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1
Elakhovsky, V. S. "Measuring Regional Differences in Living Standards in Russia." Voprosy statistiki 27, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-5-48-57.
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The article reflects some of the results of the author’s research on improving the accuracy of statistical assessments of inter-regional differences in the standard of living of the Russian population. Regional differences that have taken place over the past 15 years in the Russian Federation are measured using important indicators of living standards such as average per capita monetary income and final consumption per capita. The author states that the inter-regional differences in the period under review, although present, were quite small and relatively stable over time. Treatment of the results from international comparisons conducted under the auspices of the OECD and according to the author’s calculations related to a set of Russian regions confirms the presence of the Balassa-Samuelson effect. The adjustment of indicators under review to the territorial price index is carried out, as a result of which the level of differentiation of regions becomes noticeably lower, in full accordance with this effect. At the same time, the order of regions in the series ranked by cost of living indicators changes slightly, which leads to the conclusion that the reduction of differentiation by taking into account inter-regional differences in the price level is mainly due to the compression of the range of changes in the monetary indicators of living standards. To check the adequacy of the obtained conclusions, a comparative inter-regional analysis was carried out using some indicators that reflect the standard of living, such as per capita consumption of meat and meat products, housing security, and average life expectancy at birth. To obtain a comparative benchmark for the same set of differentiation measures, differences in living standards are measured for the aggregate of countries in the world as a whole and the aggregate of EU countries in particular. According to the author, the comprehensive use of methods and techniques for inter-regional statistical analysis of the well-being of the population confirms a positive trend in the implementation of one of the directions of current Russian socio-economic policy.
2
Bulanova, M. A. "Poverty assessment in Russia: dependence on the measurement methodology." POWER AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA 94, no. 1 (2021): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2021-94-1-157-169.
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Poverty reduction is one of the main objectives of the state policy in the Russian Federation. In the decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 474 of 21.07.2020 «On the national goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030,» a target is determined - reducing the poverty level by half by 2030. To measure poverty in the Russian Federation until 2021, the absolute concept was used. Within the framework of this concept, it is planned to create a minimum standard on the basis of which the level of poverty was determined. In the Russian Federation, a consumer basket is adopted as a standard, on the basis of which the cost of living is calculated. The cost of living is the threshold for poverty. Since 2021, the methodology for measuring poverty has changed, the calculation is based on the relative concept, the median method is used to measure poverty. A number of countries also use the multidimensional poverty concept with a set of indicators to measure poverty. The article provides a comparative analysis of methodological approaches for poverty assessment. The article proves that the level of poverty depends on the methodological approach underlying its measurement. The author believes that only a multidimensional approach to measuring poverty will contribute to the development of effective public policies to overcome poverty.
3
Aleksandrova, Elena. "FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF TAXATION OF CITIZENS INCOME AND POSSIBILITIES OF ITS APPLICATION IN RUSSIA." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 6 (May 20, 2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol6.5064.
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The goal of research is to develop recommendations for improving the mechanism of income taxation in Russia, taking into account the best foreign practices.The framework of studies was the monographic method and the method of comparative analysis of statistics and legislative documents of the financial authorities of Russia and leading foreign countries, as well as methods of modeling and generalization of the results.The necessity of strengthening the social function of income taxation is substantiated. A comparative analysis of modern taxation of personal income in Russia and abroad is carried out. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the main share of this tax is provided by taxing the incomes of the poorest segments of the population, which contradicts the principles of fair taxation.To improve the mechanism of taxation of incomes of Russian citizens, the experience of leading foreign countries in the application of a progressive scale, family taxation, the establishment of a tax-free minimum (allowance) and tax deductions was used. Particular attention is paid to introducing a tax-free minimum into the mechanism for applying standard deductions taking into account the cost of living.
4
Zlenko, Yelena. "Development of the Mechanism for Regulating Low Income from Employment as a Trend of Increasing the Living Standards of Population of the Russian Arctic." Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia 15, no. 4 (December 9, 2019): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/1999-9836-2019-10080.
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The Arctic has a special place in the strategy of socioeconomic development of Russia. The strategic tasks outlined at the present stage imply the integrated development of the Arctic, achieving positive changes in the economy and the social sphere, raising the standard of living and the role of income from employment in ensuring the livelihoods of the population. The article is devoted to the mechanism of regulation of low income from employment, considered in the framework of improving the living standards of citizens living and working in the Arctic.The Object of the Study. Arctic living standardsThe Subject of the Study. Regulating low incomes from employment of the Arctic populationThe Purpose of the Study. Development of a mechanism for regulating low income from employment in the Arctic in order to improve the living standards of the populationThe Main Provisions of the Article. Low income from employment negatively affects the standards of living of the population. In the Arctic, the situation is aggravated by a weak social infrastructure, high cost of living, and territorial remoteness from developed industrial centres. Low labour incomes are causing low-income households and high social risks. The current system of state guarantees and compensations, designed to reimburse additional material and physiological costs in connection with work and living in extreme climatic conditions, does not eliminate the problem of low incomes. The economic effect of district coefficients and northern allowances for seniority is insufficient for this. The lack of incentives for social and economic feasibility to live and work in harsh northern conditions leads to undesirable trends in migration processes. The continued outflow of population is a big problem for the modern Arctic.An important policy for improving the living standards of the population is an effective policy for regulating low income from employment. The key role is played by the mechanism for regulating wages and its criteria basis. Their development is focused on the two-dimensional system of social criteria of low-income considered in the work, which is formed on the basis of consumer budgets – the cost of living and the socially acceptable (recovery) consumer budget. The paper gives suggestions for the creation of Arctic systems of remuneration and taxation of business.
5
Obukhov, A. A., and A. V. Verkhoturov. "Recolonization of states of Africa as a strategy for overcoming of economic problems of China." Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, no. 5 (May 2021): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.05-21.104.
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Examined is significant development trend of the modern world geopolitical system of its substantial transformation, caused to a large extent by strengthening of China and Russia. The authors believe that based on the principles of political neorealism, we can talk about the “third wave” of colonization of Africa that is being formed at present, and based on fundamentally different approaches compared to previous world experience. The basis of this strategy, applied by the PRC, is the desire to maintain the role of the “world manufactory” due to the low cost of labor, while increasing the standard of living of its people by implementing various social and infrastructure projects.
6
Kozlova, M. A. "Temporal cost-of-living index: from the generation of conception to the applied assessment." Statistics and Economics 15, no. 5 (November 13, 2018): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2018-5-63-72.
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The purpose of this paper consists in the identification of historical development pattern of the cost-of-living index, which is a significant price indicator of macroeconomic process.Materials and methods. The analysis of the cost-of-living index conception in dynamics is realized on the base of the foreign (American and West European) periodical data, also on the base of bulletins of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The methods of research is an analysis of generated conceptions of the cost-of-living index, mathematically well-founded selection of possible formulae of cost-of-living index, empirical justification of hypotheses about the ratio of the cost-of-living index and other indexes, the numerical estimation of bias calculated in relation of the cost-of-living index.Results. The history of cost-of-living index development was divided into two stages, the boundary between two stages is 1945, when the price index, which was calculated before this moment and named the cost-of-living index, was renamed the consumer price index. The first stage (from the middle of 1910th to 1945) was described by the first accumulation of data and researches. The most part of researches consists of the survey papers and articles estimating the modern methods of cost-of living index assessment. In addition, there are some articles about the conception of cost-of-living index ant its formulae that are the base of researches after 1945. On the second stage when the investigations of cost-of-living index and consumer price index were divided, the most part of articles consists of the mathematical selection and proofs concerning the detection of the sphere of determinant to cost-of-living index of indicators (income and expenditure, used technology, family structure), also concerning the inclusion and connection of cost-of-living index in the context of economics. Empirical works of the second stage confirm some theoretical ideas on the base of national statistics.Conclusion. The temporal cost-of-living index is the significant indicator not only of price process in the national economy, also dynamics marker of the standard of living. The effort to attract the attention to cost-of-living index will allow methodically enriching the economic researches and generating the ways of this indicator development. Among the ways it needs to mark out the calculating “alternative” consumer price indexes with due regard to approximation to cost-of-living index, realization of econometric investigation on the base of Russian statistics and intensification of the theoretical analysis on the base of conception of the true cost-of-living index by A. Konüs.
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Gogolev, V., and M. Barysheva. "International and national practice for estimating cash expenditures of road replacement, repair and maintenance." SHS Web of Conferences 112 (2021): 00041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111200041.
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The paper considers the importance of the uninterrupted functioning of the transport network, which is the most important condition for eliminating the transport inaccessibility of Arctic territories of the regions, thus excluding transport discrimination of the population living in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Besides, the paper provides a brief overview of international road repair and maintenance experience on the example of Norway, analysis of the standard for repair and maintenance of roads in the Russian Federation, proposals on the method of calculating the cash expenditures of replacement, repair and maintenance of roads in the Russian Federation. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 658 dated May 30, 2017 approved the standards of financial expenditures and the rules for calculating the size of federal budget allocations for replacement, repair and maintenance of federal roads. However, at the moment, not all regions have updated the regulatory framework on the norms of financial expenditures and the rules for calculating budget allocations for replacement, repair and maintenance of regional and inter-municipal roads. The existing methodology for calculating the cost of repair and maintenance of roads in the Arctic territory of Russia does not fully provide the need to bring the existing roads into normal transport and operational condition for their safe operation. The analysis shows that there is no systematic work to ensure sustainable financing of the road economy in the republic and the road industry is financed at a level much lower than the actual needs.
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Dugarova, Esuna. "Labor Activation, Social Protection and Poverty Reduction: The Case of Russia." Russian Politics 4, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 328–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00403003.
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Social protection is an important strategy to protect people from livelihood risks, develop human capital and promote economic growth. Decent work is a core element of social protection and a critical condition for eradicating poverty. Despite high labor force participation and low unemployment, Russia’s labor market shows several negative trends, including working poverty and growing informality. Both are exacerbated by gender disparities and unfavorable demographic shifts. Over the past decade the Russian government has implemented active labor market interventions, and enhanced targeted social protection aimed at promoting employment and reducing poverty. Based on the analysis of key data and programs, the article finds that the country achieved stability in the labor market, but at the cost of deteriorating living standards caused by low levels of productivity and wages.
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Abdulova, Svetlana Yurievna, and Olga Anatolievna Gavrilova. "Study of forming regional consumer goods basket." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2020, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2020-1-68-77.
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The article touches upon the problem of forming the consumer goods basket, which is an important social factor determining the living cost of the population. Analysis of the methods of calculating the consumer goods basket in the Russian Federation and in the Astrakhan region has shown that food products make up 50% of it, which is 2.5 times higher than their share in consumer goods baskets of economically developed countries. In terms of the variety of products and services, the consumer goods basket in Russia is a clear outsider: it contains 156 items against
350 - 475 items in Western Europe and the United States. It can be considered a consumer goods basket of the poor, because it only provides an opportunity to survive in conditions of austerity. The comparative analysis of food products included in the basket of the Astrakhan region and recommended by the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation revealed significant deviations from the rational consumption standards. Their observance will increase the living cost of different categories of population in the region from 4.5% to 20% and require an increase in regional budget expenditures for providing social support measures by 15%. It has been inferred that the dual role
of the food basket in the economy is explained by two opposite goals: social and budgetary. The goals of social development dictate the establishment of the volume of food consumption in accordance with scientific recommendations. The goals of budget savings lead to underestimation
of the basket cost due to using a limited number of cheap products and an incomplete list of goods and services for normal human life. It is necessary to review the composition of the consumer goods basket in favor of a healthier and more useful set of products, expanding the range of non-food items and the list of services. The expansion of the consumer basket can become an effective factor in the growth of consumption volumes, the growth of business income, taxes and the state budget, reach the higher living standards in accordance with the requirements of the social market economy
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Shevchuk, N. A., and M. G. Kudinova. "ASSESSMENT OF THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE POPULATION OF THE ALTAI REGION BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE CONSUMER BASKET." Economics Profession Business, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202231.
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Primary incomes received by the population are an important incentive to improve labor productivity, its quality, and also serve as the main source of meeting the vital needs of the population. They determine the purchasing power of the population and its standard of living. This study is devoted to the study of the real standard of living of the population of the Altai Territory. During it, the composition of the consumer basket of Russians for 2022 was determined, compared with the norms established by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the level of food consumption in the USSR. The characteristic of the subsistence minimum for the population of the regions of the Siberian Federal District is given in comparison with the average value for the Russian Federation. The composition and dynamics of the resources of households in the Altai Territory as a whole and by categories of rural and urban population were also studied. Particular attention was paid to the study of the composition and dynamics of the expenses of the citizens of the region as a whole, as well as in the context of the urban and rural population. In the course of detailing the expenditure part of the budget of the inhabitants of the region, the food basket, the cost of purchasing non-food products and paying for services were analyzed. On the basis of the conducted research, it became possible to conclude that a very low standard of living has developed in the region, a significant part of the population drags out a beggarly existence.
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Regeta, Anna I., Kristina O. Malinina, and Anton M. Maksimov. "On the Conceptual Model of Balanced Socio-Economic Development of the Arctic Territories." Arctic and North, no. 46 (March 25, 2022): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2022.46.156.
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The article deals with the key aspects of the formation of the integrated socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). The main purpose of the study is to create a conceptual model for balanced socio-economic development. The article uses such methods as comparison, analysis, deduction and induction. The importance of the development of these territories for the sustainable development of the country is shown. The main regulatory documents defining the development of this region are highlighted. Threats to the security of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation are identified. The relations of other countries to the Arctic are considered. The importance of bringing the standard of living in the Arctic region closer to the average in Russia and the importance of this direction of action to reduce the negative demographic trend are outlined. Besides, the need to study the development of the Arctic region of the Russian Federation is determined not by statistical methods, but by new research methods. The importance of creating a megaproject for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation with specific measurable goals is highlighted. Such risks of this region are described as: population decline, in particular, the decline of the able-bodied population (including highly qualified personnel), the critical state of housing and communal services, the high cost of living and use of resources, the threat to environmental safety, weak diversification of production, long distances from industrial centers. Economic, social and environmental factors affecting the dynamics of the integrated socio-economic development of the Arctic region of the Russian Federation are considered. A conceptual model of balanced socio-economic development of the region was developed on the basis of a set of factors. The conceptual model of integrated development of the Arctic regions of the Russian Federation is a complex of various factors. This model can become a basis for the preparation of strategic planning documents in the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and it is possible to compare and compare the development of the regions using this model.
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Zlenko, Elena G. "Socially acceptable consumer budget in the Arctic regions of Russia." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.3.
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The need for accelerated social and economic development of the Arctic as a priority geostrategic territory of the Russian Federation requires a special approach to the issues of incomes of the population of the Arctic regions, and, above all, to the social criterion. Foreign experience in formation of minimum consumer budgets, domestic developments in this area and methodological principles of its formation used for a living wage have determined the priorities in choosing a social criterion. The key role in addressing this issue is played by the system of low-income consumer budgets (the subsistence minimum (SM) and the socially acceptable (recovery) consumer budget, which exceeds the subsistence minimum by about 3 times) within the framework of the general classification of the system of normative consumer budgets developed by the scientific school of the All-Russian Center for Living Standards. The methodological basis for formation of a socially acceptable consumer budget is determined by the provisions based on the recovery level of population consumption in conjunction with low incomes and taking into account the satisfaction of material, spiritual and social needs, a variety of consumer properties and benefits, as well as the impact on the consumption characteristics of the natural, climatic, economic, social and other special factors of the Arctic. Important for the social criterion qualities — validity and transparency — are ensured through application of the normative method of forming a socially acceptable consumer basket, which includes sets of food products, non-food goods and services. The normative socially acceptable consumer budget is differentiated by the specific of consumption of different categories of the population that is reflected in the structure and volume of consumption. The size of the socially acceptable consumer budget is determined by the cost of the consumer basket, as well as expenses on savings and mandatory payments and fees. Regional differences in the factors influencing the formation of a socially acceptable consumer budget cause territorial diversity in the level of the indicator in the Arctic zone.
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Tolstykh, Gennadiy. "The Standards of Living of a Northern Region and Ways of Their Improvement (by the Example of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya))." Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia 15, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/1999-9836-2019-10051.
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The Object of the Study is a northern territory (the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya).The Subject of the Study the living standards of the population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya).The Purpose of the Study is to identify the most important problems of the standards of living of a northern region (by the example of the Republic in Sakha (Yakutiya)) and finding ways of their improvement.Methods of Investigation: analysis of the statistics and the data of the public bodies of the State administration on the issues of demographic development, changes in the dynamics of incomes of the population, subsistence minimum, life expectancy, etc. It is found that sustainable development of northern regions can be achieved by raising the standards of living of the population and this is one of the conditions for ensuring national security of Russia. More than half of the total area of the country belongs to the northern territories. The regions of the North give 60% of all foreign exchange earnings of the Russian Federation. The transition to market relations significantly affected the deterioration of the quality of the social infrastructure of the North. Over the past 15 years, all subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District, except for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya), have lost their population. The reasons for the migration outflow are the reduction of material incentives for work in the Far North. There is a limited access to quality medical, educational and cultural services.Thanks to the measures taken, in the period of 2002-2016 life expectancy increased by 7 years in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya), Khabarovskiy Kray, Amur and Magadan Oblast’s. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya) has a number of unresolved problems that are deterrent factors in raising the living standards of the population of the northern region which are a high cost of travel on vacation during summer season, a significant proportion of old and dilapidated housing in the general housing stock and poor quality of drinking water. To solve these problems it is necessary a support of the federal bodies of the state power
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КОРЧАК, Е. А., and Н. А. СЕРОВА. "The migration factor in the formation of the human capital of the Arctic territories of Russia." Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. Series "Economics. Sociology. Culturology", no. 2(14) (November 12, 2019): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/svfu.2019.14.40414.
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Арктические территории России новый объект государственной политики и управления, требующий усиленного научного сопровождения. В рамках обеспечения устойчивого развития таких территорий сегодня актуальны якорные проекты развития, система государственного протекционизма, дополнительные потребности в энергетической, бытовой и транспортной инфраструктурах и т.п. Очевидно, что в настоящее время предъявляются особые требования к закреплению населения на арктических территориях России, сокращению его миграционной убыли, формированию и накоплению качественного человеческого капитала арктических территорий. Человеческий капитал арктических территорий это важнейший вопрос, напрямую связанный со всевозможными аспектами освоения природных ресурсов арктических территорий России: историческая и современная значимость возобновляемых и невозобновляемых ресурсов Арктики в обеспечении социальноэкономического развития России не подлежит сомнению. Сегодня существующие наработки в сфере управления социальным и экономическим развитием арктических территорий России выходят на фундаментальную проблему, грани которой определяются общественными процессами (например, эффект арктического удорожания жизнедеятельности), рамки которых ограничены экономической и социальной активностью, и целями государственного управления, декларативно направленными на обеспечение развития экономики таких территорий. Человеческий капитал движущая сила освоения арктических территорий, основным фактором накопления которой является достойный уровень жизни населения, поскольку именно возможности человека в доступе к ресурсам развития определяют не только качество производительных способностей человека, но и актуализируют задачи накопления человеческого капитала. На наш взгляд, ориентиры современного арктического вектора государственного управления в России сегодня должны составлять выработанные учеными арктических и приарктических стран общие концептуальные положения, в числе которых протекционизм в экономике, приоритеты устойчивого социальноэкономического развития, а также необходимость сохранения и преумножения человеческого капитала арктических территорий. The Arctic territories of Russia are a new object of state policy and management, requiring enhanced scientific support. As part of ensuring the sustainable development of such territories, anchor development projects, a system of state protectionism, additional needs for energy, household and transport infrastructures, etc. are relevant today. It is obvious that at present special requirements are being placed on securing the population in the Arctic territories of Russia, reducing its migration loss, forming and accumulating quality human capital of the Arctic territories. The human capital of the Arctic territories is a crucial actor that is directly related to all kinds of aspects of developing the natural resources of the Arctic territories of Russia. The historical and current importance of renewable and nonrenewable resources of the Arctic in ensuring the socioeconomic development of Russia is beyond doubt. Today, the current developments in the sphere of managing the social and economic development of the Arctic territories of Russia come to a fundamental problem, the boundaries of which are determined by social processes (for example, the effect of the Arctic cost of living), the framework of which is limited by economic and social activity, and public administration goals, declaratively aimed at ensuring development economies of such territories. The human capital is the driving force for the development of the Arctic territories, the main factor of accumulation of which is a decent standard of living of the population, since it is precisely the persons ability to access development resources that determine not only the quality of human productive capabilities, but also actualize the tasks of accumulating human capital. The analysis of the role of the migration factor in the formation of human capital in the Arctic territories of Russia was the goal of this study. The analysis of the human capital of the territories of the western sector of the Russian Arctic and the study of the relationship of the migration situation in the Arctic territories with their functional specificity made up the main objectives of the study. Logical and statistical analysis methods were applied in this study.
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Chapargina, A. N. "STUDY OF POPULATION INCOMES IN THE MURMANSK REGION: TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 69, no. 3/2020 (November 27, 2020): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.2.2020.69.011.
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Incomes are an indicator of the population living standard and a source for meeting various needs. The article is devoted to analysis of population incomes in one of the Arctic regions of Russia —the Murmansk region. For the region, the problem of increasing population incomes is especially acute due to harsh natural and climatic conditions and high living cost. The paper aims to analyze, systematize and evaluate the specifics of the formation, levels and dynamics, as well as differentiation of population incomes in the Murmanskregion in 2000–2019, to identify trends in incomes, as well as determinants influencing incomes formation in this Arctic region. The study was based on the methods of analysis and synthesis of statistical information, grouping, generalization and comparison. The analysis of relevant statistical data made it possible to reveal and compare trends in population incomes both in the Russian Federation and in the Murmansk region over the last two decades. For the country as a whole the main trends include slowing down growth rates of average per capita income, the persisting high level of income differentiation, decrease in share of income received from entrepreneurship and property. The main trends in changing population incomes in the Murmansk region are identified and compared with the Russian ones. It is found that main trends in this region in the studied period are a slowdown in the growth rate of per capita income of the population with lower rates of income growth compared to the national average, decreasein real incomes, a downward trend in the purchasing power of incomes, decrease in poverty and smoothing the degree of population stratification. Also the determinants influencing formation of population incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are identified. First of all these are the effect of regional coefficients and northern allowances and the specific structure of the population's needs. Measures aimed at increasing population incomes and directions for building up a state policy regulatingpopulation incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are formulated. The practical significance of the work is that the results of the study can be used by the regional authorities for developing and correcting the socio-economic policy.
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NAMINOVA, Kermen A. "Distinctions and terms of soft financing to Russia's agricultural enterprises." National Interests: Priorities and Security 17, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.4.649.
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Subject. Under the current circumstances, the State and commercial banks invent how to support agricultural producers due to the high priority of agriculture for the national security and the high standards of living of people. Soft financing is a mechanism the State uses to support agricultural enterprises, thus stimulating the agricultural production through debt finance. Objectives. I identify distinctions and determine positive and negative aspects of soft financing granted for agricultural producers. Methods. I referred to official data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, Russian Agricultural Bank. I applied methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, the systems approach. Results. I analyzed typical traits of soft financing to agricultural enterprises. The article indicates the role of authorized banks as systemically important credit institutions in Russia as part of the soft financing mechanism. I conducted the comparative analysis of commercial lending and soft financing to businesses, pointed out key differences between their mechanisms. The article spotlights the shortage of working funds, which results from distinctions of the agricultural sector. I investigated the impact of the sectoral and intrasectoral specifics of agriculture on the lending process. Referring to the key differences of commercial lending and soft financing to agricultural producers in the Russian Federation, I figured out positive and negative aspects of soft lending. Conclusions and Relevance. Agricultural producers operate, being exposed to high risk. Therefore, commercial banks take risks into account when setting up the cost of loans. High rates on loans are unaffordable for the majority of small and medium-sized agricultural businesses, thus complicating the finance of agricultural producers’ operations. Agricultural enterprises demonstrate a rather low profitability, thus impeding the performance of lending principles, such as repayment, timeliness, serviceability.
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Vashalomidze, E. V., and M. N. Dudin. "LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE RUSSIAN POPULATION: DYNAMICS OF CHANGES AND MODERN TRENDS OF MUTUAL INFLUENCE." Social & labor researches 49, no. 4 (2022): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34022/2658-3712-2022-49-4-49-60.
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The object of the study is labor productivity and the standard of living of the population employed in the Russian economy. The purpose of the study is to develop proposals to increase labor productivity and get out of the "poverty trap". The authors use the methods of statistical, socio-economic, economic, and mathematical analysis. As a result, the concept of an urgent guaranteed income provided by the state to citizens (or migrants, if necessary) as support for their professional growth and increase in labor productivity, which imply training/retraining or advanced training in those types of economic activity in which a shortage of professional human resources has been identified. The scope of application: the results obtained in the course of the study can be used by federal and regional executive authorities to develop social and economic policies, support programs for the most vulnerable categories of the population, projects aimed at increasing labor productivity, overcoming problems associated with the "poverty trap", low value and cost of labor.
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Abroskin, Alexander, and Natalia Abroskina. "Consumer Aspects of Poverty Measurement: Russian Practice and International Experience." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social'naja praktika 8, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2020.8.4.7653.
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The subject area of the research in this article is the existing methodological framework and approaches applied in Russian and international practice to establish boundaries that determine the property status of the population. The topicality of the research is determined by the features of the approach used in Russian practice of poverty measurement, based on the comparison of per capita income with per capita cost of living, which, with a rather simple calculation scheme, has a number of shortcomings that limit its application in constructing integrated assessments of a population’s standard of living. The purpose of the research is to analyze the features of measuring the level of poverty based on consumer characteristics of households. The research tasks are connected with identification of the most problematic aspects of the current practice of measuring the level of poverty in the Russian Federation, determination the factors that may affect the results of measurements, and assessment the impact of these factors on the quality of indicators developed by official statistics. Special attention in the research is paid to the analysis of international organizations’ recommendations and foreign experience in developing a system of indicators that characterize various aspects of the population’s property status, building of appropriate estimates taking into account the standardization of households’ consumer characteristics, as well as indicators that complement the basic monetary characteristics used in measuring the population’s level of poverty. Based on the systematization of the most promising developments in this area, implemented in foreign practice, proposals for improvement the existing approaches to measuring the level of poverty in Russian statistics are formulated, and new research directions in the field of methodology for building comprehensive estimates of the level of poverty as an information basis for developing effective measures of targeted social support for the most problematic groups of the population are identified.
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Goncharov, N. P. "Scientific support to plant breeding and seed production in Siberia in the XXI century." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 25, no. 4 (July 10, 2021): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj21.050.
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Agriculture in the Russian Federation is fundamental to the country’s economic performance, living standards, the wellbeing of people and state safety. Considerations relating to food security, prospects of and challenges before plant breeding in the Siberian Federal District (SFD), the largest agricultural area of the Russian Federation, are provided in the article. The agricultural area used in the SFD is about 50 million hectares and accounts for 13 % of the country’s gross grain production. The need for the introduction of modern molecular biological methods, bioengineering and IT technology is demonstrated and discussed. As Russia as a whole, Siberia is largely engaged in unpromising extensive farming practices, which rely on natural soil fertility, and this factor should be taken into account. Another issue is noncompliance with intensive farming technologies used for cultivating new-generation commercial cultivars. Although capital investments in plant breeding are the most cost effective investments in crop production, breeders’ efforts remain underfunded. The article explains the need for fundamental reform in this economic sector: the recognition of plant breeding as being a fundamental science; a fair increase in its funding; the development of a breeding strategy, nationally and regionally; the further expansion of the network of the Breeding Centers; the re-establishment and improvement of the universities’ departments specialized in plant breeding and seed production; having more state-funded places in the universities for training plant breeders to be able to maintain and cement the country’s advanced position in plant breeding and to develop new globally competitive next-generation cultivars of main crops. Should these issues be ignored, all the problems that have accumulated to date will lead to risks of long-term instability in this economic sector. The need for the careful preservation of continuity in plant breeders and plants being bred is stated. The regulatory functions of the state and agricultural science in plant breeding, plant industry and seed production are considered.
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Migranova, Lyudmila, and Irina Korchagina. "Social minimum living standard in Russia: estimation methods." Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia 17, no. 2 (June 9, 2021): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/lsprr.2021.17.2.3.
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The minimum living standard of the population in Russia since 1992 is subsistence minimum (SM). It plays a significant social role as a criterion for the assessment of the need of households for social assistance. The methods for SM calculating were periodically changed, but the rate of absolute poverty was always measured by the share of the population with income below SM. The article considers in detail the methods for estimating SM, adopted in 2013 and based on normative-statistical approach. Analysis of the food consumption and the structure of consumer spending of poor households, based on Household Budget Survey 2012-2019, revealed their non-compliance with the SM that was effective up to and including 2020. Since 2021 estimation of poverty is made by statistical methods without calculating minimum consumer basket (Law № 473-ФЗ as of 29.12.2020). The poverty line is determined by the ratio to median income per capita, and the poverty rate is of relative character. Retrospective analysis of the dynamics in the per capita and median incomes of the RF population and the SM per capita for 2013-2020 makes it possible to estimate the difference in the rates of absolute and relative poverty and to understand what guided the developers of the law in determining the SM per capita at 44.2% of the median income and the value of SM for the main sociodemographic groups of the population for the year 2021. In addition, on concrete examples, by means of the logarithmic normal function used by Rosstat for calculation of the population income distribution, it is shown, at what ratio of the median income to the average, the rate of absolute poverty may be reduced by half as compared to 2019
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Manushin, D. V. "Global economy of sanctions, sanctions, countersanctions and the new global currency." Russian Journal of Economics and Law 16, no. 2 (June 8, 2022): 345–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21202/2782-2923.2022.2.345-369.
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Objectives: to study and characterize the modern world economy, to identify the actual goals of the sanctions war, and to propose measures to mitigate sanctions.Methods: in the course of the research, such methods of abstract-logical approach were used as: analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, analogy, deduction, induction, and prediction.Results: the actual causes, prerequisites and goals of the world sanctions war were revealed that caused the emergence of the world sanctions economy. It is proved that the current state of the economy can be viewed as a global sanctions economy. The concept of the world sanctions economy is given and the features of the world sanctions economy are revealed: the contradiction between political goals and socio-economic ones; the rocketing energy prices; the noticeable increase in prices for all raw materials and foods; the sharp increase in the cost of products; the transition to the production of lower-quality analogues of common goods; the ideological connotation of the consumption of goods (works, services); the decrease in the living standards of the population; the increase in the requirements of the state to the society members; the reduction in investment; the redistribution of investments to the areas in need of import substitution; the temporary paralysis of interstate trade; the intensification of trade between physical persons. The introduction of energy currency is substantiated. A number of other anti-sanctions measures are proposed.Scientific novelty: firstly, the concept of “world sanctions economy” is proposed. Secondly, the stages of the world economy development are determined and the factors influencing it are identified. Thirdly, the features of most national economies under sanctions are revealed. By the example of Russia, the application of the revealed stages of the world economy development is demonstrated and their connection with sanctions is shown. A forecast of the world economy development is made (two scenarios are given). An additional argument is given for the introduction of a new world currency – an energy ruble. It is proposed to implement a number of other measures relevant under the current economic situation: to specify the country of origin and the form of its participation in the sanctions war for all goods; to increase the level of future problems forecasting; to accelerate the construction of the “Power of Siberia 2” gas pipeline and to increase its export capacity; to activate and popularize the work of charitable organizations to support low-income citizens; to develop an energy index. Foreign goods for Russian counter-sanctions are named: building materials, metal and plastic products, biofuels, tobacco raw materials and cigarettes.Practical significance: the study results will help to better understand the essence and process of the world sanctions economy, to more accurately predict its interim results and consequences, and to take the necessary measures in a timely manner. All the proposed measures will ease the sanctions pressure on Russia. The theoretical results obtained will also be useful in the long term, when the world faces an actual shortage of natural resources.
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Surinov, Alexander, and Artur Luppov. "Inequality in Russia: Regions, Cost of Living, and Equivalent Income." Economic policy 16, no. 3 (2021): 82–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2021-3-82-111.
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Nusratullin, Ilmir, Svetlana Kuznetsova, Yuliya Gazizyanova, Ekaterina Kutsenko, and Lubov Berezhnaya. "Socio-economic development of Russia in terms of the BRICS countries’ development." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 27 (March 21, 2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.27.03.6.
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The welfare of the population is largely dependent on the socio-economic development of the country. It is believed that the stronger the state’s economy, the higher the standard of living of the population. In the framework of this article, the socio-economic development of Russia in terms of the standard of living of the population is considered. It is concluded that over the past 5 years, despite an increase in the level of wages and per capita income, the standard of living of the population of Russia has decreased. The welfare of the citizens of Russia and the citizens of the BRICS countries is compared herein. It is concluded that the dynamically growing economies of India and China contribute to the improvement of the living standards of the population, while the problems in the economies of Russia, Brazil, and South Africa negatively affect the incomes of the population of these countries. The paper suggests incitement of the domestic demand as a factor in the development of the economy and thereby the standard of living.
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Belov, V. I., and V. E. Novinskaya. "CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD." Juvenis scientia, no. 11 (2018): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32415/jscientia.2018.11.06.
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In this article, the authors consider this indicator as "the standard of living of the population". The rating of the countries of the world on the standard of living in which Russia takes not the highest place is given. According to this indicator, the authors describe the rating in Russia itself, determine the most prosperous and lagging regions and cities of the Russian Federation. Analysis of the data leads the authors to the conclusion about the need to improve the quality and standard of living of our citizens.
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Kantemirova, Mira A., and Zaurbek L. Dzakoev. "The Standard of Living of the Russian Population: Features of the Dynamics of Interregional Differentiation." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-4-157-164.
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The results of the study of the dynamics of some of the main indicators of the standard of living of the population in the federal districts of Russia are presented. The relevance of the article is due to the need to improve the standard of living of the population, reduce the differentiation of socio-economic development of the federal districts of Russia. The purpose of the article is connected with the study and analysis of long-term trends reflecting certain indicators of the standard of living of the population. In the course of the study, the methods of analysis, comparative, regression, and correlation were used. The novelty of the results is determined by the identification of links between indicators and trends that reflect the standard of living of the population and the peculiarities of their inter-regional differentiation. This made it possible to identify groups of federal districts of Russia that have stable patterns of dynamics of indicators of the standard of living of the population. The hypothesis that regions that create large volumes of GRP are able to provide higher living standards of the population has been confirmed, which requires a balance of elements of the functioning of the socio-economic system and a certain perfection of the market mechanism.
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Nefedov, S., and M. Ellman. "On the dynamics of standard of living in Russia, 1874–1912." Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series «Social Sciences and the Humanities» 18, no. 1 (2018): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ssh180105.
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ZHURAVLEVA, Tat'yana A., and Anastasiya E. ZUBANOVA. "Analyzing households' consumption in Russia through cyclicality." National Interests: Priorities and Security 17 (June 15, 2021): 1008–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.6.1008.
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Subject. The economic position of households is determined by expenditures out of public income. The standard of living of people correlates with phases of the cyclical development of economy. Objectives. We examine the consumption in Russia, considering the nominal and real income of the Russian people, expenditures incurred for the ultimate consumption. We also trace how standards of living change, as well as trends in the consumer demand in Russia during the economic crisis. Methods. Studying households' consumption in Russia given the economic cyclicality, we applied methods of logic and statistical analysis. Results. As the crisis aggravated in Russia during the coronavirus pandemic in 2019–2020, Russia's GDP insignificantly decreased by 3.1 percent, however households' consumption dropped by 8.6 percent. The consumer demand was found to distort in Russia, as people consumer less non-food products and tend to decline expensive food products. Such consumption trends stems from a decrease in income and, consequently, expenditures as people working as employees have their salaries cut and jobs become more scarce during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions and Relevance. It is vital to bring the economy to its recovery and raise the standard of living by developing the middle class, which considerably shrank during the pandemic. Negative trends in people's wellbeing somewhat preserved macroeconomic indicators of the Russian economic development, since net export increased, currency remained within the countries because people mainly spend less on food and traveling. However, the Russian policy for economic development should pursue interests of the people, whose standard of living should be a priority.
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Isaikina, M. A., E. A. Maksimova, E. V. Martynova, and N. V. Shelyakhina. "Functional Nature of Life-long Learning in Raising Living Standard in Inclusive Society." SHS Web of Conferences 62 (2019): 12002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196212002.
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The structural-functional analysis of the socio-cultural peculiarities of implementing inclusive policy in educational process in Russia is carried out. The issues of the inclusive approach introduction in higher education are touched upon. The main indicators of the living standard in the country including the level and accessibility of education are listed, interrelation of the living standard and quality of education are emphasized. The history of development and the difficulties of implementing inclusive education in Russia are considered. In particular, the historical, organizational, content and socio-economic peculiarities of inclusive education development in Russia are conceptualized. The importance of the inclusion being one of the main principles of the modern society is underlined. The main reasons for the difficulties in implementing inclusive education in Russia are indicated. Some of them are the lack of the necessary theoretical and methodological research as well as material and technical support. One of the main objectives in the implementation of inclusive education is a special organization of educational process including social integration and psychological adaptation of students with disabilities. A special role is given to the teacher who should be able to organize the educational process effectively providing equal opportunities for all its participants. In conclusion, possible solutions of the problems connecting with implementing an inclusive approach in higher education in Russia are outlined taking into account the peculiarities of its development.
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Pilshchikova, V. V., T. A. Shiltsova, and Yu A. Vasiliev. "Analysis of the strategy of drug provision of certain categories of the population of the krasnodar region." New Technologies 17, no. 4 (November 12, 2021): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2021-17-4-94-102.
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The research devoted to providing the population with preferential medicines is quite relevant, since it is a priority area in the framework of state social assistance. The state program of preferential drug provision affects the effective economic development of the domestic pharmaceutical market, the successful overcoming of social risks, prevents a decrease in the standard of living of the population, in particular, it assumes a significant reduction in patient costs for high-tech medical care. The priority state tasks of improving the preferential drug supply for certain categories of citizens until 2025 are defined in the Strategy for drug provision of the population of the Russian Federation. The article presents the regulatory framework for the implementation of the Strategy on the example of the Krasnodar Territory. Analysis at the regional level of preferential drug provision has made it possible to identify some modern trends in financing this area. The dynamics of growth in funding for drug provision to the privileged category of citizens from the federal budget has been revealed on the basis of the obtained data. The analysis of the provision of preferential drugs on a regional scale, proposed in the research, also tends to increase, which undoubtedly improves the condition of patients in a number of nosological forms. The results of the research are presented by a detailed analysis of the dynamics of the number of citizens eligible for state social assistance in terms of drug provision. The proportion of citizens using preferential drug provision over the past several years is stable. An analysis of the financing of preferential drug provision for residents of the region has revealed a tendency for the growth of subventions to municipalities for the implementation of powers to provide the necessary drugs, respectively, the average amount of funds for drug provision of one resident of the region, who has a corresponding benefit, has increased. Moreover, the analysis has revealed an increase in financing of the privileged category of citizens from the regional budget. As a result of the research, a downward trend in preferential drug provision for citizens from other regions has been revealed, which is due to the limited attendance of the region due to the coronavirus infection. The analysis of the provision of drugs to the population by «high-cost nosologies» indicates an increase in the cost of financing them. The results of the analysis of the implementation of the Strategy for drug provision in the Krasnodar Territory have made it possible to identify the effectiveness of financial state support for certain categories of the population.
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Nelson, F. Howard. "An Interstate Cost-of-Living Index." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 13, no. 1 (March 1991): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737013001103.
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This research describes a simple way to generate an interstate cost-of-living index from market basket data collected at the standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) level. Models were developed for each of four regions to explain differences in the cost of living among more than 180 SMSAs. The regression coefficients were then used as weights and combined with comparable state level data to establish a state cost-of-living index. Finally, the state cost-of-living index values were normalized so that 100 represents the national average for all states weighted by their population. In the concluding section, the 1988–1989 average teacher salary for each state is divided by the interstate cost-of-living index to calculate an adjusted average salary.
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Komlos, John. "On the Biological Standard of Living in Russia and the Soviet Union." Slavic Review 58, no. 1 (1999): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2672988.
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The systematic study of the physical characteristics of human beings reaches well back into the eighteenth century. By the 1830s, scientists began to recognize that human biological outcomes were influenced, not only by inherited characteristics, but by both the natural and the socioeconomic environment. Genetic variation, by itself, did not account for the spatial, social, or temporal variation in physical stature. Only in the 1970s, however, did historians begin in earnest to explore the welfare implications of anthropometric measures. With the birth of “anthropometric history,” biological indicators, including physical stature, were used to assess the welfare of human beings as complements to such conventional indicators as income or real wages.
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TASHTAMIROV, Magomed R. "Regional budget heavy-subsidization determinants: Evidence from Russia." Finance and Credit 27, no. 10 (October 29, 2021): 2219–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.27.10.2219.
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Subject. This article deals with the issues of identifying determinants that contribute to Russian depressed regions' overexposure to State aid. Objectives. The article aims to identify the basic determinants of increasing the level of high subsidy dependence of depressed regions of Russia. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of econometric stochastic analysis, time series, coefficients, and logical generalization. Results. The article reveals the key role of socio-economic component determinants, such as the standard of living, unemployment, fertility, in the formation and strengthening of subsidy dependence of depressed regions of Russia. Conclusions. The current development status of heavily subsidized regional budgets of Russia depends on the dynamics of transfer support directly. The standard of living of the population of the regions, tension in the labor market, and investment activity have a major impact on it. The solution of socio-economic problems can contribute to a gradual and systematic exit from the state of heavy subsidy dependence of the Russian depressed regions.
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Kossov, Vladimir V. "Russia's Lagging Behind Western Countries as a Result of the Gap between Age-Old Aspirations of the People and Prose of Life." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 2 (August 3, 2020): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2020-2(89)-132-147.
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For centuries, Russia is lagging behind the countries called “the West”. The choice of Switzerland as a benchmark for comparison is justified. In 2016 GDP per capita in the new nations within the borders of the former USSR was 10 points less than in 1886. The Soviet era gains in bringing living standards closer to the West were lost. The close relationship with seven ratings of countries describing different aspects of the standard of living is shown. The main question that the author seeks to answer: “Why has Switzerland, which is poor in natural resources, been significantly ahead of Russia, which is rich in them, in terms of living standards for centuries?” The fundamental difference in the relationship of the government to citizens is the answer to this question. In Russia, for centuries, the system “Ruler – loyal subjects”, and in Switzerland – “citizen – civil servants”. In Russia, the ruler determines what to do, and the loyal subjects follow his instructions. In Switzerland, in a referendum the citizens determine what to do and they do it under the rules written by the civil servants. Higher motivation of people in the free enterprise system determines their higher productivity, and through it, a higher standard of living. In Russia, power is formed by a representative democracy and in Switzerland by a direct one, which is much closer to the age-old aspirations of the people for the will.
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Киселева and E. Kiseleva. "Estimation of Influence of Benefits Costs on Living Standard and Life Quality of the Population." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 4, no. 4 (August 17, 2015): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/13236.
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The problem of salary package as tool of motivation system is the object of acute studying in the theory and practice of management. Benefi ts act as a factor
of formation of people’s living standard and life quality.This article describes and analyzes statistical data on the benefi ts costs, population living standard and
population life quality data from 2000 to 2009 in the Russian Federation and the Irkutsk region.
The hypothesis of connection between benefi ts’ costs and living standard and life quality is confi rmed on the example of Russia and Irkutsk Region. The
correlation analysis between the Index of level of benefi ts and population living standard and population life quality demonstrates a strong interconnection
between these variables.
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Nemirovskaya, Anna. "The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Russia, 1700–1917 by Boris Mironov." Ab Imperio 2018, no. 3 (2018): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/imp.2018.0072.
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Mutchler, Jan E., Jiyoung Lyu, Ping Xu, and Jeffrey A. Burr. "Is Cost of Living Related to Living Alone Among Older Persons? Evidence From the Elder Economic Security Standard Index." Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 17 (September 16, 2015): 2495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x15606773.
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This study examines whether the cost of living is related to the probability of living alone among unmarried persons age 65 years and older in the United States. Cost of living is measured at the metropolitan area level by the Elder Economic Security Standard Index, which takes into account geographic variability in cost of housing, food, transportation, and medical care. Using multilevel modeling, we find that higher cost of living is related to a lower likelihood of living alone net of personal resources. Results also show that the gap in the likelihood of living alone between high- and low-income older adults is slightly lessened in low-cost metropolitan areas. We conclude that the price of “purchasing privacy” is substantially higher in some metropolitan areas than in others. These findings inform policies designed to help older adults age in place.
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Bobkov, V. N., A. A. Gulyugina, N. K. Dolgushkin, and E. V. Odintsova. "Monitoring tools for regulating the standard of living in Russia: Main estimates of 2021." Management and Business Administration, no. 4 (December 19, 2022): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/2075-1826-2022-4-31-48.
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The article presents the results of a study aimed at identifying and analyzing trends in the main indicators of the standard of living of the Russian population in the context of modern challenges, socio-economic differentiation and interregional inequality; at evaluating the results of official regulatory and methodological changes in the calculation of the subsistence minimum and the level of monetary poverty, put into effect from January 1, 2021. The dynamics of the main indicators of the standard of living of the population of Russia, the socio-economic structure estimated on the basis of the author's system of social standards of the standard of living of the population using the author's calculations of the subsistence minimum and the poverty level for 2021 according to the 2020 methodology (according to the consumer basket) are identified and analyzed. The results of the assessment of the poverty level in 2021, identified on the basis of the subsistence minimum according to the 2020 methodology, are presented and analyzed in the regional context. A comparative analysis of the results of two measurements of the subsistence minimum and the poverty level for 2021 is given — according to the new official regulatory and methodological scheme and the author's, performed according to the 2020 methodology. The results of the study can be used by executive authorities in program and strategic developments, in the formation of the regulatory framework for regulating incomes and living standards of the population of Russia.
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Kurchenkov, Vladimir Victorovich, and Daria Aleksandrovna Koneva. "Problems of low living standards of population in rural areas of Russia." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2020, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2020-4-37-44.
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The article gives an assessment of reducing the living standard of the population in rural areas of Russia (a case of the Volgograd region). The analysis of the current state of rural areas was carried out and problems and trends of a decreasing standard of living of the population were identified. The dynamics of the urban and rural population of the Volgograd region has been illustrated in accordance with the data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. The conclusions are drawn about the depopulation in the rural areas, natural loss, migration outflows, and the change in the category of settlements. There have been systematized the factors influencing the living standards of the population in rural areas in modern conditions, such as: legal, socio-economic, political, technological, etc. With the help of the Ishikawa diagram, the potential causes of the declining standard of living of the rural population are ordered and aggregated, and the most important factors are identified. The effectiveness and efficiency of the state policy aimed at the long term development of rural areas is assessed. It has been noted that the volume of financing the state program Comprehensive development of rural areas for 2020–2025 will amount to about 2.3 trillion rubles, which is 12 times more than funding of the previous program. Lack of activities and insignificant amount of funding aimed at the development of social infrastructure of modern villages, the development of education and health care were identified by the authors. A set of measures to improve the existing policy for the long term development of rural areas in Russia has been substantiated. The necessity of including the problems of the development of Russian villages into the system of national projects in the Russian Federation has been emphasized.
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Hoch, Steven L. "On Good Numbers and Bad: Malthus, Population Trends and Peasant Standard of Living in Late Imperial Russia." Slavic Review 53, no. 1 (1994): 41–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500325.
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Historians have not been at their finest in attempting to measure standard of living, and late imperial rural Russia is no exception. Given the absence of reliable measures for personal or household income or even of real wage trends—the most common proxy for the standard of living—scholars have been forced to employ a variety of other surrogates, often with unfortunate results. For Russia, recourse has been made to peasant tax arrears, mass consumption of “luxury” or nonfood items, and rye-wages. Shifts in the size of land allotments, numbers of livestock and patterns of land tenure often have been the focus of study; others have emphasized trends in net national product, grain retained in the village or grain yields generally. Diet has been assessed both quantitatively, in terms of caloric intake or protein derived from meat products, and qualitatively, underscoring harvest variability. Still other studies have looked at population trends, at times addressing the malthusian dilemma and suggesting that Russia was overpopulated. And frustration has recently led one historian to suggest we give up.
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Ciochetto, Lynne. "Outdoor Advertising and Social Change in Contemporary Russia." Media International Australia 101, no. 1 (November 2001): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0110100112.
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This study investigates contemporary advertising and social change in the context of the breakdown of state socialism and the expansion of capitalism in contemporary Russia. The focus is on what outdoor advertising communicates about the expansion of capitalism in the emerging capitalist economy in Russia in the 1990s, including recent changes in the Russian economy as it has embraced international capitalism, and also the overall standard of living of the Russian consumer.
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Bobkov, Vyacheslav N., Elena V. Odintsova, and Aleftina A. Gulyugina. "Consumer basket as the basis for the State guarantees of minimum monetary income of Russian citizens (Part 1)." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.1.
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The article provides an overview of special sources, research results, ideas and discussions in the following areas related to formation of consumer basket (CB): 1) methods of forming consumer baskets in the Russian Federation and abroad, their advantages and disadvantages; 2) composition and standards of consumption of goods and services that may be recommended to meet the basic needs of the population; 3) approaches to defining the relationship between the actual consumption of goods and services by low-income population and the composition and standards of consumption of food, non-food goods and services in CB; 4) minimum state guarantees, which should be linked to the cost estimation of CB; 5) advantages and disadvantages of the current method of forming a living wage CB; 6) new research directions and proposals for changing the CB composition and regulatory framework, ways to determine their cost and impact on the level of satisfaction of the population's needs forfood, non-food products and paid services, their comparison; 7) comparison of the CB cost, resulting from different approaches to its definition, the size of minimum state guarantees and actual monetary income: modal, median and per capita; 8) alternative approaches to setting the limits of monetary income for determining the state guarantees of minimum monetary income, advantages and disadvantages of their use in the Russian Federation. Conclusions and recommendations are proposed that could contribute to formation and introduction of a science-based CB in 2021 in order to improve the standards and quality of life of Russian citizens. The article consists of two parts. The First part of the article addresses the first two of these areas related to formation of CB.
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Bobkov, Vyacheslav, Elena Odintsova, and Aleftina Gulyugina. "Consumer basket as the basis for the State guarantees of minimum monetary income of Russian citizens (Part 2)." Population 23, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.4.1.
Full textAbstract:
The article provides an overview of special sources, research results, ideas and discussions in the following areas related to formation of consumer basket (CB): 1) methods of forming consumer baskets in the Russian Federation and abroad, their advantages and disadvantages; 2) composition and standards of consumption of goods and services that may be recommended to meet the basic needs of population; 3) approaches to defining the relationship between the actual consumption of goods and services by low-income population and the composition and standards of consumption of food, non-food goods and services in CB; 4) minimum State guarantees, which should be related to the cost estimation of CB; 5) advantages and disadvantages of the current method of forming a living wage CB; 6) new research directions and proposals for changing the CB composition and regulatory framework, ways to determine their cost and impact on the level of satisfaction of the population's needs for food, non-food products and paid services, their comparison; 7) comparison of the CB cost, resulting from different approaches to its definition, the size of minimum State guarantees and actual monetary income: modal, median and per capita; 8) alternative approaches to setting the limits of monetary income for determining the State guarantees of minimum monetary income, advantages and disadvantages of their use in the Russian Federation. Conclusions and recommendations are proposed that could contribute to formation and introduction of a science-based CB in 2021 in order to improve the standards and quality of life of Russian citizens. The article consists of two parts. The First part of the article addresses the first two of these areas related to formation of CB.
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Zelezinskii, A. L., O. V. Arhipova, D. V. Hodos, and A. V. Fedorova. "FEATURES OF THE REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY OF RUSSIA." ECONOMIC VECTOR 4, no. 27 (December 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36807/2411-7269-2021-4-27-93-99.
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Regional economic policy as part of the overall socio-economic policy of the country is important for the development not only of the regions, but also for the sustainable and stable development of the country, ensuring a high-quality standard of living of the popu-lation. The well-being of the country as a whole and its population in particular de-pends on the economic development of each district.
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Ivanova, N. V., and O. A. Komarova. "SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE POPULATION OF SIBERIA." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 32, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2022-32-1-83-91.
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The problem of the welfare of the population of any country is the most important strategic task of state development. The effectiveness of socio-economic development of the country’s economy and individual regions is determined by the standard of living of the population. Based on the analysis of a number of indicators and the rating of the subjects of Russia, included in the enlarged region Siberia, the typology of subjects on the standard of living of the population was performed, key demographic and socio-economic problems of the selected types of regions were formulated, the failure of the regional policy in Siberia was shown.
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Surinov, A., and A. Luppov. "Income Inequality and the Cost of Living at the Sub-Regional Level. Estimates for Russia." Higher School of Economics Economic Journal 26, no. 4 (2022): 552–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1813-8691-2022-26-4-552-578.
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Wang, Xiaolin, Liping Xu, Xiaoyuan Shang, and Ping Guo. "Extra Costs for Urban Older People with Disabilities in Northern China." Social Policy and Society 10, no. 1 (December 8, 2010): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746410000412.
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This paper uses the living standards method to estimate the extra costs for older people with functional disabilities in urban areas in Northern China. The research finds that the cost for older people who live alone is higher than those who live with other family members, and their living standard is lower. The costs increase with the age, especially for the oldest old people who live alone. The cost for older women is higher than their male counterparts. The extra costs of support for people with functional disabilities decrease the overall living standard of the household.
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Brilon, Andrey, Anastasia Kadyseva, Rinat Khabibullin, Rezida Usmanova, and Alexander Zinchenko. "The impact of consumer cooperatives on the living standards of the population in Russia." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 43 (August 31, 2021): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.43.07.2.
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The socio-economic development of Russia in recent years has significantly slowed down, which is caused by both external factors (a difficult geopolitical situation, sanctions wars, the economic confrontation between leading world economic powers) and internal factors (poverty, low efficiency of the economy, a weak innovation environment). In these conditions, it is necessary to find various ways to stimulate the economic and social development of the country and regions. This paper discusses the development of cooperation as a way to develop economic relations and improve living standards. The aim of the study is to reveal the relationship between consumer co-operation and the standard of living of the population, and to determine its impact on the economy. The main research methods were analysis and synthesis, generalization, and the case method. This study used data from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, analytical reviews on the development of cooperation in Russia, and data from the Central Union of Russia. As a result of the study, the influence of cooperation on the growth of living standards of the population has been identified, some recommendations have been made on the development of cooperation in Russia.
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Livanova, R. V., E. I. Stepanenko, and Yu A. Myrksina. "Changes in the accounting of insurance premiums and personal income tax and their impact on the wages of workers in the Agricultural Sector." Buhuchet v sel'skom hozjajstve (Accounting in Agriculture), no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-11-2211-04.
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The analysis of changes in legislation related to the accounting of contributions to compulsory social insurance in Russia, the calculation and payment of personal income tax, the impact of changes on the income and standard of living of the population in agribusiness organizations.
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Lyakhovetsky, A. M., L. A. Barsukova, and E. V. Sokurova. "Consumer basket and purchasing power of the population." Bulletin of the Academy 1, no. 68 (2022): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/v.a.2022.03.01.008.
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Purpose of the article. The article analyzes the concepts of the consumer basket and the purchasing power of the population, its fundamental elements and factors affecting changes in the ability of citizens to buy a particular product. Materials and methods. Three main components of the consumer basket are shown: food products, non-food products and the composition of services. Results. The concept of the subsistence minimum is also given, the subsistence minimum in Russia for 2022 is indicated for three categories of citizens: the able-bodied population, children and pensioners. The economic policy of the country affects the standard of living of the population. The main structure of public spending has been revealed. The comparative characteristics of the minimum set of goods and services of Russia with different countries are presented. A statistical analysis of the standard of living of the population was performed. Conclusion. The assessment of the average per capita income of the population and the purchasing power of the population was carried out.
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Batarin, I. V., and I. M. Aliev. "Assessment of the Signifcance of the Level and Quality of Life of the Population in Russia." World of new economy 16, no. 3 (October 13, 2022): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2022-16-3-75-84.
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It is necessary to identify the national features of development in Russia to establish appropriate methods, in view of the different approaches to the analysis and modelling of the standard of living and quality of life of the population in various countries and international integration associations. This article analyzes the practical aspects of the most signifcant areas of interaction and development groups of indicators of standard of living and quality of life in the Russian Federation. The study used a systematic approach and statistical methods. The groups of indicators of quality of life summarized by the author were compiled on the basis of normative legal acts and expert documents: material wellbeing, healthcare, education, environment, self-perception, power. The content analysis was conducted of open-source commentaries on the issue of representation of a “better life” to determine key problems and propensities. The most and least pronounced groups of preferences among the population are identifed. Differences in the opinions of Russians on the importance of groups of indicators depending on gender, age and in connection with the pandemic are demonstrated. The author has come to conclusion about necessity to take into account such variables, it is substantiated the need to make changes to the current standards for the transition to new models of the standard of living and quality of life