high quality for many different mechanically milled metallic powders.

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Jaouabi, Nesrine, Wala Medfai, Marouan Khalifa, Rabia Benabderrahmane Zaghouani, and Hatem Ezzaouia. "Low-cost thermo-chemical process of TiO₂ powder purification: study of iterative gettering effect." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 96, no. 2 (November 2021): 20901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2021210144.

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The titanium dioxide (TiO2) purity is very important for the TiO2-based applications making essential the impurities density reduction. In this study, we propose an efficient purification process of TiO2 powder in order to reduce impurities. The low-cost proposed approach is based on an iterative gettering (IG) process combining three main steps: (1) a porous TiO2 sacrificial layer formation (p-TiO2), (2) a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of p-TiO2 powder in an infrared oven at 950 °C under air permitting the residual impurities diffusion to the porous layer surface and (3) etching in acid solution to remove the porous layer. Effect of the proposed gettering process on purification efficiency was evaluated by different characterization techniques such as the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), the UV–Visible-NIR spectroscopy, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The obtained results showed the efficient removal of metal impurities, such as Cu, Al, P, and Fe confirming the efficiency of the process improving the purity from 89% to 99.96%.

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Fedina, Tatiana, Jesper Sundqvist, and Alexander F. H. Kaplan. "The use of non-spherical powder particles in Laser Powder Bed Fusion." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1135, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1135/1/012018.

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Abstract Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) generally involves the use of near-spherical powders due to their smooth morphology and enhanced flowability that allow for easier powder layering and laser processing. Non-spherical powders, on the other hand, are more cost-efficient to manufacture, however, the underlying mechanisms of their movement and interparticle interaction on the powder bed are still unclear. Thus, this study reports on the use of irregular iron-based powder material in LPBF, with a specific focus on particle motion and interaction behavior on the powder bed. The powder morphology, sphericity and particle size were analysed using X-ray computed microtomography and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the acquired data and by using a simplified analytical calculation, the influence of the particle shape/size on the particle movement in LPBF was established. High-speed imaging was employed to investigate the particle flow dynamics in the process zone, as well as the powder entrainment phenomenon. Particle entrainment and entrainment distances along the scanning direction were measured for near-spherical and non-spherical powders. The obtained results were compared between the powders, revealing a dissimilar particle transfer behavior. Non-spherical powder had a shorter entrainment distance partly attributed to the weaker drag force acting on these particles.

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HERNÁNDEZ, A., R. MUÑOZ, S. VENTURA, W. BUSCHER, and R. CHRISTOPH. "STUDY OF LOW COST MATERIALS FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOLAR SEAWATER DESALINATION." Periódico Tchê Química 15, no. 29 (January 20, 2018): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n29.2018.300_periodico29_pgs_300_308.pdf.

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Highly efficient water evaporation under solar illumination is of key importance for the performance of seawater desalination stills. Thermal vapor generation efficiency increases markedly through thermal insulation of the irradiated water surface layers from the underlying bulk water. Recent studies have shown that the use of nanomaterials with plasmonic surface properties lead to additional thermal efficiency boosts. We present experimental results of in situ water evaporation experiments performed under normal ambient conditions. The use of floating sandwich-layered structures (SLS), can increment water evaporation rates of up to 43% when compared to the rates obtained for plain water surfaces with an underlying light-exposed bulk. The importance of water transport to the light-exposed SLS surface, and hence the SLS design is crucial, as we demonstrate with an additional set of experiments. Evaporation efficiency increases when water impregnated powder layers of strong light absorbers are present at the illuminated SLS surface. Comparative results obtained with wet powder layers of graphite and igneous rock compounds show that, under same experimental conditions, the water evaporation rate can be boosted by as much as 470% compared to bare water surfaces.

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Santecchia, Eleonora, Stefano Spigarelli, and Marcello Cabibbo. "Material Reuse in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Side Effects of the Laser—Metal Powder Interaction." Metals 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030341.

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Metal additive manufacturing is changing the way in which engineers and designers model the production of three-dimensional (3D) objects, with rapid growth seen in recent years. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is the most used metal additive manufacturing technique, and it is based on the efficient interaction between a high-energy laser and a metal powder feedstock. To make LPBF more cost-efficient and environmentally friendly, it is of paramount importance to recycle (reuse) the unfused powder from a build job. However, since the laser–powder interaction involves complex physics phenomena and generates by-products which might affect the integrity of the feedstock and the final build part, a better understanding of the overall process should be attained. The present review paper is focused on the clarification of the interaction between laser and metal powder, with a strong focus on its side effects.

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Guevara-Lora, Ibeth, Norbert Wronski, Anna Bialas, Honorata Osip, and Cezary Czosnek. "Efficient Adsorption of Chromium Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Plant-Derived Silica." Molecules 27, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 4171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134171.

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Nowadays, there is great interest in the use of plant waste to obtain materials for environmental protection. In this study, silica powders were prepared with a simple and low-cost procedure from biomass materials such as horsetail and common reed, as well as wheat and rye straws. The starting biomass materials were leached in a boiling HCl solution. After washing and drying, the samples were incinerated at 700 °C for 1 h in air. The organic components of the samples were burned leaving final white powders. These powders were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and low-temperature nitrogen sorption. The amorphous powders (biosilica) contained mainly SiO2, as indicated by FTIR analysis. Horsetail-derived silica was chosen for testing the removal of dichromate ions from water solutions. This biosilica had a good ability to adsorb Cr(VI) ions, which increased after modification of the powder with the dodecylamine surfactant. It can be concluded that the applied procedure allowed obtaining high purity biosilica from plant waste with good efficiency. The produced biosilica was helpful in removing chromium ions and showed low cytotoxicity to human endothelial cells, suggesting that it can be safely used in environmental remediation.

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Bruce, Ralph W., Arne W. Fliflet, Hugo E. Huey, Chad Stephenson, and M. Ashraf Imam. "Microwave Sintering and Melting of Titanium Powder for Low-Cost Processing." Key Engineering Materials 436 (May 2010): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.436.131.

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The emerging reduction technologies for titanium from ore produce powder instead of sponge. Conventional methods for sintering and melting of titanium powder are costly, as they are energy intensive and require high vacuum, 10-6 Torr or better, since titanium acts as a getter for oxygen at high temperature, adversely affecting mechanical properties. Other melting processes such as plasma arcs have the additional problem of electrode consumption, and direct induction heating of the titanium powder is problematic. Microwave sintering or melting in an atmospheric pressure argon gas environment is potentially cost effective and energy efficient due to the possibility of direct microwave heating of the titanium powder augmented by hybrid heating in a ceramic casket. We are investigating this approach at the Naval Research Laboratory using an S–Band microwave system. The experimental setup and the results of melting and sintering experiments will be described including a rough estimate of energy usage.

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Lin, Lin, Han, Wu, and Chang. "An Automatic Chinese Medicine Dispensing Machine Using Shelf-Based Mechanism." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 23, 2019): 5060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235060.

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Chinese medicine is a time-honored and deeply valued medical skill in the Chinese community. Although currently the scientific Chinese medicine powder is prevalent, its varieties are numerous and have similar appearance, color, and odor, resulting in difficulties in being distinguished. Moreover, dosages are still weighed and mixed manually, rather than being automated; therefore, the workload for each Chinese medicine pharmacist is heavy, leading to it being easy for the wrong medicine to be administered due to human negligence. An innovative shelf-based automatic powder dispensing machine is therefore presented in this paper in order to promote the quality and efficiency of powder dispensing. This machine consists of linear guide mechanisms, weighing mechanisms, retractable mechanisms, gallipot base discharge mechanisms, and a lifting platform mechanism, and offers several innovative or important features that are beneficial to Chinese medicine. It can automatically and accurately dispense different powders in the correct weights, reducing the possibility of human error. Each gallipot is equipped with one low-cost gallipot base, which can be controlled by the weighing mechanism to discharge powder with the desired weight. Powder cross-contamination among different gallipots can also be avoided. Stepping motors are used in the presented machine for easy control, low cost, and durability. A parabolic type of S mode speed control for stepping motor is implemented, providing faster and more stable moving speed and accuracy than the traditional trapezoidal mode. Hardware and software are integrated and tested. The error of the weighed powder is reduced to +/−0.2 g. The dispensing process is very efficient, the moving speed of the weighing mechanism reaches 23.89 cm/s, and the discharge speed is up to 0.22 g/s. The system is indeed able to improve the accuracy and efficiency of powder dispensing for Chinese medicine.

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Prihandana, Gunawan Setia, Ahmad Sururi, Tutik Sriani, Farazila Yusof, Mohd Fadzil Jamaludin, and Muslim Mahardika. "Facile fabrication of low-cost activated carbon bonded polyethersulfone membrane for efficient bacteria and turbidity removal." Water Practice and Technology 17, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2021.116.

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Abstract The current research aimed to fabricate a cost-effective activated carbon disc for bacteria and turbidity removal in contaminated water using polyethersulfone membrane solution as a bonding agent. The mixing compatibility and bonding stability of the blend activated carbon disc were studied with a bonding strength test. The morphology of activated carbon discs was studied by a microscope. The activated carbon discs had a thick dense layer between the powder. Activated carbon discs significantly removed the total coliforms populations (99%) when evaluated against river water whilst removal by the powder was only up to 90%. The turbidity removal efficiency for the activated carbon increased from 29%-79% with the utilization of the membrane as the bonding agent in forming the disc. However, the pH of water treated by the activated carbon powder and disc did not change significantly, yet it lay within the pH range of safe drinking water (6.5–7.7). It revealed the important role of PES membranes for the activated carbon discs to improve coliform and turbidity removal in the water, ensuring the quality of water resources.

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Dwan Pramadani Hidayat, Dwita Frisdinawati, and Mira Yanuarti. "ANALISIS USAHA KOPI BUBUK CAP AA DI KELURAHAN SIDOREJO KECAMATAN CURUP TENGAH, KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG." JURNAL RISET RUMPUN ILMU TANAMAN 1, no. 1 (August 11, 2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jurrit.v1i1.208.

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Research on Business Analysis of Cap AA Powdered Coffee in Sidorejo Village, Central Curup District, Rejang Lebong Regency aims to find out how much the production cost of Cap AA ground coffee in Sidorejo Village, Central Curup District, Rejang Lebong Regency, how much revenue and income is obtained and whether the business is The production of Cap AA ground coffee in Sidorejo Village, Central Curup District, Rejang Lebong Regency is efficient. This research was conducted in May 2021 – June 2021 in the Cap Cangkir AA ground coffee industry in Sidorejo Village, Central Curup District, Rejang Lebong Regency. The data analysis method used is cost analysis, revenue, income, R/C Ratio. The cost incurred in the AA stamped coffee powder business is Rp. 29,677,373/month or Rp. 1,978,492/ production. The total revenue from the Cap AA Coffee Powder business is Rp. 37,200,000 per month or an average of Rp. 2.480,000 per production, during the study period with a total operating income of Rp. 7,522,622 per month or an average of Rp. 501,508 per production. The results of the calculation of the R/C Ratio analysis show that the R/C ratio is 1.25. This means that each expenditure of Rp. 1.00 it will generate income of Rp. 1.25. Based on the R/C ratio value obtained with a value of more than 1, it can be said that Mr. Seno's AA powder coffee business is efficient and profitable.

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Srinivasa, G. R., K. Abiraj, and D. Channe Gowda. "Polymer-Supported Formate and Magnesium: An Efficient Transfer Hydrogenation System for the Facile Reduction of Azo Compounds." Journal of Chemical Research 2005, no. 2 (February 2005): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/0308234054497236.

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A mild and efficient method was developed for the chemo-selective reduction of azo compounds to the corresponding amine/s using recyclable polymer-supported formate as hydrogen donor in the presence of low cost magnesium powder at room temperature.

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Wang, Ka, Hai Zeng Song, Wei Lan Guo, and Shan Cheng Yan. "Preparation of Porous CoS₂ Nanostructures for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.643.

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In response to global energy and environmental issues, development of efficient and robust earth-abundant electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction is particularly meaningful. In this study, a facile hydrothermal method is developed to synthesize porous CoS2 nanostructures by using sulfur powder and thiourea as sulfur sources on carbon cloths for highly efficient hydrogen evolution reactions. The huge load of CoS2 on carbon cloth，their unique porous nanostructures equiped CoS2 nanomaterials with excellent electrocatalytic properties. The remarkable HER catalytic performance was achieved with -67 mV at a current density -10 mA cm-2 and the Tafel slope 62 mV dec-1 in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. The overpotential of HER only lost 2 mV after 1000 cycles with remarkable stability. I think this work opens up a low cost and scalable route to fabricate transition metal-based materials for application in electrocatalysis.

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Liu, Yan-Zhen, Cheng-Meng Chen, Yong-Feng Li, Xiao-Ming Li, Qing-Qiang Kong, and Mao-Zhang Wang. "Crumpled reduced graphene oxide by flame-induced reduction of graphite oxide for supercapacitive energy storage." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 16 (2014): 5730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta15082h.

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Reduced graphene oxide powder was prepared by a flame-induced reduction method with the assist of flammable polar solvents. The new method is simple, efficient, energy saving, low-cost and scalable. As-prepared reduced graphene oxide displays excellent supercapacitive performance.

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Chukka, Naga Dheeraj Kumar Reddy, P. Gomathi Nagajothi, L. Natrayan, Yeddula Bharath Simha Reddy, Dhinakaran Veeman, Pravin P. Patil, and Subash Thanappan. "Investigation on Efficient Removal of Fluoride from Ground Water Using Activated Carbon Adsorbents." Adsorption Science & Technology 2022 (May 9, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7948069.

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Groundwater seems to be the most significant natural source of potable water for millions of individuals. Fluoride pollution in groundwater is a big problem in Tamil Nadu’s Dharmapuri area. According to a survey done in a school in the Dharmapuri area, dental and skeletal fluoroses afflict almost 75% of school kids. There is no proven or recommended cost-effective strategy for lowering fluoride levels in the home. This study proposes cost-effective and efficient natural treatment approaches for lowering fluoride levels. In this experiment, fluorides in groundwater are eliminated to a suitable extent utilizing natural adsorbents. Neem stem charcoal (activated carbon), neem leaves powder, dry coconut husk, coconut shell charcoal (activated carbon), and rice husk powder are natural adsorbents. The adsorbents were utilized at different concentrations until the best concentration was found. The ideal concentration removes the bulk of fluoride from groundwater and delivers adequate treatment. People could adopt this cost-effective procedure because just a few components are enough. As per the Bureau of Indian Standards, the concentration should not exceed 1.5 ppm, and it should not be lesser than 1 ppm; keeping this in mind, the neem stem charcoal which has higher efficiency in removing fluoride can be used in extensive environments, but in this selected place, it reduces the concentration even below 1 ppm, which relays below the standard level. As a result, adopting these procedures helps prevent dental and skeletal fluoroses, which is common among young people.

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Mangabhai, Damien, Kerem Araci, M. Kamal Akhtar, Nigel A. Stone, and Delphine Cantin. "Processing of Titanium Powder into Consolidated Parts & Sheet." Key Engineering Materials 551 (May 2013): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.551.57.

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The processing of titanium powder has been presumed to have potential to reduce the cost of final parts. The non-melt routes to efficient powder processing require consistent flow, adequate tap density and minimal pick-up of interstitial contaminants. The powder produced by the continuous sodium reduction of titanium tetrachloride has a coral-like morphology and low tap density. In order to achieve the potential of low cost parts, the powder will need to be modified to match the optimum feed conditions of the particular processing technique. The approaches to control interstitial pick-up will be discussed in the context of manufacturing technology: contribution of raw materials (10%), passivation (60%) and densification (30%). A comparison of densification with a change of milling fluid media (argon to water will be made with the unexpected decrease in oxygen pick-up when using water). Powder spheroidization via gas atomization of Armstrong Process® powder will be discussed. The product forms where the advantages of using powder can be exploited have to be carefully selected. Sheet is one such form: the results of using titanium powder to directly make titanium sheet will be presented.

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Shoji Aota, Leonardo, Priyanshu Bajaj, Hugo Ricardo Zschommler Sandim, and Eric Aimé Jägle. "Laser Powder-Bed Fusion as an Alloy Development Tool: Parameter Selection for In-Situ Alloying Using Elemental Powders." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 3922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13183922.

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The design of advanced alloys specifically tailored to additive manufacturing processes is a research field that is attracting ever-increasing attention. Laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) commonly uses pre-alloyed, fine powders (diameter usually 15–45 µm) to produce fully dense metallic parts. The availability of such fine, pre-alloyed powders reduces the iteration speed of alloy development for LPBF and renders it quite costly. Here, we overcome these drawbacks by performing in-situ alloying in LPBF starting with pure elemental powder mixtures avoiding the use of costly pre-alloyed powders. Pure iron, chromium, and nickel powder mixtures were used to perform in-situ alloying to manufacture 304 L stainless steel cube-shaped samples. Process parameters including scanning speed, laser power, beam diameter, and layer thickness were varied aiming at obtaining a chemically homogeneous alloy. The scientific questions focused on in this work are: which process parameters are required for producing such samples (in part already known in the state of the art), and why are these parameters conducive to homogeneity? Analytical modelling of the melt pool geometry and temperature field suggests that the residence time in the liquid state is the most important parameter controlling the chemical homogeneity of the parts. Results show that in-situ alloying can be successfully employed to enable faster and cost-efficient rapid alloy development.

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Qiu, Ke, Feng Luo, Dong Fang Zhao, Zhong Lei Li, and Jin Peng Sun. "Study of New Atomization Mechanism for Manufacturing Metal Powder." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.502.

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The paper introduces a new atomization mechanism combining the centrifugal, the oscillating and the impact breakage atomization as a trinity, breaking through the traditional single atomization model. The atomization mechanism here makes full use of the comprehensive effects of the centrifugal atomization, the oscillating atomization and the impact breakage atomization, synthesizing the superiorities of the three as an organic and powerfully efficient whole, and making their mutual reactions stronger step by step. The impact breakage atomization is a new auxiliary mechanism among the three, which can improve the atomizing process of droplets considerably after the centrifugal and the oscillating atomization, producing much better an atomizing result. It is very convenient, simple and direct to fulfill the three-in-one. This atomization mechanism can achieve the goal of even atomization and much tinier droplets and be energy-efficient with low cost as well. Therefore it is a highly practical and useful method.

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Sunmola, T. A., C. D. Tuleun, K. T. Orayaga, and T. Ahemen. "Dietary potency of sun-dried turmeric powder on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and cost analysis of starter broiler chicks." Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2022.322.

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The present study was carried out to assess the dietary potency of sun-dried turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder on the performance of the broiler chicks. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) day old abor acre plus chicks were randomly allocated to four (4) dietary treatments each with three replicates of ten (10) chicks. Four experimental diets were formulated in such a way that the control diet (T1) did not contain turmeric powder whereas birds in T2, T3 and T4 fed diets contained 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30% turmeric powder respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 28 days and parameters on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and cost analysis were evaluated. Proximate analysis showed that turmeric powder possesses some nutrients which make it nutritionally viable as a feed additive in the broiler chick diet. There were no significant differences among all the growth performance parameters evaluated across the dietary treatments. Broiler chicks fed 0.30% turmeric recorded numerically best value in terms of body weight and feed conversion ratio compared to other treatments including control. No significant difference was observed in nutrient utilization across the treatment groups. Turmeric powder resulted in efficient feed cost reduction, and among the treatments, the diet with 0.30 % of turmeric powder provides a better economic advantage in terms of feed cost per weight gain. It is concluded that supplementation of turmeric powder up to 0.30% as feed additives in broiler chicks’ diet had no negative impact on growth performance, nutrient utilization and production cost of the abor acre plus breed of chicks.

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Darvishi, Atefeh, Maryam Kazemi Miraki, Marzban Arefi, and Akbar Heydari. "Oxidative amidation by Cu(ii)–guanidine acetic acid immobilized on magnetized sawdust with eggshell as a natural base." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 27 (2020): 11777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj00835d.

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Copper(ii)–guanidine acetic acid complex was immobilized on the surface of magnetized raw waste sawdust (SD) as an abundant natural biopolymer and employed as an efficient and recoverable catalyst in oxidative amidation reaction, while waste eggshell (ES) powder was used as a low-cost solid base.

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Xie, Zhangyu, Zhaoqi Song, Jie Zhao, Ying Li, Xingke Cai, Dongqing Liu, Jun Shen, and Panagiotis Tsiakaras. "CuZr Metal Glass Powder as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions." Catalysts 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111378.

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For the practical application of water electrolysis, it is essential to develop cost-effective and high efficiency electrocatalysts for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evaluation reaction (OER). In this work, we applied CuZr metallic glass powder, after chemical dealloying treatment, as electrocatalysts. The as-prepared sample had both the increased specific area and optimized surface composition of an efficient catalyst. During the HER and OER processes, the dealloyed CuZr sample displayed overpotential of 195 mV and 310 mV at current density of 10 mA cm−2, respectively. A two-electrode water splitting cell, using the as-prepared CuZr sample, exhibited high stability towards a high current density of 500 mA cm−2, and lower overpotential, compared to a Pt/C//IrO2 cell, during the 10 mA cm−2 constant current density aging test.

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Pimentel, P. M., M. F. Ginani, Antonio Eduardo Martinelli, D. M. A. Melo, A. M. Garrido Pedrosa, and M. A. F. Melo. "Combustion Synthesis of Cu_1-xNi_xCr₂O₄ Spinel for Catalytic Applications." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.663.

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Transition-metal spinels are efficient catalysts in a number of heterogeneous processes, such as CO oxidation, catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons and oxychlorination of methane. The properties of catalytic materials are highly dependent on the synthesis route. Spinels are often produced at high temperatures by the calcination of precursors such as powder mixtures, slurries or resins. Combustion synthesis is a cost-efficient method used to produce homogeneous and fine particles with high reproducibility. Cu0.8Ni0.2Cr2O4 spinel was obtained by the combustion of metallic nitrates using urea as fuel. The resulting powders were calcinated at different temperatures and characterized by thermogravimetric and particle size analyses, X ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of urea on the control of the process and particle morphology was investigated. The results revealed the formation of porous powders with increasing crystallinity as the calcination temperature increased. Crystallization of spinel started at 700 oC.

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El maguana, Y., N. Elhadiri, M. Benchanaa, and R. Chikri. "Adsorption Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Methyl Orange onto Sugar Scum Powder as a Low-Cost Inorganic Adsorbent." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (June 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9165874.

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In the present study, batch adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the removal of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solution using sugar scum powder as an effective inorganic adsorbent which is a cheap precursor and abundant. The characteristics of this material were determined using XRD, SEM/EDX, and FTIR. The adsorption performance of sugar scum powder was evaluated using MO as the model adsorbate. Effects of various parameters such as initial dye concentration, contact time, and adsorbent dose were studied. The adsorption process can be best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. Maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for MO removal was found to be 15.24 mg/g at temperature 22°C and pH 7.2. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption of MO onto sugar scum powder was a spontaneous and exothermic process. The results demonstrated that sugar scum is a suitable precursor for the preparation of efficient adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater.

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Chandran, Thamaraiselvi, Sofiavizhimalar Asaithambi, Nandhini Senthilkumar, Vasanthy Muthunarayanan, Ravichandran Subramanian, and Boselin S. R. Prabhu. "Cost Effective and Natural Plant Based Coagulant for Removal of Chloride from Potable Water." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 4 (February 25, 2020): 871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22478.

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In present study, water quality was assessed by collecting ten water samples in and around Tiruppur city of India. The physico-chemical characterisation of the water samples were analyzed using standard protocols. The samples with higher chloride content (3106 mg/L) was found in Ganapathy Palayam sample, the value was higher than the BIS prescribed limit. The sample was subjected to treatment with various dosages of the phyto coagulating agent Tamarindus indica L. seed powder and its polysaccharide. The maximum 51 % of chloride reduction was obtained with 0.3 g of seed polysaccharide, and it was taken as optimum dosage. The raw seed removed 47 % of chloride by the dosage 0.4 g. The seed powder was characterized by GC-MS and FT-IR analysis. The GC-MS chromatogram showed the presence of various phytocompounds such as lupanine, cyclopropane octanoic acid, ascorbic acid, octadecanoic acid in the plants. The functional groups found in the seed powder were characterized by FTIR analysis. The evaluated results confirmed the contamination of potable water in Tiruppur city by the dyeing industries located near the water sources. The present work concluded that tamarind seed coagulants are efficient, eco-friendly, low-cost and easily available material, which could be used for the treatment of potable water.

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Marques, Mônica Lau da Silva, Jéssica Maria Israel de Jesus, Wanderson Moreira dos Santos, Jeferson Wendling Graciano Silva, Adriana Lau da Silva Martins, and Valter Santos Marques. "AGRONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FERTILIZERS BASED ON HUMUS, ROCK POWDER, AND MINERALS ON SOYBEAN YIELD IN PARAGUAY-PY." JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 7, no. 3 (September 9, 2020): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v7i3.4364.

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Soybean is the most commercially cultivated crop in Paraguay, and obtaining high yields requires the application of large amounts of fertilizers, raising the cost of production. Developing strategies for the efficient use of applied nutrients is necessary. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of combinations of mineral fertilizers with organic matter and rock powder in the development, nutrition, and yield of soybean. The experiment was carried out in Hernandarias, Paraguay, in the 2016-2017 harvest. The different fertilizers influenced the absorption of Zn, Mg and K, and grain yield. Among the treatments, the highlight was the agronomic efficiency index obtained by the replacement of 30% of mineral fertilizer by humus, presenting grain yield of 3219, 67 kg ha-1. However, it was equal to the mixing 30% of humus + rock powder with 70% of NPK formulation 04:40:10 with grain yield of 3206.50 kg ha-1, and the mixing 20% of humus + rock powder with 80% of NPK formulation 04:40:10 with grain yield of 3165.17 kg ha-1. Thus, it is recommended to use rock powder and humus in soybean production in Paraguay, especially in Latossolos (Oxisols) that have little organic matter and low CTC.

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Abiraj, Keelara, Gejjalagere R. Srinivasa, and D. Channe Gowda. "Simple and Efficient Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds Using Recyclable Polymer-Supported Formate and Magnesium." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 2 (2005): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch04220.

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Aromatic nitro compounds were chemoselectively reduced to the corresponding amines using recyclable polymer-supported formate as a hydrogen donor in the presence of low-cost magnesium powder at room temperature. Use of the immobilized hydrogen donor affords the product amine in excellent yield (90–97%) without the need for any chromatographic purification steps. This method was found to be highly facile with selectivity over several other functional groups, such as halogen, alkene, nitrile, carbonyl, ester, amide, methoxy, phenol, and hydroxyl groups.

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Tang, Yufang, Qiang Zhou, Yuemei Zhao, and Yongzhen Peng. "Efficient removal of methyl violet from aqueous solution by a low-cost adsorbent—C. camphora fallen leaves powder." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 38, no. 8 (September 2, 2016): 1135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2016.1225262.

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31

Wang, Shicheng, Wei Gao, Kangkai Hu, Zhengyi Li, Weining He, Hongying Yu, and Dongbai Sun. "Effect of Powder Particle Size and Shape on Appearance and Performance of Titanium Coatings Prepared on Mild Steel by Plasma Cladding." Coatings 12, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081149.

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The preparation of Ti coatings on mild steel can both effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the substrate and reduce the application cost of Ti, which is an effective measure to improve the service performance of mild steel in the marine environment. Plasma cladding technology is an efficient method for preparing metal coatings, and the type of powder is a key process parameter for coating preparation. In this work, high-performance Ti coatings are prepared on the surface of mild steel by plasma cladding technology, and the effects of different particle sizes and shapes of Ti powders on the surface morphology, microstructure and properties of the coatings are studied. The results show that powder particle size and sphericity are the key factors affecting the morphology, structure and service performance of Ti coatings. After 1000 h of salt spray test, the spherical powder cladding coatings only suffer slight corrosion, while the irregular shape powder coating is more severely corroded. Powder cladding with moderate powder particle size and good sphericity have a smoother coating and fewer defects. Ti powders with different particle sizes and shapes all have the diffusion of Fe element during the cladding process. The surface of Ti coating prepared by spherical powder are dominated by α-Ti and Fe0.2Ti0.8 phases, while the surface of Ti coating prepared by irregular shape powder is dominated by FeTi and Ti2Fe. The interface between the coating and the substrate shows metallurgical bonding, and the increase in Ti-Fe brittle phase will deteriorate the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the coating. The shear strength of coatings prepared from spherical Ti powders of 75–150 μm can reach 105.18 MPa, the corrosion potential is the most positive (−0.2206 V), and the self-corrosion current density is the lowest (6.220 × 10−8 A/cm2).

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Koduru, Janardhan Reddy, Yoon-Young Chang, Jae-Kyu Yang, and Im-Soon Kim. "Iron Oxide ImpregnatedMorus albaL. Fruit Peel for Biosorption of Co(II): Biosorption Properties and Mechanism." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/917146.

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Biosorption is an ecofriendly wastewater treatment technique with high efficiency and low operating cost involving simple process for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. In the present investigation,Morus albaL. fruit peel powder (MAFP) and iron oxide impregnatedMorus albaL. fruit peel powder (IO-MAFP) were prepared and used for treating Co(II) contaminated aqueous solutions. Further the materials were characterized by using FTIR and SEM-EDX analysis. From FT-IR analysis it was found that hydroxyl, methoxy, and carbonyl groups are responsible for Co(II) biosorption. The kinetic data obtained for both biosorbents was well fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium data was in tune with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The thermodynamic studies were also carried and it was observed that sorption process was endothermic at 298–328 K. These studies demonstrated that both biosorbents were promising, efficient, economic, and biodegradable sorbents.

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A, Selvam, Sheik Muhideen Badhusha M, Rajula Jasmine Usha J, Muthuchudarkodia R.R, and Ramesh Kumar S. "Bio synthesis and characterization of Cobalt oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 7, no. 6S (December 30, 2022): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2022.v07.i06.sp013.

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Recently the green synthesis of nanoparticles involving plant extract has attracted the attention of researchers. In this work we present an environmentally friendly, one step, ultra-fast, cost-efficient method for producing cobalt oxide nanoparticles using readily available Moringa Oleifera (Drumstick) extracts as reducing and capping agent. The bio-reduced cobalt nanoparticles were appropriately characterized. The cobalt oxide nanoparticles are characterized by UV-DRS, IR, powder XRD, SEM and EDX. To characterize the crystal phase identification of the nanoparticle, X-ray Powder Diffraction (Powder XRD) is used. Surface morphology was studied by SEM and EDX to determine the amount of cobalt present. The unique physicochemical characteristics of Cobalt oxide are believed to have increased medical applications when synthesized via environmentally benign methods free of toxic byproducts.

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Li, Wei, and Kang Sun. "A New Technology of Producing Fe-TiC Powder by Mechanical Activation-Reductive Diffusion." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1813.

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A lower-temperature and cost-efficient way is developed to produce Fe-TiC powders. Fe-TiC is produced by means of mechanical activation -reductive diffusion with ilmenite and graphite. The feasibility of this method and the kinetics of the carbothermic reduction are studied with both natural ilmenite and synthetic ilmenite, respectively. The result approved that Fe-TiC powder could be produced by this new technique; moreover, the particles were prominently diminished in size and activated after ball milling. No obvious reactions were detected when ball milling time was less than 8h by EPMA and XRD; however, the mixed powder of Fe and TiC was obtained after annealing for different time intervals. The kinetic study showed that the apparent activation energy of the reductive reaction decreased gradually with milling time due to mechanical activation, but this effect weakened after ball milling for 6h. As ascertained experimentally, the optimum ball milling time was between 4h and 6h.

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Ter Maat, Johan, Claudia Cristea, and Ovidiu Cojocaru. "Current Trends in the Application of Powder Injection Moulding." Materials Science Forum 672 (January 2011): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.672.12.

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Powder Injection Moulding (PIM) is a fast-growing manufacturing method, providing a cost efficient production route to complicated steel parts in highly stressed mechanical applications, but also to polished steel and ceramic parts fulfilling the most stringent aesthetical demands of design-dominated consumer products. The marriage between the two technologies plastic injection moulding and powder sintering is providing a valuable synergy, leading to a very efficient production of high density sintered steel and ceramic parts with a complex geometry. Reliable sources for PIM granulate; the use of standard injection moulding machines and the availability of mature furnace technology have each contributed to the credibility of in particular the Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) technology and have enabled in recent years the launch of mobile phone and automotive mass productions. While typical MIM parts in mobile phones are small and weigh around 1 g, the number of parts required is impressive and may reach several millions of parts per month. MIM parts in engineering applications, including automotive, are typically 5 - 50 g and have the advantage of long-lasting production runs, in some cases already approaching 10 years. Ceramic Injection Moulding (CIM) is not yet in the same stage of development as MIM due to the niche character of ceramic materials. Complex ceramic parts are not yet very common, but are also starting to appear in all segments.

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Singh, Satnam, Dheeraj Gupta, and Vivek Jain. "Microwave melting and processing of metal–ceramic composite castings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, no. 7 (September 1, 2016): 1235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405416666900.

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Applications of metal–ceramic composites are increasing in advanced materials field; however, efficient utilization of these materials depends on the cost involved in processing and structure–properties correlations. Processing of materials through microwave energy has already been accepted as a well-established route for many materials. In this work, composites of nickel-based metallic powder (matrix) and SiC powder (reinforcement) were successfully casted by microwave heating. The mechanism for the development of composite castings using microwaves is discussed with proper illustrations. The results of microstructure analysis of the developed cast revealed that uniform equiaxed grain growth with uniform dispersion of reinforcement. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that during microwave heating some metallurgical changes took place, which led to higher microhardness of cast. Micowave processed casting revealed lower defects (~1.75% porosity) and average Vickers microhardness of 920 ± 208 HV. This work reports the successful applications of microwaves in manufacturing, in the form of melting and casting of metallic powders.

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37

Mamai, Wadaka, Nanwintoum Sévérin Bimbilé Somda, Hamidou Maiga, Anna Konczal, Thomas Wallner, Mame Thierno Bakhoum, Hanano Yamada, and Jérémy Bouyer. "Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae powder as a larval diet ingredient for mass-rearing Aedes mosquitoes." Parasite 26 (2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019059.

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The mass production of mosquitoes is becoming more wide-spread due to the increased application of the sterile insect technique (SIT) and other genetic control programmes. Due to the variable availability and high cost of the bovine liver powder (BLP) constituent of many current larval diets, there is an urgent demand for new ingredients in order to support sustainable and efficient mosquito production while reducing rearing cost, without affecting the quality of the insects produced. Two black soldier fly (BSF) powder-based diet formulations (50% tuna meal, 35% BSF powder, 15% brewer’s yeast and 50% tuna meal + 50% BSF powder) were tested for their suitability to support the development of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in mass-rearing conditions. Overall, the results indicate that the use of the BSF powder did not negatively impact the development and quality of the produced insects in terms of time to pupation, adult production and male flight ability. Furthermore, depending on the species and diet formulations, there were improvements in some parameters such as female body size, egg production, egg hatch rate and male longevity. BSF powder is a valuable ingredient that can effectively replace costly BLP for the mass production of high quality Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Both diet formulations can be used for Ae. aegypti showing high plasticity to nutrition sources. However, for Ae. albopictus we recommend the combination including brewer’s yeast.

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Xie, Hui Jun, Wei Tan, Jian Zhang, and Hong Bin Niu. "Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution onto Peracetic Acid-Modified Loosestrife Powder - A New Adsorbent." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.691.

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Modified loosestrife powder (MLP), as a new adsorbent, was prepared from dry loosestrife powder by oxidization treatment using peracetic acid with tetrahydrate manganese acetate as catalyst. IR spectra analysis and Boehm titration method were employed to explore MLP’ surface acidic functional groups. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution by MLP. Equilibrium experimental data were better represented by Freundlich isotherm using linear methods. Thermodynamic parameters such as G, H and S were also calculated. The results showed that the adsorption of MB onto MLP was efficient and could serve as a promising low-cost adsorbent.

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Doux, Adrien, and Vincent Philippe. "Thermomechanical modeling of IN718 alloy directed energy deposition process." MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930401023.

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Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes have a great potential to be used as cost-effective and efficient repairing and re-manufacturing processes for aerospace components such as turbine blades and landing gears. The AMOS project intends to connect repair and re-manufacturing strategies with design through accurate DED process simulation and novel multi-disciplinary design optimisation (MDO) methods. The ultimate goal is to reduce aerospace component weaknesses at design stage and prolong their lifecycles. DED AM processes are multi-physical phenomena involving high laser power melting powder or wire on a substrate. An experimental heat source has been calibrated using a heat transfer analysis of IN718 laser and powder AM on a sample part. Residual stresses and final distortion are also computed using thermal field and the evolving part distortion at each increment. Multiple hypotheses have been considered model the molten pool creation on the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ).

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Zhang, Jian Wei, Min Jie Zhu, and Li Wei Zhang. "Research on the Disposal for Fly Ash Weak Foundation by Spraying Powder Pile." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3785.

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This paper studies the technical application of the disposal for FA(fly ash) weak foundation of these abandoned fly ash pool by the construction technology of spraying powder pile, so that, not only these abandoned fly ash pool will be used effectively as soon as possible, but also the surrounding environmental pollution will be improved well. The construction technology of reinforcement weak foundation is efficient, low cost and no pollution. In order to argue it, this paper will discuss the mechanism and feasibility of the construction technology based on first phase project of Xinmei car limited liability company.

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Tatin, Arnaud, Clément Comminges, Boniface Kokoh, Cyrille Costentin, Marc Robert, and Jean-Michel Savéant. "Efficient electrolyzer for CO2 splitting in neutral water using earth-abundant materials." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 20 (May 2, 2016): 5526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604628113.

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Low-cost, efficient CO2-to-CO+O2 electrochemical splitting is a key step for liquid-fuel production for renewable energy storage and use of CO2 as a feedstock for chemicals. Heterogeneous catalysts for cathodic CO2-to-CO associated with an O2-evolving anodic reaction in high-energy-efficiency cells are not yet available. An iron porphyrin immobilized into a conductive Nafion/carbon powder layer is a stable cathode producing CO in pH neutral water with 90% faradaic efficiency. It is coupled with a water oxidation phosphate cobalt oxide anode in a home-made electrolyzer by means of a Nafion membrane. Current densities of approximately 1 mA/cm2 over 30-h electrolysis are achieved at a 2.5-V cell voltage, splitting CO2 and H2O into CO and O2 with a 50% energy efficiency. Remarkably, CO2 reduction outweighs the concurrent water reduction. The setup does not prevent high-efficiency proton transport through the Nafion membrane separator: The ohmic drop loss is only 0.1 V and the pH remains stable. These results demonstrate the possibility to set up an efficient, low-voltage, electrochemical cell that converts CO2 into CO and O2 by associating a cathodic-supported molecular catalyst based on an abundant transition metal with a cheap, easy-to-prepare anodic catalyst oxidizing water into O2.

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Kása, Zsolt, Eszter Orbán, Zsolt Pap, Imre Ábrahám, Klára Magyari, Seema Garg, and Klara Hernadi. "Innovative and Cost-Efficient BiOI Immobilization Technique on Ceramic Paper—Total Coverage and High Photocatalytic Activity." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10101959.

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In the present work, visible light active bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) was immobilized on a commercial, non-conductive support (an Al2O3 based ceramic paper) using a novel two-step spray coating technique and investigated with different characterization methods (e.g., SEM, Raman, XPS). Our main goal was to eliminate the separation costs after the photocatalytic measurement and investigate the chemical relevance and opportunity to use this technique in the industry. Our as-prepared uniform BiOI layer had similar properties to the well-known reference BiOI powder. The Raman and XPS measurements confirmed that the enriched amount of the surface iodine defined the color and as well the band gap of the BiOI layer. The durable BiOI layers have prominent photocatalytic activity under UV and visible light irradiation as well. The scale-up procedure proved that the designed BiOI coated paper was reusable and potentially applicable in the industry by straightforward scale-up, which is due to the elaborated non-conventional BiOI coverage estimation method. This immobilization technique could open several opportunities for immobilizing many other visible light active photocatalysts with simple materials and low cost.

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Vimal Kumar, M., T. S. Gokul Raja, N. Selvakumar, and K. Jeyasubramanaian. "Synthesis and characterization of NiO-ZnO nanocomposite by a cost efficient self-combustion technique." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 79, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1500.

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Purpose: In this research work the nickel oxide incorporated zinc oxide nano compositewith various level of percentage such as (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) were synthesized usingcombustion processes. Fuel used for the combustion process is hexamine in this work.Oxidizing agents taken were the nitrates of zinc and nickel. These precursor nitrates wereheated with hexamine fuel to undergo combustion process.Design/methodology/approach: After combustion the particles were collected and heattreated to maintain the purity of the samples. XRD results were in well accordance withthe JCPDS data and the average crystalline sizes were in the range of 10~20 nm. UV-VISabsorbance results confirm the band gap in the visible region. With increase in concentrationof NiO in the composite red shifted from 320 nm to 374 nm. FTIR supports the presenceof Zn-O and Ni-O bonds by the characteristic vibrational peaks at 432 cm-1 and 470 cm-1respectively. PL spectrum studies results in the redshift of ZnO peaks from 380 nm to 400 nmwith addition of Ni2+ ions inside the lattice. SEM and AFM studies reveals the morphologicaland topographical visualizations of the nanocomposite powders.Findings: In this research work, the authors had successfully synthesized Nickelsubstituted Zinc oxide by following simple combustion method followed by annealing. XRDanalysis clearly evidences the formation of ZnO in the hexagonal wurtzite structure with anaverage crystallite size of 15 nm to 18 nm. An increase in Nickel peaks in between the Zincoxide peaks were observed with increase in the nickel concentration in the composition.Practical implications: We conclude that combustion technique is suitable to fabricateNickel incorporated Zinc oxide particles with high purity. This powder can be used intransparent conducting thin flims for OLED applications.

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Hwang, Seon-Min, Ji-Won Hong, Yong-Ho Park, and Dong-Won Lee. "Synthesis of Tantalum Carbide Using Purified Hexane by Titanium Powder." Materials 15, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 7510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217510.

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Hexane is a safe, efficient, and cost-effective alternative to other commercial hydrocarbons for gaseous carburization; however, commercial hexane is not sufficiently pure. Titanium powder can remove oxygen-containing impurities from commercial hexane; however, research on the use of titanium powder remains limited. We investigated the purification of hexane using titanium, copper, and aluminum powders and used the purified hexane for the gaseous carburization of tantalum. Ti exhibited lower activation energy for oxidation (1.55 kJ/mol) than Cu (91.09 kJ/mol) and Al (150.25 kJ/mol) and a significantly higher oxidation rate (0.0269 g/h) in hexane at room temperature than Cu (0.0018 g/h) and Al (0.0001 g/h). The carbon content in tantalum carburized using the purified hexane was comparable to that carburized using unpurified hexane (approximately 6.22%); however, its oxygen content was significantly lower (1.39%), which indicates that the produced tantalum carbide has a higher purity. X-ray diffraction results revealed that the oxidation products of tantalum, such as Ta2O, TaO2, Ta0.8O2, and Ta2O5, were absent in the sample carburized using the purified hexane. Therefore, Ti powder can effectively remove oxygen-containing impurities from commercial hexane and facilitate its use as an effective carburizing medium for the synthesis of high-purity tantalum carbide.

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XUE, F., and J. MA. "CONSTITUTIVE MODELING FOR NANOCERAMIC MATERIALS SINTERING." International Journal of Nanoscience 05, no. 04n05 (August 2006): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x06004875.

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Ultra fine-grained ceramic components, which can be obtained by sintering nanosized ceramic powder, provide excellent mechanical properties for engineering applications. To facilitate the cost efficient fabrication of such components, a full understanding on the sintering of nanosized ceramic materials is most helpful. In this paper, a constitutive model with density and grain size as coupling state variables was developed to study the pressureless sintering of 3Y-TZP nanosized powder. The sintering mechanism and several essential sintering parameters predicted by the model are consistent with our experimental observation. It was found that interface reaction mechanism is dominant during the densification process, and the model was also proved to provide reliable prediction on densification and grain growth.

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Ranjan, Rajit, Can Ayas, Matthijs Langelaar, and Fred van Keulen. "Fast Detection of Heat Accumulation in Powder Bed Fusion Using Computationally Efficient Thermal Models." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 4576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204576.

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The powder bed fusion (PBF) process is a type of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique which enables fabrication of highly complex geometries with unprecedented design freedom. However, PBF still suffers from manufacturing constraints which, if overlooked, can cause various types of defects in the final part. One such constraint is the local accumulation of heat which leads to surface defects such as melt ball and dross formation. Moreover, slow cooling rates due to local heat accumulation can adversely affect resulting microstructures. In this paper, first a layer-by-layer PBF thermal process model, well established in the literature, is used to predict zones of local heat accumulation in a given part geometry. However, due to the transient nature of the analysis and the continuously growing domain size, the associated computational cost is high which prohibits part-scale applications. Therefore, to reduce the overall computational burden, various simplifications and their associated effects on the accuracy of detecting overheating are analyzed. In this context, three novel physics-based simplifications are introduced motivated by the analytical solution of the one-dimensional heat equation. It is shown that these novel simplifications provide unprecedented computational benefits while still allowing correct prediction of the zones of heat accumulation. The most far-reaching simplification uses the steady-state thermal response of the part for predicting its heat accumulation behavior with a speedup of 600 times as compared to a conventional analysis. The proposed simplified thermal models are capable of fast detection of problematic part features. This allows for quick design evaluations and opens up the possibility of integrating simplified models with design optimization algorithms.

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Yinghua, Tian, Liu Xiaolan, Zheng Xiqun, and Wang Lu. "Production of efficient enzymes for flax retting by solid state fermentation with Aspergillus niger." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 26, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-04-2013-0035.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the optimum culture condition of flax-retting enzyme, and applying the enzyme liquors to retting. In addition to research the structure of flax stem in enzyme retting using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Design/methodology/approach – The influence of cultural parameters such as moisture level, temperature, incubation time and inoculum size were evaluated with respect to polygalacturonase and xylanase yield. The structure of flax stem was revealed by SEM. Findings – The flax was retted by dilute enzyme liquors (polygalacturonase/25 U/ml, xylanase/1 U/ml), and 24-h retting period was obtained. The SEM studies revealed the removal of a large amount of non-cellulosic gummy material of flax stem in enzyme retting. Originality/value – First, flax-retting enzyme containing higher-yield polygalacturonase, lower-yield xylanase and no cellulose was yielded by SSF. Second, the composition of enzyme could meet flax retting and no damage cellulosic fibre. Finally, only low-cost wheat bran, citrus peel powder and mineral salt were employed in substrate, which could reduce the overall cost of enzyme production and flax retting.

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Zhou, Renjie, Gui Chen, Yuejun Ouyang, Hairui Ni, Nonglin Zhou, and Bailin Xiang. "A Type of MOF-Derived Porous Carbon with Low Cost as an Efficient Catalyst for Phenol Hydroxylation." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (October 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7978324.

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Using MOF-5 as a template, the porous carbon (MDPC-600) possessing high specific surface area was obtained after carbonization and acid washing. After MDPC-600 was loaded with Cu ions, the catalyst Cu/MDPC-600 was acquired by heat treatment under nitrogen atmosphere. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), N2 physical adsorption (BET), field emission electron microscope (SEM), energy spectrum, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the Cu/MDPC-600 catalyst prepared by using MOF-5 as the template has a very high specific surface area, and Cu is uniformly supported on the carrier. The catalytic hydrogen peroxide oxidation reaction of phenol hydroxylation was investigated and exhibits better catalytic activity and stability in the phenol hydroxylation reaction. The catalytic effect was best when the reaction temperature was 80°C, the reaction time was 2 h, and the amount of catalyst was 0.05 g. The conversion rate of phenol was 47.6%; the yield and selectivity of catechol were 37.8% and 79.4%, respectively. The activity of the catalyst changes little after three cycles of use.

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Jin, Xin, Li Jian Zhang, Chun Yan Wu, Yan Zhang, Guo Shun Jiang, Wei Feng Liu, and Chang Fei Zhu. "A Novel Strategy for Preparation of Cu₂(M^II)(M^IV)S₄ Thin Films for Solar Cell: Sulfurization of Mixed Metal Oxides Precursor Synthesized by Combustion Method." Advanced Materials Research 1142 (January 2017): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1142.93.

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In this study, a novel strategy for preparation of Cu2(MII)(MIV)S4 thin films was creatively proposed. Three light absorption materials Cu2MnSnS4, Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnGeS4 were successfully synthesized based on combustion method. It was found that the combustion synthesized powder is mainly consist of several metal oxides. The band gap energy of Cu2MnSnS4, Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnGeS4 are determined to be 1.3 eV, 1.49 eV and 2.15 eV, respectively, showing a promising application on thin film solar cells. According to our experiment results, the combustion method was confirmed to be an efficient tool to synthesize various Cu-based absorber materials by using a post-sulfurization process, which provides a new view for fabrication of high-efficient low-cost photovoltaics.

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Sjukriana, Juke, and Muhammad Falaq. "Transform the Paradigm of Conventional to Advanced Cooking Process." Global Research on Tourism Development and Advancement 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21632/garuda.4.1.73-83.

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Hotel Salak The Heritage, a four star hotel in Bogor, has conducted the research for developing and producing spice powder in cooperation with PT AGFI which already exists in Sundanese food industry. The spice powder is produced by using stable pressure, low temperature drying process (50-60°C) and intensive quality controls, which result in low water content and hygienically excellent product, as it is free from bacterial filth and other impurities. Since this product only consists of natural ingredients, it gives a standard flavoring effect and no unwanted colors to the end food product. Hotel Salak has made some experiments on the effectiveness of cooking process using spice powder, one of the examples is Beef Rendang, and saves cooking and preparation time up to 16.7% and saves cost up to 9.36 %. This is expected to change the paradigm of conventional to more effective, efficient and clean cooking process.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cost efficient powder'

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