Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cost and standard of living – Russia

Academic literature on the topic 'Cost and standard of living – Russia'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cost and standard of living – Russia"

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Elakhovsky, V. S. "Measuring Regional Differences in Living Standards in Russia." Voprosy statistiki 27, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-5-48-57.

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The article reflects some of the results of the author’s research on improving the accuracy of statistical assessments of inter-regional differences in the standard of living of the Russian population. Regional differences that have taken place over the past 15 years in the Russian Federation are measured using important indicators of living standards such as average per capita monetary income and final consumption per capita. The author states that the inter-regional differences in the period under review, although present, were quite small and relatively stable over time. Treatment of the results from international comparisons conducted under the auspices of the OECD and according to the author’s calculations related to a set of Russian regions confirms the presence of the Balassa-Samuelson effect. The adjustment of indicators under review to the territorial price index is carried out, as a result of which the level of differentiation of regions becomes noticeably lower, in full accordance with this effect. At the same time, the order of regions in the series ranked by cost of living indicators changes slightly, which leads to the conclusion that the reduction of differentiation by taking into account inter-regional differences in the price level is mainly due to the compression of the range of changes in the monetary indicators of living standards. To check the adequacy of the obtained conclusions, a comparative inter-regional analysis was carried out using some indicators that reflect the standard of living, such as per capita consumption of meat and meat products, housing security, and average life expectancy at birth. To obtain a comparative benchmark for the same set of differentiation measures, differences in living standards are measured for the aggregate of countries in the world as a whole and the aggregate of EU countries in particular. According to the author, the comprehensive use of methods and techniques for inter-regional statistical analysis of the well-being of the population confirms a positive trend in the implementation of one of the directions of current Russian socio-economic policy.
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Bulanova, M. A. "Poverty assessment in Russia: dependence on the measurement methodology." POWER AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA 94, no. 1 (2021): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2021-94-1-157-169.

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Poverty reduction is one of the main objectives of the state policy in the Russian Federation. In the decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 474 of 21.07.2020 «On the national goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030,» a target is determined - reducing the poverty level by half by 2030. To measure poverty in the Russian Federation until 2021, the absolute concept was used. Within the framework of this concept, it is planned to create a minimum standard on the basis of which the level of poverty was determined. In the Russian Federation, a consumer basket is adopted as a standard, on the basis of which the cost of living is calculated. The cost of living is the threshold for poverty. Since 2021, the methodology for measuring poverty has changed, the calculation is based on the relative concept, the median method is used to measure poverty. A number of countries also use the multidimensional poverty concept with a set of indicators to measure poverty. The article provides a comparative analysis of methodological approaches for poverty assessment. The article proves that the level of poverty depends on the methodological approach underlying its measurement. The author believes that only a multidimensional approach to measuring poverty will contribute to the development of effective public policies to overcome poverty.
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Aleksandrova, Elena. "FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF TAXATION OF CITIZENS INCOME AND POSSIBILITIES OF ITS APPLICATION IN RUSSIA." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 6 (May 20, 2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol6.5064.

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The goal of research is to develop recommendations for improving the mechanism of income taxation in Russia, taking into account the best foreign practices.The framework of studies was the monographic method and the method of comparative analysis of statistics and legislative documents of the financial authorities of Russia and leading foreign countries, as well as methods of modeling and generalization of the results.The necessity of strengthening the social function of income taxation is substantiated. A comparative analysis of modern taxation of personal income in Russia and abroad is carried out. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the main share of this tax is provided by taxing the incomes of the poorest segments of the population, which contradicts the principles of fair taxation.To improve the mechanism of taxation of incomes of Russian citizens, the experience of leading foreign countries in the application of a progressive scale, family taxation, the establishment of a tax-free minimum (allowance) and tax deductions was used. Particular attention is paid to introducing a tax-free minimum into the mechanism for applying standard deductions taking into account the cost of living.
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Zlenko, Yelena. "Development of the Mechanism for Regulating Low Income from Employment as a Trend of Increasing the Living Standards of Population of the Russian Arctic." Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia 15, no. 4 (December 9, 2019): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/1999-9836-2019-10080.

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The Arctic has a special place in the strategy of socioeconomic development of Russia. The strategic tasks outlined at the present stage imply the integrated development of the Arctic, achieving positive changes in the economy and the social sphere, raising the standard of living and the role of income from employment in ensuring the livelihoods of the population. The article is devoted to the mechanism of regulation of low income from employment, considered in the framework of improving the living standards of citizens living and working in the Arctic.The Object of the Study. Arctic living standardsThe Subject of the Study. Regulating low incomes from employment of the Arctic populationThe Purpose of the Study. Development of a mechanism for regulating low income from employment in the Arctic in order to improve the living standards of the populationThe Main Provisions of the Article. Low income from employment negatively affects the standards of living of the population. In the Arctic, the situation is aggravated by a weak social infrastructure, high cost of living, and territorial remoteness from developed industrial centres. Low labour incomes are causing low-income households and high social risks. The current system of state guarantees and compensations, designed to reimburse additional material and physiological costs in connection with work and living in extreme climatic conditions, does not eliminate the problem of low incomes. The economic effect of district coefficients and northern allowances for seniority is insufficient for this. The lack of incentives for social and economic feasibility to live and work in harsh northern conditions leads to undesirable trends in migration processes. The continued outflow of population is a big problem for the modern Arctic.An important policy for improving the living standards of the population is an effective policy for regulating low income from employment. The key role is played by the mechanism for regulating wages and its criteria basis. Their development is focused on the two-dimensional system of social criteria of low-income considered in the work, which is formed on the basis of consumer budgets – the cost of living and the socially acceptable (recovery) consumer budget. The paper gives suggestions for the creation of Arctic systems of remuneration and taxation of business.
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Obukhov, A. A., and A. V. Verkhoturov. "Recolonization of states of Africa as a strategy for overcoming of economic problems of China." Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, no. 5 (May 2021): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.05-21.104.

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Examined is significant development trend of the modern world geopolitical system of its substantial transformation, caused to a large extent by strengthening of China and Russia. The authors believe that based on the principles of political neorealism, we can talk about the “third wave” of colonization of Africa that is being formed at present, and based on fundamentally different approaches compared to previous world experience. The basis of this strategy, applied by the PRC, is the desire to maintain the role of the “world manufactory” due to the low cost of labor, while increasing the standard of living of its people by implementing various social and infrastructure projects.
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Kozlova, M. A. "Temporal cost-of-living index: from the generation of conception to the applied assessment." Statistics and Economics 15, no. 5 (November 13, 2018): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2018-5-63-72.

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The purpose of this paper consists in the identification of historical development pattern of the cost-of-living index, which is a significant price indicator of macroeconomic process.Materials and methods. The analysis of the cost-of-living index conception in dynamics is realized on the base of the foreign (American and West European) periodical data, also on the base of bulletins of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The methods of research is an analysis of generated conceptions of the cost-of-living index, mathematically well-founded selection of possible formulae of cost-of-living index, empirical justification of hypotheses about the ratio of the cost-of-living index and other indexes, the numerical estimation of bias calculated in relation of the cost-of-living index.Results. The history of cost-of-living index development was divided into two stages, the boundary between two stages is 1945, when the price index, which was calculated before this moment and named the cost-of-living index, was renamed the consumer price index. The first stage (from the middle of 1910th to 1945) was described by the first accumulation of data and researches. The most part of researches consists of the survey papers and articles estimating the modern methods of cost-of living index assessment. In addition, there are some articles about the conception of cost-of-living index ant its formulae that are the base of researches after 1945. On the second stage when the investigations of cost-of-living index and consumer price index were divided, the most part of articles consists of the mathematical selection and proofs concerning the detection of the sphere of determinant to cost-of-living index of indicators (income and expenditure, used technology, family structure), also concerning the inclusion and connection of cost-of-living index in the context of economics. Empirical works of the second stage confirm some theoretical ideas on the base of national statistics.Conclusion. The temporal cost-of-living index is the significant indicator not only of price process in the national economy, also dynamics marker of the standard of living. The effort to attract the attention to cost-of-living index will allow methodically enriching the economic researches and generating the ways of this indicator development. Among the ways it needs to mark out the calculating “alternative” consumer price indexes with due regard to approximation to cost-of-living index, realization of econometric investigation on the base of Russian statistics and intensification of the theoretical analysis on the base of conception of the true cost-of-living index by A. Konüs.
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Gogolev, V., and M. Barysheva. "International and national practice for estimating cash expenditures of road replacement, repair and maintenance." SHS Web of Conferences 112 (2021): 00041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111200041.

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The paper considers the importance of the uninterrupted functioning of the transport network, which is the most important condition for eliminating the transport inaccessibility of Arctic territories of the regions, thus excluding transport discrimination of the population living in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Besides, the paper provides a brief overview of international road repair and maintenance experience on the example of Norway, analysis of the standard for repair and maintenance of roads in the Russian Federation, proposals on the method of calculating the cash expenditures of replacement, repair and maintenance of roads in the Russian Federation. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 658 dated May 30, 2017 approved the standards of financial expenditures and the rules for calculating the size of federal budget allocations for replacement, repair and maintenance of federal roads. However, at the moment, not all regions have updated the regulatory framework on the norms of financial expenditures and the rules for calculating budget allocations for replacement, repair and maintenance of regional and inter-municipal roads. The existing methodology for calculating the cost of repair and maintenance of roads in the Arctic territory of Russia does not fully provide the need to bring the existing roads into normal transport and operational condition for their safe operation. The analysis shows that there is no systematic work to ensure sustainable financing of the road economy in the republic and the road industry is financed at a level much lower than the actual needs.
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Dugarova, Esuna. "Labor Activation, Social Protection and Poverty Reduction: The Case of Russia." Russian Politics 4, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 328–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00403003.

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Social protection is an important strategy to protect people from livelihood risks, develop human capital and promote economic growth. Decent work is a core element of social protection and a critical condition for eradicating poverty. Despite high labor force participation and low unemployment, Russia’s labor market shows several negative trends, including working poverty and growing informality. Both are exacerbated by gender disparities and unfavorable demographic shifts. Over the past decade the Russian government has implemented active labor market interventions, and enhanced targeted social protection aimed at promoting employment and reducing poverty. Based on the analysis of key data and programs, the article finds that the country achieved stability in the labor market, but at the cost of deteriorating living standards caused by low levels of productivity and wages.
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Abdulova, Svetlana Yurievna, and Olga Anatolievna Gavrilova. "Study of forming regional consumer goods basket." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2020, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2020-1-68-77.

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The article touches upon the problem of forming the consumer goods basket, which is an important social factor determining the living cost of the population. Analysis of the methods of calculating the consumer goods basket in the Russian Federation and in the Astrakhan region has shown that food products make up 50% of it, which is 2.5 times higher than their share in consumer goods baskets of economically developed countries. In terms of the variety of products and services, the consumer goods basket in Russia is a clear outsider: it contains 156 items against 350 - 475 items in Western Europe and the United States. It can be considered a consumer goods basket of the poor, because it only provides an opportunity to survive in conditions of austerity. The comparative analysis of food products included in the basket of the Astrakhan region and recommended by the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation revealed significant deviations from the rational consumption standards. Their observance will increase the living cost of different categories of population in the region from 4.5% to 20% and require an increase in regional budget expenditures for providing social support measures by 15%. It has been inferred that the dual role of the food basket in the economy is explained by two opposite goals: social and budgetary. The goals of social development dictate the establishment of the volume of food consumption in accordance with scientific recommendations. The goals of budget savings lead to underestimation of the basket cost due to using a limited number of cheap products and an incomplete list of goods and services for normal human life. It is necessary to review the composition of the consumer goods basket in favor of a healthier and more useful set of products, expanding the range of non-food items and the list of services. The expansion of the consumer basket can become an effective factor in the growth of consumption volumes, the growth of business income, taxes and the state budget, reach the higher living standards in accordance with the requirements of the social market economy
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Shevchuk, N. A., and M. G. Kudinova. "ASSESSMENT OF THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE POPULATION OF THE ALTAI REGION BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE CONSUMER BASKET." Economics Profession Business, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202231.

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Primary incomes received by the population are an important incentive to improve labor productivity, its quality, and also serve as the main source of meeting the vital needs of the population. They determine the purchasing power of the population and its standard of living. This study is devoted to the study of the real standard of living of the population of the Altai Territory. During it, the composition of the consumer basket of Russians for 2022 was determined, compared with the norms established by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the level of food consumption in the USSR. The characteristic of the subsistence minimum for the population of the regions of the Siberian Federal District is given in comparison with the average value for the Russian Federation. The composition and dynamics of the resources of households in the Altai Territory as a whole and by categories of rural and urban population were also studied. Particular attention was paid to the study of the composition and dynamics of the expenses of the citizens of the region as a whole, as well as in the context of the urban and rural population. In the course of detailing the expenditure part of the budget of the inhabitants of the region, the food basket, the cost of purchasing non-food products and paying for services were analyzed. On the basis of the conducted research, it became possible to conclude that a very low standard of living has developed in the region, a significant part of the population drags out a beggarly existence.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cost and standard of living – Russia"

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Huh, Eunjeong. "Leisure expenditure patterns of retired and near-retired households /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9974640.

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Tu, Tina. "New Zealand household debt is it too high? a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2008 /." Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/478.

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Chan, Ka-lin Karen. "Forecasting models for Hong Kong's consumer price index." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13787202.

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Lawrence, Martha Matthews. "The modification and field testing of the Institute of Nutrition Quality of Life Scale for the Elderly." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11072008-063603/.

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Sawyer, Asha. "The application of Sen's Capability approach to selected women in Khayelitsha." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1407_1255008445.

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Measuring poverty adequately is critical for any type of development project, and yet there are still no clear guidelines as to which approach is best to be used for different circumstances. There is a variety of different ways of measuring and understanding poverty, each with their own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the intended goal. This research explored the theory regarding poverty and poverty measurements, and research various perspectives ranging from income to basic needs, socail exclusion, sustainable livelihoods, and finally to the Human Development Approach.

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Sivakul, Aganitpol. "Essays in applied microeconomics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:617fabeb-e47b-4194-bfab-a7601c0edce1.

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This thesis is a collection of three independent essays that applies microeconometrics techniques to empirically study topics in development and labour economics. The first chapter uses evidence from a natural experiment in Bangladesh, where households were treated to different types of transfer, food grains and cash, at different periods in time, to test the effect of these transfers on household consumption behaviour. Using the fixed effect instrumental variable model, the estimation results show that though in-kind transfers did cause households to consume more grain than they would have chosen under equal-value cash transfers, the impact on calorie consumption and children health status is minimal. Households that received cash were able to reallocate their funds more effectively, and chose to spend their extra income on clothing and children's non-food consumption, while at the same time spending no more on vices. The second chapter investigates the dynamics of living standards in Thailand. Income and earnings processes are first modelled after the statistical Galton-Markov process before being extended to follow a more structural permanent earnings model. Empirical estimations of income and earnings persistence in Thailand employ both constructed pseudo-panel data from Thailand's Labour Force Surveys and the Townsend Thai panel data. Galton-Markov estimates found conditional persistence to be low in Thailand. However, quantile regression estimates find that persistence is low at the bottom of the distribution but high at the top, indicating a divergence in earnings as time passes. A study of the covariance structure of earnings finds that total variation in the earnings process is predominantly driven by moderately persistent transitory components following the AR(1) process. The third chapter attempts to empirically fit the power-law distribution and study the dynamics of inequality, especially at the upper end, of the income and consumption distribution in Thailand. We find that using the popular but incorrect method based on the linear regression approach will lead to researchers drawing a wrong conclusion. Regression estimates of the power-law exponent, a, provide strong evidence of power-law fit in Thailand. However, from the implementation of the superior Clauset et al. method, the evidence in support of the power-law fit is much weaker. Estimates of a for both income and consumption suggest that there is low inequality at the top in Thailand but further inspection finds that there is a high level of persistent between-group inequality between the top and bottom ends of the distribution. In addition, following Battistin et al. (2009), we find weak support for Gibrat's law of proportional random growth as the income-generating process in Thailand.
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Tai-Do-Anh. "Family resources and their impact on living standard and food security of farmers in the mountainous farming systems in Northwest Vietnam /." Weikersheim : Margraf, 2004. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0801/2007464451.html.

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Lin, Shu-Chin. "Aggregation and time series implications of state-dependent consumption /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9737881.

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Liu, Zhangzhang. "Tang dai Chang'an de ju min sheng ji yu cheng shi zheng ce /." Taibei Shi : Wen jin chu ban she, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/chi0701/2007320257.html.

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Originally presented as the author's thesis (Ph. D.--University of Hong Kong) under the title: Tang dai shou du Chang'an de ju min sheng ji yu cheng shi zheng ce yan jiu.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 330-390).
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Chan, Ka-lin Karen, and 陳家蓮. "Forecasting models for Hong Kong's consumer price index." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3197725X.

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Books on the topic "Cost and standard of living – Russia"

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Demina, M. P. Blagosostoi︠a︡nie naselenii︠a︡: Kont︠s︡ept︠s︡ii, problemy, reshenii︠a︡. Irkutsk: BGUĖP, 2007.

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A, Khazheeva M., ed. Blagosostoi︠a︡nie naselenii︠a︡: Kont︠s︡ept︠s︡ii, problemy, reshenii︠a︡. Irkutsk: BGUĖP, 2007.

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The economy and material culture of Russia, 1600-1725. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

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Bobkov, V. N. Sot︠s︡ialʹnai︠a︡ politika, urovenʹ i kachestvo zhizni: Slovarʹ. Moskva: Vseros. t︠s︡entr urovni︠a︡ zhizni, 2001.

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Consumption, values, and social change in a post-Soviet middle class. Washington, D.C. ; Stanford, Calif: Woodrow Wilson Center Press ; Stanford University Press, 2008.

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Thompson, Helen. Cost of living. Broomall, Pa: Mason Crest Publishers, 2011.

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Bureau, Bhutan National Statistical, ed. Bhutan living standard survey, 2003. Thimphu: National Statistical Bureau, Royal Govt. of Bhutan, 2004.

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Rapawy, Stephen. Standard of living in Ukraine. Washington, D.C: Eurasia Branch, International Programs Center, Population Division, Bureau of the Census, 1996.

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Thompson, Helen. Cost of living. Broomall, Pa: Mason Crest Publishers, 2011.

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Sen, Amartya Kumar. The standard of living. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cost and standard of living – Russia"

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Shumilina, Vera, and Aleksandra Lermontova. "Level and quality of life in the context of the world economy." In Directions for improving the economic security of the Russian Federation in the context of economic recession and pandemic, 106–13. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_602691707b9ec8.91110077.

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The article considers such concepts as the level and quality of life, Describes the concept of the standard of living developed by the UN. The analysis is based on the rating of the level of countries compiled by the Legatum Institute. The influence of economic development of States on the standard of living of citizens is considered. A comparative characteristic of the standard of living in Russia and the United States is carried out, their similarities and differences in the criteria that determine the quality of life are revealed.
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"Contemporary observations on the population’s standard of living." In The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700-1917, 361–415. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203119440-19.

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"Living standards in Imperial Russia as portrayed in domestic and foreign historiography." In The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700-1917, 33–48. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203119440-11.

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"The modernization of Russia and the well- being of the population." In The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700-1917, 416–86. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203119440-20.

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"Wages and prices in Russia from the eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries." In The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700-1917, 332–60. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203119440-18.

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"Historical anthropometrics: goals, biological foundations, methodology." In The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700-1917, 49–77. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203119440-12.

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"The sources of anthropometric data: representativeness, accuracy, and homogeneity." In The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700-1917, 78–125. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203119440-13.

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"Biological status: the eighteenth century." In The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700-1917, 126–49. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203119440-14.

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"Biological status: the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries." In The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700-1917, 150–243. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203119440-15.

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"The geography of Russian biological status." In The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700-1917, 244–81. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203119440-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cost and standard of living – Russia"

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Аблитаров, Эрнест Рефатович, and Елена Степановна Сорокина. "STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS ON THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE RUSSIAN POPULATION." In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ «Нацразвитие» (Санкт-Петербург, Февраль 2022). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/feb325.2022.42.56.002.

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В данной статье проведен корреляционный анализ уровня жизни населения России, на основе которого были выявлены факторы, в наибольшей степени воздействующие на него. Было выяснено, что такие показатели, как МРОТ, инфляция, прожиточный минимум оказывают наибольшее воздействие на уровень жизни населения России. In this article, a correlation analysis of the standard of living of the Russian population was carried out, on the basis of which the factors that most affect it were identified. It was found out that such indicators as the minimum wage, inflation, and the cost of living have the greatest impact on the standard of living of the Russian population.
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Lihatskaya, M. G., and O. S. Kolesnikova. "AVERAGE INCOME AS AN INDICATOR OF THE LIVING STANDARD OF THE POPULATION OF THE AMUR REGION." In CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA. Amur State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/medprh.2.44.

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Puinko, L. E. "CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATIONS IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD: NEED FOR INTERACTION." In Problems and mechanisms of implementation of national priorities of socio-economic development of Russia. Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0740-0-2020-078-085.

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Insurance products in the field of personal insurance, currently offered by insurance companies are diverse. In the Khabarovsk territory, the population is wary of voluntary personal insurance, including due to the level of income and standard of living. One of the directions of development of the insurance market is the integration of insurance products into the reserve financial savings of citizens, and there are prerequisites for this development in the region
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Bulut, Cihan, Fakhri Hasanov, and Elchin Suleymanov. "The Impact of the Oil Revenues on the Standard of Living in Oil-Exporting Countries of the Former Soviet Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00852.

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The aim of our study is to examine the impact of the oil revenues on the standard of living in oil-exporting countries of the former Soviet Union and to make policy suggestions based on the obtained findings. It has been explain that resource dependency adjust the structure of these countries' economies, which leads to income inequality compensation changes in different sectors of the economy. Characteristic of resource- rich of post-Soviet oil exporters countries - Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that dependency on resources modifies the structure of these countries’ economies, which leads to income inequality based on employment via a mechanism of labor compensation changes in different sectors of the economy. We are going to employ co-integration and error correction methods in our empirical analysis. Is there a long-run relationship between the oil revenues and the standard of living in oil-exporting countries of the former Soviet Union; What is the role of dynamics of the oil revenues in the standard of living in the short run; What is the magnitude of speed of adjustment from the short-run fluctuation towards long-run equilibrium of the system; What is the direction of long- and short-run causality in the oil revenues - standard of living relationship.
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Song, Lijia, and Tat'yana Novikova. "METHODS ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSING THE ASSETS OF ENTERPRISES IN CHINA." In Modern aspects of modeling systems and processes. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mamsp_144-148.

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The socio-economic development of China differs from the Western European states and Russia. And the standard of living of the population, the level of production, GDP growth, the development of modern technologies, scientific and technical potential show continuous stable growth. In this connection, there is a scientific interest in considering the «Chinese economic miracle», and in particular, what methods are used to evaluate the main economic indicators of Chinese enterprises.
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Wang, Biran, Liming Wang, and Shiren Wang. "Template-Free Fabrication of Aligned Nanoarray for Quantifying the Nanosurface-Single Cells Interaction." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6345.

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In this paper, we for the first-time synthesized vertically aligned polyaniline (PANI) nanowire arrays on flat-end AFM tips via template-free solution methods. 4-Aminothiophenol was used for tailoring the nucleation size, chain propagation and orientation of the PANI nanowires. The microscopy characterization indicated that diameter was centered at a mean of 33.7 nm with a standard deviation of 6.5 nm, and length was centered at a mean of 50.3 nm with a standard deviation of 7.6 nm. PANI nanowire arrays are non-toxic, low-cost, and tunable, and thus PANI nanowire-grown tips could perfectly simulate different nanosurfaces. Via the force spectroscopy, we demonstrate the feasibility in quantifying the nanostructure-cell interactions at the single cell level in real time with high reliability and accuracy. This work will enable a new tool in precisely quantifying the interactions of single living cells and nanosurface, and thus opens a new door to understand how single living cells sense and respond to the specific nanostructures.
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Gogol, Elina V., Guzel I. Gumerova, and Olga S. Egrova. "Approaches to Assessment and Hazard Identification of Dioxins." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.021.

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In the Russian practice in the framework of environmental regulation sanitary measurements to assess the toxicity of the objects of the environment, which are based on the determination of standardized components concentrations and comparing them with the limit value, are widely used. But this approach doesn’t allow assessing the degree of biological hazards for organisms. The biotesting method has been considered for assessing the safety of dioxin-like compounds. Dioxins can be formed out of control in the environment. Ultraviolet radiation accelerates the formation of dioxins, as it enhances the ability of a chemical reaction of chlorine. This phenomenon is well known in Russia, where the chlorination is a standard procedure of water treatment and disinfection of drinking water, and control of the content of chlorophenols is an optional procedure. Simulation of the formation of dioxins in the process of chlorination of water, containing phenolic compounds, was carried out. Process of dioxins transformation in living systems to more toxic metabolites has been described. Enzymes that are involved in detoxification of dioxins have been identified. According to the results of bioassay danger of water samples, containing dioxins, is underestimated, since it doesn’t take into account specific features of metabolism of dioxins in living organisms. Under the action of enzymes in the cells the less toxic compounds can be converted into the more toxic in terms of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. The system of determination of the dioxin toxic equivalency factor doesn’t account for it. Thus, during determination of danger of xenobiotics in living organisms we should move away from the determination of acute toxicity and focus on the processes that are started by enzyme systems when a toxicant gets into cells of living organisms.
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Huang, Chyouhwu Brian, and Hung-Shyong Chen. "Heat Insulating Materials Thermal Conductivity Determination by Means of Comparison With a Standard Plate of Known Conductivity." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89382.

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Due to the soaring energy prices, the cost to maintain a basic living standard has increased, therefore choosing right insulated materials when building a new house/appliance is important. The heat transfer coefficient plays a vital role; therefore, developing an effective, accurate, and low cost testing machine is an important issue. This is also the goal of this research. The testing apparatus developed can be used to measure the thermal conductivity as a basis for the choice of the materials. The heat conduction testing equipment was designed using “the thermal conductivity comparison with a known conductivity” method in addition to the basic heat conduction theory. For the best results, several parameters were used to fine-tune the operating conductions, such as cooling flow rate, heat source temperature, etc. Three types of materials were used as the sample for verifying the accuracy of the developed apparatus: gypsum board, silicon cement and PE polyethylene foam. Four heat sources temperatures were tested: 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, and 45°C. Two cooling flow rates were used: 108 liter/hour and 90 liter/hour. In the end, ANSYS was used to validate the testing results. The testing results show that the measured thermal conductivity is accurate. Equilibrium can be reached faster when testing with high cooling flow rates. The best hot plate temperature is 30°C.
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Tikhonova, G. I., and M. S. Bryleva. "FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MORTALITY OF THE MALE POPULATION RESIDING IN THE ACTIVITY AREA OF COPER-NICKEL ENTERPRISE." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-510-515.

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Abstract. Introduction. The city-forming enterprise are the main work-givers and the source of socio-economic well-being of monotowns. However, its activities may have a negative impact on the health of workers and citizens. The goal is a differentiated assessment of production activities of a copper-nickel enterprise and its socio-economic policy consequences on mortality of population in monotowns. Methods. Using mortality rates for 5-year age groups averaged for the period 2010-2017 was compared male population of Monchegorsk to Norilsk both are Arctic monotowns placed copper-nickel enterprises, and to Russia. To assess the consequences of copper-nickel enterprise production activities Monchegorsk male population was compared to Russia To assess the effect socio-economic development, Norilsk male population was compared to Monchegorsk. Results. In Monchegorsk working age mortality rate was compared to Russia for circulatory diseases 416.3 and 269.8 per 100,000; for MN 143.5 and 102.5. Also higher for post-working age for circulatory diseases 3962.4 and 3305.8; for MN 1283.8 and 1106.4. In Norilsk circulatory mortality were lower in all age groups compared to Monchegorsk and Russia (215.3 per 100,000 in working age and 2377.2 in post-working age); cancer mortality was lower for working age (74.3 per 100,000) and higher for post-working age (1185.3 per 100,000). Conclusions. Carcinogenic copper-nickel enterprise production activity is the cause of increased MN and circulatory mortality of the male population, which indicates the need to improve occupational and environmental conditions The socio-economic activity of city-forming enterprise in Norilsk, aimed at improving the standard of living and quality of medical care, had reduce the circulatory mortality throughout life and cancer mortality in working age. In older ages, the death risk for MN kept high, suggestive of the priority of measures reducing carcinogenic risk, and enhanced medical and social care for older age groups.
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Rao, Prabhat Kumar, and Arindam Biswas. "Measuring Housing Affordability Using Residual Income Method for Million-plus Cities in India." In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021257n3.

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Housing affordability is an ever-growing concern in rapidly urbanizing countries like India. The need for affordable housing can hardly be overemphasis in India. Government has many policies and programs running for fulfilling the requirement. But it is essential to define affordability standards for the success of any such policies and programs. The Ratio Method, which is currently used as the base for determining affordable housing, doesn’t have the flexibility to match the varied scale and standards across Indian cities. This paper is based on Michel E stone’s residual income’ method to measure housing affordability for India’s million-plus city. It gives a new approach for measuring housing affordability based on the minimum living cost for survival. It uses Poverty Line data (2014) and NSSO economic survey data (2012) for defining the minimum standard of living in the city. Stakeholders can use the city-specific measurement for affordable housing generated from this paper in affordable housing policies and programs.
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Reports on the topic "Cost and standard of living – Russia"

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Tabunov, I. A., T. N. Mikhalenko, L. D. Kuznetsova, A. V. Suetova, and M. A. Shilovskiy. METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WORKING WITH CHILDREN IN A SOCIALLY DANGEROUS SITUATION. Cherepovets State University, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0619.03122022.

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Statistics show that in recent years there has been an increase in the number of families falling into a socially dangerous situation. According to statistics provided by the departments for juvenile affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Cherepovets, the number of crimes in 2021 decreased by only 2.1% compared to 2020. This was influenced by objective factors, in particular the low standard of living, "chronic" unemployment, alcohol abuse, drug use. Having embarked on such a path, the family degrades socially and morally, condemning children to the same existence. It is not surprising that children leave home, spend most of their time on the street, thereby replenishing antisocial groups. Thus, we can say that the current system of working with children of the SOP is not effective enough, since there is no clear algorithm for working with children in a socially dangerous situation. Therefore, methodological recommendations for working with children were developed by the SOP, which includes a telephone communication script for employees of the youth center, as well as a clear and understandable algorithm for working with children in a socially dangerous situation. These guidelines for working with children of SOP are clear and easy to use, and most importantly, they do not require special psychological knowledge, skills and abilities.
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Just, David, and Amir Heiman. Building local brand for fresh fruits and vegetables: A strategic approach aimed at strengthening the local agricultural sector. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600039.bard.

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Abstract The debate about whether to reduce import barriers on fresh produce in order to decrease the cost of living and increase welfare or to continue protecting the local agricultural sector by imposing import duties on fresh vegetables and fruits has been part of the Israeli and the US political dialog. The alternative of building a strong local brand that will direct patriotic feelings to support of the agricultural sector has been previously discussed in the literature as a non-tax barrier to global competition. The motivation of consumers to pay more for local fresh fruits and vegetables are better quality, environmental concerns, altruism, and ethnocentrism. Local patriotic feelings are expected to be stronger among national-religious consumers and weaker among secular left wing voters. This project empirically analyzes consumers’ attitude toward local agricultural production, perceptions of the contribution of the agricultural sector to society and how these perceptions interact with patriotic beliefs and socio-political variables perhaps producing an ethnocentric preference for fruits and vegetables. This patriotic feeling may be contrasted with feelings toward rival (or even politically opposing) countries competing in the same markets. Thus geo-political landscape may help shape the consumer’s preferences and willingness to purchase particular products. Our empirical analysis is based on two surveys, one conducted among Israeli shoppers and one conducted among US households. We find strong influences of nationalism, patriotism and ethnocentrism on demand for produce in both samples. In the case of Israel this manifests itself as a significant discount demanded for countries in conflict with Israel (e.g., Syria or Palestine), with the discount demanded being related to the strength of the conflict. Moreover, the effect is larger for those who are either more religious, or those who identify with right leaning political parties. The results from the US are strikingly similar. For some countries the perception of conflict is dependent on political views (e.g., Mexico), while for others there is a more agreement (e.g., Russia). Despite a substantially different religious and political landscape, both right leaning political views and religiosity play strong roles in demand for foreign produce.
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DiGrande, Laura, Sue Pedrazzani, Elizabeth Kinyara, Melanie Hymes, Shawn Karns, Donna Rhodes, and Alanna Moshfegh. Field Interviewer– Administered Dietary Recalls in Participants’ Homes: A Feasibility Study Using the US Department of Agriculture’s Automated Multiple-Pass Method. RTI Press, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.mr.0045.2105.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of administering the Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM), a widely used tool for collecting 24-hour dietary recalls, in participants’ homes by field interviewers. Design: The design included computer-assisted personal interviews led by either a nutritionist (standard) or field interviewer. Portion estimators tested were a set of three-dimensional food models (standard), a two-dimensional food model booklet, or a tablet with digital images rendered via augmented reality. Setting: Residences in central North Carolina. Participants: English-speaking adults. Pregnant women and individuals who were fasting were excluded. Results: Among 133 interviews, most took place in living rooms (52%) or kitchens (22%). Mean interview time was 40 minutes (range 13–90), with no difference by interviewer type or portion estimator, although timing for nutritionist-led interviews declined significantly over the study period. Forty-five percent of participants referenced items from their homes to facilitate recall and portion estimation. Data entry and post-interview coding was evaluated and determined to be consistent with requirements for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Values for the number of food items consumed, food groups, energy intake (average of 3,011 kcal for men and 2,105 kcal for women), and key nutrients were determined to be plausible and within reasonably expected ranges regardless of interviewer type or portion estimator used. Conclusions: AMPM dietary recall interviews conducted in the home are feasible and may be preferable to clinical administration because of comfort and the opportunity for participants to access home items for recall. AMPMs administered by field interviewers using the food model booklet produced credible nutrition data that was comparable to AMPMs administered by nutritionists. Training field interviewers in dietary recall and conducting home interviews may be sensible choices for nutrition studies when response rates and cost are concerns.
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Konnyu, Kristin J., Louise M. Thoma, Monika Reddy Bhuma, Wagnan Cao, Gaelen P. Adam, Shivani Mehta, Roy K. Aaron, et al. Prehabilitation and Rehabilitation for Major Joint Replacement. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer248.

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Objectives. This systematic review evaluates the rehabilitation interventions for patients who have undergone (or will undergo) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the treatment of osteoarthritis. We addressed four Key Questions (KQs): comparisons of (1) rehabilitation prior (“prehabilitation”) to TKA versus no prehabilitation, (2) comparative effectiveness of different rehabilitation programs after TKA, (3) prehabilitation prior to THA versus no prehabilitation, (4) comparative effectiveness of different rehabilitation programs after THA. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials, CINAHL®, Scopus®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from Jan 1, 2005, to May 3, 2021, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and adequately adjusted nonrandomized comparative studies (NRCSs). We evaluated clinical outcomes selected with input from a range of stakeholders. We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. Meta-analysis was not feasible, and evidence was synthesized and reported descriptively. The PROSPERO protocol registration number is CRD42020199102. Results. We found 78 RCTs and 5 adjusted NRCSs. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. • KQ 1: Compared with no prehabilitation, prehabilitation prior to TKA may increase strength and reduce length of hospital stay (low SoE) but may lead to comparable results in pain, range of motion (ROM), and activities of daily living (ADL) (low SoE). There was no evidence of an increased risk of harms due to prehabilitation (low SoE). • KQ 2: Various rehabilitation interventions after TKA may lead to comparable improvements in pain, ROM, and ADL (low SoE). Rehabilitation in the acute phase (initiated within 2 weeks of surgery) may lead to increased strength (low SoE) but result in similar strength when delivered in the post-acute phase (low SoE). No studies reported evidence of risk of harms due to rehabilitation delivered in the acute period following TKA. Compared with various controls, post-acute rehabilitation may not increase the risk of harms (low SoE). • KQ 3: For all assessed outcomes, there is insufficient (or no) evidence addressing the comparison between prehabilitation and no prehabilitation prior to THA. • KQ 4: Various rehabilitation interventions after THA may lead to comparable improvements in pain, strength, ADL, and quality of life. There is some evidence of no increased risk of harms due to the intervention (low SoE). • There is insufficient evidence regarding which patients may benefit from (p)rehabilitation for all KQs and insufficient evidence regarding comparisons of different providers and different settings of (p)rehabilitation for all KQs. There is insufficient evidence on costs of (p)rehabilitation and no evidence on cost effectiveness for all KQs. Conclusion. Despite the large number of studies found, the evidence regarding various prehabilitation programs and comparisons of rehabilitation programs for TKA and THA is ultimately sparse. This is a result of the diversity of interventions studied and outcomes reported across studies. As a result, the evidence is largely insufficient or of low SoE. New high-quality research is needed, using standardized intervention terminology and core outcome sets, especially to allow network meta-analyses to explore the impact of intervention attributes on patient-reported, performance-based, and healthcare-utilization outcomes.
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Exploring the Prospects of Using 3D Printing Technology in the South African Human Settlements. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0074.

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South Africa is a country with significant socio-economic development challenges, with the majority of South Africans having limited or non-existent access to basic infrastructure, services, housing and socio-economic opportunities etc. The urban housing backlog currently exceeds 2.4 million houses, with many families living in informal settlements. The Breaking New Grounds Policy, 2014 for the creation of sustainable human settlements, acknowledges the challenges facing human settlements, such as, decreasing human settlements grants allocation, increasing housing backlog, mushrooming of informal settlements and urbanisation. The White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), 2019 notes that South Africa has not yet fully benefited from the potential of STI in addressing the socio-economic challenges and seeks to support the circular economy principles which entail a systematic change of moving to a zero or low waste resource-efficient society. Further to this, the Science and Technology Roadmap’s intention is to unlock the potential of South Africa’s human settlements for a decent standard of living through the smart uptake of science, technology and innovation. One such novel technology is the Three-Dimensional (3D) printing technology, which has produced numerous incredible structures around the world. 3D printing is a computer-controlled industrial manufacturing process which encompasses additive means of production to create 3D shapes. The effects of such a technology have a potential to change the world we live in and could subsequently pave the roadmap to improve on housing delivery and reduce the negative effects of conventional construction methods on the environment. To this end, the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), in partnership with the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and the University of Johannesburg (UJ) hosted the second virtual IID seminar titled: Exploring the Prospects of Using 3D Printing Technology in the South African Human Settlements, on 01 March 2021 to explore the potential use of 3D printing technology in human settlements. The webinar presented preliminary findings from a study conducted by UJ, addressing the following topics: 1. The viability of 3D printing technology 2. Cost comparison of 3D printed house to conventional construction 3. Preliminary perceptions on 3D printing of houses Speakers included: Dr Jennifer Mirembe (NDoHS), Dr Jeffrey Mahachi, Mr Refilwe Lediga, Mr Khululekani Ntakana and Dr Luxien Ariyan, all from UJ. There was a unanimous consensus that collaborative efforts from all stakeholders are key to take advantage of this niche technology. @ASSAf_Official; @dsigovza; @go2uj; @The_DHS; #SA 3D_Printing; #3D Print_Housing; #IID
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