Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cost efficient powder

Academic literature on the topic 'Cost efficient powder'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cost efficient powder"

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Pannitz, Oliver, and Jan T. Sehrt. "Transferability of Process Parameters in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processes for an Energy and Cost Efficient Manufacturing." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041565.

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In the past decade, the sales of metal additive manufacturing systems have increased intensely. In particular, PBF-LB/M systems (powder bed fusion of metals using a laser-based system) represent a technology of great industrial interest, in which metallic powders are molten and solidified layer upon layer by a focused laser beam. This leads to a simultaneous increase in demand for metallic powder materials. Due to adjusted process parameters of PBF-LB/M systems, the powder is usually procured by the system’s manufacturer. The requirement and freedom to process different feedstocks in a reproducible quality and the economic and ecological factors involved are reasons to have a closer look at the differences between the quality of the provided metallic powders. Besides, different feedstock materials require different energy inputs, allowing a sustainable process control to be established. In this work, powder quality of stainless steel 1.4404 and the effects during the processing of metallic powders that are nominally the same were analyzed and the influence on the build process followed by the final part quality was investigated. Thus, a correlation between morphology, particle size distribution, absorptivity, flowability, and densification depending on process parameters was demonstrated. Optimized exposure parameters to ensure a more sustainable and energy and cost-efficient manufacturing process were determined.
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Barnes, John E., William Peter, and Craig A. Blue. "Evaluation of Low Cost Titanium Alloy Products." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.165.

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Titanium has extremely attractive properties for air vehicles ranging from excellent corrosion resistance to good compatibility with graphite reinforced composites and very good damage tolerance characteristics. At current Buy to Fly ratios, the F-35 Program will consume as much as seven million pounds of titanium a year at rate production. This figure is nearly double that of the F-22 Program, which has a much higher titanium content. Lockheed Martin has initiated “Project Black Ti” to reduce the cost of titanium parts by reducing the titanium consumption but not the quantity of titanium parts. Ultimately, we want to reduce the inherent waste in the current processing of titanium alloy products. The Kroll process, by which most titanium product is made today, is nearly 60 years old. Kroll himself predicted the process would be replaced within 15 years due to inherent inefficiencies – in 1950. Titanium is also mis-characterized as a precious metal, which it is not. It is the ninth most abundant element on the earth’s surface. Aluminum by comparison is the third most abundant but has a much more efficient method to convert it to a usable form. Until the turn of the 20th century, aluminum was considered to be as precious as platinum until the Bayer Process brought prices down from $1200/kg to $0.60/kg. Regarding titanium, one way to improve efficiency and buy less material to make the same parts is via Powder Metallurgy (PM). Until recently, titanium alloy powder was very expensive. However, new methods of producing titanium alloy have been developed which generate powder as an output versus massive ingots, which require multiple melts to achieve homogeneity. With powder, in theory, we should be able to get much closer to net shape and reduce the initial buy and reduce significant machining costs. These low cost titanium powders are becoming commercially available, which has the potential to initiate a paradigm shift in the applications of titanium. PM technologies and the consolidation of these new powders are now economically viable with the potential cost of the new powders running approximately an order of magnitude less than conventional PM grade powders. This paper will present the current status of “Project Black Ti” and its potential impact to the F-35 program.
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Alsaddah, Mohammed, Ashfaq Khan, Kristian Groom, and Kamran Mumtaz. "Use of 450-808 nm diode lasers for efficient energy absorption during powder bed fusion of Ti6Al4V." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 113, no. 9-10 (February 21, 2021): 2461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06774-4.

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AbstractThe additive manufacturing process selective laser melting (SLM) uses a powder bed fusion approach to fully melt layers of powdered metal and create 3D components. Current SLM systems are equipped with either single or multiple (up to four) high-power galvo-scanning infrared fibre laser sources operating at a fixed wavelength of 1064 nm. At this wavelength, a limited laser energy absorption takes place for most metals (e.g. alloys of aluminium have less than 10% absorption and titanium 50-60% absorption). The lower absorption of 1064-nm laser sources requires higher laser powers to compensate for the loss of energy due to reflectivity and fully melt the feedstock material. This makes the use of 1064-nm lasers within current powder bed fusion SLM systems energy inefficient. Further to this, there is limited potential for scale-up of these laser sources within an SLM system architecture due to physical space requirements and high economic cost, placing further limitations on current state-of-the-art SLM productivity. This research investigates the use of low power, highly scalable fibre coupled diode laser sources and the influence of shorter laser wavelengths (450–808 nm) on material absorption and processing efficiency using a diode area melting (DAM) approach. It was found that when processing Ti6Al4V, absorption was 11% higher using 450-nm lasers when compared to using 808-nm lasers and 14% higher than 1064-nm lasers. The maximum powder bed temperature for irradiation at 450 nm and 808 nm was 1920 0C and 1760 0C respectively when using only 3.5 W of laser power. Due to the speed at which the DAM process scans the powder bed, the melt pool cooling rate was much slower (750–1400 0C/s) than traditional SLM (105–106 0C/s). This encouraged the development of β phases within the formed Ti6Al4V component. The low power, low cost, highly compact short wavelength diode laser is viable energy source for future powder bed fusion additive manufacturing systems, with potential for productivity scale-up using a DAM methodology.
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Mehanna, Yasmin A., and Colin R. Crick. "Heat-Treated Micronized Polyethylene Powder for Efficient Oil/Water Separating Filters." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 3160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143160.

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The targeted separation of oil/water mixtures is a rapidly growing field of research, mainly due to contaminated water becoming an increasingly important environmental issue. Superhydrophobic materials are highly suited to this application; however, growing efforts are being devoted to developing applicable technologies within a range of research communities. The optimal technical solution is one that combines a high separation efficiency with a straightforward fabrication procedure at a low cost. In this report, micronized polyethylene powder has been utilized as a low-cost hydrophobic material to manufacture easy-to-fabricate filters. The effect of heating and solvent addition on the water repellence behaviour has been investigated, according to which the optimum fabrication conditions were determined. The filters show high water repellence (WCA = 154°) and efficient oil/water separation (~99%). The filters are designed to provide a readily achievable approach for the separation of oils (hydrophobic solvents) from water in a range of potential applications.
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Wen, Haiming, Yaojun Lin, David N. Seidman, Julie M. Schoenung, Isabella J. van Rooyen, and Enrique J. Lavernia. "An Efficient and Cost-Effective Method for Preparing Transmission Electron Microscopy Samples from Powders." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 5 (September 9, 2015): 1184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615014695.

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AbstractThe preparation of transmission electron microcopy (TEM) samples from powders with particle sizes larger than ~100 nm poses a challenge. The existing methods are complicated and expensive, or have a low probability of success. Herein, we report a modified methodology for preparation of TEM samples from powders, which is efficient, cost-effective, and easy to perform. This method involves mixing powders with an epoxy on a piece of weighing paper, curing the powder–epoxy mixture to form a bulk material, grinding the bulk to obtain a thin foil, punching TEM discs from the foil, dimpling the discs, and ion milling the dimpled discs to electron transparency. Compared with the well established and robust grinding–dimpling–ion-milling method for TEM sample preparation for bulk materials, our modified approach for preparing TEM samples from powders only requires two additional simple steps. In this article, step-by-step procedures for our methodology are described in detail, and important strategies to ensure success are elucidated. Our methodology has been applied successfully for preparing TEM samples with large thin areas and high quality for many different mechanically milled metallic powders.
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Jaouabi, Nesrine, Wala Medfai, Marouan Khalifa, Rabia Benabderrahmane Zaghouani, and Hatem Ezzaouia. "Low-cost thermo-chemical process of TiO2 powder purification: study of iterative gettering effect." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 96, no. 2 (November 2021): 20901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2021210144.

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The titanium dioxide (TiO2) purity is very important for the TiO2-based applications making essential the impurities density reduction. In this study, we propose an efficient purification process of TiO2 powder in order to reduce impurities. The low-cost proposed approach is based on an iterative gettering (IG) process combining three main steps: (1) a porous TiO2 sacrificial layer formation (p-TiO2), (2) a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of p-TiO2 powder in an infrared oven at 950 °C under air permitting the residual impurities diffusion to the porous layer surface and (3) etching in acid solution to remove the porous layer. Effect of the proposed gettering process on purification efficiency was evaluated by different characterization techniques such as the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), the UV–Visible-NIR spectroscopy, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The obtained results showed the efficient removal of metal impurities, such as Cu, Al, P, and Fe confirming the efficiency of the process improving the purity from 89% to 99.96%.
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Fedina, Tatiana, Jesper Sundqvist, and Alexander F. H. Kaplan. "The use of non-spherical powder particles in Laser Powder Bed Fusion." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1135, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1135/1/012018.

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Abstract Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) generally involves the use of near-spherical powders due to their smooth morphology and enhanced flowability that allow for easier powder layering and laser processing. Non-spherical powders, on the other hand, are more cost-efficient to manufacture, however, the underlying mechanisms of their movement and interparticle interaction on the powder bed are still unclear. Thus, this study reports on the use of irregular iron-based powder material in LPBF, with a specific focus on particle motion and interaction behavior on the powder bed. The powder morphology, sphericity and particle size were analysed using X-ray computed microtomography and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the acquired data and by using a simplified analytical calculation, the influence of the particle shape/size on the particle movement in LPBF was established. High-speed imaging was employed to investigate the particle flow dynamics in the process zone, as well as the powder entrainment phenomenon. Particle entrainment and entrainment distances along the scanning direction were measured for near-spherical and non-spherical powders. The obtained results were compared between the powders, revealing a dissimilar particle transfer behavior. Non-spherical powder had a shorter entrainment distance partly attributed to the weaker drag force acting on these particles.
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HERNÁNDEZ, A., R. MUÑOZ, S. VENTURA, W. BUSCHER, and R. CHRISTOPH. "STUDY OF LOW COST MATERIALS FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOLAR SEAWATER DESALINATION." Periódico Tchê Química 15, no. 29 (January 20, 2018): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n29.2018.300_periodico29_pgs_300_308.pdf.

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Highly efficient water evaporation under solar illumination is of key importance for the performance of seawater desalination stills. Thermal vapor generation efficiency increases markedly through thermal insulation of the irradiated water surface layers from the underlying bulk water. Recent studies have shown that the use of nanomaterials with plasmonic surface properties lead to additional thermal efficiency boosts. We present experimental results of in situ water evaporation experiments performed under normal ambient conditions. The use of floating sandwich-layered structures (SLS), can increment water evaporation rates of up to 43% when compared to the rates obtained for plain water surfaces with an underlying light-exposed bulk. The importance of water transport to the light-exposed SLS surface, and hence the SLS design is crucial, as we demonstrate with an additional set of experiments. Evaporation efficiency increases when water impregnated powder layers of strong light absorbers are present at the illuminated SLS surface. Comparative results obtained with wet powder layers of graphite and igneous rock compounds show that, under same experimental conditions, the water evaporation rate can be boosted by as much as 470% compared to bare water surfaces.
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Santecchia, Eleonora, Stefano Spigarelli, and Marcello Cabibbo. "Material Reuse in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Side Effects of the Laser—Metal Powder Interaction." Metals 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030341.

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Metal additive manufacturing is changing the way in which engineers and designers model the production of three-dimensional (3D) objects, with rapid growth seen in recent years. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is the most used metal additive manufacturing technique, and it is based on the efficient interaction between a high-energy laser and a metal powder feedstock. To make LPBF more cost-efficient and environmentally friendly, it is of paramount importance to recycle (reuse) the unfused powder from a build job. However, since the laser–powder interaction involves complex physics phenomena and generates by-products which might affect the integrity of the feedstock and the final build part, a better understanding of the overall process should be attained. The present review paper is focused on the clarification of the interaction between laser and metal powder, with a strong focus on its side effects.
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Guevara-Lora, Ibeth, Norbert Wronski, Anna Bialas, Honorata Osip, and Cezary Czosnek. "Efficient Adsorption of Chromium Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Plant-Derived Silica." Molecules 27, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 4171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134171.

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Nowadays, there is great interest in the use of plant waste to obtain materials for environmental protection. In this study, silica powders were prepared with a simple and low-cost procedure from biomass materials such as horsetail and common reed, as well as wheat and rye straws. The starting biomass materials were leached in a boiling HCl solution. After washing and drying, the samples were incinerated at 700 °C for 1 h in air. The organic components of the samples were burned leaving final white powders. These powders were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and low-temperature nitrogen sorption. The amorphous powders (biosilica) contained mainly SiO2, as indicated by FTIR analysis. Horsetail-derived silica was chosen for testing the removal of dichromate ions from water solutions. This biosilica had a good ability to adsorb Cr(VI) ions, which increased after modification of the powder with the dodecylamine surfactant. It can be concluded that the applied procedure allowed obtaining high purity biosilica from plant waste with good efficiency. The produced biosilica was helpful in removing chromium ions and showed low cytotoxicity to human endothelial cells, suggesting that it can be safely used in environmental remediation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cost efficient powder"

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Hasan, MD Nazmul. "Distributed power electronics for extended efficiency and lifetime of utility-scale photovoltaic systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667562.

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Aquesta tesi es centra en la mitigació dels desequilibris deguts a l'envelliment dels sistemes fotovoltaics. La degradació de la corrent de curtcircuit s'ha considerat com el principal factor que afecta la producció d'energia de sistemes fotovoltaics a causa de l'envelliment. Encara que, en el passat, s'ha detectat la dispersió en corrent de curtcircuit actual i màxima, es va subestimar la pèrdua d'energia deguda a la dispersió. A més, la dispersió dels paràmetres de voltatge-corrent a nivell de mòdul s'ha considerat per a la mitigació dels desequilibris a nivell de submòdul, mentre que la potència recuperable a nivell de submòdul pot ser superior a la que s'ha estimat. Per tal de verificar el compliment de les dades del nivell del submòdul a les dades del nivell del mòdul, en aquesta investigació, s'han realitzat mesures a nivell de submòdul. Es mostra que l'estimació de pèrdua d'energia a causa de l'envelliment basat en dades de dispersió a nivell de mòdul, s'ha infravalorat i considerant que la millora de l'energia en temps de vida a nivell de submòdul és possible fins a un 4-6%. Per tal de mitigar el desequilibri per envelliment en el sistema fotovoltaic, es proposa un convertidor de guany d'unitat, bidireccional i aïllat de baixa potència. Es presenta el procediment de disseny i realització experimental del convertidor i del seu esquema de control. El transformador d'alta freqüència proporciona l'aïllament galvànic entre primària i secundària. A més, els inductors ressonants s'han integrat en el transformador, cosa que redueix la mida i el cost del convertidor. Els resultats experimentals mostren que les eficiències de transferència de potència superen el 90% per a càrregues entre 1 W i 8 W. Es verifica el rendiment del convertidor per a la mitigació de desajustos. Al laboratori, tres prototips s'han provat en un mòdul fotovoltaic seguint l'enfocament d'arquitectura DPP PV-IP. S'observa que aquests tres convertidors mitiguen les dispersions dels submoduls i proporcionen la màxima potència possible. També es discuteix l'impacte de la mitigació dels desequilibris per envelliment en el cost d'energia (LCOE).
Esta tesis se centra en la mitigación del desajuste debido al envejecimiento en los sistemas fotovoltaicos. La degradación de la corriente de cortocircuito se ha considerado el principal factor que afecta la producción de energía de los sistemas fotovoltaicos debido al envejecimiento. Aunque en el pasado se ha informado la dispersión en la corriente de cortocircuito y la corriente de potencia máxima, se ha subestimado la pérdida de energía debida a la dispersión. Además, se ha considerado la dispersión de los parámetros de voltaje-corriente a nivel de módulo para la mitigación de desajustes a nivel de submódulo, mientras que la potencia recuperable a nivel de submódulo puede ser mayor que la estimada. Para verificar la conformidad de los datos de nivel de submódulo a los datos de nivel de módulo, en esta investigación, las mediciones se han realizado a nivel de submódulo. Se muestra que la estimación de la pérdida de energía debido al envejecimiento basado en el nivel de módulo, los datos de dispersión han sido subestimados y, considerando los datos de desajuste de nivel de submódulos, la mejora de la vida útil de la energía puede ser de hasta 4-6%. Con el fin de mitigar los desequilibrios por envejecimiento en el sistema fotovoltaico, se propone un convertidor de ganancia unitaria,de baja potencia, aislado y bidireccional dc-dc. Se presenta el procedimiento de diseño y realización experimental del convertidor y su esquema de control. El transformador de alta frecuencia proporciona el aislamiento galvánico entre primario y secundario. Además, se han integrado inductores resonantes en el transformador, lo que reduce el tamaño y el coste del convertidor. Los resultados experimentales muestran una eficiencia de transferencia de potencia superior al 90% para cargas entre 1 W y 8 W. Se verifica el rendimiento del convertidor para la mitigación de desajustes. En el laboratorio, se han comprobado tres prototipos conectados con un módulo fotovoltaico siguiendo el enfoque de la arquitectura DPP PV-IP. Se observa que estos tres convertidores mitigan totalmente los desajustes entre los tres submódulos y proporcionan la máxima potencia posible. También se discute el impacto de la mitigación del desajuste por envejecimiento en el coste de la energia.
This thesis focused on mitigation of mismatch due to ageing in PV systems. Degradation of short circuit current has been considered the principle factor that affects the energy production of PV systems due to ageing. Although, dispersion in short circuit current and maximum power current has been reported in the past, the energy loss due to dispersion has been underestimated. Moreover, dispersion of voltage-current parameters at module level have been considered for mismatch mitigation at submodule level whereas the recoverable power at submodule level may higher than that has been estimated. In order verify the accordance of submodule level data to module level data, in this research, measurements have been done at submodule level. It is shown that estimation of energy loss due to ageing based on module level dispersion data has been underrated and considering submodule level mismatch data life time energy improvement an be possible up to 4-6 %. In order to mitigate the ageing mismatch in PV system, a dc-dc bidirectional isolated low power unity gain converter is proposed. Design procedure and experimental realization of the converter is presented. A control scheme that allows bidirectional power flow is also presented. High frequency ferrite ore transformer provides the galvanic isolation between primary and secondary. In addition, resonant inductors have been integrated in the transformer, which reduces the size and cost of the converter. Experimental results show power transfer efficiencies more than 90 % for loads between 1 W to 8 W. The performance of the converter for mismatch mitigation is verified. In the laboratory, three prototype converters are attached with a PV module following the DPP PV-IP architecture approach. It is observed that these three converters an fully mitigate mismatch among three submodules and provide maximum possible power. The impact of mitigation of ageing mismatch on levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is also discussed.
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Kpondjo, Nadia. "Modélisation de la compétitivité industrielle." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100127.

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Cette thèse traite de la notion de compétitivité des unités industrielles par l’indicateur de l’efficience obtenu avec la méthode DEA. L’efficience des alumineries de l’industrie de l’aluminium primaire est analysée sur quatre années distinctes 2005, 2009, 2010 et 2012. Les résultats révèlent que ces unités sont globalement peu efficientes techniquement (inefficience de l’ordre de 1 à 5% selon la technologie utilisée et la région) ; leurs combinaisons productives semblent donc peu optimales. De plus, l’inefficience est davantage prononcée au niveau du coût et de l’allocation de leurs ressources en considérant les prix des inputs différents ou identiques d’une aluminerie à une autre. Tout ceci pourrait expliquer les fermetures enregistrées ces dernières années. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que l’inefficience technique était expliquée par l’impact des variables explicatives âge, taille et le taux de change. Au travers d’un modèle VECM linéaire nous avons montré qu’il existe une relation de long terme entre la performance financière des grands constructeurs automobiles et le prix de l’aluminium allié. Ce résultat étant l’indicatif de l’interdépendance entre ces deux industries
This thesis deals with the concept of competitiveness of industrial units by the efficiency indicator obtained by DEA approach. We use a cross section data over four different years around 2009. The results show that these units are generally technically inefficient (inefficiency of the order of 1 to 5% by technology and region); their productive combination thus seems less than optimal. In addition, the inefficiency is more pronounced in the cost and allocation of resources by considering the inputs prices of an aluminum smelter in another. All this may explain the closures of recent years. We analyze the assessment of how external factors such as exchange rate, vintage and scale affect the smelters efficiency. Through a linear VECM model we have shown a long-term relationship between the financial performance of major car manufacturers and the price of aluminum alloy. This result is indicative of the interdependence between the two industries
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Wang, Ran. "Market power, cost efficiency and pricing strategies of domestic airline industry." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53930.

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This dissertation first develops a theoretical framework to enable the estimation of cost efficiency and conduct parameter without total cost data. By validating this framework using U.S. airline data, this dissertation shows the feasibility of the theoretical framework. Based on the estimates of marginal cost efficiency and conduct parameter, this dissertation also finds some support for the Quiet Life Hypothesis. In Chapter III, this dissertation analyzes the determinants for price dispersion, especially conduct parameter and cost efficiency. Generally speaking, we find negative relationship between conduct parameter and price dispersion and negative relationship between marginal cost efficiency and price dispersion. In Chapter IV, this thesis examines the dynamics that lead to high price dispersion. To be more specific, this thesis concentrates on advanced days purchased and load factor.
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Heng, Hui Yi. "Long-term distribution network pricing and planning to facilitate efficient power distribution." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527519.

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Yu, David Daxiao. "Efficient rate and power allocation in wireline multi-user OFDM systems /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Davila, Vilchis Juana Mariel. "A Study of Power Generation From a Low-cost Hydrokinetic Energy System." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500174/.

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The kinetic energy in river streams, tidal currents, or other artificial water channels has been used as a feasible source of renewable power through different conversion systems. Thus, hydrokinetic energy conversion systems are attracting worldwide interest as another form of distributed alternative energy. Because these systems are still in early stages of development, the basic approaches need significant research. The main challenges are not only to have efficient systems, but also to convert energy more economically so that the cost-benefit analysis drives the growth of this alternative energy form. One way to view this analysis is in terms of the energy conversion efficiency per unit cost. This study presents a detailed assessment of a prototype hydrokinetic energy system along with power output costs. This experimental study was performed using commercial low-cost blades of 20 in diameter inside a tank with water flow speed up to 1.3 m/s. The work was divided into two stages: (a) a fixed-pitch blade configuration, using a radial permanent magnet generator (PMG), and (b) the same hydrokinetic turbine, with a variable-pitch blade and an axial-flux PMG. The results indicate that even though the efficiency of a simple blade configuration is not high, the power coefficient is in the range of other, more complicated designs/prototypes. Additionally, the low manufacturing and operation costs of this system offer an option for low-cost distributed power applications.
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Tombaz, Sibel. "On the Design of Energy Efficient Wireless Access Networks." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-144868.

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Wireless access networks today consume 0.5 percent of the global energy. Rapidly growing demand for new services and ubiqutious connectivity, will further increase the energy consumption. This situation imposes a big challenge for mobile operators not only due to soaring cost of energy, but also increasing concern for global warming and sustainable development. This thesis focuses on the energy efficiency issue at the system level and studies how to incorporate energy-awareness into the design of future wireless access networks. The main contributions have been given in the areas of energy efficiency assessment, architectural and operational solutions, and total cost of investment analysis. The precise evaluation of energy efficiency is the first essential step to determine optimized solutions where metrics and models constitute the two key elements.We show that maximizing energy efficiency is not always equivalent to minimizing energy consumption which is one of the main reasons behind the presented contradictory and disputable conclusions in the literature. Further we indicate that in order to avoid the debatable directions, energy efficient network design problems should be formulated with well defined coverage and capacity requirements. Moreover, we propose novel backhaul power consumption models considering various technology and architectural options relevant for urban and rural environments and show that backhaul will potentially become a bottleneck in future ultra-high capacity wireless access networks. Second, we focus on clean-slate network deployment solutions satisfying different quality of service requirements in a more energy efficient manner. We identify that the ratio between idle- and transmit power dependent power consumption of a base station as well as the network capacity requirement are the two key parameters that affect the energy-optimum design.While results show that macro cellular systems are the most energy efficient solution for moderate average traffic density, Hetnet solutions prevail homogeneous deployment due to their ability to increase the capacity with a relatively lower energy consumption and thus enable significant energy savings in medium and high capacity demand regions. Moreover, we investigate the energy saving potential of short-term energy aware management approach, i.e., cell DTX, taking advantage of low resource utilization in the current networks arising from strict QoS requirements. With the help of developed novel quantitative method, we show that Cell DTX brings striking reduction in energy consumption and further savings are achievable if the networks are designed taking into account the fact that network deployment and operation are closely related. Finally, we develop a general framework for investigating the main cost elements and for evaluating the viability of energy efficient solutions.We first reveal the strong positive impact of spectrum on both energy and infrastructure cost and further indicate that applying sustainable solutions might also bring total cost reduction, but the viability highly depends on unit cost values as well as the indirect cost benefits of energy efficiency. Results obtained in this dissertation might provide guidelines for the network designers to achieve future high-capacity and sustainable wireless access networks.

QC 20140505

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Krygowski, Thomas Wendell. "A novel simultaneous diffusion technology for low-cost, high-efficiency silicon solar cells." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22973.

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Gqwaka, Aviwe Phelele Sebatian. "Efficiency analysis of electricity distribution by South African Municipalities: a cost frontier approach." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10299.

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Efficiency analysis in the public sector assesses the performance of municipal and government entities in their provision of services to the public. South Africa, in particular, has experienced a large degree of negative feedback with respect to the ability of the government and its municipal departments to provide basic services to citizens. This has led to a number of service delivery protests throughout the country. To remedy this, the ability of the municipality to provide basic services needs to be assessed in order for improvements to be made. A first step in this process would be to determine the efficiency with which municipalities are providing these services. This study focuses on a particular municipal service, namely electricity distribution. Primarily, the efficiency with which municipalities provide electricity to consumers is determined. This is achieved using the parametric cost frontier approach, which is appropriate since municipalities aim to reduce the costs incurred in distributing electricity. The municipalities are compared to a frontier (theoretical best practice) from which inferences on their performances can be made. Those municipalities whose performances are not optimal, deviate from the frontier. The deviations (errors) are then assumed to be caused by two factors, namely stochastic random noise and inefficiency. This composition accounts for effects for which municipalities cannot control (stochastic random noise) and those for which it can (inefficiency). The parametric nature of the cost frontier approach allows for distributional assumptions to be made on these factors. Stochastic random noise is always assumed to be normally distributed, while inefficiency is assumed to be one-sided and positively skewed.
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Xu, Hongjie. "Energy-Efficient On-Chip Cache Architectures and Deep Neural Network Accelerators Considering the Cost of Data Movement." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263786.

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付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学卓越大学院プログラム「先端光・電子デバイス創成学」
京都大学
新制・課程博士
博士(情報学)
甲第23325号
情博第761号
京都大学大学院情報学研究科通信情報システム専攻
(主査)教授 小野寺 秀俊, 教授 大木 英司, 教授 佐藤 高史
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Informatics
Kyoto University
DFAM
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Books on the topic "Cost efficient powder"

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. High-efficient low-cost photovoltaics: Recent developments. Berlin: Springer, 2009.

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Bartels, Michael. Cost efficient expansion of district heat networks in Germany. München: Oldenbourg Industrieverlag, 2009.

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Cost efficient expansion of district heat networks in Germany. München: Oldenbourg Industrieverlag, 2009.

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Smart grid: Integrating renewable, distributed & efficient energy. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2012.

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Fraas, Lewis M. Path to affordable solar electric power & the 35% efficient solar cell. [Issaquah, WA]: JX Crystals, 2004.

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Jackson, Jerry. Energy Budgets At Risk (EBAR): A risk management approach to energy purchase and efficiency choices. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

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Byers, Richard C. The cost of energy efficient windows in Washington: Research supported by Bonneville Power Administration under RCDP cycle II. Olympia, WA: Washington State Energy Office, 1989.

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Least-Cost Economic Power Generation in East Central Europe Workshop (1994 Prague, Czech Republic). Proceedings of the Least-Cost Economic Power Generation in East Central Europe Workshop: October 31 - November 1, 1994, Hotel Atrium, Prague, Czech Republic. [Grand Forks, ND]: EERC, 1995.

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Goulder, Lawrence H. Energy taxes: Traditional efficiency effects and environmental implications. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Golling, Christiane. A cost-efficient expansion of renewable energy sources in the European electricity system: An integrated modelling approach with a particular emphasis on diurnal and seasonal patterns. München: Oldenbourg Industrieverlag, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cost efficient powder"

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Fraas, Lewis M. "The Story of the 40 % Efficient Multijunction Solar Cell." In Low-Cost Solar Electric Power, 97–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07530-3_8.

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Williamson, Oliver E. "Efficiency, Power, Authority and Economic Organization." In Transaction Cost Economics and Beyond, 11–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1800-9_2.

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Mauleón, Ignacio. "The Cost of Renewable Power: A Survey of Recent Estimates." In Green Energy and Efficiency, 235–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03632-8_10.

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Santiccioli, Alessio. "Inductorless Frequency Synthesizers for Low-Cost Wireless." In Special Topics in Information Technology, 37–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62476-7_4.

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AbstractThe quest for ubiquitous wireless connectivity, drives an increasing demand for compact and efficient means of frequency generation. Conventional synthesizer options, however, generally trade one requirement for the other, achieving either excellent levels of efficiency by leveraging LC-oscillators, or a very compact area by relying on ring-oscillators. This chapter describes a recently introduced class of inductorless frequency synthesizers, based on the periodic realignment of a ring-oscillator, that have the potential to break this tradeoff. After analyzing their jitter-power product, the conditions that ensure optimum performance are derived and a novel digital-to-time converter range-reduction technique is introduced, to enable low-jitter and low-power fractional-N frequency synthesis. A prototype, which implements the proposed design guidelines and techniques, has been fabricated in 65 nm CMOS. It occupies a core area of 0:0275 mm$$^{2}$$ 2 and covers the 1:6-to-3:0 GHz range, achieving an absolute rms jitter (integrated from 30 kHz-to-30 MHz) of 397 fs at 2:5 mW power. With a corresponding jitter-power figure-of-merit of −244 dB in the fractional-N mode, the prototype outperforms prior state-of-the-art inductorless frequency synthesizers.
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Hong, Gao, Gao Wu, and Lu Guo. "Decision of the Wind Power Projects Based on Cost-Efficient Method." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 463–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35398-7_59.

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Gutierrez-Aguero, Ivan, Yesnier Bravo, Daniel Landa, Oscar Lage, Iñaki Seco, and Aitor Castillo. "Towards Cost-Efficient Management for Power Purchase Agreements Using Blockchain Technology." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 314–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21229-1_29.

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Berkhout, Marco. "Balancing Efficiency, EMI, and Application Cost in Class-D Audio Amplifiers." In Low-Power Analog Techniques, Sensors for Mobile Devices, and Energy Efficient Amplifiers, 315–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97870-3_15.

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Mehmood, Faisal, Muhammad Ameer Hamza, Rasool Bukhsh, Nadeem Javaid, Muhammad Inayat Ullah Imran, Shahzaib Choudri, and Umair Ahmed. "Green Fog: Cost Efficient Real Time Power Management Service for Green Community." In Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems, 142–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50454-0_14.

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Rave, Klaus. "A Regional Strategy for Energy Efficiency — with special reference to the Co-Operation between Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein." In External Environmental Costs of Electric Power, 460–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76712-8_33.

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Kurakawa, Yukihide. "Climate Policy in Power Sector: Feed-in Tariff and Carbon Pricing." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 79–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_5.

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Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the effects of some mainstream policy schemes in the power sector on the reduction of CO2 emissions. The first part of this chapter is the analysis on the effects of promoting generation (fuel) efficiency of fossil-fuel power generation, specifically assuming more efficient coal-fired power plants that recently indicates increased presence in the Japanese power sector. Improvement in generation efficiency of fossil-fuel power plants is expected to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide mainly from a technological aspect. However, overall effects on carbon reduction in the whole industry would be ambiguous since it also depends on market structure. The increased efficiency in generation leads to an improvement in cost conditions of fossil-fuel power producers relative to their rivals. It enables them to expand their generation and market share. Analyzing the Cournot oligopoly model, it is shown that an improvement in fossil-fuel power generations produces two effects: the ‘saving effect’ and the ‘rebound effect’. The total CO2 emission in the whole industry decrease if the former effect exceeds the other, and vice versa. In addition, it is indicated that a rise in the generation efficiency would increase a difficulty of implementing carbon tax. In the second part of this chapter, I study the combination of feed-in tariff and carbon tax; that would be worthy to investigate since they could possibly complement each other. FIT policy could be financed by the revenue of carbon tax, and a reduction in electricity supply by the carbon tax would be lessen by supporting renewable power generations under FIT. It is demonstrated that FIT had the combined effects: it fosters a competitive environment in addition to indirectly reduces CO2 emissions. The result indicates that the combination of these policies would produce potential welfare gains.
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Conference papers on the topic "Cost efficient powder"

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Sharma, Vyas Mani, Debanjan Maity, Vikranth Racherla, and Surjya Kanta Pal. "Friction Sintering of Copper Powder Using a New Rapid, Cost Effective and Energy Efficient Process." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6684.

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Dendritic electrolytic copper powder was sintered using a newly developed friction sintering process. Green copper pellets of 14 mm height and 16 mm diameter were prepared at room temperature with 5-ton load and 60 seconds holding time. The pellets were sintered using a newly developed rapid, cost-effective, energy efficient, green friction sintering process that allows for easy and quick removal of sintered products. An aluminum plate of 14 mm thickness and 16.1 mm diameter through hole was used to hold green pellets during sintering. Frictional heat and pressure were applied on a top plate through a rotating 18 mm diameter, flat shoulder, WC tool. Sintering was performed at 12 kN axial load and 800 rpm tool rotational speed. Sintering temperatures were measured using K-type thermocouples. SEM (scanning electron microscope) images of fractured surfaces for sintered pellets show neck formation between copper particles. The neck formation is approximately uniform throughout the depth. This is in-line with hardness results along the thickness of the pellet. The process holds promise particularly for solid-state sintering of metal based powders.
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Mirahmadi, Amin, and Mostafa Rezaee Saraji. "Production Method for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Substrate Using Powder Injection Molding Process." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24572.

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are a promising high-efficient power generating system that can directly convert chemical fuel to electrical power. Cost reduction of materials and processing is one of the key issues for commercialization of SOFCs. Powder injection molding is a good solution for producing low cost and defect free components and is adapted with mass production. In this study, effect of five powder loading and sintering temperature and holding time on porosity and thermal shock characteristics of SOFC substrate is investigated. Finally, the results show powder loading is not key factor in porosity and thermal shock characteristics and it is better to use high powder loadings. High sintering temperature for long time leads to high density sintered parts and are not suitable for SOFC substrate. All parts show high thermal shock characteristics.
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Sofuoglu, Mehmet Alper, Murat Erbas, Ibrahim Uslan, and Atilla Biyikoglu. "Development of a Swirl Nozzle for Powder Technology." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66777.

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In this study, a gas atomization nozzle for metal powder production has been designed and modeled numerically. The design has been performed in two stages. At the first stage of the design, the size and geometry of the nozzle have been developed to obtain circulated flow through the nozzle as a pre-design. At the second stage, a parametrical analysis has been done using a CFD code. The geometry of the nozzle has been changed and the effect of geometric parameters was determined to find out the more efficient nozzle design parameters. Gas behavior at the nozzle exit and effect of the gas on the melt delivery tube tip has been investigated. Appropriate values for the investigated parameters have been determined to get maximum pressure in vacuum condition at the tip of the melt. The pressure observed at the melt delivery tube was compared with the experimental melt tip pressure data. These results suggest that the CFD solutions can be used in the design of the nozzle. Thus, the lower cost and shorter time would be possible to develop highly efficient nozzle geometry.
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Li, Yuzhou, Weilong Cong, Fuda Ning, and Rongxia Huang. "Laser Cladding of Alumina Material Coating: Effects on Deposition Quality." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8814.

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Alumina ceramic is a high performance engineering material with excellent properties, including high melting point, high hardness and brittle nature make the alumina ceramic difficult to machine and needing high cost by using conventional manufacturing methods. Coating is an important method for alumina fabrication. The excellent properties of coatings can be used for special surface protection and ceramic parts repairing. Comparing with other coating methods, laser cladding method has many good properties to overcome the drawbacks. The reported investigations on laser cladding provide little information about alumina materials for ceramic coating. In this paper, effects of different input variables of laser cladding of alumina materials for ceramic coating were studied. And this paper for the first time reported the relationship between the properties (including surface roughness, flatness and powder efficiency) and input variables such as laser power, powder feeding rate and laser head moving rate. The obtained results will be helpful to establish efficient and effective processes for ceramics coating.
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Tillmann, Wolfgang, Peter Hollingsworth, Ingor Baumann, and Marcel Laschitzki. "Development of Thin WC-12Co Coatings Manufactured by HVOF-Spraying." In ITSC2015, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. ASM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2015p0299.

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Abstract The thicknesses of HVOF-sprayed WC-12Co wear protective coatings usually range between 50 – 500 μm. These thicknesses ensure a homogeneous coating structure as well as sufficient material reserves for an efficient wear protection. For applications which require high shape accuracies, a cost intensive finishing of the thick coatings, in terms of grinding and polishing, is necessary. Thus, smooth and thin coatings are favored. In this study, thin HVOF-sprayed carbide coatings are developed by means of fine sintered and agglomerated WC- 12Co powders (2 – 10 μm). The use of fine powders enables the reduction of the coating thickness down to values below 50 ìm. To influence and adjust the thickness of the coatings the powder flow, the gun velocity and the track pitch were systematically varied. During these tests the hardness and the roughness of the coatings were scrutinized.
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Margraf, Ruediger. "Conditioning Rotor–Recycle Process With Particle Conditioning: A Simple and Effective Process for the Gas Cleaning Downstream Waste Incinerators." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3556.

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Following to the tightening of emission limit values in Europe between 1980 and 1990, complex, multi-stage plants have been installed for the gas cleaning systems downstream of waste incinerators. As a result of the extremely high investment and operating costs, a waste incineration was no longer economical. Due to the consistent advancement of semi-dry procedures, high-efficient cleaning systems could be developed, with reliable observance of the requested emission limit values at considerably lower investment and operating costs. The Conditioning Rotor–Recycle Process with particle conditioning offers such a procedure. It mainly comprises the component parts for additive powder injection (CaO / Ca(OH)2, AC), reaction chamber with conditioning rotor, fabric filter and multiple particle re-circulation with wetting of recycled particulate prior to reinjection into reactor. This system allows the simultaneous separation of particles, heavy metals, incl. mercury and mercury compounds, acid crude gas components such as HF, HCl, SOx as well as dioxins / furans. The approx. 50fold particle re-circulation combined with the wetting of the recycled particulate grants the high effectiveness of this system with regard to the separation capacity and the additive powder consumption. The efficiency is described on the basis of several application examples from the field of waste incinerators. The presentation includes among other things the degrees of separation and the emission limit values in comparison with definitely more complex scrubbing systems. The process is also provided with an up-to-date control device for the additive powder injection. Based on crude gas measurements of the acid crude gas components, HCl and SOx, as well as on measurements of the volume flow, the additive powder is injected in dosed quantities in accordance with a given stoichiometric factor. The control concept is explained by means of a practical example. Furthermore, results will be presented, showing the advantages of the Conditioning Rotor – Recycle Process with particle conditioning relating to the expenses for consumable supplies, compared to a conventional spray sorption for the separation of acid crude gas components, as used for many plants in the USA. A comparison of the emission limit values for waste incinerators in the USA and Europe shows, that the presented process is also suited for the American market and offers cost advantages for the operators of waste incinerators.
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Meyer, A., F. L. Toma, O. Kunze, A. Böhme, B. Matthey, A. Potthoff, A. Kaiser, T. Gestrich, and C. Leyens. "Current Trends in the Development of Suspensions and Liquid Precursors for Thermal Spraying: Case of Zn2TiO4." In ITSC2022. DVS Media GmbH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2022p0637.

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Abstract When compared with conventional thermal spraying processes, thermal spraying of suspensions allows to produce coatings with outstanding properties in terms of microstructure, surface topography, and phase compositions, as well as mechanical, electrical or tribological requirements. The use of suspensions as feedstock results in an almost unlimited flexibility in terms of chemical composition of the sprayed coatings. Moreover, thermal spraying of suspensions is a promising technique for processing expensive raw materials. Zn2TiO4 coatings are only one example where the high costs of blended oxide powders as feedstock material hinders the market introduction, whereas outstanding electrical properties and photocatalytic activity of thermally sprayed Zn2TiO4 coatings are of great interest for various industrial applications. In this work, single oxide ZnO and TiO2 raw materials as well as a Zn2TiO4 feedstock powder were used to develop tailored aqueous suspensions suitable for thermal spraying. To follow the formation of the compositions in the system ZnO-TiO2, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermal gravimetry (TG) measurements were performed. Preparation routes of stable suspensions with low sedimentation rates, low viscosity and good flowability are discussed. Exemplary microstructures and phase compositions of sprayed coatings are shown. In all sprayed coatings, the Zn2TiO4 phase has been formed during Suspension High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Spraying (S-HVOF). This work demonstrates the potential to develop appropriate cost-efficient suspension feedstocks from single oxide raw materials to obtain Zn2TiO4 coatings.
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Goldin, Andrew, Onome Scott-Emuakpor, Tommy George, Brian Runyon, and Richard Cobb. "Structural Dynamic and Inherent Damping Characterization of Additively Manufactured Airfoil Components." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14922.

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Abstract The push for low cost and higher performance/efficient turbine engines has introduced a demand for novel technologies to improve robustness to vibrations resulting in High Cycle Fatigue (HCF). There have been many proposed solutions to this, some passive and some active. With the advent of Additive Manufacturing (AM), new damping techniques can now be incorporated directly into the design and manufacture process to suppress the vibrations that cause HCF. Recent work has been investigating new ways of using AM for turbine engine applications. A specifically innovative approach using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is of particular note. The use of internal pockets filled with the build powder but left unfused has proved to have damping quality with > 90% force response reduction. This study will investigate the as-manufactured parts, damping endurance, and structural dynamic changes when this technology is applied to a compressor-like blade. This will be done by using multiple testing methods to investigate the performance and dynamics of the blade. The study will use computed tomography (CT) scans to investigate the pockets, structured light scans to investigate the external geometry, Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) to investigate the structural dynamics and a sinusoidal strain step test to investigate endurance. This study found similar endurance and damping capabilities as previously observed, in addition to finding that the inclusion of the unfused powder pockets did not affect mode shapes measured by the MAC.
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Jeyasankari, S., J. J. D. Nesamalar, S. C. Raja, and P. Venkatesh. "Transaction cost allocation in deregulated power system using an analytical method." In 2013 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceets.2013.6533539.

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Navia, Marco, Renan Orellana LaFuente, Sergio Luis Balderrama, and Sylvain Quoilin. "Bolivian interconnected power system." In 34th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environment Impact of Energy Systems. Tokyo, Japan: ECOS 2021 Program Organizers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/062738-0079.

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Reports on the topic "Cost efficient powder"

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Thomas Zwitter, Phillip Nash, Xiaoyan Xu, and Chadwick Johnson. Enery Efficient Press and Sinter of Titanium Powder for Low-Cost Components in Vehicle Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1020890.

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Muelaner, Jody. Unsettled Issues Regarding Power Options for Decarbonized Commercial Vehicles. SAE International, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021021.

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While direct electrification appears to provide the most cost-effective route to decarbonization of commercial vehicles, uptake may be constrained by critical metal supply. Additionally, it will be many years before hydrogen power becomes decarbonized or if it can ever compete economically with direct electrification. An electric road system (ERS) could offer a highly efficient and cost-effective route to direct electrification that would greatly reduce the volume of batteries required, but pilot schemes are urgently needed to provide concrete data on operating costs for different ERS technologies. Furthermore, if plug-in hybrid electric vehicles could obtain most of their power from an ERS, liquid biofuels and “electrofuels” may prove useful for occasional off-grid range extension. To achieve extremely long-range for operation in remote locations, liquid fuels remain the only viable option. Unsettled Issues Regarding Power Options for Decarbonized Commercial Vehicles discusses the analysis required to understand the lifecycle energy use for different power options for decarbonized commercial vehicles.
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Waddle, D. (Power sector efficiency analysis in Costa Rica). [Power Sector Efficiency Analysis in Costa Rica]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6958306.

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Corgnale, Claudio, Theodore Motyka, Alex Keane, and Christopher Capuano. Efficient and low-cost hydrogen production by wind power driven water electrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1842337.

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Trivedi, Sudhir, Susan Kutcher, Cory Rosemeier, David Mayers, and Jogender Singh. Magnesium and Manganese Silicides For Efficient And Low Cost Thermo-Electric Power Generation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1108470.

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Jifeng Zhang and Jean Yamanis. Techno-Economic Feasibility of Highly Efficient Cost-Effective Thermoelectric-SOFC Hybrid Power Generation Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/967360.

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Waddle, D. B. (Findings of the Costa Rica power sector efficiency study). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6526206.

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Yue, Yunfeng. The Value of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Power Utilities in Developing Asia. Asian Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210213-2.

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Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) such as drones are increasingly being used to automate the planning, building, and maintenance of energy facilities around the world. The effectiveness of UAS and digital technologies are transforming energy sector operations to be faster, safer, and more cost-efficient. This working paper introduces UAS and discusses the latest technological developments as well as current applications. It also assesses the feasibility of UAS adoption in developing Asia’s power sector.
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Ahmed, Kareem. Advanced Cost-Effective Coal-Fired Rotating Detonation Combustor for High Efficiency Power Generation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1823121.

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Darren Hammell and Mark Holveck. Reliable, Efficient and Cost-Effective Electric Power Converter for Small Wind Turbines Based on AC-link Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/889356.

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