Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cosimo II

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Academic literature on the topic 'Cosimo II'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cosimo II"

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Farneti, Fauzia. "Il quadraturismo in Pallazzo Pitti da Cosimo II a Cosimo III de' Medici." Varia Historia 24, no. 40 (December 2008): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-87752008000200002.

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Nei primi decenni del Seicento la pittura decorativa a Firenze risulta ancora legata all'ornamentazione tradizionale tardomanierista attuata nei modi di Alessandro Allori o di Bernardino Barbatelli detto il Poccetti. L'interesse per le novità e per l'aggiornamento dell'ambiente artistico fiorentino portarono il granduca Ferdinando II a chiamare a Firenze tra il 1636 ed il 1637 Pietro da Cortona, Angelo Michele Colonna e Agostino Mitelli. I due bolognesi completarono il ciclo pittorico celebrativo del governo di Ferdinando cui aveva dato inizio Giovanni da San Giovanni, con la decorazione delle tre sale di rappresentanza del quartiere estivo di palazzo Pitti realizzata tra il 1637 ed il 1641. L'intervento, condotto secondo il più moderno linguaggio barocco che vede la perfetta integrazione dell'illusionismo architettonico, che supera i limiti dello spazio reale, con le scene figurative, verrà a costituire nell'ambiente fiorentino un ineludibile modello di riferimento nella decorazione d'interni, soluzioni di grande modernità su cui si formerà Jacopo Chiavistelli e i giovani della sua scuola. Anche Giovan Carlo, fratello del granduca, nel 1637 diede inizio ad una serie di trasformazioni che si protrassero per oltre un ventennio, trasformando gli ambienti a lui assegnati in Pitti in veri e propri luoghi di delizie, decorati dagli artisti più significativi del momento quali ad esempio Angelo Michele Colonna, Agostino Mitelli, Pietro da Cortona, Jacopo Chiavistelli. Fu quest'ultimo frescante che con i suoi 'scolari', fin dagli anni Cinquanta fu attivo in palazzo Pitti, decorando a quadratura gli ambienti dei quartieri dei membri della famiglia granducale, ambienti che in gran parte sono andati perduti in quanto interessati dalle ristrutturazioni lorenesi e sabaude. Con i lavori commissionati dal gran principe Ferdinando si chiude in palazzo Pitti la grande stagione del quadraturismo barocco fiorentino.
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Hubbard, Charlotte. "Gilded relief panel of Cosimo II de’Medici." Luxury 4, no. 2-3 (September 2, 2017): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20511817.2017.1352228.

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Harper, James G. "Gli arazzi nei musei fiorentini: La collezione medicea: Catalogo completo, 1: La manufattura da Cosimo I a Cosimo II (1545-1621). Lucia Meoni." Studies in the Decorative Arts 7, no. 2 (April 2000): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/studdecoarts.7.2.40662744.

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Cutler, L. C. "Grinling Gibbons: a Dutch master in England." Sculpture Journal: Volume 29, Issue 3 29, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 275–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/sj.2020.29.3.3.

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Grinling Gibbons’s still-life sculpture emerged out of the artistic and proto-scientific culture of the seventeenth-century Netherlands and was understood in these intellectual terms by the sophisticated, courtly consumers of his work in Restoration England. Our fondness for a myth of Gibbons as a dazzlingly skilful but intellectually vapid artist should not blind us to the intellectual focus of his sculptures. The carved frame for Elias Ashmole’s portrait in the Ashmolean collection is a sophisticated engagement with European cultures of collecting. The Cosimo panel for Charles II engages with the witty and formidably advanced scientific discourses of the Caroline court, while the limewood reredos in St James’ church, Piccadilly reaches back to the devotional roots of floral still life, reinterpreting it in the context of English Protestantism.
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Domínguez, Frank A. "Philip IV's Fiesta de Aranjuez, Part I: The Marriage of Cosimo II de Medici to María Magdalena De Austria and Leonor Pimentel." Hispanófila 157, no. 1 (2009): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hsf.2009.0029.

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Bevilacqua, M. G., G. Caroti, A. Piemonte, and D. Ulivieri. "RECONSTRUCTION OF LOST ARCHITECTURAL VOLUMES BY INTEGRATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY FROM ARCHIVE IMAGERY WITH 3-D MODELS OF THE STATUS QUO." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W9 (January 31, 2019): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w9-119-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Cultural heritage includes several cases of missing architectural element or entire buildings, due to destruction, replacement or radical changes caused over time by other structures. The investigation of these lost elements aimed at their virtual reconstruction, for both scientific and cultural-leisure applications, is therefore a topic of great interest. To this purpose, methodologies for surveying and photogrammetric processing provide a very powerful tool, extracting descriptive and geometric information, both 2-and 3-D, using diverse archive images. This paper presents the issues related to the use of archive images in photogrammetry, pointing out the need for an integrated approach to operations of virtual reconstruction of lost volumes. This approach provides a multidisciplinary effort, in order to evaluate all iconographic sources, of which images processed by geomatics techniques are a component. The paper also presents the early results of a reconstruction project of the <i>Palazzo di Cosimo de’ Medici</i>, in the <i>Fortezza Vecchia</i> site (Livorno, Italy), heavily damaged by World War II bombings and subsequently razed.</p>
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Weitz, Jeffrey, and Alok Khorana. "Treatment Challenges in Venous Thromboembolism: An Appraisal of Rivaroxaban Studies." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 118, S 01 (March 22, 2018): S23—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th17-09-0681.

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AbstractVenous thromboembolism (VTE) presents a continuing clinical burden to healthcare systems and there are patient groups for whom VTE management is challenging. Depending on the patient profile, the optimal duration of anticoagulation for VTE treatment can be unclear. EINSTEIN CHOICE was a Phase III, randomized, double-blind trial that compared the safety and efficacy of two once-daily (od) doses of the direct, oral factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban (20 and 10 mg) with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; 100 mg daily) for prevention of recurrent VTE. Extended therapy with rivaroxaban at either dose was more effective than ASA at preventing recurrent VTE without increasing bleeding risk. Another group that is challenging to treat in the context of VTE is patients with cancer-associated thrombosis. Cancer is associated with a hypercoagulable state, while cancer treatment itself may increase VTE risk. Evidence supporting the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with cancer is growing through specifically designed studies. Cancer Associated thrombosis—expLoring soLutions for patIentS through Treatment and prevention with rivarOxaban (CALLISTO) is an international research program exploring the role of rivaroxaban for the prevention and treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis. Here, we present overviews of three CALLISTO studies: PRO-LAPS II, CASTA-DIVA and COSIMO. Currently available and anticipated results from studies in a variety of patients at risk of or with VTE will provide valuable insights and seek to optimize future VTE management.
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MORONEY, DAVITT. "Alessandro Striggio's Mass in Forty and Sixty Parts." Journal of the American Musicological Society 60, no. 1 (2007): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2007.60.1.1.

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Abstract It has been known for twenty-five years that Alessandro Striggio the elder, the most important composer at the Medici court in Florence in the 1560s and 1570s, wrote a setting of the Ordinary of the Mass in forty parts, with an Agnus Dei in sixty parts, but the piece has always been thought lost. This major artwork from the high Florentine Renaissance does in fact survive (F-Pn, Rés. Vmd. ms 52). Entitled Missa sopra Ecco sìì beato giorno, it is Striggio's most imposing composition, and underlines the early eminence of Florence in the art of massive polychoral writing. The last movement is indeed in sixty real parts. The Mass also appears to have been used by the Medici as a political tool in the art of cultural diplomacy. Offered in January 1567 to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II at exactly the moment when Cosimo de' Medici was seeking approval from Maximilian of a royal title (granted finally as “Grand Duke” by Pope Pius V in 1569), the Mass was also performed by Lassus's colleagues in Munich and under Striggio's direction at court in France, a few weeks before he visited the court of Queen Elizabeth I in London in June 1567. The links with Striggio's forty-part motet Ecce beatam lucem and with Thomas Tallis's Spem in alium, are discussed, as are the reasons why the source of the Mass remained unknown throughout the twentieth century.
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Голубева, Екатерина Николаевна, and Андрей Алексеевич Чижевский. "СЛАНЦЕВЫЕ ПОДВЕСКИ ИЗ ЭНЕОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ПОГРЕБЕНИЙ МУРЗИХИНСКОГО II МОГИЛЬНИКА: МОРФОЛОГО-ФУНКЦИО- НАЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ (ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДАННЫЕ)." Археология Евразийских степей, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2020.5.76.88.

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В публикации представлены результаты морфолого-функционального анализа одного из видовкаменных украшений Мурзихинского II могильника – сланцевых подвесок. Исследовав форму, количество отверстий, тип сверления, а также расположение отверстий на подвеске нам удалось выделить 5 морфологических групп и составить типологию данного вида украшений. В ходе функционального анализа с применением трасологического метода нам удалось выявить несколько типов следов на подвесках, характеризующих весь жизненный цикл украшений – от изготовления до погребения. Также в работе затронут вопрос о функциональном значении двух подвесок с зубчатым краем. Библиографические ссылки Костылева Е.Л., Уткин А.В., Калинина И.В. Гребенчатые штампы Сахтышских стоянок (условия нахождения и каталог) // Тверской археологический сборник. Вып. 11 / Под ред. И.Н. Черных. Тверь: Триада, 2018. С. 276–296. Ошибкина С.В. Искусство в неолите – энеолите. Север Восточной Европы // С.В. Ошибкина, Д.А. Крайнов, М.П. Зимина. Искусство каменного века. Лесная зона Восточной Европы. М.: Наука, 1992. С. 44–68. Петрова Н.Ю. Реконструкция волосовских гребенчатых и рамчатых орнаментиров (по материалам поселения Великодворье I) // Образы времени: из истории древнего искусства (К 80-летию С.В. Студзицкой) / Труды ГИМ. Вып. 189. / Отв. ред. И.В. Белоцерковская. М.: Изд-во ГИМ, 2012. С. 51–56. Сериков Ю.Б. Зубчатые штампы Урала и некоторые аспекты их использования // Вестник ЮУрГУ. Серия «Социально-гуманитарные науки». № 2. 2020а. № 2 Т. 2.С. 65–79. Сериков Ю.Б. К вопросу о функциональном и сакральном назначении подвесок с зубчатым краем // Народы и религии Евразии. 2020б. №1 (22). С. 89–106. Хохлов А.А. К вопросу о происхождении энеолитического населения Прикамья // Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии. 2011. №1 (14). С.116–125. Хохлов А.А. Морфогенетические процессы в Волго-Уралье в эпоху раннего голоцена (по краниологическим материалам мезолита-бронзового века). Самара: СГСПУ, 2017. 367 с. Хохлов А.А. Научный отчет об антропологическом анализе материалов II Мурзихинского могильника. Раскопки А.А. Чижевского в 1998 году // Чижевский А.А. Отчет об археологических работах в Алексеевском районе Татарстана (раскопки Мурзихинского II могильника) в 1998 г. Казань, 1999. НФ МАРТ ИА АН РТ. Ф. 4. Оп. 1. Ед.хр. 99. Хохлов А.А. Отчет об антропологическом анализе костных останков из раскопа II Мурзихинского могильника в 1997 году // Чижевский А.А., Марков В.Н. Отчет об археологических работах в Алексеевском районе Татарстана (раскопки Мурзихинского II могильника) в 1997 г. Казань, 1998. НФ МАРТ ИА АН РТ. Ф. 4. Оп. 1. Ед.хр. 82. Чижевский А.А. Погребения эпохи энеолита Мурзихинского II могильника // Тр. II (XVIII) Всероссийского археологического съезда в Суздале. Т. I / Отв. ред. А.П. Деревянко, Н.А. Макарова. М.: ИА РАН, 2008. С. 367–371. Чижевский А.А., Голубева Е.Н. Погребение №90 Мурзихинского II могильника. Трасологический анализ каменного инвентаря эпохи энеолита // Феномены культур бронзового века степной и лесостепной полосы Евразии: пути культурного взаимодействия в V–III тыс. до н.э. / Отв. ред. Н.Л. Моргунова. Оренбург: ОГПУ, 2019. С. 42–51. Чижевский А.А., Шипилов А.В. Ранние энеолитические могильники Усть-Камья // XXI Уральское археологическое совещание, посвященное 85-летию со дня рождения Г.И. Матвеевой и 70-летию со дня рождения И.Б. Васильева. Материалы Всероссийской научной конференции с международным участием. Самара: СГСПУ; ООО «Порто-принт», 2018. С. 80–84. Felix M. Key, Cosimo Posth, Luis R. Esquivel-Gomez, Ron Hṻbler1, Maria A. Spyrou, Gunnar U. Neumann, Anja Furtwдngler, Susanna Sabin, Marta Burri1, Antje Wissgott, Aditya Kumar Lankapalli, Еshild J. Vеgene, Matthias Meyer, Sarah Nagel, Rezeda Tukhbatova, Aleksandr Khokhlov, Andrey Chizhevsky, Svend Hansen, Andrey B. Belinsky, Alexey Kalmykov, Anatoly R. Kantorovich, Vladimir E. Maslov, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Stefania Vai, Monica Zavattaro, Alessandro Riga, David Caramelli, Robin Skeates, Jessica Beckett, Maria Giuseppina Gradoli, Noah Steuri, Albert Hafner, Marianne Ramstein, Inga Siebke, Sandra Lӧsch, Yilmaz Selim Erda, Nabil-Fareed Alikhan, Zhemin Zhou, Mark Achtman, Kirsten Bos, Sabine Reinhold, Wolfgang Haak, Denise Kṻhnert, Alexander Herbig and Johannes Krause. Emergence of human-adapted Salmonella enterica is linked to the Neolithization process // Nature ecology and evolution. 2020. №4. С. 324–333.
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Eisenbichler, Konrad. "Fils de la louve: Blaise de Monluc et les femmes de Sienne." Renaissance and Reformation 37, no. 2 (September 8, 2014): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v37i2.21808.

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In July 1552 the city of Siena rebelled against its Spanish overlords that had either influenced or directed the Republic’s government for several years, threw out the Spanish garrison that controlled the city, and open its doors to a French army sent by King Henri II to protect the city and bring it into the French sphere of influence. The man in charge of this army was the French marshal Blaise de Monluc (1500–1577), who arrived shortly after the anti-Spanish insurrection and remained until the end of the siege when the city, exhausted and depleted, finally surrendered to a mercenary army hired by the duke of Florence, Cosimo I de’ Medici, on behalf of Emperor Charles V von Habsburg. In his memoires of his military campaigns, Blaise de Monluc recalls his Sienese years and especially the valour of the women of Siena who contributed in no small way to the defence of their city. This article outlines the events before and during the siege and Monluc’s comments about the women of Siena. It then analyses these comments in order to gain a better understanding of what, exactly, the women did for their city and who these women were. En juillet 1552, la ville de Sienne se rebella contre ses suzerains espagnols qui avaient soit influencé ou dirigé le gouvernement de la république pendant plusieurs années ; elle mit en fuite la garnison espagnole qui contrôlait la ville et ouvrit ses portes à une armée française envoyée par le roi Henri II pour la protéger et l’intégrer dans la sphère d’influence française. L’homme chargé de cette armée était le maréchal français Blaise de Monluc (1500–1577), qui arriva peu de temps après l’insurrection anti-espagnole et resta jusqu’à la fin du siège lorsque la ville, épuisée, finit par se rendre à une armée mercenaire embauchée par le duc de Florence, Côsme Ier de Médicis, au nom de l’empereur Charles V de Habsbourg. Dans les mémoires de ses campagnes militaires, Blaise de Monluc se rappelle de ses années à Sienne et surtout du courage des femmes siennoises qui contribuèrent de manière non négligeable à la défense de leur ville. Cet article donne un aperçu des événements avant et pendant le siège ainsi que des commentaires de Monluc sur les femmes de Sienne. Ensuite, il analyse ces commentaires afin d’acquérir une meilleure compréhension de ce que les femmes ont fait pour leur ville et qui elles étaient.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cosimo II"

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Kirby-Gallagher, Lucy Mary. "A study of underground muons in the Soudan II Detector." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276567.

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De, Jaeger Thomas. "Independent evidence for the cosmic acceleration from Type II Supernovae." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/141311.

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Doctor en Ciencias, Mención Astronomía
El trabajo de tesis se titula Evidencia independiente de acceleración cósmica a partir de supernovas de tipo II ; y tiene como objetivo estudiar la utilidad de las supernovas de tipo II como indicadores de distancias extragalácticas. Las supernovas tienen potencial para ser usadas como patrones lumínicos. Los patrones lumínicos son objetos luminosos para los cuales se conoce su brillo intrínseco, permitiendo medir distancia usando la ley del cuadrado inverso. La medición de distancias es un elemento fundamental para caracterizar la expansión del Universo. Con estos datos y aplicando modelos teóricos uno puede restringir parámetros cosmológicos tales como la cantidad de materia oscura o de energía oscura. Durante la ultima década usando las supernovas de tipo Ia (explosiones estelares termonucleares), dos grupos de investigadores (Riess et al., 1998; Perlmutter et al., 1999; Schmidt et al., 1998) lograron medir distancias muy lejanas y demostrar que el Universo está actualmente en un estado de expansión acelerada. Aunque otros experimentos denominados Oscilaciones Acústicas Bariónicas y Fondo de Radiación Cósmicos han confirmado estos sorprendentes resultados y tienen sus propios méritos, estás técnicas no están libres de errores sistemáticos. Es por eso que necesitamos desarrollar la mayor cantidad de métodos posibles para obtener mejores estimaciones de los parámetros cosmológicos. Ha habido múltiples trabajos que demostraron que las supernovas de tipo II también constituyen competitivos indicadores de distancias para la determinación de distancias extragalácticas. El objetivo de esta tesis es refinar estos métodos y desarrollar nuevas técnicas para medir distancias en el Universo. En este trabajo nos proponemos desarrollar y refinar métodos para usar supernovas de tipo II como indicadores de distancia. Para la primera parte de esta tesis, vamos a usar datos de bajo redshift que provienen del Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP, Hamuy et al. 2006). Vamos a desarrollar un método que permita corregir y estandarizar las supernovas usando sólo datos fotométricos (sin usar información espectroscópica). Estandarizar las supernovas significa corregir las magnitudes por diferencias intríınsecas, para que al final las diferencias de brillo observadas entre los diferentes objetos dependan solamente de distancia. Debido a la alta calidad de los datos también vamos a poder refinar el método propuesto por Hamuy & Pinto (2002) para lo cual se necesitan espectros. La segunda parte de la tesis será la extensión de estos dos métodos a más alto redshift con el fin de caracterizar los parámetros cosmológicos. Para esto usaremos datos del Sloan Digital Sky Survey y del Supernova Legacy Survey. Lograremos mostrar que los métodos de bajo redshift pueden ser aplicados a alto redshift y además podremos derivar par ́ametros cosmólogicos consistentes con el modelo actual.
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ARAÚJO, Davi Jônatas Cunha. "Um estudo referente às constatações em relatórios emitidos pelas unidades de controle interno de municípios brasileiros a partir das perspectivas do COSO II." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPE, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/14084.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar quais constatações em relatórios emitidos pelas Unidades de Controle Interno de municípios brasileiros encontram-se relacionadas às perspectivas do COSO II. Para que este fosse alcançado, optou-se por uma pesquisa qualitativa e documental, em que a análise de conteúdo foi selecionada como técnica para avaliar as informações dos relatórios de controle interno. A coleta dos dados ocorreu em duas fases: a primeira se deu pela busca aos relatórios divulgados nos sites institucionais dos municípios e a segunda, pela solicitação dos relatórios aos Tribunais de Contas dos Estados (TCEs) e Municípios (TCMs), em que 60 relatórios de controle interno de 38 municípios totalizaram a amostra deste estudo. A análise dos dados se deu mediante o auxílio do software Análise Lexical por Contexto de um Conjunto de Segmentos de Texto (Alceste), versão 2012 Plus, que permitiu relacionar os resultados da pesquisa às seguintes variáveis: nível de significância (Qui-quadrado), ano de publicação do relatório, região, estado e município. A análise da estrutura dos relatórios apontou que apenas 10 relatórios apresentaram seção denominada sistema de controle interno/controle interno e a análise do conteúdo agrupou três classes de relatórios que remeteram a três sentidos: observações inseridas por itens, análise das prestações de contas e descrição de atividades desempenhadas pelos municípios. O levantamento das constatações demonstrou que o controle sobre as movimentações financeiras foi mais expressivo nos relatórios que apresentaram observações inseridas por itens. Para os relatórios que apresentaram a análise de prestações de contas, predominaram a avaliação dos sistemas de controle interno e para os relatórios que continham apenas a descrição dessas atividades, muitas caracterizaram ações executadas conforme programas desenvolvidos pela administração desses municípios. Na classificação conceitual, verificou-se que do total de constatações analisadas no estudo, 22,3% foram relacionadas a perspectiva Procedimentos de Controle e 21,8% foram relacionadas a Avaliação de Risco. Estas perspectivas agruparam a maior parte das constatações nos relatórios e 25% das ações que caracterizaram procedimentos de controle foram evidenciadas nos relatórios de controle divulgados por municípios do Rio Grande do Sul no ano de 2013 e 21,7% das ações relacionadas a avaliação de risco, constavam nos relatórios divulgados em 2012 por órgãos da administração direta e indireta dos municípios de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. Por fim, concluiu-se que o controle de municípios está associado às exigências de normas e regulamentos ou são executados com o objetivo de alcançar metas fiscais e financeiras e apesar de evidenciarem procedimentos de controle interno implementados e que se relacionam as perspectivas do COSO II, não executam de modo efetivo as diretrizes técnicas recomendadas pelas oito perspectivas do comitê.
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Labare, Mathieu. "Search for cosmic sources of high energy neutrinos with the AMANDA-II detector." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210183.

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AMANDA-II est un télescope à neutrinos composé d'un réseau tri-dimensionnel de senseurs optiques déployé dans la glace du Pôle Sud.

Son principe de détection repose sur la mise en évidence de particules secondaires chargées émises lors de l'interaction d'un neutrino de haute énergie (> 100 GeV) avec la matière environnant le détecteur, sur base de la détection de rayonnement Cerenkov.

Ce travail est basé sur les données enregistrées par AMANDA-II entre 2000 et 2006, afin de rechercher des sources cosmiques de neutrinos.

Le signal recherché est affecté d'un bruit de fond important de muons et de neutrinos issus de l'interaction du rayonnement cosmique primaire dans l'atmosphère. En se limitant à l'observation de l'hémisphère nord, le bruit de fond des muons atmosphériques, absorbés par la Terre, est éliminé.

Par contre, les neutrinos atmosphériques forment un bruit de fond irréductible constituant la majorité des 6100 événements sélectionnés pour cette analyse.

Il est cependant possible d'identifier une source ponctuelle de neutrinos cosmiques en recherchant un excès local se détachant du bruit de fond isotrope de neutrinos atmosphériques, couplé à une sélection basée sur l'énergie, dont le spectre est différent pour les deux catégories de neutrinos.

Une approche statistique originale est développée dans le but d'optimiser le pouvoir de détection de sources ponctuelles, tout en contrôlant le taux de fausses découvertes, donc le niveau de confiance d'une observation.

Cette méthode repose uniquement sur la connaissance de l'hypothèse de bruit de fond, sans aucune hypothèse sur le modèle de production de neutrinos par les sources recherchées. De plus, elle intègre naturellement la notion de facteur d'essai rencontrée dans le cadre de test d'hypothèses multiples.La procédure a été appliquée sur l'échantillon final d'évènements récoltés par AMANDA-II.

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MANDA-II is a neutrino telescope which comprises a three dimensional array of optical sensors deployed in the South Pole glacier.

Its principle rests on the detection of the Cherenkov radiation emitted by charged secondary particles produced by the interaction of a high energy neutrino (> 100 GeV) with the matter surrounding the detector.

This work is based on data recorded by the AMANDA-II detector between 2000 and 2006 in order to search for cosmic sources of neutrinos. A potential signal must be extracted from the overwhelming background of muons and neutrinos originating from the interaction of primary cosmic rays within the atmosphere.

The observation is limited to the northern hemisphere in order to be free of the atmospheric muon background, which is stopped by the Earth. However, atmospheric neutrinos constitute an irreducible background composing the main part of the 6100 events selected for this analysis.

It is nevertheless possible to identify a point source of cosmic neutrinos by looking for a local excess breaking away from the isotropic background of atmospheric neutrinos;

This search is coupled with a selection based on the energy, whose spectrum is different from that of the atmospheric neutrino background.

An original statistical approach has been developed in order to optimize the detection of point sources, whilst controlling the false discovery rate -- hence the confidence level -- of an observation. This method is based solely on the knowledge of the background hypothesis, without any assumption on the production model of neutrinos in sought sources. Moreover, the method naturally accounts for the trial factor inherent in multiple testing.The procedure was applied on the final sample of events collected by AMANDA-II.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Corazza, Lia Camargo. "The role of population II and III stars in the cosmic chemical evolution." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2017. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2017/02.02.16.01.

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In this work we present a semi-analytical Chemical Evolution Model in the Cosmological Framework for 11 elements, taking into account the evolution of Population III and II stars and the transition between metallicities Z = 0 and 10$^{−6}$, 10$^{−4}$, 10$^{−3}$, 4.10$^{−3}$, 8.10$^{−3}$ and 2.10$^{−2}$ Z$_{\odot}$. We calculate the star formation rate in the framework of hierarchical structure formation (PEREIRA; MIRANDA, 2010) coupled with chemical evolution equations for Oxygen (\emph{O}), Iron (\emph{Fe}), Zinc (\emph{Zn}), Nickel (\emph{Ni}), Silicon (\emph{Si}), Magnesium (\emph{Mg}), Aluminum (\emph{Al}), Carbon (\emph{C}), Nitrogen (\emph{N}), Phosphorus (\emph{P}) and Sulphur (\emph{S}). The best results are reached when considering a Press-Schechter-like formalism, a Salpeter IMF (x = 1.35) and \emph{T}$_{s}$ = 2Gyr as time-scale for star formation (VITTI, 2012). We compare data generated by the model with chemical abundances in the gas-phase from Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ Systems (DLAs). Zn is underabundant probably due to the lack of Hypernovae (HNe) yields in the code, while P and Ni are underabundant probably because Supernovae type Ia (SNe Ia) yields are not taken into account. Al and Mg are discussed to be underabundant because of chemical abundances measurement problems in DLAs (such as blending with the Ly-$\alpha$ Forest) while \emph{Fe} and \emph{Si} are thought to be overabundant because of dust depletion effects on these systems. \emph{C}, \emph{N} and \emph{O} are unexpectedly overabundant and although \emph{C} and \emph{O} are used as fuel in SNe Ia, this mechanism is probably not enough to remove significant amount of these elements from the Intergalactic Medium (IGM), leaving the possibility for further studies on the influence of Carbon-enhanced Metal-Poor stars (CEMPs), Carbon planets formation in the early Universe and the appearance of life on the Chemical Cosmic Evolution (LOEB, 2016).
Neste trabalho apresentamos um modelo semi-analítico de Evolução Química no Contexto Cosmológico para 11 elementos, considerando a evolução das estrelas de População III e II e a transição entre as metalicidades Z = 0, 10$^{−6}$, 10$^{−4}$, 10$^{−3}$, 4.10$^{−3}$, 8.10$^{−3}$ e 2.10$^{−2}$ Z$_{\odot}$. Calculamos a taxa de formação estelar no cenário hierárquico de formação de estruturas (PEREIRA; MIRANDA, 2010) acoplado à equações de evolução química para o Oxigênio (\emph{O}), Ferro (\emph{Fe}), Zinco (\emph{Z}n), Níquel (\emph{Ni}), Silício (\emph{Si}), Magnésio (\emph{Mg}), Alumínio (\emph{Al}), Carbono (\emph{C}), Nitrogênio (\emph{N}), Fósforo (\emph{P}) e Enxofre (\emph{S}). Os melhores resultados são atingidos considerando-se um formalismo do tipo Press-Schechter, uma função de massa inicial (IMF) do tipo Salpeter e \emph{T}$_{s}$ = 2Gyr para a escala de tempo da formação estelar (VITTI, 2012). Comparamos os dados gerados pelo modelo com abundâncias químicas na fase do gás de Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ Systems (DLAs). Resultados mostram subabundância para o \emph{Zn} provavelmente pela falta de yields de Hypenovae no código, enquanto \emph{P} e \emph{Ni} estão subabundantes provavalmente pelo fato de que yields de Supernovar tipo Ia (SNe Ia) não são considerados. Devido à problemas em medidas de DLAs, (como por exemplo ${''}$blendind${''}$ com as linhas da Floresta Ly-$\alpha$), \emph{Al} e \emph{Mg} estão subabundantes enquanto \emph{Fe} e \emph{Si} estão sobreabundantes probavelmente devido à influência de depleção por poeira na determinação das abundâncias nos dados observacionais nos DLAs. \emph{C}, \emph{N} and \emph{O} aparecem inesperadamente sobreabundantes, e embora C e O sejam usados como combustível em SNe Ia, esse mecanismo provavelmente não é suficiente para retirar quantidades significativas destes elementos do Meio Intergalático (IGM), abrindo a possibilidade para futuros estudos sobre a influência das Carbon-enhanced Metal-Poor stars (CEMPs), planetas de Carbono no Universo Primordial e do aparecimento de vida na Evolução Química Cósmica (LOEB, 2016).
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Wiedemann, Christin. "A search for ultra-high energy neutrinos with AMANDA-II." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Physics Department, Stockholm university, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7151.

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Hauschildt, Tonio. "Search for cosmic point sources of high energy neutrinos with the AMANDA-II detector." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=973092378.

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Friedrich, Martina M. "Simulations of Cosmic Reionization : Shapes & Sizes of H II regions around Galaxies and Quasars." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för astronomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-72409.

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After the era of recombination, roughly 360 000 years after the big bang (redshift 1100), the universe was neutral, continued to expand and eventually the first gravitationally collapsed structures capable of forming stars, formed. Observations show that approximately 1 billion years later (redshift 6), the Universe had become highly ionized. The transition from a neutral intergalactic medium to a highly ionized one, is called the epoch of Reionization (EoR). Although quasar spectra and polarization power-spectra from cosmic microwave background experiments set some time-constrains on this epoch, the details of this process are currently not known. New radio telescopes operating at low frequencies aim at measuring directly the neutral hydrogen content between redshifts 6 - 10 via the HI spin-flip line at 21cm. The interpretation of these first measurements is not going to be trivial. Therefore, simulations of the EoR are useful to test the many ill-constrained parameters such as the properties of the sources responsible for reionization. This thesis contributes to such simulations. It addresses different source models and discusses different measures to quantify their effect on the shapes and sizes of the emerging H II regions. It also presents a new version of the widely used radiative transfer code C2-Ray which is capable of handling the ionizing radiation produced by energetic sources such as quasars. Using this new version we study whether 21cm experiments could detect the signature of a quasar. We find that different size measures of ionized regions can distinguish between different source models in the simulations and that a topological measure of the ionized fraction field confirms the inside-out (i.e. overdense regions ionize first) reionization scenario. We find that the HII regions from luminous quasars may be detectable in 21cm, but that it might not be possible to distinguish them from the largest HII regions produced by clustered galaxies.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted.
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Roth, Isabel L. "From the Attic to the Cosmos: Myth in the Art of Anselm Kiefer 1973-2007." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/122.

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Anselm Kiefer was born in Germany, 1945—the year of Adolf Hitler’s suicide, and subsequently, the end of World War II. His own beginnings were shrouded by a national “repression” of history. This repression was at odds with Kiefer’s needs to establish his own origin. For this reason, the spirituality in his earlier work is often overshadowed by its subject—Nazi Germany. This thesis will look back on Kiefer’s work through the lens of mythology in an effort to re-evaluate his earlier art within the context of his works since 1990. From the 1970s to the present, Kiefer has drawn from mythology to find links between personal and universal human experience. We begin by examining Kiefer’s controversial Attic Paintings of 1973. In the Attic Paintings, German and Christian mythology helped Kiefer understand his origin as a post-war German artist. Kiefer then turned his attention to myths from outside cultures throughout the 1980s. We will look closely at three paintings from the 1980s that incorporate Greek, Judaic, and Egyptian mythology in an effort to understand Kiefer’s larger goals in broadening his mythological base. Following this discussion, we will examine two paintings from the 1990s and his 2007 permanent installation at the Louvre Museum. These selected works serve to illustrate how Kiefer presented his own cultivated, personal mythology under the stars in his still ongoing cosmic series. The 1990s mark Kiefer’s broadest expansion yet; in a sense, he went from “the attic to the universe” over the course of three decades.
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Riley, Owen G. "Termediator-II: Identification of Interdisciplinary Term Ambiguity Through Hierarchical Cluster Analysis." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4030.

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Technical disciplines are evolving rapidly leading to changes in their associated vocabularies. Confusion in interdisciplinary communication occurs due to this evolving terminology. Two causes of confusion are multiple definitions (overloaded terms) and synonymous terms. The formal names for these two problems are polysemy and synonymy. Termediator-I, a web application built on top of a collection of glossaries, uses definition count as a measure of term confusion. This tool was an attempt to identify confusing cross-disciplinary terms. As more glossaries were added to the collection, this measure became ineffective. This thesis provides a measure of term polysemy. Term polysemy is effectively measured by semantically clustering the text concepts, or definitions, of each term and counting the number of resulting clusters. Hierarchical clustering uses a measure of proximity between the text concepts. Three such measures are evaluated: cosine similarity, latent semantic indexing, and latent Dirichlet allocation. Two linkage types, for determining cluster proximity during the hierarchical clustering process, are also evaluated: complete linkage and average linkage. Crowdsourcing through a web application was unsuccessfully attempted to obtain a viable clustering threshold by public consensus. An alternate metric of polysemy, convergence value, is identified and tested as a viable clustering threshold. Six resulting lists of terms ranked by cluster count based on convergence values are generated, one for each similarity measure and linkage type combination. Each combination produces a competitive list, and no clear combination can be determined as superior. Semantic clustering successfully identifies polysemous terms, but each similarity measure and linkage type combination provides slightly different results.
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Books on the topic "Cosimo II"

1

Cosimo II e le arti di Boboli: Committenza, iconografia e scultura. Firenze: L.S. Olschki, 2008.

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Carla, Romby Giuseppina, and Liscia Bemporad Dora, eds. Il paesaggio dei miracoli: Devozione e mecenatismo nella Toscana medicea da Ferdinando I a Cosimo II. Ospedaletto (Pisa): Pacini, 2002.

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1577-1640, Tacca Pietro, ed. Pietro Tacca, Hofbildhauer der Medici (1577-1640): Politische Funktion und Ikonographie des frühabsolutistischen Herrscherdenkmals unter den Grossherzögen Ferdinando I., Cosimo II. und Ferdinando II. Weimar: VDG, Verlag und Datenbank für Geisteswissenschaften, 2005.

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Damiano, Fonseca Cosimo, and Crotti Renata, eds. Federico II e la civiltà comunale nell'Italia del Nord: Atti del convegno internazionale promosso in occasione del'VIII centenario della nascita di Federico II di Svevia. Pavia, Aula Foscoliana dell'Università, Rivellino, Castello Visconteo, 13-15 ottobre 1994 / a cura di Cosimo Damiano Fonseca e Renata Crotti. Roma: De Luca, 1999.

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Reiser, Rudolf. König Ludwig II., Cosima und Richard Wagner. München: Stiebner, 2006.

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Wilson, Robert Anton. Cosmic Trigger: Down to Earth. Scottsdale,Az: New Falcon Pubs, 2009.

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Shealy, Nicholas Joyce, United States. Office of Aviation Medicine., Civil Aeromedical Institute, Medical University of South Florida. Dept. of Biometry and Epidemiology., and Northern Arizona University. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy., eds. Galactic cosmic radiation exposure of pregnant aircrew members II. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine, 2000.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. UV extinction and IR emission in diffuse HII regions: Final technical report, August 15, 1991 - August 14, 1994. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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A, Esquivel, and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Astronomía., eds. Magnetic fields in the universe II: From laboratory and stars to the primordial universe : Cozumel, Quintana Roo, México, enero 28-febrero 1, 2008. México, D. F: Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2009.

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Andrea Di Michelangelo Ferrucci: Bizzarrie Fantastiche e Tradizione Nella Scultura Fiorentina Al Tempo Dei Granduchi Ferdinando I e Cosimo II de' Medici. Polistampa, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cosimo II"

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Schulze-Makuch, Dirk, and William Bains. "Oxygen: From Poison to Photosystem II." In The Cosmic Zoo, 69–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62045-9_5.

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Blake, D. F., L. Allamandola, S. Sandford, D. Hudgins, and F. Freund. "Type II Clathrate Hydrate Formation in Cometary Ice Analogs In Vacuo." In Astrochemistry of Cosmic Phenomena, 437–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2761-5_106.

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Chernenko, Anton M. "Identification of Nonlinear Factors in Cosmic Gamma-ray Bursts." In Statistical Challenges in Modern Astronomy II, 457–58. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1968-2_47.

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Anonymous. "II. Transient geomagnetic variations." In Cosmic Rays, the Sun and Geomagnetism: The Works of Scott E. Forbush, 20–44. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/sp037p0020.

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Young, C. Alex, Dawn C. Meredith, and James M. Ryan. "Wavelet Based Analysis of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Burst Time Series." In Statistical Challenges in Modern Astronomy II, 427–28. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1968-2_37.

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Grunsfeld, John Mace. "The Cosmic Ray Nuclei Experiment on the Spacelab-II Mission." In Genesis and Propagation of Cosmic Rays, 381–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4025-3_25.

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Cristóbal, D., M. Balcells, M. Prieto, and R. Guzmán. "Studies of Star-Forming Galaxies at High-Z. I: Detection Limits for the Cosmos Survey." In Highlights of Spanish Astrophysics II, 366. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1776-2_90.

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Cristóbal, D., M. Prieto, R. Guzmán, M. Balcells, J. Acosta, L. Colina, J. Gallego, et al. "Studies of Star-Forming Galaxies at High-Z. II: The First Results of Cosmos K Band Survey." In Highlights of Spanish Astrophysics II, 367. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1776-2_91.

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Hodge, P. W. "Insearch of the Early Universe. II. The Youngest Galaxies." In Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics: The Cosmic Microwave Background, 251–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0748-1_13.

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Puchala, Dariusz. "Involutory Parametric Orthogonal Transforms of Cosine-Walsh Type with Application to Data Encryption." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing II, 404–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70581-1_29.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cosimo II"

1

Hoischen, Clemens, Arnim Balzer, Elisabetta Bissaldi, Matthias Füßling, Tania Garrigoux, Daniel Gottschall, Markus Holler, et al. "GRB Observations with H.E.S.S. II." In 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.301.0636.

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Padovani, Paolo. "Concluding Remarks - II." In Multifrequency Behaviour of High Energy Cosmic Sources - XIII. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.362.0078.

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Garnett, Donald R. "Sulphur abundances in extragalactic H II regions." In Cosmic abundances of matter. AIP, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.37978.

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Strom, Derek, Alessio Berti, Giovanni Ceribella, Daniele Corti, Francesco Dazzi, Antonios Dettlaff, Jezabel Rodriguez García, et al. "The MAGIC Sum-Trigger-II System." In 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.358.0802.

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Chan, Kelby K. "Implementation Of Fast Cosine Transforms With Digital Signal Processors For Image Compression." In Medical Imaging II, edited by Roger H. Schneider and Samuel J. Dwyer III. SPIE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.968713.

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Filippenko, Alexei V. "Optical observations of Type II supernovae." In The tenth astrophysics conference: Cosmic explosions. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1291705.

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Parsons, Robert D., Thomas Murach, and Michael Gajdus. "H.E.S.S. II Data Analysis with ImPACT." In The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.236.0826.

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Parsons, Robert D., Markus Holler, Johannes King, Valentin lefranc, Emmanuel Moulin, Helen Poon, Johannes Veh, and Aion Viana. "Sgr A* Observations with H.E.S.S. II." In The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.236.0830.

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Parsons, Robert D., Arnim Balzer, Matthias Fuessling, Clemens Hoischen, Markus Holler, Alison M. W. Mitchell, Gerd Puehlhofer, et al. "The H.E.S.S. II GRB Observation Program." In The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.236.0853.

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Gopalswamy, N., and M. R. Kundu. "Are coronal type II shocks piston driven?" In Particle acceleration in cosmic plasmas. AIP, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.42737.

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Reports on the topic "Cosimo II"

1

Wood, L., R. Hyde, and M. Ishikawa. Cosmic bombardment II: Intercepting the bomblets cost-efficiently. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7189016.

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2

Fowler, T., S. Colgate, H. Li, R. Bulmer, and J. Pino. On the Origin of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays II. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1021558.

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Schlegel, David. A Spectroscopic Road Map for Cosmic Frontier: DESI, DESI-II, Stage-5. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1887254.

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4

Ermolayev, Vadim, Frédéric Mallet, Vitaliy Yakovyna, Vyacheslav Kharchenko, Vitaliy Kobets, Artur Korniłowicz, Hennadiy Kravtsov, Mykola Nikitchenko, Сергій Олексійович Семеріков, and Aleksander Spivakovsky, eds. ICTERI 2019: ICT in Education, Research and Industrial Applications. Integration, Harmonization and Knowledge Transfer : Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on ICT in Education, Research and Industrial Applications. Integration, Harmonization and Knowledge Transfer. Volume II: Workshops. Kherson, Ukraine, June 12-15, 2019. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3170.

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This volume represents the proceedings of the Workshops co-located with the 15th International Conference on ICT in Education, Research, and Industrial Applications, held in Kherson, Ukraine, in June 2019. It comprises 82 contributed papers that were carefully peer-reviewed and selected from 218 submissions for the five workshops: 3L-Person, CoSinE, ITER, RMSE, and TheRMIT. The volume is structured in five parts, each presenting the contributions for a particular workshop. The topical scope of the volume is aligned with the thematic tracks of ICTERI 2019: (I) Advances in ICT Research; (II) Information Systems: Technology and Applications; (III) ICT in Education; and (IV) ICT Cooperation in Academia and Industry.
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Burov, Olexandr, Serhiy Semerikov, and Hennadiy Kravtsov. ICTERI 2020: ICT in Education, Research and Industrial Applications. Integration, Harmonization and Knowledge Transfer 2020 : Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on ICT in Education, Research and Industrial Applications. Integration, Harmonization and Knowledge Transfer. Volume II: Workshops. Kharkiv, Ukraine, October 06-10, 2020. Edited by Oleksandr Sokolov, Grygoriy Zholtkevych, Vitaliy Yakovyna, Yulia Tarasich, Vyacheslav Kharchenko, and Vitaliy Kobets. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4124.

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This volume represents the proceedings of the Workshops co-located with the 16th International Conference on ICT in Education, Research, and Industrial Applications, held in Kharkiv, Ukraine, in October 2020. It comprises 101 contributed papers that were carefully peer-reviewed and selected from 233 submissions for the five workshops: RMSEBT, TheRMIT, ITER, 3L-Person, CoSinE, MROL. The volume is structured in six parts, each presenting the contributions for a particular workshop. The topical scope of the volume is aligned with the thematic tracks of ICTERI 2020: (I) Advances in ICT Research; (II) Information Systems: Technology and Applications; (III) Academia/Industry ICT Cooperation; and (IV) ICT in Education.
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6

Dejongh, Fritz, Scott Dodelson, David McGinnis, Hogan Nguyen, and Albert Stebbins. QUIET Phase II: The Search for B-Mode Polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background Using Coherent HEMT Detectors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1864248.

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7

Garcimartín, Carlos, and Jerónimo Roca. Impacto fiscal y distributivo de las medidas adoptadas para hacer frente a la crisis energética en Centroamérica, Panamá y República Dominicana. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004563.

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En un contexto en el cual los hogares y empresas ya estaban pasando dificultades económicas por la crisis del COVID-19, los precios internacionales de los combustibles comenzaron a aumentar con el fin de las medidas de confinamiento y la reactivación de la actividad productiva. Posteriormente, tras comenzar la guerra en Ucrania, dicho aumento se aceleró, superando claramente los niveles prepandemia. En respuesta a ello, los países de Centroamérica, Panamá y República Dominicana (CAPRD), al igual que otros de dentro y fuera de Latinoamérica, empezaron a adoptar medidas para mitigar el impacto sobre los consumidores. Sin pretender realizar una rigurosa clasificación conceptual, estas medidas han sido de tres tipos: i) congelamiento de precios, instrumentado por distintas vías; ii) rebaja de precios por una cuantía determinada, directamente o vía reducción de impuestos; y iii) subsidios fijos, ya sea de monto total o por unidad de consumo. Uno de los objetivos principales de este trabajo es presentar estimaciones del costo fiscal directo en 2022 de las medidas tomadas por los países de CAPRD. Con la información disponible a la hora de escribir este documento, el costo promedio en CAPRD fue del 0,5% del PIB hasta agosto incluido. Atendiendo a los diversos combustibles, en promedio de CAPRD la mayor cuota del costo fiscal corresponde al diésel, seguido del GLP, la gasolina superior y, finalmente, la gasolina regular. Respecto a la distribución por tipo de medidas, el congelamiento de precios ha sido la que ha tenido mayor costo fiscal total, seguida de la reducción de impuestos, la rebaja directa de precios y, finalmente, los subsidios. En cuanto al tipo de costo, en promedio, las medidas con costo variable han tenido una mayor participación cuantitativa que las de costo fijo. No obstante, todos estos resultados muestran una alta variabilidad entre países. Finalmente, hemos realizado un análisis distributivo estimado de las medidas adoptadas para tres países: Costa Rica, Panamá y El Salvador. Empleando un indicador estándar de progresividad, dichas medidas han sido progresivas en los dos primeros, aunque las causas son distintas, y regresivas en El Salvador.
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8

Rubio-Codina, Marta, and Florencia Lopez Boo. Lecciones aprendidas del diseño y la implementación de modalidades virtuales e híbridas de los servicios de atención a la primera infancia. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004409.

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Este reporte analiza en detalle los variados esfuerzos de atención híbridos a la primera infancia que se diseñaron, adaptaron, implementaron y/o evaluaron con el apoyo técnico y financiero del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) en seis países de América Latina y el Caribe (Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Panamá y Uruguay) en respuesta a la pandemia, así como los hallazgos y aprendizajes de su implementación. Si bien los métodos empleados y la información recabada son heterogéneos, ofrecen en su conjunto un panorama relativamente completo de su implementación. Encontramos que: (i) las modalidades híbridas facilitan la atención a población de difícil acceso geográfico; (ii) los canales favoritos fueron los mensajes multimedia, vía WhatsApp, por su versatilidad, seguido de la videollamada, la cual permite la comunicación interactiva con la familia; (iii) familias y facilitadoras han valorado muy positivamente mantener contacto semanal o quincenal, especialmente al principio de la pandemia; (iv) para el seguimiento a la calidad de la atención se emplearon principalmente videollamadas o visitas presenciales; (v) las actividades de juego que tuvieron mayor aceptación fueron aquellas que estaban mejor integradas a las rutinas del hogar; (vi) en los países en los que se entregaron kits de juguetes, fue importante reducirlos al mínimo tanto por su costo como por aspectos logísticos; (vii) la virtualidad permitió individualizar la atención, elaborando planificaciones para cada niño según su edad y nivel de desarrollo; y (viii) en todos los países, las facilitadoras consistentemente apreciaron contar con materiales y una propuesta de actividades a realizar, si bien solicitaron mayor capacitación. Esperamos que esta caracterización sirva para identificar qué aspectos de estas modalidades pueden complementar la provisión de servicios de primera infancia presenciales a escala de forma costo-eficiente, frente a futuras emergencias o como estrategia para el cierre de brechas de atención y otras inequidades.
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Zoido, Pablo, Iván Flores, Felipe Hevia, Miguel Székely, and Eleno Castro. Tutorías remotas con medios de baja tecnología para acelerar los aprendizajes: evidencia para El Salvador. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004690.

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Este documento presenta los resultados de una evaluación de impacto, con diseño experimental, que estima el efecto sobre aprendizajes de matemáticas de un programa de tutorías remotas ofrecido a niñas y niños de 9 a 14 años en tres departamentos de El Salvador. El programa utilizó medios de baja tecnología como mensajes de texto y llamadas telefónicas de 20 minutos, durante ocho semanas. Se estima que las tutorías remotas tuvieron un efecto positivo y significativo de 0.23desviaciones estándar, lo cual equivale a una aceleración de 33.2 por ciento en los aprendizajes en matemáticas, en comparación con los cambios observados en el grupo de control. La evidencia indica que los aprendizajes aumentan significativamente a medida que el número de tutorías recibidas es mayor. Al comparar con otros estudios relacionados, se concluye que la intervención es costo-efectiva. Los principales elementos innovadores son: (i) la generación de evidencia mediante instrumentos aplicados de manera presencial que garantiza una alta calidad y precisión en las mediciones de nivel de aprendizaje; (ii) a nuestro saber, este es el primer programa con evaluación experimental en su tipo en América Latina implementado durante la pandemia, con escuelas abiertas parcialmente,lo que permite verificar si la intervención es igual de efectiva que intervenciones similares en otros contextos y regiones del mundo; (iii) la utilización de dos tipos de pruebas de nivel de aprendizaje para validar la robustez de los resultados.
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