Relevant bibliographies by topics / COSα TECHNIQUE

Academic literature on the topic 'COSα TECHNIQUE'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "COSα TECHNIQUE"

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Miyazaki, Toshiyuki, Yohei Fujimoto, and Toshihiko Sasaki. "Improvement in X-ray stress measurement using Debye–Scherrer rings by in-plane averaging." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671600128x.

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A technique to improve X-ray stress measurement using Debye–Scherrer rings is reported. In previous work, a Fourier-series-based generalization of the cosα method was proposed, which can measure the stress from a Debye–Scherrer ring. That technique and the cosα method have difficulties in determining the stress when the grain size of the specimen is relatively large and the Debye–Scherrer ring is grainy. To cope with this problem, in-plane averaging has been used to improve the cosα method when measuring coarse-grained specimens. In this study, Fourier series analysis is incorporated with in-plane averaging and it is explained how in-plane averaging improves the stress measurement. Furthermore, the validity of the new technique is demonstrated by measuring the stress of a carbon steel specimen.
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Miyazaki, Toshiyuki, Yoichi Maruyama, Yohei Fujimoto, and Toshihiko Sasaki. "Improvement of X-ray stress measurement from a Debye–Scherrer ring by oscillation of the X-ray incident angle." Powder Diffraction 30, no. 3 (August 12, 2015): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715615000433.

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A technique to improve the stress measurement from a Debye–Scherrer ring (D–S ring) is reported. In a previous work, the authors reported a technique to calculate stress from the Fourier series of the normal strain of a D–S ring. That technique, similar to the cosα method that came before it, is inaccurate when the grain size of the specimen is relatively large. To cope with this problem, the authors propose using the oscillation of the X-ray incident angle. The present study demonstrates this technique to improve the stress measurement.
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Ejiri, Shoichi, Hiroaki Ohba, and Toshihiko Sasaki. "Statistical Errors in X-Ray Triaxial Stress Analysis by Cos α Method." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.423.

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Currently, the sin2ψ method is established as an effective technique as how to measure the residual stress state of metal materials non-destructively by X-ray diffraction. In recent years, new X-ray stress measurements with two-dimensional detector are developed and spreading in the world. There is the cosα method as one of the new techniques. However, the research about the statistical errors in the method continues. The measurement theory of the cos α method is reviewed on the triaxial stress state. The triaxial stress analysis by the method is examined and discussed from a viewpoint of the derived errors for the determination.
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Delbergue, Dorian, Damien Texier, Martin Lévesque, and Philippe Bocher. "Diffracting-grain identification from electron backscatter diffraction maps during residual stress measurements: a comparison between the sin2ψ and cosα methods." Journal of Applied Crystallography 52, no. 4 (July 24, 2019): 828–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576719008744.

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X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a widely used technique to evaluate residual stresses in crystalline materials. Several XRD measurement methods are available. (i) The sin2ψ method, a multiple-exposure technique, uses linear detectors to capture intercepts of the Debye–Scherrer rings, losing the major portion of the diffracting signal. (ii) The cosα method, thanks to the development of compact 2D detectors allowing the entire Debye–Scherrer ring to be captured in a single exposure, is an alternative method for residual stress measurement. The present article compares the two calculation methods in a new manner, by looking at the possible measurement errors related to each method. To this end, sets of grains in diffraction condition were first identified from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping of Inconel 718 samples for each XRD calculation method and its associated detector, as each method provides different sets owing to the detector geometry or to the method specificities (such as tilt-angle number or Debye–Scherrer ring division). The X-ray elastic constant (XEC) ½S 2, calculated from EBSD maps for the {311} lattice planes, was determined and compared for the different sets of diffracting grains. It was observed that the 2D detector captures 1.5 times more grains in a single exposure (one tilt angle) than the linear detectors for nine tilt angles. Different XEC mean values were found for the sets of grains from the two XRD techniques/detectors. Grain-size effects were simulated, as well as detector oscillations to overcome them. A bimodal grain-size distribution effect and `artificial' textures introduced by XRD measurement techniques are also discussed.
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Li, Zhengyi, Bing Xue, Yan Cui, Gang Zhou, Shaohua Zhang, Ning Lu, Lei Wen, and Duzhou Zhang. "NDT of Residual Stress in Thick Aluminum Alloy Plates under Different Aging Conditions Using Multiple Techniques." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 8732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248732.

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In this paper, a portable residual stress tester and synchrotron radiation diffraction technique were used to measure the residual stress distribution of thick 2A14 aluminum alloy plates under different aging conditions after solution treatment. The stress changes after solution and aging were analyzed using metallographic structure observation, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other characterization methods. The results show that after solution treatment at 500 °C and aging at 170 °C, the second phase precipitates, lattice distortion is released, and the stress level gradually decreases with aging time. The residual stress of the plate comprises compressive stress; there is stress concentration in the central area. The stress distribution obtained by the two residual stress calculation methods, cosα and sin2ψ, under different process conditions was consistent.
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Lee, Seung-Yub, Jinjing Ling, Shenghe Wang, and Joaquin Ramirez-Rico. "Precision and accuracy of stress measurement with a portable X-ray machine using an area detector." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576716018914.

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The use of portable X-ray stress analyzers, which utilize an area detector along with the newly adopted `cosα' or full-ring fitting method, has recently attracted increasing interest. In laboratory conditions, these measurements are fast, convenient and precise because they employ a single-exposure technique that does not require sample rotation. In addition, the effects of grain size and orientation can be evaluated from the Debye ring recorded on the area detector prior to data analysis. The accuracy of the measured stress, however, has been questioned because in most cases just a single reflection is analyzed and the sample-to-detector distances are relatively short. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the uncertainty associated with a state-of-the-art commercial portable X-ray device. Annealed ferrite reference powders were used to quantify the instrument precision, and the accuracy of the stress measurement was tested byin situtensile loading on 1018 carbon steel and 6061 aluminium alloy bar samples. The results show that the precision and accuracy are sensitive to the instrument (or sample) tilt angle (ψ0) as well as to the selectedhklreflection of the sample. The instrument, sample and data analysis methods all affect the overall uncertainty, and each contribution is described for this specific portable X-ray system. Finally, on the basis of the conclusions reached, desirable measurement/analysis protocols for accurate stress assessments are also presented.
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Sekhar, R. Poorna Chandra, and Dr G. Anjan Babu. "Comparison of Software Cost Estimation Techniques: An Overview." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-5 (August 31, 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2248.

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S.DEEPAK, S. DEEPAK, and V. A. SHANMUGAVELU V.A.SHANMUGAVELU. "Cost Effective Techniques Uses In Modern Construction Projects." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2014/51.

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PROF. U. J. PHATAK, PROF U. J. PHATAK, PROF C. S. CHAVAN PROF.C.S.CHAVAN, LALIT V. RATHOD, VISHWAS L. NACHARE, and ATUL B. SURYAWANSHI. "Cost Effective House by Using Various Construction Techniques and Materials." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/58.

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Rashid, Junaid, Muhammad Wasif Nisar, Toqeer Mahmood, Amjad Rehman, and Yasser Arafat Syed. "A Study of Software Development Cost Estimation Techniques and Models." April 2020 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2002.18.

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SDCE (Software Development Cost Estimation) has always been an interesting and budding field in Software Engineering. This study supports the SDCE by exploring its techniques and models and collecting them in one place. This contribution in the literature will assist future researchers to get maximum knowledge about SDCE techniques and models from one paper and to save their time. In this paper, we review numerous software development effort and cost estimation models and techniques, which are divided into different categories. These categories are parametric models, expertise-based techniques, learning-oriented techniques, dynamicsbased models, regression-based techniques, fuzzy logic-based methods, size-based estimation models, and composite techniques. Some other techniques which directly do not lie in any specific category are also briefly explained. We have concluded that no single technique is best for all situations; rather they are applicable in different nature of projects. All techniques have their own pros and cons and they are challenged by the rapidly changing software industry. Since no single technique gives a hundred percent accuracy, that is why one technique and model should not be preferred over all others. We recommend a hybrid approach for SDCE because in this way the limitations of one model and technique are complemented by the merits of the other model/technique. We also recommend a model calibration to obtain accurate results because if a model was developed in a different environment, we cannot expect reliable estimates from it in a completely new environment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "COSα TECHNIQUE"

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Pereira, Alex Lopes. "A cost-effective background subtraction technique." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2008. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=596.

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Background Subtraction is a very important task in image processing because its results are used in algorithms that recognize more complex object behaviors. This proposed research technique extracts movement evidences from difference: 1) between two consecutive frames; 2) between current frame and the fourth previous frame; and 3) between the current frame and a background model. These evidences are combined using the strategy of adding complementary values before applying thresholds. This strategy, combined with the application of the "iterate only once" requirement, leads to a Cost-effective Background Subtraction Technique. The main contribution of this work is the development of a novel pixel classification metric. Besides, it was extended by the following incremental improvements: 1st) The proposition of a half-connected filter as a fullfilment of the "iterate only once" requirement; 2nd) The extension of a simple and efficient shadow filter; and 3rd) The development of a quick way to evaluate accuracy of background subtraction techniques, based on a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and a Distributed Processing environment. When compared to recent research, the proposed technique results are better in performance and accuracy, this last one is due to an optmization process using a Genetic Algorithm. When performing tests on an Intel Dual Core Pentium 1.60GHz microprocessor with 1GB RAM, up to 376 Frames Per Second (FPS) of 160x120 color images were classified using this technique.
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Wise, Michael Anthony. "A variance reduction technique for production cost simulation." Ohio : Ohio University, 1989. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182181023.

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Pai, Satish. "Multiplexed pipelining : a cost effective loop transformation technique." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4425.

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Parallel processing has gained increasing importance over the last few years. A key aim of parallel processing is to improve the execution times of scientific programs by mapping them to many processors. Loops form an important part of most computational programs and must be processed efficiently to get superior performance in terms of execution times. Important examples of such programs include graphics algorithms, matrix operations (which are used in signal processing and image processing applications), particle simulation, and other scientific applications. Pipelining uses overlapped parallelism to efficiently reduce execution time.
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Kennedy, Michael A. D. "Development of Cost Effective Composites using Vacuum Processing Technique." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1523633403784733.

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Aras, Tuce. "Cost Anaysis Of Sediment Removal Techniques From Reservoir." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610585/index.pdf.

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Siltation in reservoirs is becoming an important problem as the dams are getting older in the world. The general dam practice has been implemented in a sequence that
planning, design, construction, operation of dam until the accumulated sediment prevents its purpose function or functions. Unfortunately, effects of sedimentation and fate of the left over dams in the future are not figured. Indeed, these negative effects could be avoided, life of the reservoir can be prolonged and even the reservoir will last forever by minimizing the sedimentation. Therefore in this study, the methods that provide extension of reservoir life are discussed hydraulically, economically and applicability point of view. In addition, there is open source package program RESCON which examines and compares some sediment removal techniques economically and also hydraulically. RESCON is used in conjunction with several cases
namely Ç
ubuk Dam-I, Borç
ka Dam and Muratli Dam. Moreover, some sensitivity analyses are carried out in order to scrutiny of the program for Turkish economic conditions.
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Saravi, Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh. "Improving cost estimation accuracy through quality improvement techniques." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520948.

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Lin, Yang. "Cost-effective radiation hardened techniques for microprocessor pipelines." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/381275/.

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The aggressive scaling of semiconductor devices has caused a significant increase in the soft error rate induced by radiation particle strikes. This has led to an increasing need for soft error tolerance techniques to maintain system reliability, even for sea-level commodity computer products. Conventional radiation-hardening techniques, typically used in safety-critical applications, are prohibitively expensive for non-safety-critical microprocessors in terrestrial environments. Providing effective hardening solutions for general logic in microprocessor pipelines, in particular, is a major challenge and still remains open. This thesis studies the soft error effects on modern microprocessors, with the aim to develop cost-effective soft error mitigation techniques for general logic, and provide a comprehensive soft error treatment for commercial microprocessor pipelines. This thesis presents three major contributions. The first contribution proposes two novel radiation hardening flip-flop architectures, named SETTOFF. A reliability evaluation model, which can statistically analyse the reliability of different circuit architectures, is also developed. The evaluation results from 65nm and 120nm technologies show that SETTOFF can provide better error-tolerance capabilities than most previous techniques. Compared to a TMR-latch, SETTOFF can reduce area, power, and delay overheads by over 50%, 86%, and 78%, respectively. The second contribution proposes a self-checking technique based on the SETTOFF architectures. The self-checking technique overcomes the common limitation of most previous techniques by realising a self checking capability, which allows SETTOFF to mitigate both the errors occurring in the original circuitry, and the errors occurring in the redundancies added for error-tolerance. Evaluation results demonstrated that the self-checking architecture can provide much higher Multiple-Bit-Upsets tolerant capabilities with significantly less power and delay penalties, compared to the traditional ECC technique, for protecting the register file. The third contribution proposes a novel pipeline protection mechanism, which is achieved by incorporating the SETTOFF-based self-checking cells into the microprocessor pipeline. An architectural replay recovery scheme is developed to recover the relevant errors detected by the self-checking SETTOFF architecture. The evaluation results show that the proposed mechanism can effectively mitigate both SEUs and SETs occurring in different parts of the pipeline. It overcomes the drawback of most previous pipeline protection techniques and achieves a complete and cost effective pipeline protection.
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Alsuwailem, A. M. "A low-cost microprocessor-based correlator for high bandwidth data." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371467.

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DeBardelaben, James Anthony. "An optimization-based approach for cost-effective embedded DSP system design." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15757.

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Xie, Qing. "Developing cost-effective model-based techniques for GUI testing." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/4061.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.
Thesis research directed by: Computer Science. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Books on the topic "COSα TECHNIQUE"

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Chow, Ki Kit. Safe, cost effective Caesarean technique. Rome: CIC Edizioni Internazionali, 1995.

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Handbook of cost reduction techniques. New York: F. Watts, 1986.

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Mohamed, Najim, and Ansorge Michael, eds. Intelligent integrated media communication techniques: Cost 254 & cost 276. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

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Antos, John. Intermediate cost accounting: Modern costing techniques. [New York]: American Management Association, 1990.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Cost and schedule analytical techniques development. Huntsville, AL: SAIC, Science Applications International Corporation, 1994.

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Killough, Larry N. Cost accounting: Concepts and techniques formanagement. 2nd ed. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1987.

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Belkaoui, Ahmed. Handbook of cost accounting theory and techniques. New York: Quorum Books, 1991.

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1952-, Seemer Stephen W., ed. Environmental ROI: Successful techniques in cost avoidance. New York: Wiley, 1996.

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Killough, Larry N. Cost accounting: Concepts and techniques for management. 2nd ed. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1987.

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Ayre, Michael. Puncture prevention techniques for low-cost vehicles. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "COSα TECHNIQUE"

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Creese, Robert C. "Advanced Project Evaluation Techniques." In Strategic Cost Fundamentals, 197–213. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79394-3_13.

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Creese, Robert C. "Basic Project Evaluation Techniques." In Strategic Cost Fundamentals, 181–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79394-3_12.

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Farr, John Vail, and Isaac Faber. "Cost estimating techniques." In Engineering Economics of Life Cycle Cost Analysis, 243–62. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429466304-9.

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Long, John A. "Transform Techniques in Cost Analysis." In Cost Analysis and Estimating, 52–64. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3202-5_3.

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Omotayo, Temitope, Udayangani Kulatunga, and Bankole Awuzie. "Construction Cost Management Techniques." In Continuous Cost Improvement in Construction, 57–69. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003176077-5.

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Pooler, Victor H., and David J. Pooler. "Using Cost Reduction Techniques." In Purchasing and Supply Management, 247–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6027-2_13.

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Seeley, Ivor H. "Cost Planning Theories and Techniques." In Building Economics, 174–201. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13757-2_7.

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Wendon, J. "Cost Effectiveness of Monitoring Techniques." In Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 397–413. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26900-2_29.

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Kumar, Krishna, Syed Rizvi, Sharon Bishop, and Mariam Abbas. "Cost-Effectiveness of Interventional Techniques." In Treatment of Chronic Pain by Interventional Approaches, 495–507. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1824-9_47.

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Kumar, Krishna, Syed Rizvi, Sharon Bishop, and Mariam Abbas. "Cost-Effectiveness of Interventional Techniques." In Comprehensive Treatment of Chronic Pain by Medical, Interventional, and Integrative Approaches, 697–709. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1560-2_66.

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Conference papers on the topic "COSα TECHNIQUE"

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Hii, K. U. "Quadrant-division technique for differential sensitivity optical beam measurement." In SPIE/COS Photonics Asia, edited by Sen Han, Toru Yoshizawa, and Song Zhang. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2255169.

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Lu, Yancong, Changhe Zhou, Shubin Li, Chunlong Wei, Minkang Li, Xiansong Xiang, Jili Deng, et al. "Study of a grating interferometer with high optical subdivision technique." In SPIE/COS Photonics Asia, edited by Yunlong Sheng, Chongxiu Yu, and Changhe Zhou. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2246091.

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Yamaguchi, Yuki, Masaki Michihata, Yasuhiro Mizutani, and Yasuhiro Takaya. "Hybrid probing technique for coordinate measurement with optically trapped micro sphere." In SPIE/COS Photonics Asia, edited by Sen Han, Toru Yoshizawa, and Song Zhang. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2248360.

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Ma, Suodong, and Bo Li. "Virtual-stereo fringe reflection technique for specular free-form surface testing." In SPIE/COS Photonics Asia, edited by Sen Han, Toru Yoshizawa, and Song Zhang. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2246220.

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Ago, Tomoki, Toshiaki Iwai, and Ryoko Yokota. "Extinction measurement of dense media by an optical coherence tomography technique." In SPIE/COS Photonics Asia, edited by Qingming Luo, Xingde Li, Ying Gu, and Yuguo Tang. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2246364.

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Wang, Shuping, Chi Zhang, Colleen Davis, Mark Alt, Zheng Ji, Yue Han, and Michael L. Gardner. "Optical metrology techniques and apparatus for lens assembly." In SPIE/COS Photonics Asia, edited by Yongtian Wang, Chunlei Du, José Sasián, and Kimio Tatsuno. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2069606.

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Dai, Xianglu, Yanjie Li, and Huimin Xie. "High-frequency deformation grating fabrication techniques and applications." In SPIE/COS Photonics Asia, edited by Sen Han, Toru Yoshizawa, and Song Zhang. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2074671.

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Guo, Changye, Xiaosheng Cheng, Haihua Cui, Ning Dai, and Jinping Weng. "A new technique of recognition for coded targets in optical 3D measurement." In SPIE/COS Photonics Asia, edited by Sen Han, Toru Yoshizawa, and Song Zhang. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2070957.

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Li, Ying, Xiaodong Chen, Chuang Zhang, Yi Wang, Zhihai Jiao, and Daoyin Yu. "Synthetic transmit aperture technique in medical ultrasound imaging implemented on a GPU." In SPIE/COS Photonics Asia, edited by Bahram Jalali, Ming Li, Keisuke Goda, and Mohammad H. Asghari. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2071012.

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Lin, Ke, Yanguang Yu, Zhenghao Liu, Jiangtao Xi, Huijun Li, and Cuiling Liu. "System implementation of self-mixing interferometry technique-based measurement on Young's modulus." In SPIE/COS Photonics Asia, edited by Sen Han, Toru Yoshizawa, and Song Zhang. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2071360.

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Reports on the topic "COSα TECHNIQUE"

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Pai, Satish. Multiplexed pipelining : a cost effective loop transformation technique. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6303.

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Author, Unknown. L51752 Water Crossing Design and Installation Manual. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010323.

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The pipeline industry has recognized the need for a reference guide to assist design personnel in the selection of the most environmentally appropriate and cost-effective construction techniques for pipeline water and wetland crossings. Operating companies have already been developing, implementing, and perfecting water and wetland crossing techniques and associated preventative, mitigative, and monitoring procedures in order to minimize the impacts on water quality and associated habitat. However, these activities, to date have largely been performed on an individual basis with little transfer of technology or information, which has led to duplication of effort inmany areas. This document outlines relevant background studies and investigations, crossing technique selection and design, methods of prevention and mitigation, inspection and monitoring, restoration and the present regulatory framework under which pipeline watercourse crossings are assessed and constructed. The specific study contents and design procedures are presented as a guide from which qualified personnel can develop specific programs and mitigative techniques.
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Nestleroth. L51811 Circumferential Magnetic Flux for In-Line Detection of SCC and Selective Seam Weld Corrosion. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010666.

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Longitudinal defects, including stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and selective seam weld corrosion, can occur in natural gas transmission pipelines. Previously developed nondestructive testing techniques (including angle beam ultrasonics, electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs), and remote field eddy current) are capable of detecting longitudinal defects. Two angle beam ultrasonic syatems are commercially available, and an EMAT system is being commercialized. But there are factors that limit the applicability of these techniques, such as minimum pipe diameter and maximum inspection speed. A new more cost effective nondeastructive testing technique for pipeline inspection is needed to identify and evaluate the potential hazards from SCC. The complexity of angle beam ultrasonics and EMAT's and others makes the cost of inspection higher than MFL corrosion inspection. Circumferential MFL is more economical has the potential to to more accurately size axially oriented corrosion than the more common axial implementation. Though at present the method contained within this study has some deficiencies, a circumferential MFL in-line inspection tool could serve as a screening tool to determine whether a pipeline has cracks and seam weld defects as well as other longitudinal defects such as third-party mechanical damage.
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4

Lee, Joo Hyoung (Jay), and Bob McCullouch. Review Construction Techniques for Accelerated Construction and Cost Implications. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314299.

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5

Smugeresky, John E., Clinton J. Atwood, and David Dennis Gill. New low cost material development technique for advancing rapid prototyping manufacturing technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/926378.

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6

Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Micrometeorological methods for inferring whole canopy evapotranspiration in large agricultural structures: measurements and modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594402.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives as stated in the approved proposal were: (1) To establish guidelines for the use of micrometeorological techniques as accurate, reliable and low-cost tools for continuous monitoring of whole canopy ET of common crops grown in large agricultural structures. (2) To adapt existing methods for protected cultivation environments. (3) To combine previously derived theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in large agricultural structures (an outcome of our previous BARD project) with ET data derived from application of turbulent transport techniques for different crops and structure types. All the objectives have been successfully addressed. The study was focused on both screenhouses and naturally ventilated greenhouses, and all proposed methods were examined. Background to the topic Our previous BARD project established that the eddy covariance (EC) technique is suitable for whole canopy evapotranspiration measurements in large agricultural screenhouses. Nevertheless, the eddy covariance technique remains difficult to apply in the farm due to costs, operational complexity, and post-processing of data – thereby inviting alternative techniques to be developed. The subject of this project was: 1) the evaluation of four turbulent transport (TT) techniques, namely, Surface Renewal (SR), Flux-Variance (FV), Half-order Time Derivative (HTD) and Bowen Ratio (BR), whose instrumentation needs and operational demands are not as elaborate as the EC, to estimate evapotranspiration within large agricultural structures; and 2) the development of mathematical models able to predict water savings and account for the external environmental conditions, physiological properties of the plant, and structure properties as well as to evaluate the necessary micrometeorological conditions for utilizing the above turbulent transfer methods in such protected environments. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions are: (i) the SR and FV techniques were suitable for reliable estimates of ET in shading and insect-proof screenhouses; (ii) The BR technique was reliable in shading screenhouses; (iii) HTD provided reasonable results in the shading and insect proof screenhouses; (iv) Quality control analysis of the EC method showed that conditions in the shading and insect proof screenhouses were reasonable for flux measurements. However, in the plastic covered greenhouse energy balance closure was poor. Therefore, the alternative methods could not be analyzed in the greenhouse; (v) A multi-layered flux footprint model was developed for a ‘generic’ crop canopy situated within a protected environment such as a large screenhouse. The new model accounts for the vertically distributed sources and sinks within the canopy volume as well as for modifications introduced by the screen on the flow field and microenvironment. The effect of the screen on fetch as a function of its relative height above the canopy is then studied for the first time and compared to the case where the screen is absent. The model calculations agreed with field experiments based on EC measurements from two screenhouse experiments. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of four simple TT techniques for ET estimates within large agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable the future development of lowcost ET monitoring system which will be attainable for day-to-day use by growers in improving irrigation management.
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7

Cook, Michael J. Innovative Techniques for the Production of Low Cost 2D Laser Diode Arrays. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada247282.

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NORTHEAST SEMICONDUCTOR INC ITHACA NY. Innovative Techniques for the Production of Low Cost 2D Laser Diode Arrays. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada248247.

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NORTHEAST SEMICONDUCTOR INC ITHACA NY. Innovative Techniques for the Production of Low Cost 2D Laser Diode Arrays. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada251822.

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10

NORTHEAST SEMICONDUCTOR INC ITHACA NY. Innovative Techniques for the Production of Low Cost 2D Laser Diode Arrays. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada257419.

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