Journal articles: 'Cosmic ray muon'

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Янчуковский, Валерий, Valery Yanchukovsky, Василий Кузьменко, and Vasiliy Kuzmenko. "Atmospheric effects of the cosmic-ray mu-meson component." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 4, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-43201810.

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Variations in the intensity of cosmic rays observed in the depth of the atmosphere include the atmospheric component of the variations. Cosmic-ray muon telescopes, along with the barometric effect, have a significant temperature effect due to the instability of detected particles. To take into account atmospheric effects in muon telescope data, meteorological coefficients of muon intensity are found. The meteorological coefficients of the intensity of muons recorded in the depth of the atmosphere are estimated from experimental data, using various methods of factor analysis. The results obtained from experimental data are compared with the results of theoretical calculations.

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Harel, A., and D. Yaish. "Lingacom muography." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2137 (December 10, 2018): 20180133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0133.

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Lingacom Ltd develops detectors for muography—imaging using cosmic-ray muons—together with imaging algorithms and tools. We present selected simulation results from muon imaging of cargo conta- iners, from a joint muon and X-ray imaging algorithm, and for ground surveys using borehole detectors. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.

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Schouten, Doug. "Muon geotomography: selected case studies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2137 (December 10, 2018): 20180061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0061.

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Muon attenuation in matter can be used to infer the average material density along the path length of muons underground. By mapping the intensity of cosmic ray muons with an underground sensor, a radiographic image of the overburden above the sensor can be derived. Multiple such images can be combined to reconstruct a three-dimensional density model of the subsurface. This article summarizes selected case studies in applying muon tomography to mineral exploration, which we call muon geotomography. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.

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Majumdar, Nayana, Sridhar Tripathy, Subhendu Das, Purba Bhattacharya, Supratik Mukhopadhyay, and Sandip Sarkar. "Muon tomography using cosmic-ray muons." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2349, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2349/1/012008.

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The paper discusses about the R&D of a setup for muon tomography utilizing the scattering suffered by the muons due to electromagnetic interaction with the atomic nuclei while passing through any matter. The design of the setup has been optimized using numerical simulation for material discrimination and for further application in inspection of civil structures. An image processing algorithm based on pattern recognition method has been developed and tested for its performance in distinguishing between light and heavy elements and detecting defects in civil structures. The hardware developmental activities related to the muon tracking detectors and data acquisition system have been discussed.

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Bae, Junghyun, and Stylianos Chatzidakis. "Momentum-Dependent Cosmic Ray Muon Computed Tomography Using a Fieldable Muon Spectrometer." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 2666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072666.

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Cosmic ray muon tomography has been recently explored as a non-destructive technique for monitoring or imaging dense well-shielded objects, classically not achievable with traditional tomographic methods. As a recent example of technology transition from high-energy physics to real-world engineering applications, cosmic ray muon tomography has been used with various levels of success in nuclear nonproliferation. However, present muon detection systems have no momentum measurement capabilities and recently developed muon-based radiographic techniques rely only on muon tracking. This unavoidably reduces resolution and requires longer measurement times thus limiting the widespread use of cosmic ray muon tomography. Measurement of cosmic ray muon momenta has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and resolution of cosmic ray muon tomography. In this paper, we propose and explore the use of momentum-dependent cosmic ray muon tomography using multi-layer gas Cherenkov radiators, a new concept for measuring muon momentum in the field. The muon momentum measurements are coupled with a momentum-dependent imaging algorithm (mPoCA) and image reconstructions are presented to demonstrate the benefits of measuring momentum in cosmic ray muon tomography.

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Янчуковский, Валерий, Valery Yanchukovsky, Василий Кузьменко, and Vasiliy Kuzmenko. "Atmospheric effects of the cosmic-ray mu-meson component." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 4, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/szf-43201810.

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Variations in the intensity of cosmic rays observed in the depth of the atmosphere include the atmospheric component of the variations. Cosmic-ray muon telescopes, along with the barometric effect, have a significant temperature effect due to the instability of detected particles. To take into account atmospheric effects in muon telescope data, meteorological coeffi-cients of muon intensity are found. The meteorological coefficients of the intensity of muons recorded in the depth of the atmosphere are estimated from experi-mental data, using various methods of factor analysis. The results obtained from experimental data are com-pared with the results of theoretical calculations.

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MA, YUQIAN. "COSMIC RAY MUON MEASUREMENT BY L3 SPECTROMETER AT CERN." Modern Physics Letters A 16, no. 26 (August 30, 2001): 1667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732301004819.

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L3 + C is a branch experiment on L3 magnet spectrometer, which is located on the ring of LEP accelerator at CERN. To take the advantage of L3 muon chambers in its low threshold, wide dynamic range and high resolution, the momentum of cosmic ray muons in the range of 15–2000 GeV/c at a shallow depth of 30 m of molasse can be measured precisely. Since 1998, a scintillator detector system, a new fast trigger and DAQ system, and a small air shower array had been established for study the CR muon events independently. Up to August 2000, 8 billion muons and 25 million air shower events had been recorded. The first results for CR muon spectrum and the charge ratio etc. had been obtained.

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Fedynitch, A., W. Woodley, and M. C. Piro. "On the Accuracy of Underground Muon Intensity Calculations." Astrophysical Journal 928, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5027.

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Abstract Cosmic-ray muons detected by deep underground and underwater detectors have served as an information source on the high-energy cosmic-ray spectrum and hadronic interactions in air showers for almost a century. The theoretical interest in underground muons has nearly faded away because space-borne experiments probe the cosmic-ray spectrum more directly, and accelerators provide precise measurements of hadron yields. However, underground muons probe unique hadron interaction energies and phase space, which are still inaccessible to present accelerator experiments. The cosmic-ray nucleon energies reach the hundred-TeV and PeV ranges, which are barely accessible with space-borne experiments. Our new calculation combines two modern computational tools: mceq for surface muon fluxes and proposal for underground transport. We demonstrate excellent agreement with measurements of cosmic-ray muon intensities underground within estimated errors. Beyond that, the precision of historical data turns out to be significantly smaller than our error estimates. This result shows that the sources of high-energy atmospheric lepton flux uncertainties at the surface or underground can be significantly constrained without taking more data or building new detectors. The reduction of uncertainties can be expected to impact data analyses at large-volume neutrino telescopes and be used for the design of future ton-scale direct dark matter detectors.

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Abratenko, P., R. An, J. Anthony, L. Arellano, J. Asaadi, A. Ashkenazi, S. Balasubramanian, et al. "Cosmic ray muon clustering for the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber using sMask-RCNN." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): P09015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/p09015.

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Abstract In this article, we describe a modified implementation of Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (Mask-RCNN) for cosmic ray muon clustering in a liquid argon TPC and applied to MicroBooNE neutrino data. Our implementation of this network, called sMask-RCNN, uses sparse submanifold convolutions to increase processing speed on sparse datasets, and is compared to the original dense version in several metrics. The networks are trained to use wire readout images from the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber as input and produce individually labeled particle interactions within the image. These outputs are identified as either cosmic ray muon or electron neutrino interactions. We find that sMask-RCNN has an average pixel clustering efficiency of 85.9% compared to the dense network's average pixel clustering efficiency of 89.1%. We demonstrate the ability of sMask-RCNN used in conjunction with MicroBooNE's state-of-the-art Wire-Cell cosmic tagger to veto events containing only cosmic ray muons. The addition of sMask-RCNN to the Wire-Cell cosmic tagger removes 70% of the remaining cosmic ray muon background events at the same electron neutrino event signal efficiency. This event veto can provide 99.7% rejection of cosmic ray-only background events while maintaining an electron neutrino event-level signal efficiency of 80.1%. In addition to cosmic ray muon identification, sMask-RCNN could be used to extract features and identify different particle interaction types in other 3D-tracking detectors.

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Dorman, L. I., and I. V. Dorman. "Cosmic-ray atmospheric electric field effects." Canadian Journal of Physics 73, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1995): 440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p95-063.

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Experimental data on the atmospheric electric field effect in the cosmic-ray muon component are discussed on the basis of the general theory of cosmic-ray meteorological effects. In this framework, we develop the theory of atmospheric electric field effects in the hard- and soft-muons of secondary cosmic rays and in the neutron-monitor counting rates as well. We show that the experimental results can be understood on the basis of this theory. We also show that a sufficient atmospheric electric field effect in the cosmic-ray neutron component is to be expected because the neutron monitors work as analyzers of soft muons and really detect only negative muons as well as neutrons.

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Su, Ning, Yuan-Yuan Liu, Li Wang, and Jian-Ping Cheng. "Muon radiography simulation for underground palace of Qinshihuang Mausoleum." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 6 (2022): 064201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211582.

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Muon radiography is a nondestructive imaging technology based on the naturally existing cosmic ray muons. Because cosmic ray muons have the strong ability to penetrate, muon radiography in which the absorption of muons through matter is utilized, is especially suitable for the imaging of large-scale objects. While the traditional geophysical technologies used in archeology have some limitations, muon radiography is expected to become a powerful supplement in the nondestructive detection of large-scale cultural relics. Based on Monte Carlo simulation method Geant4, the muon radiography of the underground palace of Qinshihuang Mausoleum is studied in this work. A model of the underground palace of Qinshihuang Mausoleum is set up with GEANT4 program according to the data acquired by the previous archaeological study of Qinshihuang Mausoleum’s inner structure, as well as a reference model without these inner structure. By investigating the differences between the muon fluxes obtained from the two models, the muon radiography image of the inner structure of the model can be obtained. During the simulation, the cosmic ray muon source is generated by sampling according to an empirical formula summarized by Reyna, which can accurately describe the energy spectrum and angular distribution of cosmic ray muons at sea level. In addition, two viewpoints are selected in order to determine the three-dimensional position of the chamber. The simulation data are processed by using an image reconstruction algorithm which can be described as the following three steps. Firstly, the counts of muons in different directions are converted into muon flux. Secondly, the muon flux of the reference model is deducted from that of the Qinshihuang Mausoleum model, and the angular coordinates of the chamber walls are determined. Finally, combined with the wall’s angular coordinates obtained from the two viewpoints and the relative position between the two viewpoints, the chamber size and its position are reconstructed according to the geometric relationship. The errors of the reconstructed chamber center position and the length of chamber walls are both approximately 7%. In this article, we conduct only a preliminary study of muon radiography applied to the nondestructive detection of Qinshihuang Mausoleum, but the results show that muon radiography can be a promising tool for the archeological study of Qinshihuang Mausoleum. In the follow-up study, more factors will be taken into consideration, including the details of Qinshihuang Mausoleum model, and the improvement of image reconstruction algorithm.

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Янчуковский, Валерий, Valery Yanchukovsky, Владислав Григорьев, Vladislav Grigoryev, Гермоген Крымский, Germogen Krymsky, Василий Кузьменко, Vasiliy Kuzmenko, Антон Молчанов, and Anton Molchanov. "Receiving vectors of muon telescope of cosmic ray station Novosibirsk." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19883.

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The method of receiving vectors allows us to determine cosmic ray anisotropy at every moment of time. Also, the method makes it possible to study fast anisotropy fluctuations related to the interplanetary medium dynamics. Receiving vectors have been calculated earlier for neutron monitors and muon telescopes. However, most muon telescopes of the network of cosmic ray stations for which calculations were made does not operate now. In recent years, new, improved detectors have been developed. Unfortunately, the use of them is limited because of the absence of receiving coefficients. These detectors include a matrix telescope in Novosibirsk. Therefore, receiving vector components for muon telescopes of observation cosmic ray station Novosibirsk have been defined. Besides, design features of the facility, its orientation, and directional diagram depending on zenith and azimuth angles were taken into account. Also, for the system of telescopes, we allowed for coupling coefficients found experimentally by the test detector.

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Chatzidakis, Stylianos, and Junghyun Bae. "Advances in Cosmic Ray Muon Computed Tomography and Fieldable Spectroscopy." HNPS Advances in Nuclear Physics 28 (October 17, 2022): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.3584.

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A recent example of successful technology transition from high energy physics to practical engineering applications is cosmic ray muon tomography. Cosmic ray muon tomography, is a promising non-destructive technique that has been recently utilized to monitor or image the contents of dense or well shielded objects, typically not feasible with conventional radiography techniques, e.g., x-ray or neutron. Cosmic ray muon tomography has been used with various levels of success in spent nuclear fuel monitoring, volcano imaging, and cargo container imaging. Further, knowledge of cosmic ray muon momentum spectrum has the potential to significantly improve and expand the use of a variety of recently developed muon-based radiographic techniques. However, existing muon tomography systems rely only on muon tracking and have no momentum measurement capabilities which reduces the image resolution and requires longer measurement times. A fieldable cosmic ray muon spectrometer with momentum measurement capabilities for use in muon tomography is currently missing. In this paper, we will discuss and explore recent advances in cosmic ray muon computed tomography and spectroscopy and their applications to engineering including a new concept for measuring muon momentum using multiple gaseous Cherenkov radiators. By varying the pressure of multiple gas Cherenkov radiators, a set of muon momentum threshold levels can be selected that are triggered only when the incoming muon momentum exceeds that level. As a result, depending on the incoming muon momentum, none to all Cherenkov radiators can be triggered. By analyzing the signals from each radiator, we can estimate the actual muon momentum.

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Bielewicz, M., A. Bancer, M. Barabanov, A. Chlopik, M. Czarnynoga, D. Dabrowski, A. Dudzinski, et al. "Conceptual design report of the MPD Cosmic Ray Detector (MCORD)." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): P11035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/11/p11035.

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Abstract This report presents a concept of constructing a detector dedicated for detection of muons observed during measurements carried out at the MPD (Multi-Purpose Detector) detector that is currently under construction at the NICA facility, Russia, Dubna. It has been proposed to design and build an additional detector that will complement the current MPD set and increase its measurement capabilities. The main goal of this project is to provide information from cosmic muons that pass the MPD detector in both in-beam and off-beam experiments. Hence, the detector is called the MPD COsmic Ray Detector (MCORD).The conceptual design of MCORD is proposed by a Polish consortium NICA-PL comprising several Polish scientific institutions. The data from cosmic ray muons could be used as a trigger for calibration of other detection systems comprising the MPD detector. Large surface covered by the MCORD offers also possibility for efficient registration of muons generated in expanding atmospheric showers induced by distant sources. Moreover, beyond some energy threshold, observation of muons originating from decays of collision products will also be possible. In this report examples of the MCORD functionality as a part of the MPD detector are presented. The MCORD is designed as a universal, fast triggering system built as a modular reconfigurable construction. The detection system will be based on plastic scintillators equipped with wavelength shifting fibers, and silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) will be used for scintillation readout. The online analysis of received signals will be performed using digital FPGA modules. Due to the modular design, the same system (its small part) can be used for both laboratory testing of other MPD sub-detectors, and the calibration of these detectors after placing them inside the MPD in off-beam mode. The full detector will support these systems as an additional trigger, calibrator, and muon identifier during the normal operation of the MPD detector with the beam. Thanks to its unique construction, it will expand the possibilities of collecting scientific data of the MPD detector with astrophysical observations. The publication will show the assumptions of the mechanical structure and electronic systems of the planned detector. The installation site of the detector as part of the MPD detector will be described in detail. In the following, the results of simulations made in preparation for this project will be presented. In particular, simulations with the CORSIKA code present angular distributions of particles in cosmic showers in the Dubna city region. Since muons dominate the cosmic ray showers, the MPD detector response to expected cosmic muon flux was also simulated. The results provide information about the muon cut-off thresholds depending on the MPD detector composition during the installation campaign. Simulations of muon events that could be used for MPD subsystems calibration were also performed. The results shown for various configuration of MCORD detector modules will enable the estimation of the time necessary to perform such tests in the future. Simulations with UrQMD model shows the muon abundances due to beam-beam collisions. Approximately 90% of muons are created from pions, whereas the number of muons that reach the MCORD detector is 10 times greater than the number of pions. The MPD detector response was also simulated under the influence of a stream of various particles, especially muons. It shows energy dependence of muon transmission coefficient for MPD with and without ECal assembled. Assuming requirement for muon transmission above 95%, the muon cut-off thresholds are 1.6 GeV and 2.0 GeV, respectively. MCORD detector performance evaluation is also reported. In the case when we used scintillators with one fiber with a diameter of 1 mm, the time resolution of about 1.0 ns was recorded, which corresponds to the positional accuracy (σx) of 7.1 cm. The results of laboratory tests show that application of a 2 mm diameter WLS fiber instead of the previously used 1 mm diameter fiber improves the time resolution to 0.80 ns.

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Hillier, A. D., J. S. Lord, K. Ishida, and C. Rogers. "Muons at ISIS." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2137 (December 10, 2018): 20180064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0064.

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For the last 30 years, muon experiments at ISIS pulsed neutron and muon facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire have been making a significant contribution to a number of scientific fields. The muon facilities at ISIS consist of eight experimental areas. The European Commission Muon facility consists of three experimental areas with a fixed momentum (28 MeV c −1 ). The RIKEN-RAL facility has a variable momentum (17–90 MeV c −1 ) and a choice of negative or positive muons delivering muons to four experimental areas. There is also an area recently used for a muon ionization cooling experiment. In this paper, the ISIS pulsed muon facilities are reviewed, including the beam characteristics that could be useful for muography experiments. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.

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Basak, D. K., S. K. Sarkar, N. Mukherjee, S. Sanyal, B. Ghosh, and N. Chaudhuri. "Lateral distribution and energy spectra of high-energy muons in cosmic-ray air showers." Canadian Journal of Physics 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-006.

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The energy spectra and the lateral distribution of muons in cosmic-ray air showers, in the size range 104–106 particles as measured by two magnetic spectrographs each of full detection efficiency for muons in the energy range 2.5–500 GeV, are presented along with the derived muon size vs. shower size results. Comparisons with similar recent experimental data and calculations are given to infer the cosmic-ray primary composition.

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Yang, Guangliang, Tony Clarkson, Simon Gardner, David Ireland, Ralf Kaiser, David Mahon, Ramsey Al Jebali, Craig Shearer, and Matthew Ryan. "Novel muon imaging techniques." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2137 (December 10, 2018): 20180062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0062.

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Owing to the high penetrating power of high-energy cosmic ray muons, muon imaging techniques can be used to image large bulky objects, especially objects with heavy shielding. Muon imaging systems work just like CT scanners in the medical imaging field—that is, they can reveal information inside of a target. There are two forms of muon imaging techniques: muon absorption imaging and muon multiple scattering imaging. The former is based on the flux attenuation of muons, and the latter is based on the multiple scattering of muons in matter. The muon absorption imaging technique is capable of imaging very large objects such as volcanoes and large buildings, and also smaller objects like spent fuel casks; the muon multiple scattering imaging technique is best suited to inspect smaller objects such as nuclear waste containers. Muon imaging techniques can be applied in a broad variety of fields, i.e. from measuring the magma thickness of volcanoes to searching for secret cavities in pyramids, and from monitoring the borders of countries checking for special nuclear materials to monitoring the spent fuel casks for nuclear safeguards applications. In this paper, the principles of muon imaging are reviewed. Image reconstruction algorithms such as Filtered Back Projection and Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization are discussed. The capability of muon imaging techniques is demonstrated through a Geant4 simulation study for imaging a nuclear spent fuel cask. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.

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Peregudov, Dmitriy, Anatoly Soloviev, Igor Yashin, and Victor Shutenko. "GALACTIC COSMIC RAY ANISOTROPY MODELLING." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-61202003.

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We calculate the angular distribution of cosmic rays at a given point of the heliosphere under the assumption that the incoming flux from outer space is isotropic. The static magnetic field is shown to cause no anisotropy provided that the observation point is situated out of the trapped particle area. We consider a coronal ejection model in the form of a static cylinder with an axial homogeneous magnetic field inside. We calculate angular distribution samples in the trapped particle area (inside the cylinder) and show that there is a certain cone of directions with a reduced flux. For the same model with the moving cylinder, the angular distribution samples are calculated for different positions of the observation point outside the cylinder. Anisotropy of order of the ejection to light velocity ratio is shown to arise. The calculated samples are in qualitative agreement with URAGAN muon hodoscope data.

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MAZZIOTTA, M. N., M. BRIGIDA, C. FAVUZZI, P. FUSCO, F. GARGANO, N. GIGLIETTO, F. GIORDANO, F. LOPARCO, S. RAINÒ, and P. SPINELLI. "UNDERGROUND MUON ENERGY SPECTRA WITH THE MACRO TRD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (November 20, 2005): 6968–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05030624.

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The MACRO detector was located in the Hall B of the Gran Sasso underground Laboratories under an average rock overburden of 3700 hg/cm2. A TRD composed by three identical modules, covering an horizontal area of 36 m2, was added to the MACRO detector in order to measure the residual energy of muons entering MACRO. This kind of measurement provides a useful tool to study the primary cosmic ray energy spectra and composition, their interactions with the Earth's atmosphere and the propagation of muons inside the rock. The results of the measurement of the energy of single and double muons crossing MACRO will be presented. Our data show that double muons are more energetic than single ones in the rock depth range from 3000 to 6500 hg/cm2. Single muon data confirm the reliability of the models adopted to describe the cosmic ray interactions with the atmosphere and the muon propagation inside the rock.

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Duldig, Marc. "Antarctic Cosmic Ray Astronomy." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 947–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600017718.

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AbstractCosmic ray observations related to Antarctica commenced in the austral summer of 1947-48 from sub-Antarctic Heard and Macquarie Islands and from the HMAS Wyatt Earp. Muon telescope observations from Mawson station, Antarctica, followed from 1955. The International Geophysical Year was the impetus for the installation of a number of neutron monitors around Antarctica, observing the lowest energy cosmic rays accessible by ground based instruments. In 1971 a new observatory was built at Mawson including the only underground muon telescope system at polar latitudes in either hemisphere. Over more than half a century, cosmic ray astronomy has been undertaken from Antarctica and its surrounding regions and these observations have been critical to our growing understanding of the heliosphere.

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Pagano, D., G. Bonomi, A. Donzella, A. Zenoni, G. Zumerle, and N. Zurlo. "EcoMug: An Efficient COsmic MUon Generator for cosmic-ray muon applications." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 1014 (October 2021): 165732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.165732.

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Andeen, Karen, and Matthias Plum. "Latest Cosmic Ray Results from IceTop and IceCube." EPJ Web of Conferences 210 (2019): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921003005.

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The IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the geographic South Pole, with its surface array IceTop, detects three different components of extensive air showers: the total signal at the surface, low energy muons on the periphery of the showers, and high energy muons in the deep In Ice array of IceCube. These measurements enable determination of the energy spectrum and composition of cosmic rays from PeV to EeV energies, the anisotropy in the distribution of cosmic ray arrival directions, the muon density of cosmic ray air showers, and the PeV gamma-ray flux. Furthermore, IceTop can be used as a veto for the neutrino measurements. The latest results from these IceTop analyses will be presented along with future plans.

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Saracino, G., F. Ambrosino, L. Bonechi, L. Cimmino, R. D'Alessandro, M. D'Errico, P. Noli, L. Scognamiglio, and P. Strolin. "Applications of muon absorption radiography to the fields of archaeology and civil engineering." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2137 (December 10, 2018): 20180057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0057.

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Muon radiography, also known as muography, is an imaging technique that provides information on the mass density distribution inside large objects. Muons are naturally produced in the interactions of cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere. The physical process exploited by muography is the attenuation of the muon flux, that depends on the thickness and density of matter that muons cross in the course of their trajectory. A particle detector with tracking capability allows the measurement of the muons flux as a function of the muon direction. The comparison of the measured muon flux with the expected one gives information on the distribution of the density of matter, in particular, on the presence of cavities. In this article, the measurement performed at Mt. Echia in Naples (Saracino 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 , 1181. ( doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01277-3 )), will be discussed as a practical example of the possible application of muography in archaeology and civil engineering. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.

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Maghrabi, Abdullrahman, and Mohammed Almutayri. "Atmospheric Effect on Cosmic Ray Muons at High Cut-Off Rigidity Station." Advances in Astronomy 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9620189.

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Cosmic ray data and radiosonde measurements from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Rc = 14.4 GV), for the period 2002–2012, were used to study the effect of atmospheric pressure, level of pion production, and temperature at that level, on cosmic ray muons. We found that, even if corrections were made to the detected muons using these three parameters, seasonal variations of the cosmic rays still exist. This suggests that other terrestrial and/or extraterrestrial causes may be considered. The levels of pion production and atmospheric pressure are inversely correlated with the muon rate. On the other hand, the temperature at the pion production level is correlated with muons in spring and winter and inversely correlated in fall and summer. There is no clear explanation for this behavior.

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Jiang, You-Ge, Xiao-Nan Wang, Xiao-Fei Lan, and Yong-Sheng Huang. "Low-initial-energy muon acceleration in beam-driven plasma wakefield using a plasma density down-ramp." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 10 (October 2022): 103110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0107458.

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The muon plays a key role in the field of particle physics and applied physics. To build the neutrino factories or muon colliders, high-quality muon sources are needed. At present, we can only get the low-flux cosmic-ray muons and low-energy accelerator-generated muons. The key issue about accelerating a low-initial-energy muon beam in the plasma wakefield driven by an electron beam is the phase matching between muons and a wakefield. A plasma density down-ramp is considered as an effective method for accelerating a low-initial-energy muon beam, and the decreasing phase velocity at the back edge of the wakefield can lower the muon trapped energy threshold. A 100 MeV muon beam can be accelerated to 6.21 GeV in the plasma wakefield based on a negative plasma density gradient. The trapping and accelerating process can be controlled by adjusting the parameters of the density down-ramp.

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Sato, Hikaru, Tadahiro Kin, and Andrea Giammanco. "Measurement of energy differential spectrum of cosmic-ray muons below 400 MeV." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): P08009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/p08009.

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Abstract Recent applications of cosmic-ray muons require accurate modeling of their flux at low energy. However, only a few measurements have been reported below 400 MeV. Therefore, we developed a full-absorption muon energy spectrometer (FAMES) to obtain energy differential flux below 400 MeV. Because our main detector can measure muon energies below 75 MeV, an energy degradation method is adopted (using 5- and 20-cm thick lead blocks) to shift the sensitive energy range. Three measurements were performed (in the normal mode and the two energy degrading modes) for around two weeks. The measurement results were compared with PARMA, an analytical model for estimating terrestrial cosmic-ray fluxes nearly anytime and anywhere in the world. As a result, we found that the model can precisely predict the flux except its lower energy part.

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Dragic, Aleksandar, Vladimir Udovicic, Radomir Banjanac, Dejan Jokovic, Dimitrije Maletic, Nikola Veselinovic, Mihailo Savic, Jovan Puzovic, and Ivan Anicin. "The new set-up in the Belgrade low-level and cosmic-ray laboratory." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 26, no. 3 (2011): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1103181d.

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The Belgrade underground laboratory consists of two interconnected spaces, a ground level laboratory and a shallow underground one, at 25 meters of water equivalent. The laboratory hosts a low-background gamma spectroscopy system and cosmic-ray muon detectors. With the recently adopted digital data acquisition system it is possible to simultaneously study independent operations of the two detector systems, as well as processes induced by cosmic-ray muons in germanium spectrometers. Characteristics and potentials of the present experimental setup, together with some preliminary results for the flux of fast neutrons and stopped muons, are reported here.

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Mitrica, Bogdan, Denis Stanca, Bogdan Cautisanu, Mihai Niculescu-Oglinzanu, Alexandru Balaceanu, Alexandru Gherghel-Lascu, Andreea Munteanu, et al. "Muography applications developed by IFIN-HH." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2137 (December 10, 2018): 20180137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0137.

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Cosmic-ray muons have been studied at IFIN-HH for more than 20 years. Starting as fundamental physics research, the muon flux measurements bring new directions of study regarding muography. Two new directions have been recently developed: underground muon scanning of old mining sites in order to detect the possible presence of unknown cavities and underwater scanning of ships in commercial harbours in order to prevent the illegal traffic of radioactive materials. The main goal of the first direction of study is to improve the security of underground civilian and industrial infrastructures, by starting the development of a new, innovative detection system that can be used to identify potentially dangerous conditions using a non-invasive, totally safe method. The method proposed uses information provided by a device placed underground that measures directional cosmic muon flux and identifies anomalies produced by irregularities in the geological layers above. For the second direction of study, the method proposed is based on the detection and analysis of the cosmic muon flux. The high-density materials (uranium, lead—used for radiation shielding, etc.) cause a decrease in the directional muon flux. The detection system will be submerged underneath the ship that will be scanned, being able to locate illegal radioactive materials without exposing any personnel to radiation or contamination. Correlated with simulations based on the known configuration of the ship scanned, the data provided by the detection system will provide the location and dimensions of the undeclared material transported. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.

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Maghrabi, A. H., R. N. Alotaibi, M. M. Almutayri, and M. S. Garawi. "Influence of the Atmospheric Mass on the High Energy Cosmic Ray Muons during a Solar Cycle." Advances in Astronomy 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/939146.

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The rate of the detected cosmic ray muons depends on the atmospheric mass, height of pion production level, and temperature. Corrections for the changes in these parameters are importance to know the properties of the primary cosmic rays. In this paper, the effect of atmospheric mass, represented here by the atmospheric pressure, on the cosmic ray was studied using data from the KACST muon detector during the 2002–2012 period. The analysis was conducted by calculating the barometric coefficient (α) using regression analysis between the two parameters. The variation ofαover different time scales was investigated. The results revealed a seasonal cycle ofαwith a maximum in September and a minimum in March. Data from Adelaide muon detector were used, and different monthly variation was found. The barometric coefficient displays considerable variability at the interannual scale. Study of the annual variations ofαindicated cyclic variation with maximums between 2008 and 2009 and minimums between 2002 and 2003. This variable tendency is found to be anticorrelated with the solar activity, represented by the sunspot number. This finding was compared with the annual trend ofαfor the Adelaide muon detector for the same period of time, and a similar trend was found.

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Klein, Spencer R., Rune E. Mikkelsen, and Julia Becker Tjus. "MUON ACCELERATION IN COSMIC-RAY SOURCES." Astrophysical Journal 779, no. 2 (November 27, 2013): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/779/2/106.

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Gonzalez, Javier G. "Muon Measurements with IceTop." EPJ Web of Conferences 208 (2019): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920803003.

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We present the measurement of the density of GeV muons in near-vertical air showers by the IceTop array at the South Pole. The muon density is measured at 600 m and 800 m lateral distance from the shower axis in air showers between 1 PeV and 100 PeV. This result can be used to constrain hadronic interaction models by comparing it with the outcome of Monte Carlo simulations. We show that some models do not produce muon densities in agreement with this result unless an unphysical composition of the primary cosmic ray flux is assumed.

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Kedar, S., H. K. M. Tanaka, C. J. Naudet, C. E. Jones, J. P. Plaut, and F. H. Webb. "Muon radiography for exploration of Mars geology." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 2, no. 2 (October 18, 2012): 829–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-2-829-2012.

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Abstract. Muon radiography is a technique that uses naturally occurring showers of muons (penetrating particles generated by cosmic rays) to image the interior of large scale geological structures in much the same way as standard X-ray radiography is used to image the interior of smaller objects. Recent developments and application of the technique to terrestrial volcanoes have demonstrated that a low-power, passive muon detector can peer deep into geological structures up to several kilometers in size, and provide crisp density profile images of their interior at ten meter scale resolution. Preliminary estimates of muon production on Mars indicate that the near horizontal Martian muon flux, which could be used for muon radiography, is as strong or stronger than that on Earth, making the technique suitable for exploration of numerous high priority geological targets on Mars. The high spatial resolution of muon radiography also makes the technique particularly suited for the discovery and delineation of Martian caverns, the most likely planetary environment for biological activity. As a passive imaging technique, muon radiography uses the perpetually present background cosmic ray radiation as the energy source for probing the interior of structures from the surface of the planet. The passive nature of the measurements provides an opportunity for a low power and low data rate instrument for planetary exploration that could operate as a scientifically valuable primary or secondary instrument in a variety of settings, with minimal impact on the mission's other instruments and operation.

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Kedar, S., H. K. M. Tanaka, C. J. Naudet, C. E. Jones, J. P. Plaut, and F. H. Webb. "Muon radiography for exploration of Mars geology." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 2, no. 1 (June 17, 2013): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-157-2013.

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Abstract. Muon radiography is a technique that uses naturally occurring showers of muons (penetrating particles generated by cosmic rays) to image the interior of large-scale geological structures in much the same way as standard X-ray radiography is used to image the interior of smaller objects. Recent developments and application of the technique to terrestrial volcanoes have demonstrated that a low-power, passive muon detector can peer deep into geological structures up to several kilometers in size, and provide crisp density profile images of their interior at ten meter scale resolution. Preliminary estimates of muon production on Mars indicate that the near horizontal Martian muon flux, which could be used for muon radiography, is as strong or stronger than that on Earth, making the technique suitable for exploration of numerous high priority geological targets on Mars. The high spatial resolution of muon radiography also makes the technique particularly suited for the discovery and delineation of Martian caverns, the most likely planetary environment for biological activity. As a passive imaging technique, muon radiography uses the perpetually present background cosmic ray radiation as the energy source for probing the interior of structures from the surface of the planet. The passive nature of the measurements provides an opportunity for a low power and low data rate instrument for planetary exploration that could operate as a scientifically valuable primary or secondary instrument in a variety of settings, with minimal impact on the mission's other instruments and operation.

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CURRAT, CHARLES A. "Measuring Cosmic Ray and Atmospheric Neutrinos in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 14 (June 10, 2005): 3106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05025863.

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High energy muons and neutrinos are produced by the interaction of primary cosmic rays in the Earth's upper atmosphere. These primary interactions produce mesons that decay into muons and neutrinos. SNO is in a unique position amongst underground experiments in the world. At the depth of over 6 km water equivalent, it is the deepest underground laboratory currently in operation. SNO can make a number of novel measurements using muons. First, SNO is sensitive to the downward muon rate coming from primary cosmic ray interactions. Second, SNO's great depth makes possible the detection of atmospheric neutrinos (via the detection of neutrino induced muons) from the nadir to inclinations as large as cos (θ zenith ) ≃ 0.4 above the horizon. Although SNO is a modest-size Cherenkov detector, SNO's unique niche allows it to make important model-independent checks of atmospheric neutrino oscillations.

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Clay, R. W., Z. Kurban, A. H. Maghrabi, and N. R. Wild. "A Cosmic Ray Muon Detector for Astronomy Teaching." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 17, no. 2 (2000): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as00171.

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AbstractPractical astronomy is usually taught using optical telescopes or, more rarely, radio telescopes. For a similar cost, complementary studies may be made of astrophysical particles through the use of a modestly sized muon detector. Such a detector records the arrival of cosmic ray particles that have traversed the heliosphere and the rate of muon detections reflects the flux of those particles. That flux is controlled by the day to day properties of the heliosphere which is in a state of constant change as the outflowing solar wind is affected by solar activity. As a consequence, a laboratory muon detector, whose count rate depends on the state of the heliosphere, can be an interesting and useful teaching tool that is complementary to optical or radio studies of the Sun.

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Rigozo, Nivaor Rodolfo, and Adriano Petry. "THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE EFFECT ON MUON DATA NORMALIZATION BY SPECTRAL ANALYSIS STUDIES." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v31i3.324.

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ABSTRACT. This paper presents a study of the atmospheric pressure effects on ground cosmic ray muon time series, using the iterative regression spectral analysis method. Along the study, it was observed that the 34 periods present in the atmospheric pressure amplitude spectrum are present in the muon data amplitude spectra as well. It was concluded that the normalization of muon data is only efﬁcient for periods shorter than nine days, in order to eliminate the atmospheric effects.Keywords: cosmic rays, time series, spectral analysis. RESUMO. Este artigo apresenta um estudo dos efeitos da pressão atmosférica nas series temporais de raios cósmicos, usando a metodologia da análise espectral pela iteração regressiva. Foi observado um total de 34 periodicidades presentes no espectro de amplitude da pressão atmosférica que também estão presentes no espectro de amplitude dos dados de muons. Conclui-se que a padronização dos dados de muons para eliminar os efeitos da pressão atmosférica é eﬁciente somente para períodos abaixo de 9 diasPalavras-chave: raios cósmicos, série temporal, análise espectral.

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Янчуковский, Валерий, Valery Yanchukovsky, Владислав Григорьев, Vladislav Grigoryev, Гермоген Крымский, Germogen Krymsky, Василий Кузьменко, Vasiliy Kuzmenko, Антон Молчанов, and Anton Molchanov. "Receiving vectors of muon telescope of cosmic ray station “Novosibirsk”." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 2, no. 1 (March 17, 2016): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16762.

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The method of receiving vectors allows us to determine cosmic ray anisotropy at each moment. Also, the method makes it possible to study fast anisotropy fluctuations related to the interplanetary medium dynamics. Receiving vectors have been calculated earlier for neutron monitors and muon telescopes. However, the most of muon telescopes of the network of cosmic ray stations for which calculations were made does not operate now. In recent years, new improved detectors appeared. Unfortunately, the use of them is limited because of absence of receiving coefficients. These detectors include the matrix telescope in Novosibirsk. Therefore, components of receiving vector for muon telescopes of observation cosmic ray station “Novosibirsk” have been defined. Besides, design features of the facility, its orientation, and directional diagram depending on zenith and azimuth angles were taken into account. Also, for the system of telescopes, we allowed for coupling coefficients found experimentally using the test detector.

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ZHU, SHOU-HUA. "V-PARTICLE AGAIN?" International Journal of Modern Physics D 20, no. 08 (August 15, 2011): 1399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021827181101958x.

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This talk is mainly based on our previous work.1 We will investigate the possibility of detecting light long-lived particle (LLP) produced by high energy cosmic ray colliding with atmosphere. The LLP may penetrate the atmosphere and decay into a pair of muons near/in the neutrino telescope. Such muons can be treated as the detectable signal for neutrino telescope. The particle with such behavior is very similar with that of the first observed strange particle in cosmic ray events, which was coined historically as "V-particle" in some literature. This study is motivated by recent cosmic electron/positron observations which suggest the existence of O(TeV) dark matter and new light O(GeV) particle. It indicates that dark sector may be complicated, and there may exist more than one light particle, for example the dark gauge boson A′ and associated dark Higgs boson h′. In this work, we discuss the scenario with A′ heavier than h′ and h′ is treated as LLP. Based on our numerical estimation, we find that the large volume neutrino telescope IceCube has the capacity to observe several tens of di-muon events per year for favorable parameters if the decay length of LLP can be comparable with the depth of atmosphere. The challenge here is how to suppress the muon background induced by cosmic rays and atmospheric neutrinos.

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Li, J., Z. Li, R. Han, Y. Cheng, X. Mao, L. Yu, X. Feng, B. Liu, L. Jiang, and X. Ouyang. "Investigation of structures in tunnel overburdens by means of muon radiography." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): P05029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/p05029.

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Abstract Cosmic ray muon radiography is a new imaging technique that is being used to investigate the density structure of large objects and the shallow crust. For example, it has been used to investigate magma conduits of active volcanoes, cavities above tunnels and hidden chambers inside pyramids, and has proven to be effective and accurate. However, low cosmic muon flux has limited the development of muon radiography in many engineering applications. In this paper, the potential application of muon radiography to investigate density anomalies in tunnel overburden is discussed. Results show that in a typical 25-meter thick overburden, muon radiography can identify overburden anomalies of 10% in two hours with an inaccuracy probability of 30.8% by lack of enough statistics, and this inaccuracy will reduce to 2.2% if data are collected over a full day. The study also indicates that muon radiography can detect structure density anomalies above 1% with an inaccuracy probability of 2.2%. As a non-destructive, non-invasive and passive imaging method, cosmic ray muon radiography has its great potential in timely monitoring and imaging of overburden structures to discover potential structural defects.

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Кузьменко, Василий, Vasiliy Kuzmenko, Валерий Янчуковский, and Valery Yanchukovsky. "Distribution of temperature coefficient density for muons in the atmosphere." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-34201710.

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To date, several dozens of new muon detectors have been built. When studying cosmic-ray intensity variations with these detectors, located deep in the atmosphere, it is necessary to calculate all character-istics, including the distribution of temperature coeffi-cient density for muons in the atmosphere, taking into account their specific geometry. For this purpose, we calculate the density of temperature coefficients of muon intensity in the atmosphere at various zenith angles of detection at sea level and at various depths underground for different absorption ranges of primary protons and pions in the atmosphere.

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Кузьменко, Василий, Vasiliy Kuzmenko, Валерий Янчуковский, and Valery Yanchukovsky. "Distribution of temperature coefficient density for muons in the atmosphere." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 3, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/szf-34201710.

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To date, several dozens of new muon detectors have been built. When studying variations in cosmic-ray intensity with these detectors, located deep in the atmosphere, it is necessary to calculate all characteristics, including the distribution of temperature coefficient density for muons in the atmosphere, taking into account their specific geometry. For this purpose, we calculate the density of temperature coefficients of muon intensity in the atmosphere at various zenith angles of detection at sea level and at various depths underground for different absorption ranges of primary protons and pions in the atmosphere.

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Esch, E. I., T. J. Bowles, A. Hime, A. Pichlmaier, R. Reifarth, and H. Wollnik. "The cosmic ray muon flux at WIPP." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 538, no. 1-3 (February 2005): 516–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.09.005.

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Klein, Spencer R. "Muon Production in Relativistic Cosmic-Ray Interactions." Nuclear Physics A 830, no. 1-4 (November 2009): 869c—872c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2009.10.128.

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Morris, D. A., and R. Rosenfeld. "Muon bundles from cosmic-ray multi-Wphenomena." Physical Review D 44, no. 11 (December 1, 1991): 3530–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.44.3530.

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Schultz, Larry J., Gary S. Blanpied, Konstantin N. Borozdin, Andrew M. Fraser, Nicolas W. Hengartner, Alexei V. Klimenko, Christopher L. Morris, Chris Orum, and Michael J. Sossong. "Statistical Reconstruction for Cosmic Ray Muon Tomography." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 16, no. 8 (August 2007): 1985–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2007.901239.

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Sugita, Tsukasa, Jeffery Bacon, Yuichiro Ban, Konstantin Borozdin, Mikio Izumi, Yoshiji Karino, Naoto Kume, et al. "Cosmic-ray muon radiography of UO2fuel assembly." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 51, no. 7-8 (May 22, 2014): 1024–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2014.919884.

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Кузьменко, Василий, Vasiliy Kuzmenko, Валерий Янчуковский, and Valery Yanchukovsky. "Determination of density of temperature coefficients for the Earth’s atmosphere muons." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 1, no. 2 (June 17, 2015): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10403.

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When studying variations of cosmic ray intensity, by the use of muon telescopes located deep in the atmosphere it is necessary to take into account changes in atmospheric parameters, mainly pressure and temperature. The density distribution of temperature coefficients of the atmosphere muon intensity needs to be estimated from observations. To this purpose, the method of principal components regression and meth-ods of projection to latent structures (PLS-1 and PLS-2). We used data of continuous recording of muons, as well as Novosibirsk 2004–2010 aerological data. As shown by comparing results, PLS-2 method allows us to esti-mate the density distribution of muon intensity temperature coefficients with minimal errors.

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Liu, Guorui, Xujia Luo, Heng Tian, Kaiqiang Yao, Feiyun Niu, Long Jin, Jinlei Gao, et al. "High-precision muography in archaeogeophysics: A case study on Xi’an defensive walls." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 014901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123337.

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Muography is a rapidly developing and non-destructive tomographic technology that uses cosmic ray muons. Due to the natural presence and deeper penetration of cosmic ray muons, scientists have performed various pioneer studies in fields, such as customs security, the internal imaging of volcanoes, scientific archaeology, and others. With unique advantages, muography has gained increasing attention from archaeologists as a novel and innovative tool to investigate large-scale archaeological sites. This approach may be especially helpful for identifying endangered cultural relics and monuments. In the work, we employ a compact, rugged, and portable muon imaging system, CORMIS (COsmic Ray Muon Imaging System), deployed at up to six measurement locations to perform a case study of three-dimensional muography in Xi’an city, China. Cultural cities, such as Xi’an, have long histories and could benefit from innovative techniques used to investigate, conserve, and protect large historical sites. In this paper, we present in detail a high resolution survey on a rampart of a Xi’an defensive wall in demand of urgent protection. The survey data are carefully processed with advanced statistical methods newly introduced in muography, and the results indicate density anomalies inside the rampart with unprecedented levels of precision. The density anomalies are potential safety hazards and need to be eliminated as soon as possible. The successful implementation of this survey significantly encourages more engagement on the tangible application of high-precision 3D muography in archaeological investigations and protection projects around the world.

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Giacomelli, G., and A. Margiotta. "The MACRO Experiment." Modern Physics Letters A 18, no. 29 (September 21, 2003): 2001–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732303011654.

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In this paper we describe the main results obtained by the MACRO experiment: final stringent upper limits on GUT magnetic monopoles and nuclearites, results on atmospheric neutrino oscillations, high energy muon neutrino astronomy, searches for WIMPs, search for low energy stellar gravitational collapse neutrinos, several studies with high energy downgoing muons and determination of the primary cosmic ray composition at knee energies.

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Nishiyama, R., S. Miyamoto, and N. Naganawa. "Experimental study of source of background noise in muon radiography using emulsion film detectors." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 3, no. 2 (December 4, 2013): 649–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-3-649-2013.

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Abstract. We study the source of background noise in cosmic-ray muon radiography (muography) using emulsion film detectors. We claim that muography detectors should have a momentum separation function to reduce systematic errors due to non-signal particles with momenta less than 2 GeV c−1. The origin of noise is expected to be electromagnetic components of air-showers or cosmic-ray muons scattered in topographic material. As a demonstration, we construct two types of detectors with different momentum thresholds and perform test measurements of an actual geoscientific target. The analysis of emulsion data is explained in detail, including film inefficiency compensation and momentum selection by applying an upper bound to the chi-square distribution to the data.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cosmic ray muon'

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