Dissertations / Theses: 'Corymbia'

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Segura, Tiago Edson Simkunas. "Avaliação das madeiras de Corymbia citriodora, Corymbia torelliana e seus híbridos visando à produção de celulose kraft branqueada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-05012016-140345/.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização das madeiras de Corymbia citriodora, Corymbia torelliana e seus híbridos para a produção de celulose kraft branqueada. Para isso, as madeiras destas espécies e híbridos foram caracterizadas tecnologicamente e submetidas ao processo kraft de polpação e branqueamento, sendo comparadas à madeira de E. grandis x E. urophylla, utilizada como referência tecnológica. Ao todo, foram avaliadas sete diferentes materiais genéticos do gênero Corymbia: dois materiais de C. citriodora, com 8 e 18 anos de idade, um material de C. torelliana, com 15 anos, e quatro híbridos destas espécies, com 7 anos de idade. A madeira de E. grandis x E. urophylla apresentava 6 anos de idade. Inicialmente, as madeiras das diferentes espécies e híbridos foram caracterizadas sendo, em seguida, submetidas a um processo modificado de polpação kraft. As polpas foram deslignificadas com oxigênio e branqueadas através da sequência DA Ep D1 P visando alvura final de 89,5 ± 0,5% ISO, e tiveram suas características físico-mecânicas determinadas. O impacto das diferentes madeiras no dimensionamento de uma fábrica de celulose também foi avaliado. Os resultados mostram que as madeiras do gênero Corymbia apresentam alta densidade básica e baixo teor de lignina, além de fibras com maior comprimento, menor largura, menor diâmetro do lume, maior espessura de parede e maior fração parede em relação à madeira de E. grandis x E. urophylla. Os processos de polpação de C. citriodora (madeira de 8 anos) e E. grandis x E. urophylla demandam menor carga alcalina e fator H, resultando nos maiores rendimentos, sendo que os menores consumos específicos de madeira foram observados para as madeiras de C. citriodora. A deslignificação com oxigênio é mais eficiente para as polpas do gênero Corymbia em comparação à polpa de E. grandis x E. urophylla. No branqueamento, as polpas C. citriodora (madeira de 8 anos) e E. grandis x E. urophylla são as que demandam menor aplicação de reagentes químicos para atingir determinada alvura. Em comparação às polpas das demais espécies e híbridos avaliadas, as polpas branqueadas da espécie C. citriodora apresentam alto volume específico, baixa resistência à passagem do ar, alta capilaridade, baixo índice de retenção de água e alta resistência ao rasgo, características que recomendam a utilização da polpa desta espécie para a produção de papéis de alta absorção (tissue). Já as polpas de C. torelliana x C. citriodora apresentam baixo volume específico, alta resistência à passagem do ar e baixa capilaridade, enquanto as polpas de E. grandis x E. urophylla e de um dos materiais de C. citriodora x C. torelliana se destacam por apresentar as maiores resistências à tração, rasgo e estouro. No dimensionamento de uma fábrica de celulose, as madeiras dos híbridos de C. citriodora e C. torelliana que apresentam a espécie C. torelliana como genitor feminino (C. citriodora x C. torelliana) demandam maior atenção, principalmente nas áreas da caldeira de recuperação e caustificação, uma vez que apresentam alta demanda de álcali e alta geração de sólidos em comparação aos demais materiais genéticos.
The present work aimed to evaluate the use of the woods of Corymbia citriodora, Corymbia torelliana and their hybrids on bleached kraft pulp production. Woods from these species and hybrids were technologically characterized and submitted to kraft pulping process and bleaching. These woods were compared to E. grandis x E. urophylla, which was used as technological reference. Seven different genetic materials from Corymbia were analyzed: two materials of C. citriodora, with 8 and 18 years-old, one material of C. torelliana, with 15 years-old, and four hybrids of these species, with 7 years-old. The wood of de E. grandis x E. urophylla had 6 years-old. Initially, the different woods were technologically characterized and then submitted to a modified kraft pulping process. The pulps were delignified with oxygen and bleached through a DA Ep D1 P bleaching sequence until 89,5 ± 0,5% ISO of brightness. The bleached pulps had their physical-mechanical characteristics evaluated. The impact of these different woods in a pulp mill dimensioning was also evaluated. The results show that the woods of Corymbia genus present high basic density, low lignin content and fibers with higher length, lower width, lower lumen width, higher wall thickness and higher wall fraction if compared to E. grandis x E. urophylla. The pulping of C. citriodora and E. grandis x E. urophylla demands lower alkali charge and H factor, resulting in higher yields, while the lowest wood specific consumption was observed to C. citriodora\'s woods. The oxygen delignification is more efficient for Corymbia\'s pulps than for E. grandis x E. urophylla. On bleaching, the pulps of C. citriodora (wood with 8 years-old) and E. grandis x E. urophylla are those that demand the lowest chemical reagents charges to achieve the determined brightness. The bleached pulps of C. citriodora present high specific volume, low air passage resistance, high capillarity, low water retention value and high tear index. Based on these characteristics it is possible to recommend this species to tissue papers production. The pulps of C. torelliana x C. citriodora present low specific volume, high air passage resistance and low capillarity, while the pulp of E. grandis x E. urophylla and one of the hybrids of C. citriodora x C. torelliana stands out for presenting the higher tensile, tear and burst indexes. In a pulp mill dimensioning, the woods of C. torelliana x C. citriodora demands higher attention, mainly on recovery boiler and causticizing, for presenting high alkali demand and high solids generation in comparison to the other genetic materials.

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Burch, Coleman Patrick. "Adhesion Fundamentals in Spotted Gum (Corymbia citriodora)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78206.

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The goal of this project was to advance adhesion science and technology related to the Australian hardwood spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora). Plantation-grown spotted gum exhibits poor adhesion properties in comparison with similar woods, such as Gympie messmate (Eucalyptus cloeziana). To better understand adhesion differences between these two woods, this research compared and contrasted the surface chemistries of plantation-grown spotted gum and Gympie messmate with a particular focus on sensitivity to thermal deactivation. Wetting measurements were performed using the sessile drop method. Initial and equilibrium contact angles, time-dependent wetting, and surface energy were determined. Time-dependent wetting and equilibrium contact angles were most informative. Initial contact angles and surface energy calculated with them were misleading and often generated anomalous results. Heating water-saturated wood to mild surface temperatures (105 deg C, directly after evaporative cooling) severely deactivated spotted gum but not Gympie messmate. This suggests conventional kiln drying appears unsuitable for spotted gum while amenable for Gympie messmate. Spotted gum likely requires non-aqueous, low surface tension adhesives or aqueous adhesives formulated with surface active wetting agents. Water-saturation (followed by room-temperature vacuum drying) substantially altered the surface chemistries of both woods, making them more hydrophilic. Consequently, the question was raised of whether a water-spray onto the wood surface prior to adhesive application could improve bonding. If so, this simple, industrially-feasible treatment could prove very beneficial to the wood composites industry. Water-saturation also revealed differences in the two wood's water permeability, which has implications for adhesive penetration and wood drying and may additionally help explain adhesion differences. Analysis of the plantation-grown heartwood (inner, middle, and outer heartwood regions) revealed significant wetting differences on spotted gum with only minor differences on Gympie messmate. The Australian woods were compared to two North American woods-loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Examining water wetting measurements, the Australian and North American woods exhibited some interesting similarities. However, methylene iodide wetting measurements revealed that the Australian woods were quite different from the North American samples studied here.
Master of Science

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Souza, Denys Matheus Santana Costa. "Fontes de luz na micropropagação de clones híbridos de Corymbia." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2018. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/19917.

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A importância das espécies do gênero Corymbia e de seus híbridos interespecíficos tem sido evidenciada nos programas de silvicultura, principalmente devido à sua qualidade da madeira e capacidade de adaptações as condições ambientais. Essas considerações têm estimulado o desenvolvimento de protocolos mais eficientes na propagação vegetativa necessária para a clonagem destas plantas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral a micropropagação de clones híbridos de Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora e Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana, e especificamente avaliar: i) o efeito da fonte de luz na introdução in vitro de clones híbridos de Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora e Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana; ii) o efeito da fonte de luz, regulador de crescimento BA e o número de subcultivos na fase de multiplicação in vitro de clones híbridos de Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora e Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana, e; iii) o efeito da fonte de luz, trocas gasosas e concentração de sacarose no alongamento in vitro e porcentagem de enraizamento e sobrevivência in vitro e ex vitro de microestacasde clones híbridos de Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora e Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana. O material experimental utilizado para obtenção dos explantes foi proveniente de minicepas de três clones híbridos de Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora (TC01, TC02, TC03) e um de Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana (CT01). Os experimentos in vitro foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos II do Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), localizado no município de Viçosa/MG, e o experimentos ex vitro foram conduzidos no Viveiro de Pesquisas do Departamento de Engenharia Florestal da UFV. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: i) o uso da fonte de luz LEDs correspondeu aos melhores resultados, para as características avaliadas na introdução in vitro; ii) o uso de LEDs vermelho azul obteve os melhores resultados, para os clones analisados na multiplicação in vitro; os explantes apresentaram resposta eficiente ao estimulo do regulador de crescimento BA, na concentração de 0,5 mg L- 1 para os clones Corymbia torelliana x C. Citriodora (TC01, TC02 e TC03) e 1,0 mg L- 1 para o clone Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana (CT01), promovendo maior número de brotações; quanto ao número de subcultivos os melhores resultados foi diante do nono subcultivo, no qual conseguiu atingir maiores valores para o número de brotos por explante e vigor; iii) o uso de LEDs vermelho azul proporcionou a melhor resposta, para os clones analisados no alongamento e enraizamento in vitro; a concentração de 15g L -1 de sacarose apresentou os melhores resultados diante das variáveis analisadas, concentração essa que apresenta redução desse componente no meio nessas condições de cultivo; os explantes alongados (microestacas) apresentaram melhor resposta ao enraizamento e sobrevivência das plantas obtidas na condição in vitro.
The importance of the species belonging to the genus Corymbia and its interspecific hybrids has been highlighted in the silviculture programs, mainly due to its wood quality and adaptability to the environmental conditions. These considerations have stimulated the development of an efficient protocol for the vegetative propagation necessary for the cloning of these plants. The present study had the general objective of micropropagating hybrid clones of Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora and Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana, and specifically to evaluate: i) the effect of the light source on the in vitro introduction of hybrid clones of Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora and Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana; ii) the effect of the light source, growth regulator BA and the number of subcultures on the in vitro multiplication phase of hybrid clones of Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora and Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana, and; iii) the effect of light source, gas exchange and sucrose concentration on in vitro elongation and percentage of rooting and in vitro and ex vitro survival of micro-cuttings of hybrid clones of Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora and Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana. The experimental material used to obtain the explants was from mini-stumps of three hybrid clones of Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora (TC01, TC02, TC03) and one of Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana (CT01). The in vitro experiments were conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory II of the Institute of Applied Biotechnology for Agriculture, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa/MG, and the ex vitro experiments were conducted at the Research Nursery of the Forest Engineering Department of UFV. Based on the results, it can be concluded that: i) the use of the LED light source corresponded to the best results, for the characteristics evaluated in the in vitro introduction; ii) the use of red blue LEDs generated the best results for the clones analyzed in the in vitro multiplication; the explants presented efficient response to BA growth regulator at 0.5 mg L-1 concentration for Corymbia torelliana x C. Citriodora clones (TC01, TC02 and TC03) and 1.0 mg L-1 for the clone Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana (CT01), promoting greater number of shoots; as to the number of subcultures the best results were in the ninth subculture, in which it was able to reach higher values for the number of shoots per explant and vigor; iii) the use of red blue LEDs provided the best response, for the clones analyzed in the in vitro elongation and rooting; the concentration of 15 g L-1 of sucrose presented the best results in relation to the analyzed variables, a concentration that shows a reduction of this component in the medium under these conditions of cultivation; the elongated explants (micro- shoots) showed a better response to the rooting and survival of the plants obtained in the in vitro condition.

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Zacarias, Demétrio [UNESP]. "Análise do processo de lixamento tubular da madeira de Corymbia citriodora." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94435.

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Neste trabalho é apresentado e avaliado o processo de lixamento tubular da espécie de Corymbia citriodora. O objetivo principal foi conhecer a influência e a interação das variáveis de entrada: velocidade de corte, de avanço e granulometria de lixa, sobre as variáveis de saída: rugosidade, potência consumida, emissão acústica e vibração, no processo de lixamento tubular da madeira de Corymbia citriodora. Foi utilizada uma lixadeira tubular, com 2 cabeçotes de lixa, um para lixa de desbaste e outro para lixa de acabamento. O processo foi monitorado e foi realizada aquisição dos dados. Com 4 velocidades de corte, 4 velocidade de avanço e 3 conjuntos de lixas, foram feitas 3 repetições para cada combinação, resultando em 144 ensaios. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente através de análise de variância (ANOVA) com nível de significância de 5%, acompanhado do teste de Tukey. Para todas as variáveis: rugosidade, potência consumida, emissão acústica e vibração, foi observado que os fatores conjunto de lixas, velocidade de corte e de avanço, tiveram influência significativa no processo de lixamento tubular do Corymbia citriodora
This work is presented and evaluated the process of tubular sanding of Corymbia citriodora. The main objective was to determine the influence and interaction of input variables: cutting speed, feed speed and grain size of sand on the output variables: roughness, power consumption, acoustic emission and vibration in the process of tubular sanding of Corymbia citriodora. We used a tubular sander with 2 sanding heads, one for roughing and another to finishing sanding. The process was monitored and data acquisition was made. With 4 cutting speeds, 4 feed rate and 4 sets of 3 abrasives, 3 replicates were performed for each combination, resulting 144 tests. The results were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance level of 5%, followed by the Tukey test. For all variables: roughness, power consumption, acoustic emission and vibration, it was observed that the factors of sanding, cutting speed and feed, had significant influence in the process of tubular sanding of Corymbia citriodora

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Zacarias, Demétrio. "Análise do processo de lixamento tubular da madeira de Corymbia citriodora /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94435.

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Orientador: Manoel Cleber de Sampaio Alves
Coorientador: Marcos Tadeu Tiburcio Gonçalves
Banca: Marcos Valério Ribeiro
Banca: Ivaldo de Domenico Valarelli
Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentado e avaliado o processo de lixamento tubular da espécie de Corymbia citriodora. O objetivo principal foi conhecer a influência e a interação das variáveis de entrada: velocidade de corte, de avanço e granulometria de lixa, sobre as variáveis de saída: rugosidade, potência consumida, emissão acústica e vibração, no processo de lixamento tubular da madeira de Corymbia citriodora. Foi utilizada uma lixadeira tubular, com 2 cabeçotes de lixa, um para lixa de desbaste e outro para lixa de acabamento. O processo foi monitorado e foi realizada aquisição dos dados. Com 4 velocidades de corte, 4 velocidade de avanço e 3 conjuntos de lixas, foram feitas 3 repetições para cada combinação, resultando em 144 ensaios. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente através de análise de variância (ANOVA) com nível de significância de 5%, acompanhado do teste de Tukey. Para todas as variáveis: rugosidade, potência consumida, emissão acústica e vibração, foi observado que os fatores conjunto de lixas, velocidade de corte e de avanço, tiveram influência significativa no processo de lixamento tubular do Corymbia citriodora
Abstract: This work is presented and evaluated the process of tubular sanding of Corymbia citriodora. The main objective was to determine the influence and interaction of input variables: cutting speed, feed speed and grain size of sand on the output variables: roughness, power consumption, acoustic emission and vibration in the process of tubular sanding of Corymbia citriodora. We used a tubular sander with 2 sanding heads, one for roughing and another to finishing sanding. The process was monitored and data acquisition was made. With 4 cutting speeds, 4 feed rate and 4 sets of 3 abrasives, 3 replicates were performed for each combination, resulting 144 tests. The results were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance level of 5%, followed by the Tukey test. For all variables: roughness, power consumption, acoustic emission and vibration, it was observed that the factors of sanding, cutting speed and feed, had significant influence in the process of tubular sanding of Corymbia citriodora
Mestre

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Iossaqui, Camila Gonçalves. "Qualidade de mudas de Corymbia citriodora em diferentes frequências de fertirrigações." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2015. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000201508.

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Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a influência do fracionamento da adubação, por meio da técnica de fertirrigação na qualidade e crescimento de mudas de Corymbia citriodora (Hook) K. D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson. O experimento foi instalado seguindo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições de 114 plantas por parcela, sendo os seguintes tratamentos, T1 = sem fertirrigação, T2 = uma fertirrigação a cada sete dias e T3 = uma fertirrigação a cada quatorze dias, aplicando-se 1 litro da solução contendo 7,04 g de N, 14,08 g de P2O5 e 7,04 g de K2O. A avaliação do crescimento e da qualidade da muda ocorreu aos 80, 95 e 110 dias após a emergência (DAE). Os parâmetros morfológicos determinados foram área foliar (AF), número de folhas (NF), altura da parte aérea (APA), diâmetro do coleto (DC), massa seca de folhas (MSF), caule (MSC), masa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e das raízes (MSR), massa seca total (MST), relação parte aérea com o sistema radicular (RPAR), relação da parte aérea com o diâmetro do coleto (RAD), índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD). O potencial de regeneração de raízes (PRR) de mudas submetidas a condições estressantes foram avaliadas aos 25 dias após o transplantio. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. As mudas aos 110 DAE, com uma fertirrigação a cada sete dias e uma fertirrigação a cada quatorze dias apresentaram os melhores parâmetros morfológicos, como maior NF, AF, DC, APA, MSF, MSC, MSPA, MSR, MST, RAD, exceto para a RPAR que não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. O IQD indicou que as mudas de Corymbia citriodora para os T2 e T3 aos 110 DAE se tornaram aptas ao plantio em local definitivo. Os T2 e T3 não apresentaram diferença significativa, apenas em relação ao tratamento sem fertirrigação (T1) para os parâmetros morfológicos avaliados e os índices de qualidade de dickson. As mudas que receberam fertirrigação apresentaram maior potencial de regeneração de raízes, apesar de não apresentar significância. O período com as maiores médias dos parâmetros avaliados foi alcançado com 110 DAE, sendo este o período mais adequado para o plantio das mudas a campo.
This study aimed to investigate the influence of fractionation of fertilization, through fertirrigation technique in quality and growth Corymbia citriodora (Hook) K. D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson. The experiment was carried out following the completely randomized design with six replications of 114 plants per plot, with the following treatments, T1 = no fertirrigation, T2 = one fertirrigation every seven days and T3 = one fertirrigation every fourteen days, applying 1 liter of solution containing 7,04 g of N, 14,08 g of P2O5 and 7,04 g of K2O. Evaluation of growth and seedlings in the quality occurred at 80, 95 and 110 days after emergence (DAE). Certain morphological parameters were leaf area (AF), number of leaves (NF), aerial parts height (APA), stalk diameter (DC), dry mass of leaves (MSF), stem (MSC), dry mass of the part air (MSPA) and root (MSR), total dry matter (MST), aerial parts relationship with the root system (RPAR), aerial parts height relationship with the stalk diameter (RAD), Dickson quality index (IQD). The root regeneration potential (P.R.R) seedlings submitted to stressful conditions were evaluated at 25 days after transplanting. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Seedlings to 110 DAE, with a fertirrigation every seven days and fertirrigation every fourteen days showed the best morphological parameters, such as increased NF, AF, DC, APA, MSF, MSC, MSPA, MSR, MST, RAD, except for the RPAR no significant difference between treatments. The IQD indicated that the seedlings of Corymbia citriodora for T2 and T3 at 110 (DAE) became suitable for planting in situ. The T2 and T3 showed no significant difference, only in relation to treatment without fertigation (T1) for the evaluated morphological parameters and the Dickson quality scores. The seedlings receiving fertirrigation had greater potential for regeneration of roots, although no significance. The period with the highest average of the evaluated parameters was achieved with 110 (DAE), the most favorable period for planting the seedlings in the field.

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Duong, Hoa Thanh. "Quambalaria shoot blight in Corymbia calophylla: Detection, pathogenicity, and host resistance." Thesis, Duong, Hoa Thanh ORCID: 0000-0001-6183-6141 (2022) Quambalaria shoot blight in Corymbia calophylla: Detection, pathogenicity, and host resistance. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2022. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64599/.

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Quambalaria shoot blight (QSB) caused by the non-native pathogen Quambalaria pitereka has been recently introduced to south-west Western Australia (SWWA). It affects the leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits of the keystone tree species Corymbia calophylla (marri) and can lead to the death of young trees. This project examined the potential to establish a disease resistance program for marri to QSB by (1) developing qPCR assays for the rapid and sensitive detection of Q. pitereka from plant tissues, (2) investigating the pathogenicity of Q. pitereka isolates collected in SWWA; (3) screening for QSB resistance of 3-month-old seedlings under glasshouse conditions; and (4) estimating the genetic control of growth traits and QSB resistance in four-, and six-year old trees in two common garden trials containing 165 - 170 open-pollinated families from 18 provenances of marri from across its natural range. As disease expression in QSB is similar to myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii), in a glasshouse experiment, seedlings were also screened for resistance to myrtle rust to test whether resistance to both diseases is linked. A qPCR assay for the rapid and sensitive detection of Q. pitereka from plant tissues was developed. Inoculation of seedlings with several Q. pitereka isolates demonstrated that they varied in their pathogenicity ranging from those that caused no disease symptoms to ones that were highly pathogenic in seedlings. There were significant differences in resistance to both QSB and myrtle rust between seedling provenances but no significant correlation between resistance to QSB and myrtle rust. In the common garden field trials, narrow-sense heritability for all growth traits and QSB damage were low to moderate (h2 = 0.11 - 0.26). A correlation between QSB damage and growth traits indicated that fastgrowing provenances were less damaged by QSB disease. The genetic correlation between the same traits at four and six years was strong, and the Type-B correlations were strongly positive for all traits. Both disease incidence and disease severity were assessed and gave similar results, but disease incidence is the easiest to assess in older trees. There was poor correlation between the provenance resistance assessed at the seedling stage and trees at four and six years of age. Provenances from cooler wetter regions showed higher resistance in the field trials than those from warmer, drier areas. Results suggest that selection for QSB resistance cannot be assessed in seedlings but may be reliably undertaken by assessing disease incidence on four-year old trees at the earliest. The results of this study indicate a strong potential for a resistance breeding program to develop populations of genetically diverse and resistant trees.

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Ferreira, Angel Thiane Boschiero. "Avaliação da estrutura anatômica e da densidade aparente do lenho e do carvão de árvores de Eucalyptus sp. e de Corymbia sp." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-09122013-165413/.

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A madeira é considerada como estratégica como produto base para inúmeros setores e segmentos da economia mundial e nacional, para a produção de móveis, pisos, construção, celulose, papel e outros produtos e, ainda, no setor energético, para a produção de álcool, e, em especial no Brasil, para o carvão vegetal, em siderúrgicas. O carvão da madeira de florestas plantadas de eucaliptos traz um maior benefício ao país, pela redução da pressão da exploração da madeira das florestas nativas. A transformação da madeira em carvão ocorre através de tratamento térmico, compreendendo diversas fases de aquecimento, com consequente alteração da madeira, como a perda de água, contração, degradação e ruptura da parede celular dos seus elementos anatômicos. Neste aspecto, são incipientes os estudos das alterações da anatomia da madeira dos eucaliptos resultantes do processo de carbonização e sua aplicação na melhoria da estrutura e da qualidade do carvão. Pelo exposto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as alterações da estrutura anatômica, densidade aparente e variação dimensional da madeira e do carvão de árvores de 19 clones/espécies/híbridos de Eucalyptus e Corymbia, de plantações da Aperam Bioenergia Jequitinhonha, da região do Vale do Jequitinhonha/MG. Após a análise anatômica macroscópica e de densitometria de raios X, assim como as medições dimensionais de todos as amostras, a madeira das árvores de Eucalyptus e Corymbia foi submetida ao tratamento térmico de carbonização (450ºC) e, na sequência, aplicados métodos de análise da anatomia microscópica, de densitometria de raios X e de avaliação da contração/redução dimensional. Os resultados das análises anatômicas mostraram que os vasos do lenho próximos da medula e da casca são de menor diâmetro-maior frequência e maior diâmetro-menor frequência, respectivamente, com os clones de maior densidade com menor dimensão-maior frequência dos vasos. A análise microscópica comparada da madeira e do carvão mostrou a alteração dos vasos de formato circular a ovalado-oblongo, redução do diâmetro tangencial e aumento da frequência. Da mesma forma, os resultados indicaram que a densidade aparente da madeira é, de modo geral, 50% maior do que a do carvão. Os clones de madeira e de carvão de maior densidade aparente foram os de C. citriodora e o de C. toreliana x C. citriodora; os de menor densidade aparente foram os de E. urophylla x (E. camaldulensis x E. grandis) e de E. urophylla. Verificou-se, ainda, que a redução/contração da madeira na carbonização foi maior nos sentidos tangencial (26,06%) e radial (15,94%) e nos clones de maior densidade aparente.
Wood is considered as a strategic base product for numerous industries and sectors of the world and national economy, for the furniture production, flooring, construction, pulp, paper and other products, and also in the energy sector for the production of alcohol, and especially in Brazil, to produce charcoal for the steel manufacture. The charcoal from planted forests of eucalyptus brings a greater benefit to the country, by reducing the pressure of the logging of native forests. The transformation of wood charcoal occurs through heat treatment comprising various stages of heating, with consequent alteration of the wood, such as water loss, shrinkage, and degradation of the cell wall rupture of their anatomical elements. In this aspect, are incipient the studies of the wood anatomy changes of eucalypts resulting from the carbonization process and its application in improving the structure and quality of the charcoal. For these reasons, the present work aims to study the changes of anatomical structure, apparent density and dimensional change of the wood and the charcoal from trees of 19 clones/species/hybrids of Eucalyptus and Corymbia plantations from Aperam Bioenergy Jequitinhonha, coming from the region Jequitinhonha Valley/MG. After the anatomical analysis macroscopic and X-ray densitometry, as well the dimensional measurements of all the samples, the wood of Eucalyptus and Corymbia trees was subjected to the heat treatment of carbonization (450° C) and, subsequently, applied methods for the analysis of microscopic anatomy, X-ray densitometry and evaluation of contraction/dimensional reduction. The analysis results showed that the anatomical vessels near the spinal wood and bark are in smaller diameter, higher - frequency and larger-diameter lower frequency, respectively, and clones with higher density has higher frequency and smaller vessels. Microscopic analysis compared the wood and charcoal showed the change in vessels circular shape oblong-oval, reducing the diameter and increasing shear rate. Likewise, the results indicated that the apparent density of the wood is generally 50% greater than that of charcoal. The clones with the highest density were C. citriodora and C. toreliana x C. citriodora, the lower density were E. urophylla x (E. grandis x camaldulensis) and E. urophylla. It was also found that the reduction/shrinkage of the wood after carbonization was greater in the tangential directions (26.06 %) and radial (15.94 %) and in the clones of higher apparent density.

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9

Freitas, Brenno Cunha. "Modelos de taper para Corymbia citriodora no sul do estado do Tocantins." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/672.

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar modelos de taper para Corymbia citriodora com 55 meses de idade no Sul do estado do Tocantins. Foram utilizadas 35 árvores amostras cubadas com a obtenção dos diâmetros com e sem casca nas posições 0,2 m, 0,4 m, 0,7 m, 1,3m, 2,7 m e, a partir deste ponto em diante a cada 2 metros até um diâmetro em torno de 1,0 cm com casca. Para avaliação dos modelos utilizou-se as seguintes estatísticas: coeficiente de determinação ajustado, erro padrão da estimativa, distribuição gráfica dos resíduos, média dos desvios absolutos, desvio padrão das diferenças, soma dos quadrados dos resíduos relativos, média dos desvios percentuais, raiz quadrada do erro médio, viés e coeficiente de correlação múltipla. Além disso, avaliou-se a viabilidade da utilização da variável binária “Tx” no ajuste simultâneo para dados com e sem casca. Concluiu-se, portanto, que o modelo de Muhairwe I obteve os melhores resultados para as estatísticas utilizadas, bem como a confirmação da viabilidade em se obter o ajuste diamétrico com uma só equação através da inclusão da variável Tx.
The objective of this study was to evaluate taper models for Corymbia citriodora at 55 months of age in the southern state of Tocantins. Thirty-five trees were used to obtain the diameters with and without bark at the positions 0.2 m, 0.4 m, 0.7 m, 1.3 m, 2.7 m and from this point forward every 2 meters to a diameter of about 1.0 cm in bark. For the evaluation of the models, the following statistics were used: adjusted coefficient of determination, standard error of the estimate, graphical distribution of the residuals, mean absolute deviations, standard deviation of the differences, sum of the squares of relative residues, mean of the percentage deviations, square root of mean error, bias and multiple correlation coefficient. In addition, we evaluated the feasibility of using the binary variable "Tx" in the simultaneous adjustment for data with and without shell. It was concluded, therefore, that the Muhairwe I model obtained the best results for the statistics used, as well as the confirmation of the feasibility in obtaining the diametric adjustment with a single equation through the inclusion of the variable Tx.

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Terra, David Lucas Camargo Vieira. "Volume do tronco de corymbia citriodora empregando o método da altura relativa." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/678.

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Neste estudo o objetivo foi avaliar modelos de taper para descrever o perfil do fuste de Corymbia citriodora. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos de um plantio comercial localizado na região Sul do estado do Tocantins. Foram utilizados dados de 24 árvores de Corymbia citriodora cubadas rigorosamente com medições de diâmetros nas posições do fuste: 0,2; 0,4; 0,7; 1,3; 2,70 m e, sucessivamente, de 2 m em 2 m até um diâmetro em torno de 3 cm com casca. Foram testados 44 modelos de taper, sendo 25 lineares e 19 não lineares. Na avaliação destes modelos, considerou-se a análise da distribuição de resíduos, e a estatísticas: erro padrão da estimativa, coeficiente de determinação, delineamento em blocos casualizados com arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, desvio absoluto médio, raiz quadrada do erro médio, soma de quadrados dos resíduos, desvio padrão das diferenças, critério de informação de Akaike. O modelo com melhor desempenho foi um do tipo expoente-forma ajustado na forma não linear. Após definido este melhor modelo, desenvolveu-se o método da altura relativa para simular uma cubagem rigorosa a fim de proceder ao seu ajuste e comparação com o ajuste obtido por meio de uma cubagem rigorosa real. Nesta comparação utilizaram-se os critérios estatísticos: desvio médio, bias, correlação linear, erro padrão da estimativa, entre valores observados e estimados, precisão, obtida pelo teste de qui-quadrado e raiz quadrada do erro, além de análise da distribuição dos resíduos. Concluiu-se que o uso de uma cubagem simulada pelo método da altura relativa estima bem uma equação de taper como a que se obtém pelo uso de dados reais.
In this study, evaluate the control models to describe the profile of the Corymbia citriodora. The data used are obtained from a commercial plant located in the southern region of the state of Tocantins. There are data from 24 Corymbia citriodora trees accurately cubed with diameter measurements in stem families: 0.2; 0.4; 0.7; 1,3; 2.70 m and, successively, from 2 m in 2 m to a diameter of around 3 cm in shell. 44 taper models were tested, being 25 linear and 19 nonlinear. In the evaluation of these models, we consider an analysis of the distribution of residues, and statistics: standard error of estimation, coefficient of determination, randomized block design with split plot arrangement, mean absolute deviation, square root of mean error, sum of squares of residuals, standard deviation of the differences, Akaike's information criterion. The bestperforming model for an exponent-shape fit type adjusted in nonlinear form. This version has a long list of corrections, changes, and new developments that significantly improve functioning. In this comparison, statistical criteria are used: mean deviation, bias, linear correlation, standard error of the estimate, between observed and estimated values, precision, obtained by square test and square root of error, as well as analysis of distribution and residues. It was concluded that the use of a cube simulated by the method of elevation of the estimate, as well as a conciliation equation as one obtains by the use of real data.

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11

Sapsford, Sarah Jayne. "Factors predisposing Corymbia calophylla trees to canker disease caused by Quambalaria coyrecup." Thesis, Sapsford, Sarah Jayne (2017) Factors predisposing Corymbia calophylla trees to canker disease caused by Quambalaria coyrecup. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/40249/.

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A canker disease caused by the fungus Quambalaria coyrecup is devastating Corymbia calophylla trees throughout much of its native range in the southwest of Western Australia. Disease incidence is higher in remnant stands bordering cleared land such as road edges where there is greater anthropogenic disturbance. It is likely that a combination of factors is predisposing C. calophylla to canker disease: climate change, fragmentation, introduction of pathogens, leaching of fertilizers from agricultural land and changes in microclimate as a result of disturbance. These factors can have detrimental effects on concentrations of nutrients in the soil, soil composition, and communities of mycorrhizal fungi. This project examined these potential predisposing factors and how they may interact with C. calophylla along a disturbance gradient. Seventeen sites were selected. Each site consisted of a disturbance gradient of three transects: remnant stand bordering cleared land and a road, a forest edge, and the middle of intact forest. Soil was collected from ten trees along each transect and the nutrient composition was tested. This soil was used in a glasshouse experiment from which roots were harvested to test mycorrhizal composition. Results demonstrated differences in soil nutrition between the disturbed and intact forest transects. The mycorrhizal communities differed significantly among the three transects with the community along the disturbed edge having a unique community assemblage. Concentrations of soil macro- and micro-nutrients were correlated with changes in mycorrhizal communities and canker incidence along disturbed edges, as were C. calophylla stem basal area and overstory tree diversity. Soil moisture, pH and mycorrhizal species richness were also correlated with canker incidence. It is possible that the microclimate along disturbed edges is disrupting communities of mycorrhizal fungi which is altering nutrient acquisition by the trees. The combination of decreased mycorrhizal fungal richness and changes in microclimate along disturbed edges could be responsible for predisposing C. calophylla to canker disease.

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12

Zacarias, Demétrio [UNESP]. "Efeitos da termorretificação de madeiras de reflorestamento no processo de fresamento." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/142824.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Dentre as novas tecnologias para melhorar a qualidade e o uso da madeira, encontra-se o tratamento térmico. Temperaturas de 120 a 200 ̊C são aplicadas a madeira provocando transformações químicas e físicas alterando suas propriedades. Há muitas pesquisas relacionadas a esse tipo de tratamento, porém poucos trabalhos se dedicam especificamente a usinagem dessa madeira tratada. Neste trabalho é apresentado e avaliado um dos processos mais utilizados na indústria madeireira, o processo de fresamento periférico e frontal, com a influência do tratamento térmico nas madeiras de Pinus elliottii e Corymbia citriodora. O objetivo principal foi conhecer a influência desse tratamento no processo de fresamento analisando os parâmetros: rugosidade média, potência consumida, vibração, emissão sonora, temperatura de corte e imagens dos cavacos. As temperaturas usadas no tratamento térmico foram de 120, 140, 160, 180 e 200 ̊C durante cinco horas em condições normais do ambiente. Para a usinagem foi utilizada uma fresadora CNC, fresa de metal duro com recobrimento de nitreto de titânio-alumínio e 6 arestas de corte. Foram realizados três tipos de corte: fresamento periférico concordante e discordante, e fresamento frontal. Os ensaios foram realizados seguindo um delineamento fatorial de combinações. A qualidade superficial piorou com o aumento da temperatura de termorretificação, comparada as amostras testemunhas. O consumo de potência diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura de tratamento e o Pinus elliottii consumiu menor potência. A espécie de Corymbia citriodora provocou maior temperatura de corte na ferramenta e o corte discordante o menor valor. O corte concordante proporcionou maiores valores para a variável vibração.
Among the technologies for improving the quality and the use of wood, there is heat treatment. Temperatures of 120 to 200 ̊C are applied to wood causing chemical and physical transformations changing its properties. There are many researches related to this kind of treatment, but few studies specifically dedicated to this machining treated wood. This work presents and rated one of the processes most commonly used in the wood industry, the peripheral and face milling process, with the influence of heat treatment in the woods of Pinus elliottii and Corymbia citriodora. The main objective was to understand the influence of this treatment in the machining process by analyzing the parameters: average roughness, consumed power, vibration, noise emission, cutting temperature and chip images. The temperatures used in heat treatment were 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200 ̊C for five hours under normal environmental conditions. For machining was used a CNC milling machine, hard metal milling with covering titanium-aluminum nitride and 6 cutting edges. There were three types of cutting: concordant and discordant peripheral milling and face milling. Assays were performed following a factorial design combination. Surface quality deteriorated with increasing treatment temperature compared to control samples. The power consumption decreased with increasing treatment temperature and Pinus elliottii consume less power. The species Corymbia citriodora caused higher cutting temperature in the tool and the dissenter cutting the lowest value. The concordant court gave higher values for the variable vibration.

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Rocha, Aline Ferreira. "Sele??o de clones de corymbia responsivos ? inocula??o de fungos ectomicorr?zicos." UFVJM, 2016. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1414.

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Aperam
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
A sele??o de clones de Corymbia menos dependentes da aduba??o fosfatada e mais responsivos as ectomicorrizas poder? tornar o cultivo desta planta menos dependente deste insumo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de inoculantes de isolados de Pisolithus sp. na produ??o de mudas de clones de Corymbia pela miniestaquia, em condi??es de viveiro. Os clones de Corymbia AEC0007, AEC0022, AEC0043 e AEC0045 inoculados com os isolados de Pisolithus sp. C9C, C16 com a mistura dos dois isolados (MIX = C9C+C16), foram crescidos em substrato com redu??o da aduba??o fosfatada. Como controle, os mesmos clones, n?o inoculados, foram crescidos em substrato com (Controle) e sem (Comercial) redu??o da aduba??o fosfatada. A sobreviv?ncia das mudas nos clones AEC0007 e AEC0043 n?o foi influenciada pela inocula??o. Para os demais clones, as mudas inoculadas com C16 foram at? 75 % maiores que as mudas do Comercial. A inocula??o com MIX aumentou a altura das mudas do AEC0007, AEC0043 e AEC0045, todos em rela??o ?s mudas do Comercial e do Controle. O C16 aumentou o di?metro das mudas do AEC0007 e AEC0045 em at? 25 % em rela??o ?s do Comercial, e para os demais clones, a inocula??o n?o teve influ?ncia. As maiores porcentagens de coloniza??o foram observadas nas mudas do AEC0007, AEC0022 e AEC0043 inoculadas com C9C e com MIX. A inocula??o, em geral, aumentou a frequ?ncia de torr?es firmes e parcialmente enraizados e firmes e bem enraizados, exceto para o AEC0045. Os teores de P, N, K, Ca e Mg estavam abaixo do considerado ideal e os teores de Zn e Fe estavam acima da faixa adequada. Apenas os teores de Mn permaneceram dentro da faixa considerada adequada. As porcentagens de pontas colonizadas se correlacionaram positivamente com par?metros de crescimento e nutri??o nos clones AEC0007, AEC0022 e AEC0043, mas a quantidade de par?metros e a intensidade da correla??o foram dependentes do clone. A inocula??o com Pisolithus sp. aumenta a coloniza??o ectomicorr?zica e o crescimento de mudas Corymbia em viveiro comercial, mas isto ? dependente do clone e do isolado. Os inoculantes mais promissores foram MIX> C9C>C16, pois promoveram maiores crescimento, sobreviv?ncia, massa seca, coloniza??o e qualidade de torr?es das mudas de Corymbia. O clone AEC0043 foi o mais responsivo ? inocula??o por fungos ectomicorr?zicos, obtendo maiores benef?cios.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016.
The selection of Corymbia clones less dependent on phosphate fertilization and more responsive to ectomycorrhizae may make the cultivation of this plant less dependent on this input. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inoculants of Pisolithus sp. in the production of mini-cuttings of Corymbia clones, under nursery conditions. The Corymbia clones AEC0007, AEC0022, AEC0043 and AEC0045 inoculated with the isolates of Pisolithus sp. C9C, C16 with the mixture of the two isolates (MIX = C9C + C16) were grown on substrate with reduction of phosphate fertilization. As a control, the same uninoculated clones were grown on substrate with (Control) and without (Commercial) reduction of phosphate fertilization. The survival of the mini cuttings in clones AEC0007 and AEC0043 was not influenced by inoculation. The survival of the AEC0022 mini-cuttings inoculated with C16 was 75% greater than those from the commercial, but this effect was dependent on the isolate and the clone. The inoculation with the MIX increased the height of the mini-cuttings of AEC0007, AEC0043 and AEC0045, all in relation to the Commercial and Control mini-cuttings. The C16 increased the diameter of the AEC0007 and AEC0045 mini-cuttings by up to 25% compared to the Commercial ones and for the other clones inoculation it had no influence. The highest percentages of colonization were observed in the AEC0007, AEC0022 and AEC0043 mini-cuttings inoculated with C9C and MIX. The inoculation, in general, increased the frequencies of firm and partially rooted and firm and well rooted clods, except for AEC0045. The concentration of P, N, K, Ca and Mg were below the ideal level and the Zn and Fe concentration were above the appropriate range. Only Mn concentration remained within the range considered adequate. The percentages of colonized tips correlated positively with growth and nutrition parameters in clones AEC0007, AEC0022 and AEC0043, but the number of parameters and the intensity of the correlation was dependent on the clone. The inoculation with Pisolithus sp. increases ectomycorrhizal colonization and growth of Corymbia mini-cuttings in commercial nursery, but this is dependent on the clone and isolate. The most promising inoculants were MIX> C9C> C16, as they promoted greater growth, survival, dry mass, colonization and quality of clods of Corymbia mini-cuttings. Clone AEC0043 was the most responsive to inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi, obtaining greater benefits.

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14

Croeser, Louise. "The role of phytophthora in predisposing Corymbia calophylla (marri) to a canker disease." Thesis, Croeser, Louise (2021) The role of phytophthora in predisposing Corymbia calophylla (marri) to a canker disease. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64687/.

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Corymbia calophylla (marri), a keystone tree species in the global biodiversity hot spot of south-western Australia, is suffering decline and mortality due to canker disease caused by the endemic fungus Quambalaria coyrecup. Phytophthora species, fine root oomycete pathogens, are frequently isolated from the rhizosphere of dying C. calophylla, raising the possibility that a Phytophthora infection predisposes C. calophylla to this endemic canker pathogen by compromising its defence mechanisms. Field surveys conducted across the C. calophylla range, found Phytophthora to be present in the rhizosphere of C. calophylla. Five Phytophthora species (P. cinnamomi, P. elongata, P. multivora, P. pseudocryptogea and P. versiformis) were recovered from healthy and cankered C. calophylla. Phytophthora incidence was significantly higher in anthropogenically disturbed areas. Pot infestation trials were conducted where the C. calophylla plants were inoculated with the recovered Phytophthora species. A significant reduction in root volume and even seedling death were observed, demonstrating that Phytophthora can adversely affect C. calophylla health. In a follow-up trial, C. calophylla plants were inoculated with both P. cinnamomi and Q. coyrecup and subjected to a drought stress treatment. Results indicated that neither P. cinnamomi nor the drought stress treatments exacerbated the pathogenic effect of Q. coyrecup on the plants. During these trials, weekly reflectance spectroscopic measurements with a portable high-resolution spectroradiometer, were also taken to investigate its potential to track biochemical changes in the C. calophylla leaves due to these treatments. Reflectance values displayed differences between treatments, as well as a seasonal trend in the leaves. Bandwidths in the visible and shortwave infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum were demonstrated to be important regions for characterising C. calophylla response to the Phytophthora, Q. coyrecup, waterlogging and drought stress treatments. More work is required to identify the optimum wavelengths for C. calophylla. Once the optimum bandwidths have been determined, reflectance spectroscopy measurements can be scaled up to canopy level, using unmanned vehicles or fixed-wing aircraft; thus, aiding in the management of this canker disease in C. calophylla.

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Campbell, Tristan. "Predicting And Mapping Of Honey Flow From Corymbia Calophylla Trees With Remote Sensing." Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/81507.

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The thesis presents research into predicting and mapping seasonal honey production from marri trees (Corymbia calophylla) in Western Australia, which produce some of the highest antimicrobial honey in the world. Through a combination of drone imagery, satellite and weather data and machine learning, a model to predict honey yields to 90% accuracy has been developed as well as several tools to map flower coverage during the honey producing season.

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Brito, Juliana Pires. "Ação de cupins de madeira seca (Cryptotermes brevis) e de solo (Nasutitermes corniger) nas madeiras termorretificadas de Pinus taeda e de Corymbia citriodora." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-17092015-111807/.

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A termorretificação ou retificação térmica é uma técnica auxiliar na preservação da madeira, sendo um processo controlado de pirólise, em temperaturas que variam entre 140°C a 220°C. No presente trabalho, foi testada a hipótese de que a termorretificação na temperatura de 200ºC aumenta a resistência da madeira em relação ao ataque de cupins, buscando identificar se tal efeito é resultante da menor disponibilidade de água ou da deposição de substâncias tóxicas ou repelentes formadas durante a degradação térmica. Foi constatado que as alterações provocadas pela termorretificação reduzem a capacidade de adsorção de água pela madeira e, consequentemente, o seu teor de umidade de equilíbrio. As substâncias geradas durante o processo de termorretificação, extraídas em água quente, tem efeito preservativo quando aplicadas à madeira natural, com diferentes resultados entre as espécies florestais. A termorretificação reduziu a capacidade de ação do Cryptotermes brevis, com efeito mais acentuado no Pinus taeda. A remoção dos extrativos da madeira termorretificada, por si só, não implicou no aumento da intensidade da ação dos cupins, o que somente se tornou mais evidente quando aumentou o teor de umidade do material. Em relação ao Nasutitermes corniger, ocorreram diferenças na ação dos cupins em relação ao tipo de oferta de alimento, bem como em relação às espécies de madeira. Para a alimentação forçada, houve acentuado efeito da termorretificação, em ambas as espécies de madeira, tendo ocorrido uma acentuada redução na perda de massa das madeiras quando comparada à madeira original. Constatou-se haver efeito dos extrativos na redução da ação dos cupins de solo, com maior ênfase para a madeira de Pinus taeda. No ensaio de preferência alimentar, nenhum dos tratamentos avaliados foi eficiente para prevenir a degradação pelos cupins, com o Pinus taeda apresentando maior suscetibilidade em comparação com o Corymbia citriodora. Considerando o conjunto dos resultados, conclui-se que a madeira termorretificada é resistente ao ataque de cupins de madeira e essa resistência é decorrente da interação entre a menor higroscopicidade provocada pela modificação química do material e a presença dos extrativos gerados durante o processo de termorretificação; e que o efeito preservativo da termorretificação não é suficiente para indicar o uso da madeira termotratada em contato direto com o solo, devido à suscetibilidade aos cupins subterrâneos.
The thermorectification, a controlled pyrolysis at temperatures ranging between 140°C to 220°C, is considered a technique that could preserve the wood against biological degradation. In this study it was tested the hypothesis that the thermorectification at 200ºC increase the lumber resistance against termite attack, looking to identify if this effect is a result of the reduced available moisture or due the deposition of toxic substances formed during the thermal treatment. It was evidenced that the chemical modifications caused by thermorectification reduced wood sorption capacity and, by consequence, its equilibrium moisture content. The substances formed during the thermal treatment, extracted with hot water, have a preservative effect when applied to natural lumber, with different results between the two wood species. The thermorectification reduced the attack of Cryptotermes brevis and this influence was more effective on Pinus taeda. The removal of extractives from thermotreated wood did not cause an increase in the intensity of termite action, which only became more evident when the lumber moisture content increased. In relation to Nasutitermes corniger, there were differences in the action of termites, depending of the feeding conditions and wood species. In the food choice test, there was an important effect of thermorectifiction in both wood species, reducing the loss of mass due to termite attack when compared to original wood. The extractives also reduced the action of soil termites, with greater emphasis on Pinus taeda lumber. In the no food choice test, no one of the treatments evaluated was enough to prevent the termite action, and it was showed that Pinus taeda wood was more susceptible compared to Corymbia citriodora. Considering all the results, it is possible to conclude that thermorectified lumber is resistant against dry wood termite attack and this resistance is due to interaction between the reduced wood hygroscopicity promoted by the wood chemical changes and the presence of substances generated during the thermal treatment; and the preserving effect of thermorectification is not enough to suggest the use of thermorectified lumber in direct ground contact due its susceptibility to subterranean termite action.

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Leite, Marta Karina. "Caracterização tecnológica da madeira de Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus cloeziana e E. resinifera para a aplicação no design de Produtos de Maior Valor Agregado (PMVA)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-30012014-113252/.

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As áreas de plantações florestais existentes no país são insuficientes para o atendimento da demanda por madeira nos mais diversos segmentos, sendo que, para a indústria de produtos de maior valor agregado (PMVA) e construção civil, de modo geral, a madeira é, em geral, procedente da exploração não sustentável das florestas naturais. O uso da madeira de reflorestamento é uma possível alternativa de disponibilização de madeira de qualidade, adequada aos requisitos tecnológicos dos PMVA, sem colocar em risco de extinção as espécies nativas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo caracterizar tecnologicamente madeira de três espécies exóticas com boa possibilidade de reflorestamento na região sudeste do país, sendo elas, de Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus cloeziana e E. resinifera, para aplicação da madeira no design de PMVA. Os ensaios laboratoriais compreenderam em caracterizar a madeira quanto suas propriedades (i) organolépticas - cor; (ii) físicas - densidade básica, umidade e variação dimensional volumétrica; (iii) anatômicas - frequência de vasos, diâmetro de lume, espessura de parede da fibra e comprimento de fibras; (iv) mecânicas - MOR e MOE para flexão estática e compressão paralela, resistência à tração normal e cisalhamento e dureza Janka, além de (v) qualidade de superfície com acabamento em filme - rugosidade, resistência do filme ao impacto, ao risco, à abrasão e à mancha. Os resultados de avaliação da cor indicaram diferença de tonalidade e cor entre as espécies. A avaliação física indicou uma semelhança na densidade básica das madeiras das espécies analisadas, de médio a baixo teor de umidade e variação dimensional favorável para aplicação em PMVA. Na caracterização das propriedades mecânicas os resultados de MOR e MOE foram similares às madeiras consideradas nobres e utilizadas em PMVA. Nos ensaios de qualidade de superfície, os resultados encontrados para rugosidade foram bastante satisfatórios, compreendendo às classes N5 a N9 da NBR 8404/1984, com alta possibilidade de aplicação em produtos que requerem boa qualidade de superfície. Os resultados permitem concluir que as três espécies estudadas tem alto potencial para aplicação no design em PMVA.
The areas of forest plantations in the country are insufficient to meet the demand for wood in various segments, how to the industry of Products with Higher Added Value (HVAP) and construction, generally, the wood is, coming from unsustainable exploitation of natural forests. The use of wood from reforestation is a possible alternative for the provision of quality wood suitable to the technological requirements of PMVA without putting endangered native species. In this context, the present study aimed to characterize technologically three wooden exotic species with good potential for reforestation in the southeast of the country, being, Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus cloeziana and E. resinifera for application the wood to design HVAP. The laboratory tests are understood in timber characteristics how in this properties (i) organoleptic properties - color, (ii) physical - Basic density , moisture content and volumetric dimensional variation, and (iii) anatomical - frequency vessel, lumen diameter , wall thickness of the fiber and fiber length, (iv) mechanical - MOR and MOE for bending and compression tests, tensile normal and shear and Janka hardness, and (v) quality of surface finish film - roughness , film resistance to impact, to risk, to abrasion and stain. The color evaluation results showed a difference the tone and color among species. The physical evaluation indicated a similarity in the basic density of wood species analyzed, medium to low moisture content and dimensional variation favorable for application in HVAP. The characterization of the mechanical properties of the MOR and MOE results were similar to those considered noble woods and used in HVAP. In tests if surface quality, the results were quite satisfactory for roughness, comprising rating N5 to N9 NBR 8404/1984, with a high possibility of application in products that require good surface quality. The results indicate that the three species has high potential for application to design HVAP.

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Colturato, Adimara Bentivoglio [UNESP]. "Epidemiologia e manejo da seca de ponteiro de Corymbia citriodora (Botryosphaeria ribis / Dothyorella sp. )." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105434.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A seca de ponteiro, causada pelo fungo Botryosphaeria ribis (Dothyorella sp.), que ataca principalmente a região apical da planta, causa lesões que podem chegar a anelar e provocar a quebra do ponteiro ou o secamento da planta. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar métodos de controle químico e por extratos vegetais; estudar a dinâmica espacial de foco; a veiculação do patógeno pelas sementes e realizar a análise de perdas e danos. O teste “in vitro” dos fungicidas constou de oito tratamentos, com 4 doses cada, havendo cinco repetições para cada tratamento. A avaliação foi feita através de medição diária do crescimento radial do micélio em centímetros. O controle químico apresentou cinco tratamentos e três métodos de aplicação, num esquema fatorial 5x3, com quatro repetições. Foram feitas quatro aplicações, com intervalo de 15 dias. Simultaneamente foram feitas avaliações seguindo uma escala de notas de 1 a 6. O teste “in vitro” dos extratos vegetais constou de cinco tratamentos e quatro concentrações: 5, 10, 15 e 20%, em esquema fatorial 5x4 com três repetições. A avaliação foi feita através de medição diária do crescimento radial do micélio em centímetros. No teste com mudas foram utilizadas duas procedências de sementes, dois modos de aplicação (preventivo e convencional) e quatro tratamentos, sendo dois extratos, álcool e água, com oito repetições. A inoculação do patógeno foi feita no caule das mudas. Foram realizadas aplicações dos produtos e avaliações semanais. A avaliação foi feita por contagem de plantas doentes. Para a análise da dinâmica e estrutura de focos foram gerados 19 mapas com a distribuição espacial de plantas com sintomas de seca de ponteiro, provenientes de áreas de Botucatu e de Pratânia/SP. A partir dos mapas foram calculados número de focos, número e percentagem de focos unitários, índice...
Tip drought is caused by Botryosphaeria ribis (Dothyorella sp.) Which attacks mainly the apical region of the plant and causes damage that can ring and cause the breakdown of pointer or a drying plant. This study aimed to evaluate methods of disease control and plant extracts, the spatial dynamics of focus, pathogen association with seeds and analysis of damages. The test in vitro fungicide consisted of eight treatments, with four dose and five replications. The evaluation was done by measuring daily radial growth of mycelium in centimeters. The chemical control had five treatments and three methods of application: brushed, pruned and powdered, in a 5x3 factorial design with four replications. Four applications were made with an interval of 15 days. At the same time were evaluated following a scale from 1 to 6. The test in vitro of plant extracts consisted of five treatments: extracts of a thousand leaves, melon sao caetano, eucalyptus, alcohol and control and four concentrations: 5, 10, 15 and 20%, factorial 5x4 com three replications. The extracts and the alcohol were mixed to the culture medium previously autoclaved, they were placed in Petri dishes and after hardening of the medium was placed a disc of the fungus and the plates were kept in BOD at ± 26 ° C for four days. The evaluation was done by measuring daily radial growth of mycelium in centimeters. In the test plants were used with two origins, two modes of aplication (preventive and conventional) and four treatments: extract of melon sao caetano, Corymbia citriodora extract, alcohol and water, a fatorial design 2 x 2 x 4 and eight repetitions. The inoculation was made in the stem of seedlings. Products applications and evaluations were made weekly. The evaluation was done by counting the diseased plants. For the analysis of the dynamics and structure of foci were generated 19 maps with the spatial distribution... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Colturato, Adimara Bentivoglio 1981. "Epidemiologia e manejo da seca de ponteiro de Corymbia citriodora (Botryosphaeria ribis / Dothyorella sp. ) /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105434.

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Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado
Banca: Wilson Story Venancio
Banca: Cesar Junior Bueno
Banca: William Mario de Carvalho Nunes
Banca: Christiane Ceriani Aparecido
Resumo: A seca de ponteiro, causada pelo fungo Botryosphaeria ribis (Dothyorella sp.), que ataca principalmente a região apical da planta, causa lesões que podem chegar a anelar e provocar a quebra do ponteiro ou o secamento da planta. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar métodos de controle químico e por extratos vegetais; estudar a dinâmica espacial de foco; a veiculação do patógeno pelas sementes e realizar a análise de perdas e danos. O teste "in vitro" dos fungicidas constou de oito tratamentos, com 4 doses cada, havendo cinco repetições para cada tratamento. A avaliação foi feita através de medição diária do crescimento radial do micélio em centímetros. O controle químico apresentou cinco tratamentos e três métodos de aplicação, num esquema fatorial 5x3, com quatro repetições. Foram feitas quatro aplicações, com intervalo de 15 dias. Simultaneamente foram feitas avaliações seguindo uma escala de notas de 1 a 6. O teste "in vitro" dos extratos vegetais constou de cinco tratamentos e quatro concentrações: 5, 10, 15 e 20%, em esquema fatorial 5x4 com três repetições. A avaliação foi feita através de medição diária do crescimento radial do micélio em centímetros. No teste com mudas foram utilizadas duas procedências de sementes, dois modos de aplicação (preventivo e convencional) e quatro tratamentos, sendo dois extratos, álcool e água, com oito repetições. A inoculação do patógeno foi feita no caule das mudas. Foram realizadas aplicações dos produtos e avaliações semanais. A avaliação foi feita por contagem de plantas doentes. Para a análise da dinâmica e estrutura de focos foram gerados 19 mapas com a distribuição espacial de plantas com sintomas de seca de ponteiro, provenientes de áreas de Botucatu e de Pratânia/SP. A partir dos mapas foram calculados número de focos, número e percentagem de focos unitários, índice... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Tip drought is caused by Botryosphaeria ribis (Dothyorella sp.) Which attacks mainly the apical region of the plant and causes damage that can ring and cause the breakdown of pointer or a drying plant. This study aimed to evaluate methods of disease control and plant extracts, the spatial dynamics of focus, pathogen association with seeds and analysis of damages. The test in vitro fungicide consisted of eight treatments, with four dose and five replications. The evaluation was done by measuring daily radial growth of mycelium in centimeters. The chemical control had five treatments and three methods of application: brushed, pruned and powdered, in a 5x3 factorial design with four replications. Four applications were made with an interval of 15 days. At the same time were evaluated following a scale from 1 to 6. The test in vitro of plant extracts consisted of five treatments: extracts of a thousand leaves, melon sao caetano, eucalyptus, alcohol and control and four concentrations: 5, 10, 15 and 20%, factorial 5x4 com three replications. The extracts and the alcohol were mixed to the culture medium previously autoclaved, they were placed in Petri dishes and after hardening of the medium was placed a disc of the fungus and the plates were kept in BOD at ± 26 ° C for four days. The evaluation was done by measuring daily radial growth of mycelium in centimeters. In the test plants were used with two origins, two modes of aplication (preventive and conventional) and four treatments: extract of melon sao caetano, Corymbia citriodora extract, alcohol and water, a fatorial design 2 x 2 x 4 and eight repetitions. The inoculation was made in the stem of seedlings. Products applications and evaluations were made weekly. The evaluation was done by counting the diseased plants. For the analysis of the dynamics and structure of foci were generated 19 maps with the spatial distribution... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Jackson, Sarah. "Infection of Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus diversicolor, Eucalyptus marginata and Corymbia calophylla by Mycosphaerella species." Thesis, Jackson, Sarah (2001) Infection of Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus diversicolor, Eucalyptus marginata and Corymbia calophylla by Mycosphaerella species. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32765/.

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Freitas, Juliana Vieira de. "Desenvolvimento de secador tipo cesto rotativo para a secagem de folhas de eucalipto (Corymbia citriodora)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4161.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The objective of this work is the development of a rotary type dryer for drying leaves. This dryer was built with the purpose of ensuring a proper mixing of the leaves during drying, to obtain a final product with homogeneous moisture and good quality. The dryer consists of a cylinder built with perforated metal screen, coupled to a motor which allows its rotation around the cylinder axis. Air supplied by a blower is heated and fed through the cylinder side walls, perpendicularly to its axis. For drying of eucalyptus leaves, it was evaluated the reproducibility of the data and the homogeneity of the rotary drying basket in comparison to fixed-bed drying configurations using different forms of contact between the air and the material, and also to the conventional rotary drum dryer. To evaluate the quality of the final product, it was analyzed the influence of drying in color of leaves, extracted oil content and the concentration of citronellal in the oil. The kinetic data showed good reproducibility between the repetitions in the range of conditions investigated. It was observed that the set of leaves increased in volume during drying in the rotating basket, and the whole volume of dried leaves was 3-fold the fresh leaves volume. The tests indicated that the rotating basket provided uniform drying of the leaves as compared to drying in fixed beds and conventional rotary drum dryer, with small variation of moisture and average final moisture of 7.3 ± 0.3 % in drying of 50 g of leaves. For a good performance in drying eucalyptus, the volume of fresh leaves should not exceed 10% of the basket volume. The drying in the rotating basket have not provoked browning of the leaves and did not influence the essential oil content.
O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de um secador para a secagem de folhas, tipo rotativo. Este secador foi construído com a finalidade de permitir uma boa mistura das folhas durante a secagem, de forma a obter um produto final com umidade homogênea e boa qualidade. O secador consiste de um cilindro construído de tela metálica perfurada, acoplado a um motor que permite a sua rotação em torno do eixo do cilindro. O ar fornecido por um soprador é aquecido e alimentado através das paredes laterais do cilindro, no sentido perpendicular ao seu eixo. Para a secagem de folhas de eucalipto, foram avaliadas a reprodutibilidade dos dados e a homogeneidade da secagem no cesto rotativo em relação à secagem em leitos fixos usando diferentes formas de contato entre o ar e o material, e também ao secador rotativo convencional. Para a avaliação da qualidade do produto final, foi analisada a influência da secagem na cor das folhas, no teor de óleo extraído e na concentração de citronelal presente no óleo. Os dados de cinética foram reprodutíveis entre as repetições na faixa de condições investigada. Observou-se que o conjunto de folhas aumenta de volume durante a secagem no cesto rotativo, sendo o volume do conjunto de folhas secas até 3 vezes superior ao volume do conjunto das folhas in natura. Os testes indicaram que o cesto rotativo proporciona a secagem uniforme das folhas se comparada à secagem em leitos fixos e em secador rotativo convencional, com variação muito pequena entre as umidades, e umidade final média de 7,3±0,3% para 50 g de folhas. Constatou-se que para uma boa operação na secagem de folhas de eucalipto, o volume de folhas in-natura não deve ultrapassar 10% do volume útil do secador. A secagem no secador tipo cesto rotativo não provocou o escurecimento das folhas e não influenciou o teor de óleo essencial.

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Costa, Fabiana Gorricho [UNESP]. "Esterco bovino para o desenvolvimento inicial de plantas provenientes de quatro matrizes de Corymbia citriodora." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96915.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar, em casa de vegetação, os efeitos da aplicação de doses de esterco bovino associadas com calagem na fase de implantação de mudas com idade de plantio no campo, produzidas a partir de sementes coletadas de quatro árvores matrizes de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson. Foram usados vasos, contendo cada um 5 dm3 de Latossolo com acidez elevada. Aplicaram-se cinco doses de esterco, correspondentes a 0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 Mg ha-1, e que, em massa, equivalem a 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 g por vaso. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, empregando o esquema fatorial 5 x 4 (cinco doses de esterco e sementes de quatro árvores matrizes) com quatro repetições. A dose de calcário foi calculada para elevar a saturação por bases a 50%. A fertilidade do solo foi avaliada após o período de 30 dias de incubação do mesmo com esterco e calcário. A semeadura foi realizada diretamente em recipientes de plástico rígido de 50 cm3 e as mudas foram plantadas com cerca de 17 cm de altura. Cada parcela foi composta por um vaso contendo duas plantas. Aos 90 dias foram avaliados: altura, área foliar, diâmetro do colo e matéria seca das partes aéreas e radicular das plantas. As matrizes responderam positivamente à aplicação de esterco bovino, porém de forma diferenciada para cada característica de crescimento avaliada. As matrizes que tiveram melhor desenvolvimento foram 8 e 29, respectivamente, de uma área de produção de sementes (FCAV/UNESP - Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP) e de uma área especial de coleta de sementes (Horto Guarani, município de Pradópolis-SP). A dose de esterco bovino que proporcionou melhor desenvolvimento das matrizes foi próxima a 30 Mg ha-1, equivalente a 75 g por vaso
This work aimed evaluate under a greenhouse conditions the effect of cattle manure doses associated with liming at seedling in field transplanting age produced by seeds collected from four Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K. d. Hill & l. a. s. Johnson matrices trees. Pots with 5 dm3 of a high-acidity Oxisol were used having 5 cattle manure doses; 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 Mg ha-1 (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g per pot). The experimental design was entirely randomized, in a factorial 5x4 (five doses of cattle manure and seeds of four trees matrices) scheme and four repetitions. The calculated liming dose was enough to increase the base saturation to 50%. Soil fertility was evaluated after 30 days of cattle manure and lime incubation. Sowing was performed directly in rigid plastic containers of 50 cm3 and seedlings were transplanted when they were around 17cm height. Each parcel was a pot with two plants. At 90 days the height, foliar area, stalk diameter, aerial and root dry matter. The matrixes responded positively to the cattle manure application, but in a differently way for each growth characteristic evaluated. The best matrixes were 8 and 29, respectively, from an area of seed production (FCAV / UNESP - Jaboticabal Campus- SP) and a special area of seed production (Forest Guarani - Pradópolis-SP). The best cattle manure dose to the matrices development was about 30 Mg ha-1, or 75 g pot-1

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Soares, Guilherme Mendes. "Estoque de carbono em plantas jovens de Eucalyptus e Corymbia em diferentes densidades de plantio." UFVJM, 2016. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1335.

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O aumento significativo das concentra??es de CO2 atmosf?rico ap?s a Revolu??o Industrial tem agravado o efeito estufa natural do planeta, levando a eleva??o das temperaturas m?dias e ?s mudan?as clim?ticas globais. O tema tem preocupado cientistas, governo e sociedade, resultando em medidas para redu??o das emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa (GEEs) e mitiga??o de seus efeitos nocivos. Em 1997, o Protocolo de Quioto estabeleceu metas de redu??o de emiss?es de GEEs, sobretudo o CO2. Como esp?cies de r?pido crescimento s?o consideradas eficientes na fixa??o de carbono, nesta pesquisa foram utilizados tr?s clones de esp?cies de Eucalyptus e Corymbia, haja vista seu r?pido crescimento e sua alta produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar pelo m?todo destrutivo, aos 12 meses de idade, a produ??o da massa de carbono da parte a?rea de tr?s clones: um h?brido espont?neo de Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake, um h?brido tri-cross de E. urophylla x (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh), e um h?brido de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson x Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S implantados em diferentes espa?amentos de plantio: 3x3 m; 3x1,5 m; e 3x1 m. O estudo foi conduzido em uma ?rea experimental da empresa Aperam Bioenergia S/A, localizada no munic?pio de Itamarandiba, MG. Foram abatidas 36 ?rvores amostras, que foram cubadas, desgalhadas e desfolhadas, foram coletadas amostras de folhas, galhos, casca e madeira para determina??o de massa seca e teor de carbono dos componentes da parte a?rea. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, conclui-se que o espa?amento que registrou a maior fixa??o de carbono por unidade de ?rea foi o 3x1 m, e os clones mais produtivos foram os h?bridos de E. urophylla e o tri-cross de E. urophylla x (E. grandis x E. camaldulensis). Al?m disso, o espa?amento 3x3 m apresentou os valores mais elevados de massa seca e de carbono por ?rvore. Os clones utilizados neste experimento se apresentaram como alternativa potencial para projetos de sequestro de carbono e mitiga??o dos gases de efeito estufa.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016.
The significant increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the Industrial Revolution has exacerbated the natural greenhouse effect on the planet, resulting in rising average temperatures and global climates changes. The issue has worried scientists, government and society, leading them to take action to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and mitigating its harmful effects. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol established GHG emissions reduction targets, especially CO2. As a fast-growing species are considered efficient in carbon sequestration, this research were used three clones of species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia, given its rapid growth and high productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate by the destructive method, at 12 months of age, the production of dry mass and carbon of the aerial part of three clones: a spontaneous hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla ST Blake, an hybrid tri-cross E. urophylla x (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh), and a hybrid of Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) KD Hill & LAS Johnson x Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K. D Hill & L. A. S deployed in different planting spacings: 3x3 m; 3x1.5 m; and 3x1 m. The study was conducted in an experimental area of the company Aperam Bioenergia S/A, located in the county of Itamarandiba, MG. Thirty six trees were felled , this were cubed, delimbed and leafless, samples of leafs, twigs, bark and wood were collected to determine the dry mass and shoot carbon of the aerial part components. According to the results, it is concluded that the spacing which recorded the largest allocation of carbon per unit area was 3x1 m, and the most productives clones were hybrids E. urophylla and of tri-cross E. urophylla x (E. grandis x E. camaldulensis). Furthermore, the spacing 3x3 m showed the highest values of dry mass and carbon per tree. The clones used in this experiment were presented as potential alternative for projects of carbon sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gases.

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Costa, Fabiana Gorricho. "Esterco bovino para o desenvolvimento inicial de plantas provenientes de quatro matrizes de Corymbia citriodora /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96915.

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Orientador: Sérgio Valiengo Valeri
Banca: Mara Cristina Pessoa da Cruz
Banca: Márcio Pereira
Resumo: Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar, em casa de vegetação, os efeitos da aplicação de doses de esterco bovino associadas com calagem na fase de implantação de mudas com idade de plantio no campo, produzidas a partir de sementes coletadas de quatro árvores matrizes de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson. Foram usados vasos, contendo cada um 5 dm3 de Latossolo com acidez elevada. Aplicaram-se cinco doses de esterco, correspondentes a 0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 Mg ha-1, e que, em massa, equivalem a 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 g por vaso. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, empregando o esquema fatorial 5 x 4 (cinco doses de esterco e sementes de quatro árvores matrizes) com quatro repetições. A dose de calcário foi calculada para elevar a saturação por bases a 50%. A fertilidade do solo foi avaliada após o período de 30 dias de incubação do mesmo com esterco e calcário. A semeadura foi realizada diretamente em recipientes de plástico rígido de 50 cm3 e as mudas foram plantadas com cerca de 17 cm de altura. Cada parcela foi composta por um vaso contendo duas plantas. Aos 90 dias foram avaliados: altura, área foliar, diâmetro do colo e matéria seca das partes aéreas e radicular das plantas. As matrizes responderam positivamente à aplicação de esterco bovino, porém de forma diferenciada para cada característica de crescimento avaliada. As matrizes que tiveram melhor desenvolvimento foram 8 e 29, respectivamente, de uma área de produção de sementes (FCAV/UNESP - Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP) e de uma área especial de coleta de sementes (Horto Guarani, município de Pradópolis-SP). A dose de esterco bovino que proporcionou melhor desenvolvimento das matrizes foi próxima a 30 Mg ha-1, equivalente a 75 g por vaso
Abstract: This work aimed evaluate under a greenhouse conditions the effect of cattle manure doses associated with liming at seedling in field transplanting age produced by seeds collected from four Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K. d. Hill & l. a. s. Johnson matrices trees. Pots with 5 dm3 of a high-acidity Oxisol were used having 5 cattle manure doses; 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 Mg ha-1 (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g per pot). The experimental design was entirely randomized, in a factorial 5x4 (five doses of cattle manure and seeds of four trees matrices) scheme and four repetitions. The calculated liming dose was enough to increase the base saturation to 50%. Soil fertility was evaluated after 30 days of cattle manure and lime incubation. Sowing was performed directly in rigid plastic containers of 50 cm3 and seedlings were transplanted when they were around 17cm height. Each parcel was a pot with two plants. At 90 days the height, foliar area, stalk diameter, aerial and root dry matter. The matrixes responded positively to the cattle manure application, but in a differently way for each growth characteristic evaluated. The best matrixes were 8 and 29, respectively, from an area of seed production (FCAV / UNESP - Jaboticabal Campus- SP) and a special area of seed production (Forest Guarani - Pradópolis-SP). The best cattle manure dose to the matrices development was about 30 Mg ha-1, or 75 g pot-1
Mestre

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Valente, Brígida Maria dos Reis Teixeira. "Avaliação de clones híbridos de Corymbia para crescimento, qualidade da madeira e carvão vegetal na região do Rio Doce." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/22438.

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Apesar de apresentarem indivíduos de alto crescimento e alta densidade ao mesmo tempo, o desenvolvimento de clones de espécies do gênero Corymbia, foi descontinuado em razão do grande sucesso alcançado por outros híbridos, como E. urophylla x E. grandis. Recentemente, híbridos do gênero Corymbia voltaram a despertar interesse. Além do crescimento, adaptação e propriedades importantes para qualidade da madeira, apresentam alta resistência ao vento, à Seca de Ponteiros do Vale do Rio Doce e a outras doenças. Logo, foram incluídos em diversos programas de melhoramento, buscando materiais produtivos, e com resistência a fatores bióticos e abióticos. Com o objetivo de identificar clones potenciais para a região do Rio Doce, foi implantado um teste clonal com híbridos de espécies do gênero Corymbia. Estudou-se a variabilidade e a herdabilidade das características de crescimento, qualidade da madeira e carvão, além de ganhos genéticos e a seleção de clones potenciais para o cultivo na região do Rio Doce. Buscando auxiliar na seleção de materiais genéticos, frente ao grande número de variáveis manuseadas em um programa de melhoramento, torna-se importante avaliar a construção de um índice de seleção de fácil análise e interpretação. Construiu-se um índice de seleção (Indice de produção de carvão (PC)), que reuniu características de crescimento (Incremento médio anual (IMA, m 3 .ha -1 .ano -1 )), qualidade da madeira (Densidade básica da madeira (Db, Kg/m 3 )) e carvão (Rendimento gravimétrico do carvão vegetal (RGCV, %)). Este teste foi realizado na área Experimental da empresa ArcelorMittal BioFlorestas. O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 18 repetições (uma planta por parcela), com tratamentos de clones de Corymbia torelliana e Corymbia citriodora e testemunhas de clones de Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis. O espaçamento foi de 3,0 x 2,5 m e a avaliação foi realizada aos 69 meses. Houve efeitos significativos de clones para todas as características avaliadas, o que denota possibilidade de ganhos com a seleção. As estimativas de herdabilidade em nível de médias de clones foram de média a elevada magnitude. O ranking de seleção dos clones divergiu para as diferentes características em estudo. Contudo, para o programa de melhoramento genético em questão, um clone híbrido de Corymbia torelliana x Corymbia citriodora se destacou em crescimento, qualidade da madeira e carvão vegetal. Os resultados revelaram boas perspectivas para o uso comercial deste clone do gênero Corymbia, para este local.
Despite the presence of high growth and high density individuals at the same time, the development of clones of species of the genus Corymbia was discontinued due to the great success achieved by other hybrids such as E. urophylla x E. grandis. Recently, hybrids of the genus Corymbia have once again aroused interest. In addition to the growth, adaptation and properties important to wood quality, they present high resistance to wind, drought of Eucalyptus pointers from the Vale do Rio Doce and other diseases. Therefore, they were included in several breeding programs, searching for productive materials, and with resistance to biotic and abiotic factors. In order to identify potential clones for the Rio Doce region, a clonal test was implemented with hybrids of species of the genus Corymbia. The variability and heritability of growth, wood quality and charcoal characteristics, as well as genetic gains and the selection of potential clones for cultivation in the Rio Doce region were studied. Aiming to assist in the selection of genetic material, in view of the large number of variables handled in an improvement program, it is important to evaluate the construction of a selection index for easy analysis and interpretation. A selection index (Coal Production Index (PC)), which met growth characteristics (average annual increment (IMA, m 3 .ha -1 .ano -1 )), wood quality (Basic wood density (Db, kg / m 3 )) and charcoal (Charcoal gravimetric yield (RGCV,%)). This test was carried out in the Experimental area of ArcelorMittal BioFlorestas. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 18 replications (one plant per plot), with treatments of Corymbia torelliana and Corymbia citriodora clones and controls of Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus grandis clones. The spacing was 3.0 x 2.5 m and the evaluation was performed at 69 months. There were significant effects of clones for all characteristics evaluated, which indicates possibility of gains with the selection. The estimates of heritability at medium level of clones were from medium to high magnitude. The clone selection ranking differed for the different characteristics under study. However, for the breeding program in question, a hybrid clone of Corymbia torelliana x Corymbia citriodora stood out in growth, quality of wood and charcoal. The results showed good prospects for the commercial use of this clone of the genus Corymbia, for this site.

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Menezes, Walmir Marques de. "EFEITO DO TRATAMENTO TÉRMICO NAS PROPRIEDADES FÍSICO-MECÂNICAS DA MADEIRA DE Corymbia citriodora E Eucalyptus saligna." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8724.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The genera Corymbia and Eucalyptus although used by industries face limitations such as high levels of growth stresses, drying problems and high shrinkage. Thus, methods such as heat treatment are studied to improve these properties. The objective of this research was to study the effect of heat treatment on physical and mechanical properties of wood of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus saligna. From each species 3 trees were sampled, with approximately 40 years of age, which were sectioned with the first two logs in lengths of 3 meters each. The heat treatment was applied with final temperature of 140 º C, 160 º C and 180 º C for 2.5 hours using an oven with forced air circulation. To determine the physical and mechanical properties there were used the procedures of ASTM D 143-94 (ASTM, 2000) and NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997). The physical properties analyzed were the equilibrium moisture content, weight reduction, loss of density, swelling coefficient, total (linear and volumetric) and coefficient of anisotropy. Mechanical properties evaluated were modulus of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR) in bending, compression parallel to grain and impact resistance. The results, in general, demonstrated for all physical properties that the heat treatment is effective in reducing the hygroscopicity and increasing dimensional stability of both species, with best results in treatments with higher temperatures. The results of the mechanical properties have shown that impact resistance for both species was reduced compared to control in all treatments. The test results static bending, for both species, increased in temperature of 140 ° C and decreased at temperatures of 160 º C and 180 º C. Compression parallel to the grain in wood of Corymbia citriodora increased with heat treatment at temperature of 140 ° C and presented a reduction at other temperatures. The wood of Eucalyptus saligna, the evaluation of compression parallel to the grain, presented a decrease in strength with increasing temperature. In accordance with the results of the study the thermally treated material can be used in places where humidity is higher, however it is not suitable for structural use, because its strength is reduced with increasing temperature.
Os gêneros de Corymbia e Eucalyptus apesar de utilizados pelas indústrias enfrentam limitações como altos níveis de tensões de crescimento, problemas de secagem e alta retratibilidade. Dessa forma, métodos como o tratamento térmico são estudados para melhorar essas propriedades. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o efeito do tratamento térmico nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Corymbia citriodora e Eucalyptus saligna. Foram amostradas 3 árvores de cada espécie, com aproximadamente 40 anos de idade, as quais foram seccionadas as duas primeiras toras com comprimento de 3 metros cada. Para o tratamento térmico foram aplicadas temperaturas finais de 140ºC, 160ºC e 180ºC, durante 2,5 horas, utilizando estufa com circulação de ar forçada. Para a determinação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas foram utilizados os procedimentos estabelecidos nas normas ASTM D 143-94 (ASTM, 2000) e NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997). As propriedades físicas avaliadas foram umidade de equilíbrio, redução de massa, perda de massa específica, coeficiente de inchamento total (linear e o volumétrico) e coeficiente de anisotropia. As avaliações de resistência mecânica foram realizadas pelo módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e ruptura (MOR) em flexão estática, compressão paralela às fibras e resistência máxima ao impacto. Os resultados, em linhas gerais, demonstraram para todas as propriedades físicas avaliadas que o tratamento térmico é eficiente na redução da higroscopicidade e aumento da estabilidade dimensional de ambas as espécies, com melhores resultados, nos tratamentos com maiores temperaturas. Os resultados das propriedades mecânicas demonstraram que a máxima resistência ao impacto, para ambas as espécies, foi reduzida em relação à testemunha em todos os tratamentos. Os resultados do ensaio de flexão estática, para as duas espécies, teve um aumento na temperatura de 140ºC e diminuiu nas temperaturas de 160ºC e 180ºC. Para a compressão paralela as fibras a espécie Corymbia citriodora teve aumento na temperatura de 140ºC, reduzindo nas demais temperaturas. A espécie de Eucalyptus saligna, na avaliação da compressão paralela as fibras, reduziu com o aumento da temperatura. De acordo, com os resultados do estudo o material tratado termicamente pode ser utilizado em locais com umidade mais elevadas, entretanto não sendo indicado para uso estrutural, pois sua resistência é reduzida com o aumento da temperatura.

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Pereira, Rosylaine Aparecida. "Aspectos morfo-bioecológicos de Epichrysocharis burwelli (Eulophidae, Hymenoptera), vespa-das-galhas das folhas de Corymbia citriodora." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-21062010-155534/.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivos estudar aspectos da morfologia, biologia e ecologia de Epichrysocharis burwelli, uma micro-vespa recentemente introduzida no Brasil e que induz galhas em folhas de Corymbia citriodora. Foram verificados neste trabalho, porcentagem média de infestação de galhas em folhas, horário de emergência e longevidade de adultos, razão sexual e caracterização do macho, duração do período de desenvolvimento, sazonalidade de adultos, nível de infestação no campo e influência da pilosidade de folhas sobre a ocorrência de galhas e adultos. Além disso, a influência da formação de galhas sobre o rendimento de óleo essencial de C. citriodora foi verificada. 65% das folhas avaliadas apresentaram algum grau de infestação de galhas de E. burwelli, com uma densidade média de sete galhas/cm2, variando entre 0,04 e 44,10 galhas/cm2. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as árvores avaliadas quanto ao nível de infestação de galhas nas folhas. O período da manhã foi o preferencial para a emergência de adultos, com um pico às 9:00 horas. A longevidade da espécie foi significativamente maior quando o mel foi incorporado à dieta, tanto com água como com folhas jovens de C. citriodora. A razão sexual encontrada foi de 165 fêmeas para cada macho e não foram encontradas diferenças entre os sexos além dos caracteres sexuais da genitália e uma pequena estrutura na antena do macho, visível apenas sob microscópio. A duração total do ciclo, de ovo a adulto é de aproximadamente 75 dias em condições de campo. As galhas passam por cinco estágios de crescimento, que provavelmente são acompanhados por mudanças no estágio de vida do inseto. Os adultos ocorrem durante todo o ano e sua ocorrência está relacionada com a liberação de ramos novos pela planta. A espécie é multivoltina e ocorre sobreposição de gerações. A pilosidade das folhas quando a planta se encontra no estágio juvenil funciona como uma barreira mecânica para a oviposição do adulto e teve influência significativamente negativa sobre a ocorrência desses e a formação de galhas. Altos níveis de galhas nas folhas causam efeito significativamente negativo sobre o rendimento de óleo essencial das folhas de C. citriodora, que ainda é potencializado devido à queda prematura de folhas, quando estas estão sob altas infestações. A pesquisa permitiu ter um maior conhecimento sobre aspectos da biologia e ecologia da espécie que podem auxiliar no manejo desta em condições de campo, além de quantificar a redução de óleo causada pela presença das galhas.
This research deals with aspects of morphology, biology and ecology of Epichrysocaris burwelli a micro-wasp inducing galls on leaves of Corymbia citriodora, and recently introduced in Brazil. The following parameters were studied: percentage of galls on the leaf, time of adult emergence, adult longevity, sex ratio and characterization of the male, duration of the developmental period, seasonal occurrence of adults, level of infestation in the field and the influence of leaf hairs on the occurrence of galls and adults. The influence of galls on the yield of C.citriodora oil was studied as well. From the total of leaves evaluated, 65% presented galls ranging between 0.04 and 44.10 galls/cm2, with a mean density of 7 galls per square centimeter. One also observed significant differences among the evaluated trees as to the number of galls on the leaves. Adult emergence occurred during the morning hours, with a peak at 9 am and adult longevity was longer when honey solution was available. The sex ratio was 165 females: 1 male. The external morphology of the genitalia and a microscopic structure in the male antenna were the only differences between the sexes. The life cycle, from egg to adult, lasted 75 days in field conditions. The galls presented five growing stages which probably are related to the changes in the immature insect periods. The adults are seen all year round and such occurrence is related to the continuous flushing of sprouts by the plant. This insect species is multivoltine and thus present overlapping generations. Young plants present hairy leaves acting as a mechanical barrier to oviposition, preventing the occurrence of adults and galls. The yield of C.corymbia oil leaves is negatively affected not only by the high levels of gall infestation but also by the following premature defoliation.

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Gon?alves, Carlos Henrique Rocha. "Oxida??o da madeira de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson por ozon?lise." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1503.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This work aimed to realize oxidative reactions using ozone in aqueous middle to simulate the aging aspect in Corymbia citriodora K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson wood samples. Ozone that is a very reactive gas, was produced by the ozonizer by the corona effect. In order to evaluate the transformations occurred in the samples submitted to the treatment in different times and pHs (neutral, basic and acid) those samples were analyzed by various tests (color mensuration in the CIELAB colorimetric space; contact angle between water and wood by the goniometer; XPS spectroscopy and Pyrolysis ? GC/MS). The samples were obtained from a Corymbia citriodora tree log harvested in the UFRRJ campus in Serop?dica. Those samples were treated mechanically in order to adequate it to the analysis with 10 x 20 x 2 mm dimensions. It was observed that the 6h acid was the one that presented the best natural aging appearance. All the tests done have shown that the wood components had different behaviors in each treatment, especially when we talk about lignin and its G/S (Guaiacyl:Siringyl). The results have shown that the reactions were well succeed, revealing that the ozone had reacted in the majority of the samples, with the lignin, affecting the G/S ratio for all the treatments. XPS data showed the level of oxidation, for example, in the neutral treatment, showing ozone oxidative effect. In this way, the G/S ratio revealed that the ozone attack have occurred, first with the lignins that have predominantly the guaiacyl units, assuming that the reaction affected mainly the cellular region with high guaiacyl units content. It was also detected in the acid treatment, that the ozone as well reached the extractives group, especially the decanoic acids. All the experimentations were sufficient to discolor and give aging appearance to the wood, as the color changing shown by the color tests with the spectrophotometer. The contact angle has proved that the samples in order absorb more water, becoming more hydrophilic, when related to the L:C ratio (lignin:carbohydrate).
Esse trabalho teve por objetivo realizar rea??es oxidativas utilizando oz?nio em meio aquoso para simular o aspecto de envelhecimento em madeiras de Corymbia citriodora K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson. O oz?nio que ? um g?s extremamente reativo foi produzido pelo ozonizador atrav?s da descarga corona. Para avaliar as modifica??es ocorridas nas amostras ap?s serem submetidas ?s rea??es de ozon?lise em diferentes tempos e pHs (neutro, b?sico e ?cido), essas amostras foram posteriormente submetidas a v?rios testes (mensura??o da cor no espa?o colorim?trico CIELAB; do ?ngulo de contato entre a ?gua e a madeira atrav?s do goni?metro; espectroscopia XPS (Espectroscopia Fotoeletr?nica de Raios-X) e pir?lise ? CG/EM (pir?lise analisada por cromatografia gasosa, acoplada ? um detector de massa)). As amostras foram obtidas de tora de madeira de um esp?cime da esp?cie Corymbia citriodora obtida no campus da UFRRJ em Serop?dica. Essas amostras foram tratadas mecanicamente de maneira a adequ?-la para an?lise, ficando com dimens?o de 10 x 20 x 2 mm. Foi constatado que as amostras do tratamento ?cido durante 6h foram as que ficaram com a apar?ncia mais pr?xima de uma madeira naturalmente envelhecida. Os diversos testes feitos mostraram que os componentes da madeira se comportaram de forma diferente em cada um dos tratamentos especialmente no que tange ? lignina na sua raz?o G/S da mesma. Os resultados mostraram que a rea??es foram bem sucedidas, revelando que o oz?nio reagiu na grande maioria das amostras com a lignina afetando a raz?o G/S para todos os tratamentos. Dados do XPS mostram os n?veis de oxida??o por exemplo dos tratamentos neutros, mostrando o efeito oxidativo do oz?nio. Neste sentido, a raz?o Guacila/Siringila revelou que o ataque do oz?nio aconteceu primeiramente com as ligninas que predominam unidades guaiacila, pressupondo que a rea??o afetou direcionadamente a regi?o da parede celular com mais alto teor de unidade Guaiac?la. Foi tamb?m detectado no tratamento ?cido que o oz?nio atingiu tamb?m o grupo dos extrativos especialmente os ?cidos decan?icos. Todos os experimentos foram suficientes para descolorir e dar apar?ncia de madeira envelhecida, como mudan?as de cor mostradas pelos testes de cor com espectrofot?metro. O ?ngulo de contato mostrou que as amostras em ordem absorvem mais ?gua, tornando-as mais hidrof?lica, quando correlacionada ? raz?o C:L (Carboidratos:Lignina).

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Leite, Sueli Souza [UNESP]. "Avaliação de desempenho no processo de lixamento de madeiras das espécies Pinus elliottii e Corymbia citriodora." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/137956.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O lixamento da madeira envolve inúmeras variáveis as quais influenciam na qualidade superficial da peça produzida, tornando-se por isso, um processo complexo. Atua de forma imprescindível nas indústrias, principalmente fabricantes de móveis, painéis, molduras, esquadrias e dentre outras. Entretanto, é tratado de forma empírica, prejudicando a qualidade do produto e elevando os custos de produção, visto que é, um dos processamentos mais caros na indústria de madeira. Sabido disto, este trabalho, teve por objetivo combinar um conjunto de fatores para padronizar o processo de lixamento. Para isto, seguiu o planejamento experimental de Taguchi, método baseado em conceitos estatísticos, responsável por diagnosticar o conjunto de fatores que propiciam o alcance da qualidade do produto final. A experimentação realizou-se em relação a uma matriz ortogonal L8, criando assim, oito condições diferentes de lixamento, repetindo-as três vezes cada, totalizando em 24 ensaios. Variou os níveis dos seguintes fatores: granulometria, grão abrasivo, sentido do lixamento e espécie da madeira, com o intuito de analisar o comportamento dos parâmetros: emissão sonora, potência, rugosidade, taxa de remoção e temperatura no decorrer do processo. Por meio da análise de variância (ANOVA), concluiu-se que o comportamento dos parâmetros foram influênciados pelos fatores estipulados, os quais interferiram na qualidade superficial da madeira.
The sanding of wood involves numerous variables which influence the surface quality of the produced piece, becoming therefore a complex process. It is a crucial process in industries, particularly manufacturers such as furniture, panels, moldings, frames and others. However, the process is trated empirically, decreasing the product quality and increasing production costs, since it is one of the most expensive processes in the wood industry. According to this, this paper, aimed to standardize a set of factors to achieve the best surface finish of the wood. For this, the following experimental design Taguchi method based on statistical concepts, responsible for diagnosing the set of factors that promote the achievement of the quality of the final product. The experiment was performed in relation to a matrix L8 orthogonal matrix, creating eight different conditions sanding, repeating three times each, totaling in 24 trials. Varied levels of the following factors: particle size, abrasive grain, sense of sanding and timber species, in order to analyze the parameters of behavior, noise emission, power, roughness, temperature and removal rate in the process. Through analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was concluded that the behavior parameters were influenced by prescribed factors which interfere in the surface quality of the wood.

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Leite, Sueli Souza. "Avaliação de desempenho no processo de lixamento de madeiras das espécies Pinus elliottii e Corymbia citriodora /." Bauru, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/137956.

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Orientador: Manoel Cléber de Sampaio Alves
Banca: Ivaldo de Domenico Valarelli
Banca: Marcos Tadeu Gonçalves
Resumo: O lixamento da madeira envolve inúmeras variáveis as quais influenciam na qualidade superficial da peça produzida, tornando-se por isso, um processo complexo. Atua de forma imprescindível nas indústrias, principalmente fabricantes de móveis, painéis, molduras, esquadrias e dentre outras. Entretanto, é tratado de forma empírica, prejudicando a qualidade do produto e elevando os custos de produção, visto que é, um dos processamentos mais caros na indústria de madeira. Sabido disto, este trabalho, teve por objetivo combinar um conjunto de fatores para padronizar o processo de lixamento. Para isto, seguiu o planejamento experimental de Taguchi, método baseado em conceitos estatísticos, responsável por diagnosticar o conjunto de fatores que propiciam o alcance da qualidade do produto final. A experimentação realizou-se em relação a uma matriz ortogonal L8, criando assim, oito condições diferentes de lixamento, repetindo-as três vezes cada, totalizando em 24 ensaios. Variou os níveis dos seguintes fatores: granulometria, grão abrasivo, sentido do lixamento e espécie da madeira, com o intuito de analisar o comportamento dos parâmetros: emissão sonora, potência, rugosidade, taxa de remoção e temperatura no decorrer do processo. Por meio da análise de variância (ANOVA), concluiu-se que o comportamento dos parâmetros foram influênciados pelos fatores estipulados, os quais interferiram na qualidade superficial da madeira.
Abstract: The sanding of wood involves numerous variables which influence the surface quality of the produced piece, becoming therefore a complex process. It is a crucial process in industries, particularly manufacturers such as furniture, panels, moldings, frames and others. However, the process is trated empirically, decreasing the product quality and increasing production costs, since it is one of the most expensive processes in the wood industry. According to this, this paper, aimed to standardize a set of factors to achieve the best surface finish of the wood. For this, the following experimental design Taguchi method based on statistical concepts, responsible for diagnosing the set of factors that promote the achievement of the quality of the final product. The experiment was performed in relation to a matrix L8 orthogonal matrix, creating eight different conditions sanding, repeating three times each, totaling in 24 trials. Varied levels of the following factors: particle size, abrasive grain, sense of sanding and timber species, in order to analyze the parameters of behavior, noise emission, power, roughness, temperature and removal rate in the process. Through analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was concluded that the behavior parameters were influenced by prescribed factors which interfere in the surface quality of the wood.
Mestre

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Baroni, Gabriel de Resende 1992. "Crescimento inicial e parâmetros genéticos de populações para melhoramento de Corymbia spp. e Eucalyptus pilularis Smith /." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152610.

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Orientador: Paulo Henrique Müller da Silva
Banca: Leo Zimback
Banca: Rinaldo Cesar de Paula
Resumo: A introdução de espécies possibilita obter alternativas aos desafios do setor florestal: como estresses bióticos e abióticos, novas exigências de mercado e contribuir com contínuo ganho de produtividade. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: conhecer o crescimento incial e parâmetros genéticos de populações de Corymbia henryi (CH), C. citriodora variegata (CCV), C. maculata (CM) e Eucalyptus pilularis; estudar e comparar a resistência à ferrugem (Austropuccinia psidii) em progênies de E. pilularis em condições ambientais controladas e em campo. Os ensaios de Corymbia spp. foram testes de procedências sem a estrutura de progênies, sendo uma população para cada espécie. Nesses testes foram avaliadas a altura de plantas aos 6,9 e 13 meses após o plantio e diâmetro à altura do peito aos 13 meses. Em E. pilularis foi mensurada a altura e sobrevivência de plantas aos 7 meses após o plantio. Após as mensurações, foram realizadas as análises de deviance à 5% de significância para verificar diferença entre os materiais genéticos e entre parcelas. Posteriormente, os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrição/melhor predição linear não viciada (REML/BLUP). Com o E. pilularis também foi avaliado a resistência à ferrugem, sendo realizada a inoculação de A. psidii em condições ambientais controladas em 20 progênies. No campo, a resistência à ferrugem foi avaliada mensalmente de julho a outubro de 2017. CH, CCV e CM apresentaram crescimento inicial ráp... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The introduction of species makes it possible to obtain alternatives to the challenges of the forestry sector: such as biotic and abiotic stresses, new market requirements and contribute to continuous productivity gains. This work aimed: to know the growth and initial genetic parameters of populations of Corymbia henryi (CH), C. citriodora variegata (CCV), C. maculata (CM) and Eucalyptus pilularis; to study and compare resistance to rust (Austropuccinia psidii) in progenies of E. pilularis under controlled and field environmental conditions. The trials of Corymbia spp. were tests of provenances without the structure of progenies, being a population for each species. In these trials the height of plants at 6, 9 and 13 months after planting were evaluated. Diameter at breast height height (DBH) at 13 months were evaluated. In E. pilularis the height and survival of plants at 7 months after planting were measured. After the measurements, the deviance analyzes were carried out at 5% of significance to verify the difference between genetic material and between plots. Afterwards, the genetic parameters were estimated by the method of Restriction Maximum Likelihood / Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML / BLUP). E. pilularis was evaluated for resistance to rust, and inoculation of A. psidii was carried out under controlled environmental conditions in 20 progenies. Rust resistance in the field was evaluated monthly from July to October 2017. CH, CCV and CM showed rapid initial growth and high plant survival. CH showed significant origin effect only at 6 months. This species presented high and moderate heritability values of the mean of provenances (H²mp) in height and survival in the three seasons. CCV and CM presented low values of H²mp for all seasons of height evaluation and plant survival. DAP presented low H²mp in all three species. E. pilularis presented initial growth of 1.47 m and survival of 98%. ...
Mestre

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32

Piva, Márcia Elizabeth Marchini. "Estratégias de qualificação da madeira estrutural para profissionalizar o uso desse material a níveis comercial e de obra." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-30012014-111510/.

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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo principal apresentar um processo de qualificação de peças estruturais das espécies emergentes Leucaena leucocephala, Corymbia maculata e híbrido torelliodora: Corymbia torelliana x Corymbia citriodora, através de ensaios simplificados a fim de profissionalizar o uso generalizado da madeira. O mercado madeireiro não dispõe de recursos técnicos e econômicos para oferecer, com critério de segurança, novas alternativas de madeiras. Cumpriu-se um exigente programa de métodos de ensaios laboratoriais conhecidos em normas e de novos procedimentos de ensaio de obra aliando vantagens econômicas, segurança e tempo. São apresentados ensaios de flexão não destrutivos e destrutivos em peças na condição real de uso em máquina universal de ensaio, em obra e em corpos de provas segundo recomendações da norma brasileira NBR 7190/97. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os métodos de ensaio, concluindo-se, por um lado, que dificilmente se conseguem corpos de prova totalmente isentos de defeitos e, por outro lado, que os ensaios de obra são plenamente confiáveis. Estabeleceram-se correlações entre módulo de elasticidade (EM0) e o módulo de ruptura (fM) e entre resistência à compressão (fc0) e o módulo de ruptura (fM), módulo de elasticidade (EM0), módulo de elasticidade na compressão (Ec0), resistência ao cisalhamento (fv0) e densidade aparente, a fim de determinarem-se as propriedades mecânicas obtidas por ensaios mais complicados a partir de ensaios mais simples e, assim minimizar custos e tempo. Os resultados corroboraram para que a madeira seja comercializada e qualificada pelo módulo de elasticidade (EM0) e módulo de ruptura (fM) para cálculos e dimensionamentos de estruturas de madeira, possibilitando otimização de material e maior segurança nas estruturas. As espécies estudadas são aptas para o mercado de madeira estrutural ficando evidenciado que o ensaio de obra constitui-se numa metodologia que pode ser facilmente utilizada a nível comercial e de obra.
The current study aims to present a qualification process of structural wood pieces of emerging species Leucaena leucocephala, Corymbia maculata and hybrid torelliodora (Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora), through simplified tests to professionalize the generalized timber uses. The wood market, due to lack of technical and economic resources, cannot offer, with safety criteria, alternatives to timber sources. A demanding program of standard laboratory testing protocols was followed and new test procedures for field tests combining economic advantages, security and time were developed. Nondestructive and destructive bending tests are presented in timber pieces in the real use condition in the universal testing machine, in field tests and in specimens according to recommendations of the Brazilian standard NBR 7190/97. No significant differences between the test methods were observed, which implies, from one side, that is almost impossible to obtain entirely defect-free specimens and, from the other side, the field tests are fully reliable. Correlations were established between modulus of elasticity (EM0) and modulus of rupture (fM); and between compression strength (fc0) and modulus of rupture (fM), modulus of elasticity (EM0), modulus of elasticity in compression in parallel to the grain (Ec0), shear strength (fv0) and apparent density to determine the more complex mechanical properties from those simpler and thus reducing costs and time. The results contribute to timber marketing and qualification by the modulus of elasticity (EM0) and modulus of rupture module (fM) for calculations and dimensioning of wooden structures, enabling material optimization and higher structural safety. The studied species are suitable for the structural wood market becoming an evidence that the field tests constitute a methodology that can be easily used in commercial level and construction.

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33

Soto, Gonzales José Luis [UNESP]. "Qualidade fisiológica de sementes, crescimento e eficiência do uso do fósforo de Corymbia citriodora Hill & Johnson." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105192.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho objetivou estudar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes, crescimento e eficiência do uso do fósforo de Corymbia citriodora em condições de laboratório e viveiro. A qualidade fisiológica foi avaliada em sementes provenientes de 30 árvores matrizes de diferentes procedências pelos testes de envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica e teor de potássio. As médias entre matrizes foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Na casa de vegetação, a qualidade fisiológica foi avaliada quanto à germinação em recipientes de 50 cm3. Para a eficiência de utilização de fósforo, foram usadas plantas provenientes de quatro matrizes que receberam sete doses de fósforo (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150 mg dm-3 de P). O experimento foi instalado no esquema fatorial 7 x 4, com quatro repetições em vasos com 5 dm3 de solo, em casa de vegetação. Aos 90 dias após o transplantio das mudas, foram avaliados: a altura da planta e o diâmetro do colo; a massa de matéria seca de folhas, caule e galhos e raízes; o teor, a quantidade e a eficiência de utilização de fósforo nas folhas. As variações das características avaliadas em função dos teores de fósforo foram analisadas através de equações de regressão polinomial. O teste de envelhecimento acelerado separou as árvores matrizes em dois grupos de qualidade fisiológica. Os testes de condutividade elétrica e de teor de potássio discriminaram matrizes com alto, médio e baixo vigor de sementes. Houve correlação significativa entre o teste de emergência de plântulas em viveiro com os testes de vigor e entre testes de vigor. As plantas de quatro matrizes de C. citriodora de diferentes procedências responderam de maneira diferente às doses de fósforo, sendo que a recomendação se encontra entre 30 e 100 mg dm-3 de P de acordo com a característica avaliada e a matriz
This work aimed to study the physiological quality of seeds, growth and efficiency in the use of phosphorus of Corymbia citriodora in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The physiological quality was evaluated in seeds from 30 mother trees of different provenances by accelerated aging and electrical conductivity tests and potassium content. Mean differences were detected by Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. In greenhouse, the physiological quality was evaluated by germination test in 50 dm3 pots. To evaluate the phosphorus use efficiency were used seedlings from four mother trees, which received seven different doses of phosphorus (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg dm-3 of P). The experiment was carried out in 7 x 4 factorial design with four replication in 5 dm3 pots with soil in greenhouse. At 90 days after transplantation were evaluated: the height and diameter of plants, dry matter of leaves, steams, branches and roots, content and amount of phosphorus, and phosphorus use efficiency in leaves. The different effects due to phosphorus doses in characteristics were analyzed by polynomial regression equation. The results of accelerated aging test indicated the existence of two group of different physiological quality. The electrical conductivity and the potassium content allowed to distinguished mother trees with high, medium and low vigor of seeds. There was significant correlation between the seedling emergence test in greenhouse and vigor test, and between own the vigor tests. The C. citriodora seedlings from four mother trees of different provenances responded to phosphorus doses differently. The phosphorus recommendation is between 30 and 100 mg dm-3 of phosphorus according to evaluated characteristics and mother tree

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34

Nunes, Cintia Silva. "Propriedades tecnol?gicas e qualidade de ades?o de madeiras de Corymbia citriodora e Eucalyptus pellita termorretificadas." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1560.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Heat treatment provides desirable characteristics to the wood such as higher dimensional stability, higher natural durability and, in some cases, changes on original color. However, the treatment can also drastically alter the physical and chemical characteristics of wood surfaces, which affect the adhesion quality and coating application. In this context, the objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the effect of heat treatmens on physical properties (density, equilibrium moisture content and mass loss) of Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson and Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. woods; (2) to determine the effect of heat treatment on color change of both woods; (3) to evaluate the effect of heat treatments on adhesion quality of glued joints by shear strength testing; and (4) to evaluate the effect of physical and chemical modifications following heat treatment on adhesion characteristics. Heat treatments were performed in a laboratorial electric oven at 180 and 200?C. Color measurements were carried out on the CIE-L*a*b* space by using the CM-2600d portable spectrophotometer. Shear strength tests of the glued joints and solid woods were performed according to ASTM D 905 and ASTM D 143 standards, respectively. Three adhesive types were used: resorcinol, resorcinol-tannin 80:20 and resorcinol-tannin 60:40. Density and equilibrium moisture content of both wood species were reduzed by heat treatment. Both woods had mass loss, which increased with the increase of temperature and was more pronounced for Eucalyptus pellita. The original color of the woods changed following heat treatment, mainly to Eucalyptus pellita. The shear strength of solid wood and glued joints of both species was severely affected by heat treatments. The resorcinol-tannin 80:20 adhesive showed the best performance for untreated woods, however, after heat treatment, the adhesive type did not affect the shear strength. Glued joints of heat-treated woods had high percentage of wood failure due to higher porosity and adhesive penetration. The acidity of heat-treated woods affected the shear strength and presented a strong correlation with equilibrium moisture content due to degradation of hemicelluloses. Heat treatments at 180 and 200oC are extremely severe to Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus pellita woods
O tratamento de termorretifica??o proporciona ? madeira caracter?sticas desej?veis tais como maior estabilidade dimensional, maior durabilidade natural e, em alguns casos, altera??o da cor original. Entretanto, o tratamento tamb?m pode alterar drasticamente as caracter?sticas f?sicas e qu?micas das superf?cies da madeira, as quais afetam a qualidade de ades?o e a aplica??o de revestimentos. Neste contexto, os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) avaliar o efeito dos tratamentos nas propriedades f?sicas (densidade, teor de umidade de equil?brio e perda de massa) da madeira de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson e Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell.; (2) determinar o efeito dos tratamentos termorretificadores na altera??o da cor da madeira de ambas as esp?cies; (3) avaliar o efeito dos tratamentos na qualidade de ades?o de juntas coladas atrav?s de testes de resist?ncia ao cisalhamento; e (4) avaliar o efeito das altera??es f?sicas e qu?micas causadas pela termorretifica??o nas caracter?sticas de ades?o. A termorretifica??o foi realizada em um forno mufla el?trico laboratorial a 180 e 200?C. As medi??es de cor foram realizadas no espa?o CIE-L*a*b* com o aux?lio do espectrofot?metro port?til CM-2600d. Os ensaios de cisalhamento das juntas de madeira colada e das madeiras s?lidas foram realizados segundo as normas ASTM D 905 e ASTM D 143, respectivamente. Foram utilizados tr?s tipos de adesivos: resorcinol, resorcinol-tanino 80:20 e resorcinol-tanino 60:40. A densidade aparente e o teor de umidade de equil?brio das madeiras de ambas as esp?cies foram reduzidos pela termorretifica??o. Ambas as madeiras apresentaram perda de massa, sendo esta crescente com o aumento da temperatura e mais acentuada para a madeira de Eucalyptus pellita. A cor original das madeiras foi alterada pelo tratamento, principalmente para o Eucalyptus pellita. A resist?ncia ao cisalhamento da madeira s?lida e das juntas coladas de ambas as esp?cies foi severamente afetada pelos tratamentos termorretificadores. O adesivo resorcinol-tanino 80:20 apresentou o melhor desempenho para as madeiras n?o termorretificadas de ambas as esp?cies; entretanto, ap?s a termorretifica??o, o tipo de adesivo n?o afetou a resist?ncia ao cisalhamento. As juntas coladas das amostras de madeiras termorretificadas apresentaram uma alta porcentagem de falhas na madeira devido ? maior porosidade e maior penetra??o do adesivo. A acidez das amostras da madeira termorretificada afetou a resist?ncia ao cisalhamento e apresentou uma forte correla??o com o teor de umidade de equil?brio devido ? degrada??o das hemiceluloses. Os tratamentos termorretificadores a 180 e 200?C s?o extremamente severos para as madeiras de Corymbia citriodora e Eucalyptus pellita

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35

Soto, Gonzales José Luis. "Qualidade fisiológica de sementes, crescimento e eficiência do uso do fósforo de Corymbia citriodora Hill & Johnson /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105192.

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Orientador: Sérgio Valiengo Valeri
Banca: Antônio Lúcio Mello Martins
Banca: Sérgio Roberto Garcia dos Santos
Banca: Rinaldo César de Paula
Banca: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz
Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou estudar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes, crescimento e eficiência do uso do fósforo de Corymbia citriodora em condições de laboratório e viveiro. A qualidade fisiológica foi avaliada em sementes provenientes de 30 árvores matrizes de diferentes procedências pelos testes de envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica e teor de potássio. As médias entre matrizes foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Na casa de vegetação, a qualidade fisiológica foi avaliada quanto à germinação em recipientes de 50 cm3. Para a eficiência de utilização de fósforo, foram usadas plantas provenientes de quatro matrizes que receberam sete doses de fósforo (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150 mg dm-3 de P). O experimento foi instalado no esquema fatorial 7 x 4, com quatro repetições em vasos com 5 dm3 de solo, em casa de vegetação. Aos 90 dias após o transplantio das mudas, foram avaliados: a altura da planta e o diâmetro do colo; a massa de matéria seca de folhas, caule e galhos e raízes; o teor, a quantidade e a eficiência de utilização de fósforo nas folhas. As variações das características avaliadas em função dos teores de fósforo foram analisadas através de equações de regressão polinomial. O teste de envelhecimento acelerado separou as árvores matrizes em dois grupos de qualidade fisiológica. Os testes de condutividade elétrica e de teor de potássio discriminaram matrizes com alto, médio e baixo vigor de sementes. Houve correlação significativa entre o teste de emergência de plântulas em viveiro com os testes de vigor e entre testes de vigor. As plantas de quatro matrizes de C. citriodora de diferentes procedências responderam de maneira diferente às doses de fósforo, sendo que a recomendação se encontra entre 30 e 100 mg dm-3 de P de acordo com a característica avaliada e a matriz
Abstract: This work aimed to study the physiological quality of seeds, growth and efficiency in the use of phosphorus of Corymbia citriodora in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The physiological quality was evaluated in seeds from 30 mother trees of different provenances by accelerated aging and electrical conductivity tests and potassium content. Mean differences were detected by Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. In greenhouse, the physiological quality was evaluated by germination test in 50 dm3 pots. To evaluate the phosphorus use efficiency were used seedlings from four mother trees, which received seven different doses of phosphorus (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg dm-3 of P). The experiment was carried out in 7 x 4 factorial design with four replication in 5 dm3 pots with soil in greenhouse. At 90 days after transplantation were evaluated: the height and diameter of plants, dry matter of leaves, steams, branches and roots, content and amount of phosphorus, and phosphorus use efficiency in leaves. The different effects due to phosphorus doses in characteristics were analyzed by polynomial regression equation. The results of accelerated aging test indicated the existence of two group of different physiological quality. The electrical conductivity and the potassium content allowed to distinguished mother trees with high, medium and low vigor of seeds. There was significant correlation between the seedling emergence test in greenhouse and vigor test, and between own the vigor tests. The C. citriodora seedlings from four mother trees of different provenances responded to phosphorus doses differently. The phosphorus recommendation is between 30 and 100 mg dm-3 of phosphorus according to evaluated characteristics and mother tree
Doutor

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Dogenski, Mirelle. "Extração do óleo essencial e oleoresina das folhas de Corymbia citriodora utilizando CO2 em condições sub e supercríticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74132/tde-17122013-141819/.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo o mapeamento da composição do óleo essencial (OE) de Corymbia citriodora produzido no Brasil pelas principais destilarias, Três Barras (FTB) e Meneghetti (FMG), e a extração do OE e oleoresina (OR) a partir das folhas utilizando a tecnologia de fluidos supercríticos. Foram estudados os efeitos das condições do processo, pressão (P) e temperatura (T), sobre a composição química e rendimento dos extratos, além da atividade antioxidante de alguns ensaios. As folhas picotadas apresentaram umidade de 7,33±1,1 e 8,66±0,5% para a FMG e FTB, respectivamente. As extrações, a partir das folhas com CO2 em condições sub e supercríticas, foram realizadas em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, obteve-se o OE e, em seguida, as condições foram reajustadas para se fazer a extração da OR. As combinações das variáveis P e T foram determinadas conforme um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), sendo feito um para cada etapa de extração. Para todos os extratos obtidos na primeira etapa, bem como dos OEs obtidos por arraste à vapor (AV) e hidrodestilação (HD), determinou-se o perfil de voláteis por cromatografia gasosa acoplado ao espectrofotômetro de massa (GC/MS). Os ensaios de maior rendimento em OE sem a coextração de pigmentos (100 bar e 60ºC, FTB=1,59% e FMG= 1,56%) e OR (220 bar e 70ºC, FTB=1,59% e FMG= 1,56%) tiveram sua atividade antioxidante determinada pelos métodos DPPH e branqueamento do β-caroteno. A OR também foi avaliada quanto ao seu teor de compostos fenólicos totais, pelos métodos Folin Ciocalteu e Azul da Prússia, e flavonoides totais. Para a amostra FTB, verificou-se a influencia positiva da P no rendimento de óleo essencial (p<0,05), enquanto que para a amostra FMG nenhuma variável teve influencia significativa (p>0,05). Na resposta rendimento da OR, as variáveis independentes P e T não tiveram influencia significativa. A concentração do citronelal (CC) teve influencia significativa da P para a amostra FTB e da interação P × T, para a FMG. Para a amostra FTB, na condição supercrítica de 100 bar e 60ºC, o rendimento em OE foi semelhante ao obtido por HD (1,59% e 1,6±0,15%, respectivamente), porém o teor de citronelal foi superior (de 87,6%) ao método convencional (79,5%). Nestas mesmas condições para a amostra FMG, os rendimentos foram de 1,53 e 1,16±0,15% e os teores de citronelal de 71,8% e 57,9% para os OE obtidos por SFE e HD, respectivamente. Os OEs obtidos por AV das amostras FTB e FMG apresentaram teores de citronelal de 79,8 e 76,6%, respectivamente. Nestes OEs foram identificados diversos compostos com atividade biológica comprovada; verificou-se variações tanto na quantidade quanto na qualidade dos compostos encontrados em cada amostra. As ORs obtidas das folhas FTB e FMG apresentaram alta capacidade antioxidante em ambos os métodos testados, branqueamento do β-caroteno e DPPH, com 81,6±3,0 e 81,7±1,6% de inibição e EC50 de 18,04±0,6 e 12,6±0,4 mg/mL, respectivamente. A capacidade redutora dos compostos da OR foi maior para o método do Azul da Prússia (FTB= 15,7±1,6 e FMG= 12,9±0,5 mg EAG/100g de folhas) em relação ao reagente Folin-Ciocalteu (FTB=74,2±4,0 e FMG= 84,8±2,4, em mg EC/100g de folhas). Os teores de flavonoides (FTB=26,7±3,9 e FMG=20,4±0,9, em mg EC/100g de folhas) foram superiores aos valores dos compostos fenólicos obtidos pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu, provavelmente porque o extrato foi testado em sua forma bruta. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que através das condições adequadas de extração com CO2 supercrítico é possível a obtenção de um OE enriquecido em citronelal e de uma OR com alta atividade biológica. A técnica também permite um melhor aproveitamento da matéria-prima, através da extração sequencial e seletiva de OE e OR, em relação aos métodos convencionais.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the Corymbia citriodora essential oil (EO) composition produced by the main Brazilian distilleries; Meneghetti and Três Barras moreover evaluate the yield, composition and biological activity of (EO) and oleoresin (OR) obtained from leaves by using supercritical fluids technology. The effects of operational conditions, pressure (P) and temperature (T), on chemical composition and yield were studied. The cut leaves showed moisture content of 7,33±1,1 and 8,66±0,5% to FMG and FTB samples, respectively. The extractions using CO2 in sub and supercritical conditions were performed in two steps. In the first step the EO was obtained. After, the operational conditions were readjusted to make the OR extraction. The P and T values were determined using a complete factorial experimental design (CFED). It was used two experimental designs, one for each step. The volatile profile of all EO, obtained by steam distillation (AV), hydrodistillation (HD) and SFE were determined using a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC/MS) equipment. The experiments that provide the higher yields in EO without pigments coextraction (100 bar e 60ºC, FTB=1,59% e FMG= 1,56%) and OR (220 bar e 70ºC, FTB=1,59% e FMG= 1,56%) had their antioxidant activity determined by DPPH test and β-carotene bleaching assay. The OR was also evaluated for its content of total flavonoids and total phenolics by two different methods, Prussian Blue and Folin-Ciocalteu. In the FTB sample, SFE, to the sample FTB was observed the positive influence of P on essential oil yield (p<0,05), whereas to FMG the variables P and T or its interaction do not have significantly influence in this response. The citronellal concentration (CC) had a positive influence of P to FTB sample and P x T interaction to FMG sample. To FTB, at 100 bar and 60ºC, the EO yield was similar from that obtained by HD (1,59% e 1,6±0,15%, respectively). However the citronelal concentration was higher than ( 87,6%) that obtained by the convencional method (79,5%). At the same conditions, to the FMG sample at the same conditions, the yields were 1,53 e 1,16±0,15% and the citrionelal concentration were 71,8% e 57,9% to the EO obtained by SFE and HD, respectively. OE obtained by AV from FTB and FMG showed citronellal concentrations of 79,8 e 76,6%, respectively. In this EO were identified a variety of compounds with biological activity; it was verified variations in both quantity and the quality of the compounds in each sample. The ORs obtained from FTB and FMG showed a high antioxidant capacity in both, β-carotene bleaching assay and DPPH test, with inhibition of 81,6±3,0 e 81,7±1,6% and EC50 of 18,04±0,6 e 12,6±0,4 mg/mL, respectively. Reducing capacity of OR compounds was higher in Prussian Blue method (FTB= 15,7±1,6 e FMG= 12,9±0,5 mg EAG/100g of leaves) in relation to Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FTB=74,2±4,0 e FMG= 84,8±2,4, em mg EC/100g de folhas). Total flavonoids (FTB=26,7±3,9 e FMG=20,4±0,9, em mg EC/100g of leaves) were higher than the value of phenolic compounds obtained in Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, probably because the extract was tested crude. The results obtained suggest that by using the SFE it is possible to obtain an EO with a high citronellal concentration. OR also showed a high antioxidant capacity. The SFE technique also improve the raw material utilization by the sequencial and selective extraction of EO and OR, in relation of conventional methods.

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37

King, Rachel, and n/a. "Spatial Structure and Population Genetic Variation in a Eucalypt Species Complex." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050113.091713.

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In this study, the relative influences of selection, gene flow, and other evolutionary forces on the spatial structure of genetic variation within a eucalypt species complex (the spotted gums: genus Corymbia, section Politaria) were assessed. The study investigated the spatial genetic structure among four putative species of spotted gum (broad-scale), as well as within a single population (fine-scale)of one species, using both molecular and quantitative markers. The spotted gum complex occurs naturally across a range of 2500 km in eastern Australia. Spatial genetic variation within and between the four putative spotted gum species was examined using both chloroplast and nuclear markers. No significant differentiation was found between the three northern species of the complex, C. citriodora, C. variegata and C. henryi. The southern species, C. maculata, shared no haplotypes with any of the three northern species. These results disagree in part with those reported in a previous allozyme based study in which C. henryi was found to be significantly divergent from C. variegata (with which it is sympatric) and more closely aligned with C. maculata. Re-analysis of the allozyme data provided evidence of selection acting at the PGM2 locus within populations of C. variegata and C. henryi. The exclusion of this locus from the data set led to concordance between the cpDNA and nDNA analyses. Restricted gene flow and evidence of isolation by distance were identified as the dominant processes influencing the contemporary distribution of the cpDNA haplotypes. No geographic structure of haplotypes was found and complex genealogical relationships between haplotypes indicated the combined effects of past fragmentation, range expansion and possible long distance dispersal events. The variation and spatial structure in both neutral molecular markers and quantitative genetic traits were compared to explore the relative influences of dispersal and selection within a single eucalypt population. Both mature trees (n=130) from a natural population of C. variegata and their progeny (n=127) were sampled. A very high outcrossing rate (98%) was estimated for the population based on data from seven microsatellite loci. This suggested regular pollenmediated gene flow into the population, further supported by the observed high levels of genetic diversity and polymorphism. Significant positive spatial structure was found between parent trees occurring up to 150 m apart in the natural forest, although genetic distance between these individuals suggested limited relatedness (i.e. less than half-sib relatedness). The effect of pollen-mediated gene flow appears, therefore, to swamp any effect of nearest neighbour inbreeding which has been reported in other studies of eucalypt populations and has been attributed to limited seed dispersal. Resistance to the fungal disease Sporothrix pitereka (Ramularia Shoot Blight) was measured on progeny from each of the population study trees. Substantial resistance variability was found, along with a high estimate in heritability of resistance (0.44 ± 0.06), indicating significant additive genetic variation within the population. Spatial analysis showed no significant spatial structure with resistant and susceptible genotypes apparently distributed randomly throughout the population. The lack of concordance between the molecular and quantitative markers suggests that there may be a cost to resistance. Temporal variation in the severity of disease outbreaks may have then led to differential selection of seedlings across many generations, maintaining variability in disease resistance and facilitating the apparent random distribution of disease resistant and susceptible genotypes throughout the population. C. variegata is an important commercial forestry species. The identification of strong genetic control in the disease resistance trait, as well as significant adverse genetic and phenotypic correlations between susceptibility and growth traits, will aid future breeding programs. Controlled crosses between resistant genotypes from this population should result in strong genetic gains in both resistance and growth, with little costs associated with inbreeding depression due to the highly outcrossed nature of the population.

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38

Glória, Júnior Murilo Azevedo. "Influência da cubagem rigorosa no ajuste de modelos de taper para eucalipto no sul do Tocantins." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/675.

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Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar modelos de taper utilizando-se dados obtidos em uma cubagem rigorosa absoluta e em outra cubagem relativa para o Corymbia citriodora. Os dados foram obtidos em um plantio comercial localizado na região do município de Gurupi, região Sul do Estado do Tocantins. Foram coletados dados de 35 árvores-amostra, cujos dados se utilizou no ajuste 5 modelos de taper, Schöepfer, Demaerschalk, Ormerod, Hradetzky e Biging. Na avaliação destes, adotou-se os critérios estatísticos: erro padrão da estimativa, coeficiente de determinação ajustado e desvio médio, além da análise da distribuição dos resíduos. Concluiu-se que o modelo de Hradetzky (1976) foi o que mais se ajustou para descrever o perfil do tronco de Corymbia citriodora na região Sul do Tocantins e o modelo de Biging, utilizando a cubagem absoluta, foi o que apresentou melhor predição dos diâmetros seguido de Hradetzky, ambos sendo adequados para quantificar multiprodutos da madeira de Corymbia citriodora.
The objective of this work was to evaluate taper models, together with two forms of absolute and relative rigor, for Corymbia citriodora in a commercial plantation located in the municipality of Dueré, southern region of the State of Tocantins. Data were collected from 35 sample trees, whose data were used in the adjustment of 5 taper models, Schöepfer, Demaerschalk, Ormerod, Hradetzky and Biging. In the evaluation of these, the statistical criteria were adopted: standard error of the estimate, adjusted coefficient of determination and mean deviation, and the complementary analysis of graphical distribution of the residues. It was concluded that the model of Hradetzky (1976) was the one that most fit to describe the profile of the trunk of the species Corymbia citriodora in the South region of Tocantins, and the model of Biging using the absolute cuba was the one that presented better prediction of the diameters , followed by Hradetzky, both being suitable to quantify multiproducts of the wood of Corymbia citriodora.

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39

King, Rachel. "Spatial Structure and Population Genetic Variation in a Eucalypt Species Complex." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365496.

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Abstract:

In this study, the relative influences of selection, gene flow, and other evolutionary forces on the spatial structure of genetic variation within a eucalypt species complex (the spotted gums: genus Corymbia, section Politaria) were assessed. The study investigated the spatial genetic structure among four putative species of spotted gum (broad-scale), as well as within a single population (fine-scale)of one species, using both molecular and quantitative markers. The spotted gum complex occurs naturally across a range of 2500 km in eastern Australia. Spatial genetic variation within and between the four putative spotted gum species was examined using both chloroplast and nuclear markers. No significant differentiation was found between the three northern species of the complex, C. citriodora, C. variegata and C. henryi. The southern species, C. maculata, shared no haplotypes with any of the three northern species. These results disagree in part with those reported in a previous allozyme based study in which C. henryi was found to be significantly divergent from C. variegata (with which it is sympatric) and more closely aligned with C. maculata. Re-analysis of the allozyme data provided evidence of selection acting at the PGM2 locus within populations of C. variegata and C. henryi. The exclusion of this locus from the data set led to concordance between the cpDNA and nDNA analyses. Restricted gene flow and evidence of isolation by distance were identified as the dominant processes influencing the contemporary distribution of the cpDNA haplotypes. No geographic structure of haplotypes was found and complex genealogical relationships between haplotypes indicated the combined effects of past fragmentation, range expansion and possible long distance dispersal events. The variation and spatial structure in both neutral molecular markers and quantitative genetic traits were compared to explore the relative influences of dispersal and selection within a single eucalypt population. Both mature trees (n=130) from a natural population of C. variegata and their progeny (n=127) were sampled. A very high outcrossing rate (98%) was estimated for the population based on data from seven microsatellite loci. This suggested regular pollen–mediated gene flow into the population, further supported by the observed high levels of genetic diversity and polymorphism. Significant positive spatial structure was found between parent trees occurring up to 150 m apart in the natural forest, although genetic distance between these individuals suggested limited relatedness (i.e. less than half-sib relatedness). The effect of pollen-mediated gene flow appears, therefore, to swamp any effect of nearest neighbour inbreeding which has been reported in other studies of eucalypt populations and has been attributed to limited seed dispersal. Resistance to the fungal disease Sporothrix pitereka (Ramularia Shoot Blight) was measured on progeny from each of the population study trees. Substantial resistance variability was found, along with a high estimate in heritability of resistance (0.44 ± 0.06), indicating significant additive genetic variation within the population. Spatial analysis showed no significant spatial structure with resistant and susceptible genotypes apparently distributed randomly throughout the population. The lack of concordance between the molecular and quantitative markers suggests that there may be a cost to resistance. Temporal variation in the severity of disease outbreaks may have then led to differential selection of seedlings across many generations, maintaining variability in disease resistance and facilitating the apparent random distribution of disease resistant and susceptible genotypes throughout the population. C. variegata is an important commercial forestry species. The identification of strong genetic control in the disease resistance trait, as well as significant adverse genetic and phenotypic correlations between susceptibility and growth traits, will aid future breeding programs. Controlled crosses between resistant genotypes from this population should result in strong genetic gains in both resistance and growth, with little costs associated with inbreeding depression due to the highly outcrossed nature of the population.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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40

Benjamin, Cláudia Assumpção [UNESP]. "Estudo da estrutura anatômica e das propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Corymbia (Eucalyptus) citriodora e Eucalyptus grandis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101780.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as correlações existentes entre as propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de eucalipto proveniente de árvores com presença de madeira juvenil e adulta. O estudo foi conduzido com a caracterização complementar da estrutura anatômica da madeira sob análise, a partir de análises microscópicas do lenho. Estudaram-se 12 árvores, sendo seis de E. grandis com 28 anos de idade e seis de Corymbia (Eucalyptus) citriodora com 29 anos de idade. As árvores foram disponibilizadas pela Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais (EECF - LCF/ESALQUSP), localizada no município de Anhembi-SP. A partir do DAP, no sentido da base da árvore, foi retirada uma tora de 70 cm de comprimento. Da tora, foram retirados um disco para determinação da densidade básica da madeira da árvore e uma prancha central, para obtenção dos corpos-de-prova utilizados para os ensaios de propriedades físico-mecânicas e análises anatômicas da madeira. Nas 12 árvores amostradas foram mensuradas (ao longo do sentido medula-casca, lados direito e esquerdo) a densidade aparente da madeira, utilizando-se da técnica da densitometria de raios X e a densidade básica por mensuração e pesagem de corpos-de-prova. Ainda nesse sentido, em intervalos aproximadamente regulares de 35 mm, foram mensuradas as retratibilidades lineares e volumétricas. As resistências à compressão e à dureza paralela às fibras também foram medidas com a mesma regularidade ao longo do raio, com a madeira verde (na umidade de abate da árvore) e na umidade de equilíbrio ao ar ao longo de todo o raio. Para seis das 12 árvores (três árvores por espécie) foram mensuradas, 2 em três posições distintas na direção radial, algumas importantes características anatômicas do lenho, em regiões coincidentes com aquelas...
This paper had the objective of studying the correlation between physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus wood from trees with expressive presence of both juvenile and mature wood. The study was carried out with complementary characterization of the anatomical structure of wood, using microscopic analyses. It were sampled 12 trees, six from Eucalytpus grandis 28 years old and six from Corymbia (Eucalyptus) citriodora 29 years old. Trees were obtained from Forestal Science Experimental Station of ESALQ-USP - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiróz at Anhembi-São Paulo State - Brazil. From DBH to the base of each tree it was sawed a log, 70cm long, from which it was cut a disc, 7 cm thick, for specific gravity determination and, in the remaining log was cut a central board (approximately 63cm long) to produce specimens for physical and mechanical properties determination. On all the trees (from pith to bark, right and left sides) it were evaluated the radial variation of specific gravity and density (12% MC) using X-ray densitometry and conventional methods. On regular intervals of 35mm from pith to bark, using specimens, it were measured radial, tangential, longitudinal and volumetric shrinkage and compression and hardness parallel to grain strength (green wood and wood at EMC for mechanical tests). For three of the 12 trees, in three different position along one of the radius of the tree, it were also measured several anatomical characteristics, on region coincident with those of the specimens for physical and mechanical tests. With the obtained results it were established patterns of variation of all measured properties on radial direction, taking in account the effects of specie, side (right and 4 left) and important features of xylem (heart wood/sapwood and juvenile wood/mature wood). It were... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

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Biagiotti, Gabriel [UNESP]. "Aplicação de fósforo e potássio na implantação de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124126.

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A adubação de implantação florestal pode favorecer o crescimento inicial e o estabelecimento das árvores em um reflorestamento. Corymbia citriodora é uma das espécies madeiráveis mais plantadas no Brasil para diversos fins comerciais. Foram conduzidos experimentos em condições de campo com objetivo de verificar os efeitos de doses de fósforo e potássio no crescimento, concentração dos nutrientes nas folhas e produção de biomassa de madeira de C. citriodora na fase de implantação. No experimento de fósforo foram aplicados 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 kg ha-1 de P2O5 no plantio e no experimento de potássio foram aplicados 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 kg ha-1 de K2O em três etapas, plantio, 3 e 6 meses de idade. Os experimentos foram realizados em Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo textura arenosa. As mudas foram plantadas no espaçamento de 3 x 2 m e o delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os resultados indicam que, após um ano da implantação, a aplicação de 30 kg ha-1 de P2O5 promoveu o maior crescimento das plantas e a maior produção de biomassa de madeira, possibilitando um incremento de 65% na produção de madeira em relação ao tratamento controle. No experimento de potássio, a aplicação de 90 kg ha-1 de K2O resultou em incremento de 75% na produção de madeira no primeiro ano
The forest fertilization at implementation can promote early growth and the establishment of trees in a reforestation. Corymbia citriodora is one of the most timber species planted in Brazil for several commercial purposes. Experiments were conducted under field conditions in order to verify the effects of phosphorus and potassium on growth, nutrient concentration of leaves, and production of C. citriodora wood biomass at the implementation phase. At the phosphorus experiment 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg ha-1 of P2O5 were applied at planting and at the potassium experiment 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg ha-1 of K2O were applied in three times: planting, 3 and 6 months of age. The experiments were performed in Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo (Ultisol). The seedlings were planted in 3 x 2 m spacing. The experimental design was the randomized block, with six treatments and four replications. The results indicated that after a year of implementation, the application of 30 kg ha-1 of P2O5 promoted greater plant growth and it increased the wood biomass production, allowing a wood increase of 65% when compared to the control. In the potassium experiment, the application of 90 kg ha-1 of K2O promoted an increase of 75% in wood production in the first year

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au, t. paap@murdoch edu, and Trudy Paap. "The incidence, severity and possible causes of canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070423.152657.

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The impact of a canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia (WA) has increased substantially since it was first observed causing decline and death of this species in the 1970s. By the early 1990s there were expressions of concern and calls to determine the cause and management options. Despite this, there has been very little research into the incidence, severity and possible causes of the disease. There are, however, historical reports dating back to the 1920s of a canker disease of amenity planted C. ficifolia caused by Sporotrichum destructor, though the diagnosis and Latin description were never published. It has been suggested that there may be links between this species and the genus Quambalaria, a group containing leaf and shoot pathogens of species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia. This study examined the incidence and symptomology of the disease, the range of fungal species associated with healthy and diseased C. calophylla, and the pathogenicity of isolates obtained from these surveys. Also investigated was the identity of the pathogen, S. destructor, historically attributed to canker disease of C. ficifolia, to determine whether this pathogen is responsible for the current epidemic of C. calophylla canker and if it is synonymous with Quambalaria. Cankers were present on trees across the range of surveyed sites, with lesions occurring on trunks, branches or twigs of 25.7 % of the C. calophylla surveyed. Canker incidence was significantly greater on trees present at remnant sites, such as roadsides and in paddocks, than forest trees being 38 % and 13.3 %, respectively. Tree height, trunk diameter at breast height and crown position, size and health ratings were significant predictors of canker presence, with cankers more common on larger, older trees and trees with poor crown condition. Bark cracks exuding kino were present on 48 % of the surveyed trees, and when dissected, lesions were observed on 40 %, suggesting that these cracks could be the initial stages of canker disease. This was confirmed by the observation of a number of cracks that developed into perennial cankers during the three year study. Monitoring of canker development and the examination of transverse sections showed the circumvention of host defenses by the pathogen and the subsequential walling off response of the host (which typifies perennial cankers) was not necessarily an annual event, with no change observed in some cankers over the three year period, while others progressed rapidly in that time, occasionally to the point of girdling and killing the host. Initial surveys isolated 44 fungal species from healthy and diseased C. calophylla, with opportunistic pathogens including Endothiella eucalypti and Cytospora eucalypticola common. Subsequent surveys foccussed more on a potential pathogen in the genus Quambalaria, which was rarely isolated from active lesions, presumably because of its slow growth rate, but which sporulated consistently on the surface of older sections of the cankers. DNA sequences confirmed that Q. cyanescens and Q. pitereka are present in southwest WA, with the latter associated with leaf and shoot disease. A third and new species of Quambalaria was isolated from cankers. Comparisons of disease symptoms and conidiogenesis indicate this species is synonymous with S. destructor. The species is formally described here as Q. coyrecup T. Paap sp. nov. A pathogenicity trial was unsuccessful in causing disease symptoms in trees inoculated with core plugs taken from canker lesion margins of diseased trees, though the time frame and environmental factors may not have been adequate for disease development. The core plug inoculation method may also have failed because opportunistic pathogens which were frequently isolated from lesions out-competed Q. coyrecup (paralleling the results achieved by culturing from lesions). Quambalaria coyrecup caused symptoms matching those observed in natural infections when suitable hosts were inoculated, confirming it is the fungus responsible for the current canker disease of C. calophylla and C. ficifolia. Endothiella eucalypti also caused significant lesions, though these were not typical of natural infections, which together with its frequent isolation from both healthy and diseased trees suggests it is an opportunistic pathogen, potentially contributing to disease development in trees already infected with Q. coyrecup. Isolates of Q. pitereka from WA and eastern Australia both caused typical shoot blight symptoms in the WA hosts C. calophylla and C. ficifolia, and the eastern Australian host C. maculata, though a larger path trial is required to examine the possibility of host specificity. Quambalaria cyanescens was non-pathogenic in all inoculation trials. The current cause of cankers in C. calophylla is now known to be the same as the fungus historically implicated in the canker disease of C. ficifolia, when at the time it was described as an endophyte doing little or no damage in C. calophylla. Thus, it is of immediate importance to determine the factors driving this decline, and develop control and management options.

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Moutinho, Victor Hugo Pereira. "Influência da variabilidade dimensional e da densidade da madeira de Eucalyptus sp. e Corymbia sp. na qualidade do carvão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-19022013-110220/.

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O presente trabalho objetivou a determinação e análise comparativa das propriedades físicas da madeira e do respectivo carvão vegetal, ao longo da direção radial e longitudinal do lenho de árvores de dez clones de alta produtividade de Eucalyptus e Corymbia. Para tanto, discos de diferentes alturas do tronco foram coletados de árvores das espécies, no município de Capelinha-MG, obtendo-se amostras para a determinação da densidade básica, contração linear e volumétrica, coeficiente de anisotropia e umidade inicial. Na sequência, os corpos de prova foram carbonizados, visando a determinação da densidade aparente, degradação linear e volumétrica, rendimento gravimétrico e resistência mecânica à compressão. Na avaliação do experimento, utilizou-se a análise de variância, segundo delineamento inteiramente casualizado e as análises de componentes principais (ACP), dissimilaridade e multivariada (correlação canônica) na avaliação comparativa entre as propriedades físicas da madeira e do carvão. Como resultados, verificou-se uma alta heterogeneidade entre as espécies estudadas, as quais dividiram-se em 4 grupos distintos, sendo que as contrações lineares e volumétricas mostraram-se independentes da densidade e com correlações significativas entre si. Após a carbonização, o agrupamento se fez diferente ao ocorrente para madeira, sendo que a densidade aparente apresentou alta correlação para as variáveis estudadas do carvão, a exceção da degradação linear longitudinal. A relação canônica apontou relações significativas positivas com a densidade aparente do carvão e também para o módulo de elasticidade, resistência à compressão, rendimento gravimétrico, degradação linear radial axial e tangencial. As contrações lineares e volumétricas da madeira pouco contribuíram para as propriedades do carvão. Os clones pertencentes ao gênero Corymbia mostraram-se mais promissores à produção de carvão.
This study aimed to make a comparative analysis and to determine the physical properties of wood and its charcoal along the radial and longitudinal directions of the wood of ten clones of Eucalyptus and Corymbia, of high productivity. Therefore, disks of different heights of the trunk were collected from tree species in the town of Capelinha, State of Minas Gerais - Brazil, obtaining test samples according to specific standard for determining the density, linear shrinkage and volumetric coefficient of anisotropy and initial moisture. Following, the samples were charred, aimed at determining the bulk density, volumetric and linear degradation, gravimetric yield and mechanical strength. For the evaluation of the experiment a variance analysis in a completely randomized statistical design and the principal component analysis (PCA) on comparative evaluation of the physical properties of wood was used. Multivariate dissimilarity (canonical relations) in the comparative evaluation of the physical properties of wood and charcoal was used as well. As a result, there was a high heterogeneity between the studied species, which were divided into four different groups, and also the linear and volumetric contractions were shown to be independent of density and with significant correlations with each other. After carbonization the group was different from occurring wood, where the apparent density was highly correlated to the charcoal variables, except the longitudinal linear degradation. The canonical relationship pointed to positive relationships with the bulk density of the charcoal and also the elasticity modulus, compression resistance, gravimetric yield, axial, radial and tangential linear degradation. The volumetric and linear shrinkage of wood did not significantly contribute to the properties of the charcoal. The hybrids of the genus Corymbia were more promising for charcoal production.

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44

Biagiotti, Gabriel. "Aplicação de fósforo e potássio na implantação de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson /." Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124126.

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Orientador: Sérgio Valiengo Valeri
Banca: Rinaldo Cesar de Paula
Banca: Mara Cristina Pessoa da Cruz
Banca: Vitor Corrêa de Mattos Barretto
Banca: Iraê Amaral Guerrini
Resumo: A adubação de implantação florestal pode favorecer o crescimento inicial e o estabelecimento das árvores em um reflorestamento. Corymbia citriodora é uma das espécies madeiráveis mais plantadas no Brasil para diversos fins comerciais. Foram conduzidos experimentos em condições de campo com objetivo de verificar os efeitos de doses de fósforo e potássio no crescimento, concentração dos nutrientes nas folhas e produção de biomassa de madeira de C. citriodora na fase de implantação. No experimento de fósforo foram aplicados 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 kg ha-1 de P2O5 no plantio e no experimento de potássio foram aplicados 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 kg ha-1 de K2O em três etapas, plantio, 3 e 6 meses de idade. Os experimentos foram realizados em Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo textura arenosa. As mudas foram plantadas no espaçamento de 3 x 2 m e o delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os resultados indicam que, após um ano da implantação, a aplicação de 30 kg ha-1 de P2O5 promoveu o maior crescimento das plantas e a maior produção de biomassa de madeira, possibilitando um incremento de 65% na produção de madeira em relação ao tratamento controle. No experimento de potássio, a aplicação de 90 kg ha-1 de K2O resultou em incremento de 75% na produção de madeira no primeiro ano
Abstract: The forest fertilization at implementation can promote early growth and the establishment of trees in a reforestation. Corymbia citriodora is one of the most timber species planted in Brazil for several commercial purposes. Experiments were conducted under field conditions in order to verify the effects of phosphorus and potassium on growth, nutrient concentration of leaves, and production of C. citriodora wood biomass at the implementation phase. At the phosphorus experiment 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg ha-1 of P2O5 were applied at planting and at the potassium experiment 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg ha-1 of K2O were applied in three times: planting, 3 and 6 months of age. The experiments were performed in Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo (Ultisol). The seedlings were planted in 3 x 2 m spacing. The experimental design was the randomized block, with six treatments and four replications. The results indicated that after a year of implementation, the application of 30 kg ha-1 of P2O5 promoted greater plant growth and it increased the wood biomass production, allowing a wood increase of 65% when compared to the control. In the potassium experiment, the application of 90 kg ha-1 of K2O promoted an increase of 75% in wood production in the first year
Doutor

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45

Benjamin, Cláudia Assumpção 1965. "Estudo da estrutura anatômica e das propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Corymbia (Eucalyptus) citriodora e Eucalyptus grandis /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101780.

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Orientador: Adriano Wagner Ballarin
Banca: Hernando Alfonso Lara Palma
Banca: Carlos Roberto Padovani
Banca: Mário Tomazello Filho
Banca: Takashi Yojo
Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as correlações existentes entre as propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de eucalipto proveniente de árvores com presença de madeira juvenil e adulta. O estudo foi conduzido com a caracterização complementar da estrutura anatômica da madeira sob análise, a partir de análises microscópicas do lenho. Estudaram-se 12 árvores, sendo seis de E. grandis com 28 anos de idade e seis de Corymbia (Eucalyptus) citriodora com 29 anos de idade. As árvores foram disponibilizadas pela Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais (EECF - LCF/ESALQUSP), localizada no município de Anhembi-SP. A partir do DAP, no sentido da base da árvore, foi retirada uma tora de 70 cm de comprimento. Da tora, foram retirados um disco para determinação da densidade básica da madeira da árvore e uma prancha central, para obtenção dos corpos-de-prova utilizados para os ensaios de propriedades físico-mecânicas e análises anatômicas da madeira. Nas 12 árvores amostradas foram mensuradas (ao longo do sentido medula-casca, lados direito e esquerdo) a densidade aparente da madeira, utilizando-se da técnica da densitometria de raios X e a densidade básica por mensuração e pesagem de corpos-de-prova. Ainda nesse sentido, em intervalos aproximadamente regulares de 35 mm, foram mensuradas as retratibilidades lineares e volumétricas. As resistências à compressão e à dureza paralela às fibras também foram medidas com a mesma regularidade ao longo do raio, com a madeira verde (na umidade de abate da árvore) e na umidade de equilíbrio ao ar ao longo de todo o raio. Para seis das 12 árvores (três árvores por espécie) foram mensuradas, 2 em três posições distintas na direção radial, algumas importantes características anatômicas do lenho, em regiões coincidentes com aquelas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This paper had the objective of studying the correlation between physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus wood from trees with expressive presence of both juvenile and mature wood. The study was carried out with complementary characterization of the anatomical structure of wood, using microscopic analyses. It were sampled 12 trees, six from Eucalytpus grandis 28 years old and six from Corymbia (Eucalyptus) citriodora 29 years old. Trees were obtained from Forestal Science Experimental Station of ESALQ-USP - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiróz at Anhembi-São Paulo State - Brazil. From DBH to the base of each tree it was sawed a log, 70cm long, from which it was cut a disc, 7 cm thick, for specific gravity determination and, in the remaining log was cut a central board (approximately 63cm long) to produce specimens for physical and mechanical properties determination. On all the trees (from pith to bark, right and left sides) it were evaluated the radial variation of specific gravity and density (12% MC) using X-ray densitometry and conventional methods. On regular intervals of 35mm from pith to bark, using specimens, it were measured radial, tangential, longitudinal and volumetric shrinkage and compression and hardness parallel to grain strength (green wood and wood at EMC for mechanical tests). For three of the 12 trees, in three different position along one of the radius of the tree, it were also measured several anatomical characteristics, on region coincident with those of the specimens for physical and mechanical tests. With the obtained results it were established patterns of variation of all measured properties on radial direction, taking in account the effects of specie, side (right and 4 left) and important features of xylem (heart wood/sapwood and juvenile wood/mature wood). It were... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Doutor

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46

Lopes, Emerson Delano. "Avalia??o de clones de Eucalyptus spp e Corymbia spp em diferentes espa?amentos visando ? produ??o de bioenergia." UFVJM, 2017. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1733.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o crescimento, as caracter?sticas qu?micas e f?sicas, e as estimativas de massa de dois clones de Eucalyptus spp e dois clones de Corymbia spp implantados em diferentes espa?amentos de plantio, at? os 24 meses de idade. Para tanto, foi instalado um experimento em ?rea da empresa Aperam BioEnergia S/A, no munic?pio de Itamarandiba ? MG. Na avalia??o das caracter?sticas dendrom?tricas do experimento, observou-se nos espa?amentos mais amplos, os maiores valores de DAP em rela??o aos espa?amentos mais adensados, e os valores de volume por hectare foram inversamente proporcionais ao aumento dos espa?amentos de plantio. A vari?vel altura total foi a que apresentou as menores diferen?as no estudo, n?o sendo observadas redu??es em fun??o do adensamento de plantio. Na avalia??o das caracter?sticas f?sicas e qu?micas dos diferentes materiais gen?ticos, verificou-se efeito de clone na densidade b?sica da madeira e casca, sendo a densidade b?sica dos clones de Corymbia superiores aos dos clones de Eucalyptus. J? os teores de lignina na madeira seguiu tend?ncia inversa. Quanto aos teores de carbono na madeira e casca n?o foi observado efeito significativo de clone ou de espa?amento. Quanto ?s estimativas de massa, ficou constatada rela??o direta entre a produ??o de massa seca com o adensamento dos espa?amentos. A mesma tend?ncia foi verificada para as massas de carbono, cabendo ao clone C3 (h?brido de Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana) os melhores resultados para as estimativas de massa seca e massa de carbono por hectare. Os materiais h?bridos de Corymbia spp, especialmente o clone h?brido de Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana, podem ser utilizados como alternativa para o uso bioenerg?tico, preferencialmente em espa?amentos mais adensados. De maneira geral, os resultados do presente estudo evidenciaram varia??es na produ??o e na qualidade da biomassa florestal entre os materiais gen?ticos e espa?amentos testados. Assim, n?o se deve utilizar apenas ?nica propriedade para classifica??o da madeira/casca, pois v?rios fatores afetam o desempenho energ?tico da biomassa florestal.
Tese (Doutorado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
The present work aimed to evaluate the growth, chemical and physical characteristics, and mass estimates of two Eucalyptus spp and two clones of Corymbia spp implanted in different planting spacing, up to 24 months of age. For that, an experiment was installed in the area of the company Aperam BioEnergia S / A, in the municipality of Itamarandiba - MG. In the evaluation of the dendrometric characteristics of the experiment, we observed in the larger spacings, the higher values of DAP in relation to the denser spacings, and the volume values were inversely proportional to the increase of the planting spacings. The variable total height was the one that presented the smallest differences in the study, not being observed reductions due to the planting densification. In the evaluation of the physical and chemical characteristics of the different genetic materials, clone effect was verified on the basic density of the wood and bark, being the basic density of the Corymbia clones superior to those of the Eucalyptus clones. On the other hand, the lignin contents in the wood followed an inverse tendency. Regarding the carbon contents in the wood and bark, no significant effect of clone or spacing was observed. As for the mass estimates, it was verified a direct relation between the dry mass production and the densification of the spacings. The same trend was observed for the carbon masses, with clone C3 being the best results for the estimates of dry mass and carbon mass. Hybrid materials of Corymbia spp, especially the hybrid clone of Corymbia citriodora x C. torelliana, can be used as an alternative for bioenergetic use, preferably in more densified spaces. In general, the results of the present study evidenced variations in the production and the quality of the forest biomass between the genetic materials and the spacings tested. Thus, one should not only use single property for wood / bark classification, since several factors affect the energy performance of forest biomass.

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47

Leite, Sueli Souza. "Investigação analítica do processo de lixamento em relação às características do acabamento superficial do Corymbia citriodora & Pinus elliottii /." Bauru, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190905.

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Orientador: Ivaldo De Domenico Valarelli
Coorientador: Manoel Cléber de S. Alves
Banca: João Eduardo Guarnetti dos Santos
Banca: Marcos Tadeu Tiburcio Gonçalves
Banca: Marcus Antonio Pereira Bueno
Resumo: As madeiras tratadas termicamente podem ser processadas, coladas ou pintadas, sendo empregadas na confecção de diversos produtos como: decks, esquadrias, armários internos, painéis decorativos, pisos, móveis dentre outros, que necessitam muitas vezes em seu processo de fabricação passar pelo lixamento. Tal processo consiste em adequar as dimensões desejadas da peça e proporcionar o seu acabamento superficial, padrão fundamental para qualidade do produto que afeta tanto a questão estética quanto na aplicação de revestimentos. No entanto, o lixamento é oneroso por ser realizado empiricamente nas industrias, sem padronização. Sabendo-se disto, foi realizado uma investigação estatística do processo de lixamento da madeira aplicando dois métodos experimentais, fatorial completo e de Taguchi, afim de analisar o comportamento da rugosidade média e dos parâmetros de controle do processo potência e vibração. Para obtenção dos dados utilizou um sistema de monitoramento composto por uma lixadeira plana com circuito pneumático, no qual variou os fatores espécie de madeira Corymbia citriodora e Pinus elliottii, granulometria das lixas de óxido de alumínio de 100, 120, 150 e 220 mesh e o gradiente de temperatura do tratamento térmico das madeiras de 80,120,160 e 200°C, incluindo também no processo madeiras sem tratamento térmico de ambas as espécies mencionadas. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de análise de variância - ANOVA, teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey com... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The heat treated woods can be processed, glued or painted, being used in the manufacture of various products such as decking, frames, interior cabinets, decorative panels, floors, furniture and others, which often require in their manufacturing process to go through sanding. This process consists in adjusting the desired dimensions of the part and providing its surface finish, a fundamental standard for product quality that affects both the aesthetic issue and the application of coatings. However, sanding is costly because it is performed empirically in industries without standardization. Knowing this, a statistical investigation of the wood sanding process was carried out applying two experimental methods, complete factorial and Taguchi, in order to analyze the average roughness behavior and the control parameters of the power and vibration process. To obtain the data we used a monitoring system consisting of a flat sander with pneumatic circuit, which varied the species Corymbia citriodora and Pinus elliottii, the size of the 100, 120, 150 and 220 mesh aluminum oxide sandpaper and temperature gradient of the wood heat treatment of 80,120,160 and 200°C, also including in the process wood without heat treatment of both species. Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance - ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparisons test with 95% reliability and multiple regression using the R® and Minitab 18 ® software. After the analysis, it can be concluded that Pinus elliotti has no ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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48

Paap, Trudy. "The incidence, severity and possible causes of canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia." Thesis, Paap, Trudy (2006) The incidence, severity and possible causes of canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/241/.

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Abstract:

The impact of a canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia (WA) has increased substantially since it was first observed causing decline and death of this species in the 1970s. By the early 1990s there were expressions of concern and calls to determine the cause and management options. Despite this, there has been very little research into the incidence, severity and possible causes of the disease. There are, however, historical reports dating back to the 1920s of a canker disease of amenity planted C. ficifolia caused by Sporotrichum destructor, though the diagnosis and Latin description were never published. It has been suggested that there may be links between this species and the genus Quambalaria, a group containing leaf and shoot pathogens of species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia. This study examined the incidence and symptomology of the disease, the range of fungal species associated with healthy and diseased C. calophylla, and the pathogenicity of isolates obtained from these surveys. Also investigated was the identity of the pathogen, S. destructor, historically attributed to canker disease of C. ficifolia, to determine whether this pathogen is responsible for the current epidemic of C. calophylla canker and if it is synonymous with Quambalaria. Cankers were present on trees across the range of surveyed sites, with lesions occurring on trunks, branches or twigs of 25.7 % of the C. calophylla surveyed. Canker incidence was significantly greater on trees present at remnant sites, such as roadsides and in paddocks, than forest trees being 38 % and 13.3 %, respectively. Tree height, trunk diameter at breast height and crown position, size and health ratings were significant predictors of canker presence, with cankers more common on larger, older trees and trees with poor crown condition. Bark cracks exuding kino were present on 48 % of the surveyed trees, and when dissected, lesions were observed on 40 %, suggesting that these cracks could be the initial stages of canker disease. This was confirmed by the observation of a number of cracks that developed into perennial cankers during the three year study. Monitoring of canker development and the examination of transverse sections showed the circumvention of host defenses by the pathogen and the subsequential walling off response of the host (which typifies perennial cankers) was not necessarily an annual event, with no change observed in some cankers over the three year period, while others progressed rapidly in that time, occasionally to the point of girdling and killing the host. Initial surveys isolated 44 fungal species from healthy and diseased C. calophylla, with opportunistic pathogens including Endothiella eucalypti and Cytospora eucalypticola common. Subsequent surveys foccussed more on a potential pathogen in the genus Quambalaria, which was rarely isolated from active lesions, presumably because of its slow growth rate, but which sporulated consistently on the surface of older sections of the cankers. DNA sequences confirmed that Q. cyanescens and Q. pitereka are present in southwest WA, with the latter associated with leaf and shoot disease. A third and new species of Quambalaria was isolated from cankers. Comparisons of disease symptoms and conidiogenesis indicate this species is synonymous with S. destructor. The species is formally described here as Q. coyrecup T. Paap sp. nov. A pathogenicity trial was unsuccessful in causing disease symptoms in trees inoculated with core plugs taken from canker lesion margins of diseased trees, though the time frame and environmental factors may not have been adequate for disease development. The core plug inoculation method may also have failed because opportunistic pathogens which were frequently isolated from lesions out-competed Q. coyrecup (paralleling the results achieved by culturing from lesions). Quambalaria coyrecup caused symptoms matching those observed in natural infections when suitable hosts were inoculated, confirming it is the fungus responsible for the current canker disease of C. calophylla and C. ficifolia. Endothiella eucalypti also caused significant lesions, though these were not typical of natural infections, which together with its frequent isolation from both healthy and diseased trees suggests it is an opportunistic pathogen, potentially contributing to disease development in trees already infected with Q. coyrecup. Isolates of Q. pitereka from WA and eastern Australia both caused typical shoot blight symptoms in the WA hosts C. calophylla and C. ficifolia, and the eastern Australian host C. maculata, though a larger path trial is required to examine the possibility of host specificity. Quambalaria cyanescens was non-pathogenic in all inoculation trials. The current cause of cankers in C. calophylla is now known to be the same as the fungus historically implicated in the canker disease of C. ficifolia, when at the time it was described as an endophyte doing little or no damage in C. calophylla. Thus, it is of immediate importance to determine the factors driving this decline, and develop control and management options.

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49

Paap, Trudy. "The incidence, severity and possible causes of canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia." Paap, Trudy (2006) The incidence, severity and possible causes of canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/241/.

Full text

Abstract:

The impact of a canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia (WA) has increased substantially since it was first observed causing decline and death of this species in the 1970s. By the early 1990s there were expressions of concern and calls to determine the cause and management options. Despite this, there has been very little research into the incidence, severity and possible causes of the disease. There are, however, historical reports dating back to the 1920s of a canker disease of amenity planted C. ficifolia caused by Sporotrichum destructor, though the diagnosis and Latin description were never published. It has been suggested that there may be links between this species and the genus Quambalaria, a group containing leaf and shoot pathogens of species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia. This study examined the incidence and symptomology of the disease, the range of fungal species associated with healthy and diseased C. calophylla, and the pathogenicity of isolates obtained from these surveys. Also investigated was the identity of the pathogen, S. destructor, historically attributed to canker disease of C. ficifolia, to determine whether this pathogen is responsible for the current epidemic of C. calophylla canker and if it is synonymous with Quambalaria. Cankers were present on trees across the range of surveyed sites, with lesions occurring on trunks, branches or twigs of 25.7 % of the C. calophylla surveyed. Canker incidence was significantly greater on trees present at remnant sites, such as roadsides and in paddocks, than forest trees being 38 % and 13.3 %, respectively. Tree height, trunk diameter at breast height and crown position, size and health ratings were significant predictors of canker presence, with cankers more common on larger, older trees and trees with poor crown condition. Bark cracks exuding kino were present on 48 % of the surveyed trees, and when dissected, lesions were observed on 40 %, suggesting that these cracks could be the initial stages of canker disease. This was confirmed by the observation of a number of cracks that developed into perennial cankers during the three year study. Monitoring of canker development and the examination of transverse sections showed the circumvention of host defenses by the pathogen and the subsequential walling off response of the host (which typifies perennial cankers) was not necessarily an annual event, with no change observed in some cankers over the three year period, while others progressed rapidly in that time, occasionally to the point of girdling and killing the host. Initial surveys isolated 44 fungal species from healthy and diseased C. calophylla, with opportunistic pathogens including Endothiella eucalypti and Cytospora eucalypticola common. Subsequent surveys foccussed more on a potential pathogen in the genus Quambalaria, which was rarely isolated from active lesions, presumably because of its slow growth rate, but which sporulated consistently on the surface of older sections of the cankers. DNA sequences confirmed that Q. cyanescens and Q. pitereka are present in southwest WA, with the latter associated with leaf and shoot disease. A third and new species of Quambalaria was isolated from cankers. Comparisons of disease symptoms and conidiogenesis indicate this species is synonymous with S. destructor. The species is formally described here as Q. coyrecup T. Paap sp. nov. A pathogenicity trial was unsuccessful in causing disease symptoms in trees inoculated with core plugs taken from canker lesion margins of diseased trees, though the time frame and environmental factors may not have been adequate for disease development. The core plug inoculation method may also have failed because opportunistic pathogens which were frequently isolated from lesions out-competed Q. coyrecup (paralleling the results achieved by culturing from lesions). Quambalaria coyrecup caused symptoms matching those observed in natural infections when suitable hosts were inoculated, confirming it is the fungus responsible for the current canker disease of C. calophylla and C. ficifolia. Endothiella eucalypti also caused significant lesions, though these were not typical of natural infections, which together with its frequent isolation from both healthy and diseased trees suggests it is an opportunistic pathogen, potentially contributing to disease development in trees already infected with Q. coyrecup. Isolates of Q. pitereka from WA and eastern Australia both caused typical shoot blight symptoms in the WA hosts C. calophylla and C. ficifolia, and the eastern Australian host C. maculata, though a larger path trial is required to examine the possibility of host specificity. Quambalaria cyanescens was non-pathogenic in all inoculation trials. The current cause of cankers in C. calophylla is now known to be the same as the fungus historically implicated in the canker disease of C. ficifolia, when at the time it was described as an endophyte doing little or no damage in C. calophylla. Thus, it is of immediate importance to determine the factors driving this decline, and develop control and management options.

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50

Piazon, Neto Mario 1985. "Nutrição mineral e produção de óleo essencial em plantações de corymbia citriodora fertilizado com composto orgânico de lodo de esgoto /." Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154616.

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Abstract:

Orientador: Iraê Amaral Guerrini
Banca: Fernando Carvalho Oliveira
Banca: José Leonardo de Moraes Gonçalves
Resumo: O lodo de esgoto está se tornando cada vez mais um grande problema para as cidades, pois com o aumento populacional há proporcionalmente um aumento desse resíduo. Uma alternativa para a sua disposição é a utilização no setor agrícola e florestal, com uma maior aptidão para o último, pois seu produto final não se destina a alimentação humana ou animal. Visto isso, pretende-se saber se o lodo de esgoto tratado (Biossólido) tem a capacidade de fornecimento nutricional adequado para a cultura de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.), espécie de múltiplos usos, onde se destaca a extração de óleo essencial. Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar a fertilização de florestas homogêneas da espécie Corymbia citriodora, destinadas à produção de óleo essencial, com biossólido, através dos seguintes tratamentos: 0; 2,5; 5,0; 10; 15 e 20 Mg ha-1 de biossólido complementado com potássio e boro, fertilização química usual, um tratamento apenas com potássio e boro e testemunha absoluta. Antes da instalação do experimento em campo, realizou-se análise química do solo como base para as recomendações da adubação química. Parâmetros biométricos e nutricionais foram avaliados a cada três meses durante um ano, como altura, diâmetro de copa, índice de cor verde nas folhas e análise foliar, além de realizar a cada seis meses a análise do solo. Ao fim de 12 meses, coletou-se as folhas do terço médio e inferior da árvore para a quantificação da biomassa. Além disso, foram retiradas amostras ...
Abstract: The sewage sludge is becoming an increasingly big problem for cities, with the population growing; there is an increased proportion of this material. An alternative for disposal this waste is the use in agriculture and forestry, with a special ability of the latter, since the end product is not intended for human or animal feeding. Based on this, is to find out if the treated sewage sludge (biosolids) has the ability to supply adequate nutrition for the cultivation of Corymbia citriodora (Hook.), a species of multiple uses, which highlights the essential oil extraction.This study aims to compare the fertilizing forests homogeneous species Corymbia citriodora for the production of essential oil with biosolids (2.5, 5.0, 10 and 20 ton / ha K), usual chemical fertilizer, only one treatment with potassium and an absolute control without any fertilization. Before the experiment be deployed under field conditions, there will be a soil test recommendations as a basis for mineral fertilizers. Several parameters will be evaluated every three months during one year, which will be the following: height, crown diameter, level of chlorophyll in leaves and leaf analysis and every six months will be done soil and leaf analysis. At the time of leaves collect, dry weight will be measured in addition to the oil yield and quality, quantifying the content of citronelal by the method of chromatography. There were statistical differences for height, crown diameter and index of green, and for crown diameter indicated differences from the first evaluation (after three months). For nutrition, chemical analysis of leaves was ...
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