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Journal articles on the topic 'COSα TECHNIQUE'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Miyazaki, Toshiyuki, Yohei Fujimoto, and Toshihiko Sasaki. "Improvement in X-ray stress measurement using Debye–Scherrer rings by in-plane averaging." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671600128x.

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A technique to improve X-ray stress measurement using Debye–Scherrer rings is reported. In previous work, a Fourier-series-based generalization of the cosα method was proposed, which can measure the stress from a Debye–Scherrer ring. That technique and the cosα method have difficulties in determining the stress when the grain size of the specimen is relatively large and the Debye–Scherrer ring is grainy. To cope with this problem, in-plane averaging has been used to improve the cosα method when measuring coarse-grained specimens. In this study, Fourier series analysis is incorporated with in-plane averaging and it is explained how in-plane averaging improves the stress measurement. Furthermore, the validity of the new technique is demonstrated by measuring the stress of a carbon steel specimen.

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2

Miyazaki, Toshiyuki, Yoichi Maruyama, Yohei Fujimoto, and Toshihiko Sasaki. "Improvement of X-ray stress measurement from a Debye–Scherrer ring by oscillation of the X-ray incident angle." Powder Diffraction 30, no. 3 (August 12, 2015): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715615000433.

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A technique to improve the stress measurement from a Debye–Scherrer ring (D–S ring) is reported. In a previous work, the authors reported a technique to calculate stress from the Fourier series of the normal strain of a D–S ring. That technique, similar to the cosα method that came before it, is inaccurate when the grain size of the specimen is relatively large. To cope with this problem, the authors propose using the oscillation of the X-ray incident angle. The present study demonstrates this technique to improve the stress measurement.

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3

Ejiri, Shoichi, Hiroaki Ohba, and Toshihiko Sasaki. "Statistical Errors in X-Ray Triaxial Stress Analysis by Cos α Method." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.423.

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Currently, the sin2ψ method is established as an effective technique as how to measure the residual stress state of metal materials non-destructively by X-ray diffraction. In recent years, new X-ray stress measurements with two-dimensional detector are developed and spreading in the world. There is the cosα method as one of the new techniques. However, the research about the statistical errors in the method continues. The measurement theory of the cos α method is reviewed on the triaxial stress state. The triaxial stress analysis by the method is examined and discussed from a viewpoint of the derived errors for the determination.

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4

Delbergue, Dorian, Damien Texier, Martin Lévesque, and Philippe Bocher. "Diffracting-grain identification from electron backscatter diffraction maps during residual stress measurements: a comparison between the sin2ψ and cosα methods." Journal of Applied Crystallography 52, no. 4 (July 24, 2019): 828–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576719008744.

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X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a widely used technique to evaluate residual stresses in crystalline materials. Several XRD measurement methods are available. (i) The sin2ψ method, a multiple-exposure technique, uses linear detectors to capture intercepts of the Debye–Scherrer rings, losing the major portion of the diffracting signal. (ii) The cosα method, thanks to the development of compact 2D detectors allowing the entire Debye–Scherrer ring to be captured in a single exposure, is an alternative method for residual stress measurement. The present article compares the two calculation methods in a new manner, by looking at the possible measurement errors related to each method. To this end, sets of grains in diffraction condition were first identified from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping of Inconel 718 samples for each XRD calculation method and its associated detector, as each method provides different sets owing to the detector geometry or to the method specificities (such as tilt-angle number or Debye–Scherrer ring division). The X-ray elastic constant (XEC) ½S 2, calculated from EBSD maps for the {311} lattice planes, was determined and compared for the different sets of diffracting grains. It was observed that the 2D detector captures 1.5 times more grains in a single exposure (one tilt angle) than the linear detectors for nine tilt angles. Different XEC mean values were found for the sets of grains from the two XRD techniques/detectors. Grain-size effects were simulated, as well as detector oscillations to overcome them. A bimodal grain-size distribution effect and `artificial' textures introduced by XRD measurement techniques are also discussed.

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5

Li, Zhengyi, Bing Xue, Yan Cui, Gang Zhou, Shaohua Zhang, Ning Lu, Lei Wen, and Duzhou Zhang. "NDT of Residual Stress in Thick Aluminum Alloy Plates under Different Aging Conditions Using Multiple Techniques." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 8732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248732.

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In this paper, a portable residual stress tester and synchrotron radiation diffraction technique were used to measure the residual stress distribution of thick 2A14 aluminum alloy plates under different aging conditions after solution treatment. The stress changes after solution and aging were analyzed using metallographic structure observation, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other characterization methods. The results show that after solution treatment at 500 °C and aging at 170 °C, the second phase precipitates, lattice distortion is released, and the stress level gradually decreases with aging time. The residual stress of the plate comprises compressive stress; there is stress concentration in the central area. The stress distribution obtained by the two residual stress calculation methods, cosα and sin2ψ, under different process conditions was consistent.

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6

Lee, Seung-Yub, Jinjing Ling, Shenghe Wang, and Joaquin Ramirez-Rico. "Precision and accuracy of stress measurement with a portable X-ray machine using an area detector." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576716018914.

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The use of portable X-ray stress analyzers, which utilize an area detector along with the newly adopted `cosα' or full-ring fitting method, has recently attracted increasing interest. In laboratory conditions, these measurements are fast, convenient and precise because they employ a single-exposure technique that does not require sample rotation. In addition, the effects of grain size and orientation can be evaluated from the Debye ring recorded on the area detector prior to data analysis. The accuracy of the measured stress, however, has been questioned because in most cases just a single reflection is analyzed and the sample-to-detector distances are relatively short. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the uncertainty associated with a state-of-the-art commercial portable X-ray device. Annealed ferrite reference powders were used to quantify the instrument precision, and the accuracy of the stress measurement was tested byin situtensile loading on 1018 carbon steel and 6061 aluminium alloy bar samples. The results show that the precision and accuracy are sensitive to the instrument (or sample) tilt angle (ψ0) as well as to the selectedhklreflection of the sample. The instrument, sample and data analysis methods all affect the overall uncertainty, and each contribution is described for this specific portable X-ray system. Finally, on the basis of the conclusions reached, desirable measurement/analysis protocols for accurate stress assessments are also presented.

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7

Sekhar, R. Poorna Chandra, and Dr G. Anjan Babu. "Comparison of Software Cost Estimation Techniques: An Overview." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-5 (August 31, 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2248.

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8

S.DEEPAK, S. DEEPAK, and V. A. SHANMUGAVELU V.A.SHANMUGAVELU. "Cost Effective Techniques Uses In Modern Construction Projects." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2014/51.

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9

PROF. U. J. PHATAK, PROF U. J. PHATAK, PROF C. S. CHAVAN PROF.C.S.CHAVAN, LALIT V. RATHOD, VISHWAS L. NACHARE, and ATUL B. SURYAWANSHI. "Cost Effective House by Using Various Construction Techniques and Materials." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/58.

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10

Rashid, Junaid, Muhammad Wasif Nisar, Toqeer Mahmood, Amjad Rehman, and Yasser Arafat Syed. "A Study of Software Development Cost Estimation Techniques and Models." April 2020 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2002.18.

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SDCE (Software Development Cost Estimation) has always been an interesting and budding field in Software Engineering. This study supports the SDCE by exploring its techniques and models and collecting them in one place. This contribution in the literature will assist future researchers to get maximum knowledge about SDCE techniques and models from one paper and to save their time. In this paper, we review numerous software development effort and cost estimation models and techniques, which are divided into different categories. These categories are parametric models, expertise-based techniques, learning-oriented techniques, dynamicsbased models, regression-based techniques, fuzzy logic-based methods, size-based estimation models, and composite techniques. Some other techniques which directly do not lie in any specific category are also briefly explained. We have concluded that no single technique is best for all situations; rather they are applicable in different nature of projects. All techniques have their own pros and cons and they are challenged by the rapidly changing software industry. Since no single technique gives a hundred percent accuracy, that is why one technique and model should not be preferred over all others. We recommend a hybrid approach for SDCE because in this way the limitations of one model and technique are complemented by the merits of the other model/technique. We also recommend a model calibration to obtain accurate results because if a model was developed in a different environment, we cannot expect reliable estimates from it in a completely new environment.

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Rashid, Junaid, Muhammad Wasif Nisar, Toqeer Mahmood, Amjad Rehman, and Yasser Arafat Syed. "A Study of Software Development Cost Estimation Techniques and Models." April 2020 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/10.22581/muet1982.2002.18.

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SDCE (Software Development Cost Estimation) has always been an interesting and budding field in Software Engineering. This study supports the SDCE by exploring its techniques and models and collecting them in one place. This contribution in the literature will assist future researchers to get maximum knowledge about SDCE techniques and models from one paper and to save their time. In this paper, we review numerous software development effort and cost estimation models and techniques, which are divided into different categories. These categories are parametric models, expertise-based techniques, learning-oriented techniques, dynamicsbased models, regression-based techniques, fuzzy logic-based methods, size-based estimation models, and composite techniques. Some other techniques which directly do not lie in any specific category are also briefly explained. We have concluded that no single technique is best for all situations; rather they are applicable in different nature of projects. All techniques have their own pros and cons and they are challenged by the rapidly changing software industry. Since no single technique gives a hundred percent accuracy, that is why one technique and model should not be preferred over all others. We recommend a hybrid approach for SDCE because in this way the limitations of one model and technique are complemented by the merits of the other model/technique. We also recommend a model calibration to obtain accurate results because if a model was developed in a different environment, we cannot expect reliable estimates from it in a completely new environment.

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12

Double, Oliver. "Max Miller plays with Freud's obstacle: Innuendo and performance technique in variety comedy." Comedy Studies 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cost.3.1.93_1.

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13

Poppy, Pat. "Cassidy Percoco, Regency Women's Dress: Techniques and Patterns 1800–1830." Costume 51, no. 2 (September 2017): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cost.2017.0032.

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14

C., Song, Cheng A., Al-Ostaz A., and Mantena R. "Lessons Learned from Hurricane Katrina – With Emphasis on Cost Effective Retrofitting Techniques." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Technical Science and Technology Series 132, no. 3 (2020): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-68-36-2020-132-3-127-133.

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15

Ahmad, Tazyeen. "An Overview of Cost Based CPM Scheduling Techniques In Managing Construction Projects." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/feb2013/36.

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16

Ahmad, Tazyeen. "A Review of cost Management Techniques in Planning Phase of Construction Projects." Global Journal For Research Analysis 2, no. 1 (June 15, 2012): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/january2013/60.

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17

Tyagi, Asha, Vineeta Venkateswaran, Ajai Kumar Jain, and Uttam Chandra Verma. "Cost Analysis of Three Techniques of Administering Sevoflurane." Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/459432.

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Background. This study aimed to evaluate and compare total cost of sevoflurane and propofol for 1.0 MAC-hour of anaesthesia, employing three anaesthetic techniques.Methods. Adult patients scheduled for surgical procedures under general anaesthesia anticipated to last approximately an hour were randomized into three groups (n=15each), to receive anaesthesia using one of the following techniques: low flow technique involving induction with propofol, followed by sevoflurane delivered using initial fresh gas flows of 6 L/min till MAC reached 1.0 and then reduced to 0.5 L/min; alternate method of low flow entailing only a difference in fresh gas flow rates being maintained at 1 L/min throughout; the third technique involving use of sevoflurane for both induction and maintenance of anaesthesia.Results. Cost of sevoflurane to maintain 1 MAC-hour of anaesthesia was clinically least with low flow anaesthesia, though statistically similar amongst the three techniques. Once the cost of propofol used for induction in two of the three groups was added to that of sevoflurane, cost incurred was least with the technique using sevoflurane both for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, as compared to low flow and alternative low flow techniques, a 26% and 32% cost saving, respectively (P<0.05).

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18

WANG, ZIYUAN, LIN CHEN, BAOWEN XU, and YAN HUANG. "COST-COGNIZANT COMBINATORIAL TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 21, no. 06 (September 2011): 829–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194011005499.

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Combinatorial testing has been widely used in practice. People usually assume all test cases in combinatorial test suite will run completely. However, in many scenarios where combinatorial testing is needed, for example the regression testing, the entire combinatorial test suite is not run completely as a result of test resource constraints. To improve the efficiency of testing, combinatorial test case prioritization technique is required. For the scenario of regression testing, this paper proposes a new cost-cognizant combinatorial test case prioritization technique, which takes both combination weights and test costs into account. Here we propose a series of metrics with physical meaning, which assess the combinatorial coverage efficiency of test suite, to guide the prioritization of combinatorial test cases. And two heuristic test case prioritization algorithms, which are based on total and additional techniques respectively, are utilized in our technique. Simulation experimental results illustrate some properties and advantages of proposed technique.

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19

Kumar Mishra, Sambit, and Srikanta Pattnaik. "Evaluation of Cost of Plans in Multiple Dependent Queries Execution Using G.A. Techniques." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 3, no. 2 (2011): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2011.v3.220.

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20

Choi, Dojin, Jiwon Wee, Sangho Song, Hyeonbyeong Lee, Jongtae Lim, Kyoungsoo Bok, and Jaesoo Yoo. "k-NN Query Optimization for High-Dimensional Index Using Machine Learning." Electronics 12, no. 11 (May 24, 2023): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112375.

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In this study, we propose three k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) optimization techniques for a distributed, in-memory-based, high-dimensional indexing method to speed up content-based image retrieval. The proposed techniques perform distributed, in-memory, high-dimensional indexing-based k-NN query optimization: a density-based optimization technique that performs k-NN optimization using data distribution; a cost-based optimization technique using query processing cost statistics; and a learning-based optimization technique using a deep learning model, based on query logs. The proposed techniques were implemented on Spark, which supports a master/slave model for large-scale distributed processing. We showed the superiority and validity of the proposed techniques through various performance evaluations, based on high-dimensional data.

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21

Vnukova, Nataliya. "Cost estimation of the future harvest as agricultural loan collateral." Journal of Governance and Regulation 2, no. 3 (2013): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v2_i3_p4.

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The aim of this work is to attempt developing recommendations which may improve the overall banking technique of future cropping cost estimating. Objectives that have been set to achieve this aim are: to analyze alternative techniques of future cropping cost estimating; to perform calculation according to the selected techniques for 10 agricultural companies from different regions of Ukraine; to compare the techniques by means of hierarchy analysis method

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22

M Ahmadi, M. Ahmadi, and Ahad Ahmadzade. "Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Computer Controlled Scanning Tunneling Microscope and Probe Production Technique." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 8 (October 1, 2011): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/august2014/65.

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23

Rashad, Ramy, Kathryn Huber, and Abhishek Chatterjee. "Cost-Effectiveness of the Biozorb Device for Radiation Planning in Oncoplastic Surgery." Cancer and Clinical Oncology 7, no. 2 (November 6, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/cco.v7n2p23.

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Purpose: With the extent of breast tissue manipulation using oncoplastic surgical techniques, there lies a challenge in marking the tumor bed for adjuvant radiation therapy planning. Two competing techniques in doing so exist and involve the traditional placement of surgical clips in the surgical tumor bed or the newer technique of placing a Biozorb marker in the tumor bed. Our goal was to perform a cost-utility assessment to see which tumor bed marking approach is more cost-effective. Based on device list prices and clinical outcomes from a comprehensive literature review, we assessed if an approach either dominated or had an incremental cost-utility ratio of less than $50,000/QALY since either would signify cost-effectiveness. Results: From a cost comparison, the Biozorb marker ($1250) was far costlier than the clip applier device ($50). Our PRISMA search (Figure 1) reviewed 133 articles for clip placement and 42 articles for Biozorb placement in oncoplastic surgery with 2 clip placement articles and 3 Biozorb articles meeting criteria. The available data for either marking technique suggests reasonable tumor bed identification for adjuvant radiation treatment without clear clinical advantages supporting one technique over the other. Overall clinical equivalence in the setting of a clear cost advantage suggests dominant cost-effectiveness in favor of clips. Conclusion: Using surgical clips to identify the tumor bed in oncoplastic surgery is dominant and more cost-effective over the Biozorb technique as clips are relatively inexpensive while both techniques reasonably identify the tumor bed.

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24

RUCKHAUS, EDNA, EDUARDO RUIZ, and MARÍA-ESTHER VIDAL. "Query evaluation and optimization in the semantic web." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 8, no. 3 (May 2008): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068407003225.

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AbstractWe address the problem of answering Web ontology queries efficiently. An ontology is formalized as adeductive ontology base(DOB), a deductive database that comprises the ontology's inference axioms and facts. A cost-based query optimization technique for DOB is presented. A hybrid cost model is proposed to estimate the cost and cardinality of basic and inferred facts. Cardinality and cost of inferred facts are estimated using an adaptive sampling technique, while techniques of traditional relational cost models are used for estimating the cost of basic facts and conjunctive ontology queries. Finally, we implement a dynamic-programming optimization algorithm to identify query evaluation plans that minimize the number of intermediate inferred facts. We modeled a subset of the Web ontology language Lite as a DOB and performed an experimental study to analyze the predictive capacity of our cost model and the benefits of the query optimization technique. Our study has been conducted over synthetic and real-world Web ontology language ontologies and shows that the techniques are accurate and improve query performance.

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25

Pinheiro, Polyana Santiago Marques, Sylvanne Lucila da Silva Garcia, Victor Coutinho Mello Machado, Ana Clara Correa Duarte Simoes, Laura Paredes Merchan, Augusto Cesar Santos Raimundo, Denise de Fátima Barros Cavalcante, and Antonio Carlos Pereira. "Cost minimization and financial impact of root canal therapy techniques: manual, rotary and reciprocating." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 11 (November 21, 2020): e46291110119. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.10119.

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The root canal therapy consists of phases aimed at cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system. The chemomechanical preparation is the one that makes use of instruments that can be used by means of mechanized techniques (rotary and reciprocation) and manual. The present study seeks to compare the three instrumentation techniques, based on cost and outcome, using the cost – minimization analysis in the perspective of the Social Service of Commerce (SESC - Brazil), and a time horizon of 10 years. The effectiveness of the techniques were raised through literature review and selection of systematic review studies. The costs were measured by the microcosting technique, in addition to the information from the SESC databases. In the analyzed period, the study shows that the use of the rotary system can increase the capacity of care by 44,67%, while the reciprocation system by 168 %. The financial impact would be R$ 103,683.87 and R$ 735,179.46 for the rotary and reciprocation, respectively. Using as reference the conventional technique, R$ 44.58 more is spent for the treatment with rotary instruments and R$ 84,03 for the reciprocation. Even with the highest allocating efficiency for the reciprocating technique with much greater coverage, the budget impact needs to be analyzed with caution. The incorporation of reciprocating technology demonstrating to be the technique with the highest allocating efficiency, best minimization cost ratio and reasonable cost of additional treatment in relation to other techniques.

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26

Salvadori, M. C., F. S. Teixeira, L. G. Sgubin, W. W. R. Araujo, R. E. Spirin, E. M. Oks, K. M. Yu, and I. G. Brown. "Low cost ion implantation technique." Applied Physics Letters 101, no. 22 (November 26, 2012): 224104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4768699.

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27

Gao, Yuki, Maryam Ravan, and Reza K. Amineh. "Fast, Robust, and Low-Cost Microwave Imaging of Multiple Non-Metallic Pipes." Electronics 10, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151762.

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The use of non-metallic pipes and composite components that are low-cost, durable, light-weight, and resilient to corrosion is growing rapidly in various industrial sectors such as oil and gas industries in the form of non-metallic composite pipes. While these components are still prone to damages, traditional non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques such as eddy current technique and magnetic flux leakage technique cannot be utilized for inspection of these components. Microwave imaging can fill this gap as a favorable technique to perform inspection of non-metallic pipes. Holographic microwave imaging techniques are fast and robust and have been successfully employed in applications such as airport security screening and underground imaging. Here, we extend the use of holographic microwave imaging to inspection of multiple concentric pipes. To increase the speed of data acquisition, we utilize antenna arrays along the azimuthal direction in a cylindrical setup. A parametric study and demonstration of the performance of the proposed imaging system will be provided.

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Das, Satya Kumar, and Sahidul Islam. "Multi-Objective Two Echelon Supply Chain Inventory Model with Lot Size and Customer Demand Dependent Purchase Cost and Production Rate Dependent Production Cost." Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.18187/pjsor.v15i4.2929.

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This paper develops an integrated production inventory model for a two echelon supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer. Purchase cost for the manufacturer is dependent on inventory lot size, production cost of the manufacturer is dependent on production rate. Purchase cost of the retailer is dependent on demand rate of the customer. Idle time cost has been considered. Multi-item has been considered in this supply chain inventory model. Average cost in integrated inventory model has been calculated per unit time. The formulated problem has been solved by various techniques like as Fuzzy programming technique with hyperbolic membership functions (FPTHMF), Fuzzy non-linear programming technique (FNLP) and Fuzzy additive goal programming technique (FAGP), weighted Fuzzy non-linear programming technique (WFNLP) and weighted Fuzzy additive goal programming technique (WFAGP). A numerical example is provided to justify the proposed model. Finally graphical illustrations are considered and its sensitivity analysis is provided to test feasibility of the model.

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Cho, Heung Jae, and Jae Il Park. "An Introduction of a Cost Estimation System for Model Changes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 437 (October 2013): 981–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.981.

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In order to be cost competitive in the consumer electronics industry, it is needed to estimate product costs earlier in the design phase. In this study, we reviewed quality and quantity cost estimation techniques to develop a cost estimation system. The qualitative cost estimation technique is used to store expert's knowledge in the form of rules or a decision tree, and quantitative cost estimation techniques is used to extract a similar cost basis based on historical cost data of products. Also, we developed a cost comparison system using these two methods.

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Fu, Sue J., Vanessa P. Ho, Jennifer Ginsberg, Yaron Perry, Conor P. Delaney, Philip A. Linden, and Christopher W. Towe. "Complications, Not Minimally Invasive Surgical Technique, Are Associated with Increased Cost after Esophagectomy." Minimally Invasive Surgery 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7690632.

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Background. Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) techniques offer similar oncological and surgical outcomes to open methods. The effects of MIE on hospital costs are not well documented. Methods. We reviewed the electronic records of patients who underwent esophagectomy at a single academic institution between January 2012 and December 2014. Esophagectomy techniques were grouped into open, hybrid, MIE, and transhiatal (THE) esophagectomy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the impact of surgery on total hospital cost after esophagectomy. Results. 80 patients were identified: 11 THE, 11 open, 41 hybrid, and 17 MIE. Median total cost of the hospitalization was $31,375 and was similar between surgical technique groups. MIE was associated with higher intraoperative costs, but not total hospital cost. Multivariable analysis revealed that the presence of a complication, increased age, American Society of Anesthesiologists class IV (ASA4), and preoperative coronary artery disease (CAD) were associated with significantly increased cost. Conclusions. Despite the association of MIE with higher operation costs, the total hospital cost was not different between surgical technique groups. Postoperative complications and severe preoperative comorbidities are significant drivers of hospital cost associated with esophagectomy. Surgeons should choose technique based on clinical factors, rather than cost implications.

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31

Novy-Marx, Robert, and Mihail Velikov. "Comparing Cost-Mitigation Techniques." Financial Analysts Journal 75, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0015198x.2018.1547057.

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32

Sparrius, Ad. "Tutorial: Cost estimation techniques." INCOSE International Symposium 18, no. 1 (June 2008): 2367–446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2008.tb00925.x.

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33

Chen, Xingding, Guangwei Yuan, and Yunlong Yu. "Discrete Maximum Principle Based on Repair Technique for Finite Element Scheme of Anisotropic Diffusion Problems." Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 6, no. 06 (December 2014): 849–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/aamm.2013.m445.

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AbstractIn this paper, we construct a global repair technique for the finite element scheme of anisotropic diffusion equations to enforce the repaired solutions satisfying the discrete maximum principle. It is an extension of the existing local repair technique. Both of the repair techniques preserve the total energy and are easy to be implemented. The numerical experiments show that these repair techniques do not destroy the accuracy of the finite element scheme, and the computational cost of the global repair technique is cheaper than the local repair technique when the diffusion tensors are highly anisotropic.

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34

Guo, Yubing, Xiaogang Zhang, and Chong Zhang. "ADAPTABILITY TEST OF DRY FARMING TILLAGE TECHNIQUE IN NORTHERN CHINA AND STUDY OF KEY TECHNIQUES." INMATEH Vol.61 61, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-61-30.

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Based on the problem of insufficient coordination of integrated machinery and technique configuration in the exploration of dry farming regions, a method of two-period comparative test was carried out in Shanxi Province, China. Zones of the effects of different treatments on straw coverage, soil moisture, emergence rate, seedling condition, yield, and benefit were monitored and analysed. The result was that the coverage before sowing decreased to below 55% after surface harrowing or rotary tillage in autumn by using dry farming technology in Northern China. The average number of emerging seedlings through surface tillage was larger than that without surface tillage by 1.7 plants/5 m; emergency rate was increased by 8.37%, and the increase in amplitude of grain yield reached 28% compared with that of traditional farming. Moreover, the input–output ratio reached 1:4.41. The experiments showed that the net income could reach RMB 1,251–1,401/hm2, and compared with traditional farming, operating cost was lowered by 23.1%–28.8%, and benefit was elevated by 48.8% with prominent cost saving and benefit increase. The study results will facilitate the improvement of water-saving and production-increasing technologies in Northern China and play a critical role in the development of agricultural cultivation and steady growth of agricultural output in this region.

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Friedman, Michael, Rohit Soans, Roshan Soans, and Ninos J. Joseph. "Balloon Sinuplasty: Fluoroscopic vs. Illumination Guided." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.237.

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Objective To compare two balloon sinuplasty techniques, fluoroscopic guided and illumination guided, with regards to: 1) Sensitivity and specificity of identifying the sinus; 2) Accuracy of cannulating the natural sinus ostium; 3) Ease of technique and cost. Methods Operative reports of 120 consecutive patients, equally representative of each technique, were analyzed to determine: 1) The success of sinus identification with the technique; 2) Evidence of endoscopic visual conformation of natural ostium dilation. The sensitivity and specificity of each technique in sinus identification was determined. The success of natural ostium cannulation was also determined. A cost analysis of each technique was performed with regards to equipment and time. Results A total of 330 sinuses were reviewed (fluoroscopy, n=171; illuminated guide wire, n=159). Fluoroscopy was 100% sensitive and 100% specific with regards to sinus identification; whereas the illuminated guide wire was 97.9 % sensitive and 85.7% specific. With respect to the cannulzation of the natural sinus ostium, the success rate of fluoroscopy and the illuminated guide wire was 85.9% and 87.5% respectively. These results demonstrated no significant difference between the two techniques. The elimination of fluoroscopy with the illuminated guide wire technique reduced overall cost and operative time significantly. Conclusions 1) Balloon sinuplasty with illuminated guide wire is comparable to fluoroscopic guided with regards to sensitivity and specificity of sinus identification and successful cannulation of the natural sinus ostium. 2) Cost and operative time are reduced with the new technique.

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DOBRUCALI, Esra, and İsmail Hakkı DEMİR. "COMPARISON OF GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAMMING AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING BUILDING COST." INTERNATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES, no. 16 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.17366/uhmfd.2022.16.2.

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Aim: Construction project, cost calculation based on bill of materials is generally accepted as a classical method in terms of giving definite result. However, because the calculation of each work item is required, there is a need for a long calculation time. In this study, is worked on the availability of practical, fast and realistic results using artificial intelligence techniques with a few determined variables without performing detailed quantification works in the public institutions budget planning or in the tenderer’s project cost estimate calculations; finally, the obtained results are compared. Method: For this purpose, it is aimed to estimate the project cost by using Gene Expression Programming (GEP) technique and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques by using variables such as the number of floors, duration, building type and total construction area of 75 education and health building projects carried out between 2011 and 2016 (60 of which are training,15 are test data). Results: According to the test data obtained at the end of the study, the project cost determination coefficient (R2) was 0.970 with the Gene Expression Programming technique and 0.967 with the artificial neural network technique. Conclusion: The study shows that Gene Expression Programming and Artificial Neural Networks techniques can be used equally in building cost calculations, and both methods give acceptable values close to reality.

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Alexandre, Felipe A., Paulo R. Aguiar, Reinaldo Götz, Martin Antonio Aulestia Viera, Thiago Glissoi Lopes, and Eduardo Carlos Bianchi. "A Novel Ultrasound Technique Based on Piezoelectric Diaphragms Applied to Material Removal Monitoring in the Grinding Process." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 3932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183932.

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The interest of the scientific community for ultrasound techniques has increased in recent years due to its wide range of applications. A continuous effort of researchers and industries has been made in order to improve and increase the applicability of non-destructive evaluations (NDE). In this context, the monitoring of manufacturing processes, such as the grinding process, arises. This work proposes a novel technique of ultrasound monitoring (chirp-through-transmission) through low-cost piezoelectric diaphragms and digital signal processing. The proposed technique was applied to the monitoring of material removal during the grinding process. The technique is based on changes in ultrasonic waves when propagated through the material under study, with the difference that this technique does not use traditional parameters of ultrasonic techniques but digital signal processing (RMS and Counts). Furthermore, the novelty of the proposed technique is also the use of low-cost piezoelectric diaphragms in the emission and reception of ultrasonic waves, enabling the implementation of a low-cost monitoring system. The results show that the monitoring technique proposed in this work, when used in conjunction with the frequency band selection, is sensitive to the material removal in the grinding process and therefore presents an advance for monitoring the grinding processes.

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Jian Zhang, Jian Zhang, Mengjuan Li Mengjuan Li, Ganghua Yin Ganghua Yin, Jianchao Jiao Jianchao Jiao, Zhengkun Liu Zhengkun Liu, Xiangdong Xu Xiangdong Xu, and and Shaojun Fu and Shaojun Fu. "Low-cost method of fabricating large-aperture, high efficiency, Fresnel diffractive membrane optic using a modified moiré technique." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 10 (2016): 100501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.100501.

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Buffelli, Davide, and Efthymia Tsamoura. "Scalable Theory-Driven Regularization of Scene Graph Generation Models." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 6 (June 26, 2023): 6850–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i6.25839.

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Several techniques have recently aimed to improve the performance of deep learning models for Scene Graph Generation (SGG) by incorporating background knowledge. State-of-the-art techniques can be divided into two families: one where the background knowledge is incorporated into the model in a subsymbolic fashion, and another in which the background knowledge is maintained in symbolic form. Despite promising results, both families of techniques face several shortcomings: the first one requires ad-hoc, more complex neural architectures increasing the training or inference cost; the second one suffers from limited scalability w.r.t. the size of the background knowledge. Our work introduces a regularization technique for injecting symbolic background knowledge into neural SGG models that overcomes the limitations of prior art. Our technique is model-agnostic, does not incur any cost at inference time, and scales to previously unmanageable background knowledge sizes. We demonstrate that our technique can improve the accuracy of state-of-the-art SGG models, by up to 33%.

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Khaleel, Shahbaa I., and Raghda Anan. "A review paper: optimal test cases for regression testing using artificial intelligent techniques." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1803-1816.

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<span lang="EN-US">The goal of the testing process is to find errors and defects in the software being developed so that they can be fixed and corrected before they are delivered to the customer. Regression testing is an essential quality testing technique during the maintenance phase of the program as it is performed to ensure the integrity of the program after modifications have been made. With the development of the software, the test suite becomes too large to be fully implemented within the given test cost in terms of budget and time. Therefore, the cost of regression testing using different techniques should be reduced, here we dealt many methods such as retest all technique, regression test selection technique (RTS) and test case prioritization technique (TCP). The efficiency of these techniques is evaluated through the use of many metrics such as average percentage of fault detected (APFD), average percentage block coverage (APBC) and average percentage decision coverage (APDC). In this paper we dealt with these different techniques used in test case selection and test case prioritization and the metrics used to evaluate their efficiency by using different techniques of artificial intelligent and describe the best of all.</span>

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Na, Wongi S., and Ki-Tae Park. "A cost-effective impedance-based structural health monitoring technique for steel structures by monitoring multiple areas." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 2 (July 28, 2016): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16645866.

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Throughout the ages, ensuring structural safety has always been a vital task as civil infrastructures deteriorate due to the surrounding environment with time. Although various non-destructive techniques exist nowadays for maintaining the structural integrity, most of the techniques require expensive equipment with highly trained experts. In addition, onsite techniques may require a downtime period of the structure, causing inconvenience for the public. The purpose of this study is to introduce a cost-effective, impedance-based health monitoring approach using the electromechanical impedance technique. Since one device with a piezoelectric material is used to monitor a single area, this can be extremely costly when covering large areas such as bridges and buildings. To overcome this problem, a technique is introduced in this study for one device to monitor multiple areas, significantly reducing the equipment cost when covering large areas.

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Rawnuck, Tanzila, Md Selim Reza, Mohammad Jahidur Rahman Khan, Rashida Akter Khanam, and Saif Ullah Munshi. "A Comparative Study of LAMP and PCR in Relation to Time and Cost." Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College 12, no. 2 (January 3, 2022): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v12i2.56885.

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Background: The Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) represents a very sensitive, easy to use, and less time consuming diagnostic method. Aims: The aim was to establish a simple, cost-effective, molecular technique. Materials and methods: An analytical study was conducted using two hundred acute serum samples using two different molecular techniques; qPCR and LAMP to standardize a costeffective and less time-consuming technique. Results: The cost of in-house LAMP reagents was one-ninth of the cost of commercial qPCR. Consume cost was 23 times less than qPCR besides, lab setup cost was 92 times less than qPCR. More importantly, LAMP requires 5-6 times less time duration than qPCR. Conclusion: Due to its simple short-time operation with low cost, it would be a prevalent molecular technique globally, particularly in Bangladesh. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2020; 12(2): 72-75

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Jiang, Liangxiao, Chen Qiu, and Chaoqun Li. "A Novel Minority Cloning Technique for Cost-Sensitive Learning." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 29, no. 04 (May 20, 2015): 1551004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001415510040.

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In many real-world applications, it is often the case that the class distribution of instances is imbalanced and the costs of misclassification are different. Thus, the class-imbalanced cost-sensitive learning has attracted much attention from researchers. Sampling is one of the widely used techniques in dealing with the class-imbalance problem, which alters the class distribution of instances so that the minority class is well represented in the training data. In this paper, we propose a novel Minority Cloning Technique (MCT) for class-imbalanced cost-sensitive learning. MCT alters the class distribution of training data by cloning each minority class instance according to the similarity between it and the mode of the minority class. The experimental results on a large number of UCI datasets show that MCT performs much better than Minority Oversampling with Replacement Technique (MORT) and Synthetic Minority Oversampling TEchnique (SMOTE) in terms of the total misclassification costs of the built classifiers.

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Zhu, Xue Yong, and Zhi Yong Wu. "A New Fuzzing Technique Using Niche Genetic Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4050–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4050.

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Current advanced Fuzzing technique can only implement vulnerability mining on a single vulnerable statement each time, and this paper proposes a new multi-dimension Fuzzing technique, which uses niche genetic algorithm to generate test cases and can concurrently approach double vulnerable targets with the minimum cost on the two vulnerable statements each time. For that purpose, a corresponding mathematical model and the minimum cost theorem are presented. The results of the experiment show that the efficiency of the new proposed Fuzzing technique is much better than current advanced Fuzzing techniques.

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Elaine and YiLun Ho. "Budget Estimation through Cost Forecast Technique." International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology 4, no. 17 (September 30, 2012): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/ijact.vol4.issue17.57.

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Asadullah, Mohammed, Sher Afghan Khan, Waqar Asrar, and Sulaeman E. "Low-Cost Base Drag Reduction Technique." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research 7, no. 4 (2018): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmerr.7.4.428-432.

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Jesshope, C. R., and L. Bentley. "Low-cost restructuring technique for WSI." Electronics Letters 22, no. 8 (1986): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19860300.

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Britten, A. J. "Low cost technique for vessel sizing." Clinical Radiology 54, no. 10 (October 1999): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(99)91097-8.

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Basak, Anirban, Arindam Sadhu, Kunal Das, and Kapil K. Sharma. "Cost Optimization Technique for Quantum Circuits." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 58, no. 9 (July 2, 2019): 3158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-019-04192-7.

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Shimpi, Prof A. L., Mr Rokade Kiran Sanjay, Mr Rathod Ankush Babu, Miss Gunjal Nikita Sanjay, and Miss Bhoye Paneri Raghunath. "Low Cost Housing." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 3294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50925.

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Abstract: Housing is the major sector of urban infrastructure. Government of India has launched the scheme “Housing for All by 2022” for urban areas. To achieve this goal Government is providing subsidy to the urban poor up to Rs. 1 lakh per house which causes huge burden over the country’s economy. Despite urban houses are not affordable to the poor due to escalating land & construction cost. This scenario can be improved if the land or construction cost can be reduced to some extent without compromising with the quality of structure. Low cost housing offers the use of various low cost material & technique which reduces the overall cost of construction. In this paper an attempt is made to review the various researches on low cost housing material & techniques which can be used for both rural and urban areas according to their suitability in different conditions.

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