Relevant bibliographies by topics / Corticospinal tract

Academic literature on the topic 'Corticospinal tract'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Corticospinal tract"

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Jang, Sung Ho, Young Hwan Ahn, Seong Ho Kim, and Chul Hoon Chang. "Corticospinal Tract Restoration." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 31, no. 6 (November 2007): 901–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rct.0b013e31804089a6.

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Joosten, Elbert A. J. "Corticospinal tract regrowth." Progress in Neurobiology 53, no. 1 (September 1997): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00024-5.

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Chong, Catherine D., and Todd J. Schwedt. "Migraine affects white-matter tract integrity: A diffusion-tensor imaging study." Cephalalgia 35, no. 13 (February 23, 2015): 1162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102415573513.

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Background Specific white-matter tract alterations in migraine remain to be elucidated. Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), this study investigated whether the integrity of white-matter tracts that underlie regions of the “pain matrix” is altered in migraine and interrogated whether the number of years lived with migraine modifies fibertract structure. Methods Global probabilistic tractography was used to assess the anterior thalamic radiations, the corticospinal tracts and the inferior longitudinal fasciculi in 23 adults with migraine and 18 healthy controls. Results Migraine patients show greater mean diffusivity (MD) in the left and right anterior thalamic radiations, the left corticospinal tract, and the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus tract. Migraine patients also show greater radial diffusivity (RD) in the left anterior thalamic radiations, the left corticospinal tract as well as the left and right inferior longitudinal fasciculus tracts. No group fractional anisotropy (FA) differences were identified for any tracts. Migraineurs showed a positive correlation between years lived with migraine and MD in the right anterior thalamic radiations ( r = 0.517; p = 0.012) and the left corticospinal tract ( r = 0.468; p = 0.024). Conclusion Results indicate that white-matter integrity is altered in migraine and that longer migraine history is positively correlated with greater alterations in tract integrity.
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Bertucco, Matteo, and Sudarshan Dayanidhi. "Can the period of postnatal codevelopment of the rubrospinal and corticospinal systems provide new insights into refinement of limb movement?" Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 3 (February 1, 2015): 681–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00442.2014.

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The corticospinal and the rubrospinal tracts are thought to synergistically contribute to the limb control during motor development. Williams et al. ( J Neurosci 34: 4432–4441, 2014) demonstrate that the postnatal maturation of red nucleus motor map and the rubrospinal tract develops earlier than the corticospinal tract, to support early forelimb control. They have two distinct phases of maturation; a “precorticospinal” phase characterized by development of the rubrospinal system, and a “cocorticospinal” phase where they overlap with corticospinal development.
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Millichap, J. Gordon. "Corticospinal Tract in Newborns." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 4, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-4-2-8.

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Taylor, J. L., and S. C. Gandevia. "Noninvasive stimulation of the human corticospinal tract." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 4 (April 2004): 1496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01116.2003.

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Spinal tracts can be stimulated noninvasively in human subjects by passing a high-voltage stimulus between the mastoids or by magnetic stimulation over the back of the head. The stimulus probably activates the corticospinal tract at the cervicomedullary junction (pyramidal decussation) and evokes large, short-latency motor responses in the arm muscles. These responses have a large monosynaptic component. Responses in leg muscles can be elicited by cervicomedullary junction stimulation or by stimulation over the cervical or thoracic spine. Because nerve roots are more easily activated than spinal tracts, stimulus spread to motor axons can occur. Facilitation of responses by voluntary activity confirms that the responses are evoked synaptically. Stimulation of the corticospinal tract is useful in studies of central conduction and studies of the behavior of motoneurons during different tasks. It also provides an important comparison to allow interpretation of changes in responses to stimulation of the motor cortex. The major drawback to the use of electrical stimulation of the corticospinal tract is that each stimulus is transiently painful.
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Gorgoraptis, Nikos, Claudia AM Wheeler-Kingshott, Thomas M. Jenkins, Daniel R. Altmann, David H. Miller, Alan J. Thompson, and Olga Ciccarelli. "Combining tractography and cortical measures to test system-specific hypotheses in multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16, no. 5 (March 9, 2010): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510362440.

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The objective was to test three motor system-specific hypotheses in multiple sclerosis patients: (i) corticospinal tract and primary motor cortex imaging measures differ between multiple sclerosis patients and controls; (ii) in patients, these measures correlate with disability; (iii) in patients, corticospinal tract measures correlate with measures of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex. Eleven multiple sclerosis patients with a history of hemiparesis attributable to a lesion within the contralateral corticospinal tract, and 12 controls were studied. We used two advanced imaging techniques: (i) diffusion-based probabilistic tractography, to obtain connectivity and fractional anisotropy of the corticospinal tract; and (ii) FreeSurfer, to measure volume, thickness, surface area, and curvature of precentral and paracentral cortices. Differences in these measures between patients and controls, and relationships between each other and to clinical scores, were investigated. Patients showed lower corticospinal tract fractional anisotropy and smaller volume and surface area of the precentral gyrus than controls. In patients, corticospinal tract connectivity and paracentral cortical volume, surface area, and curvature were lower with increasing disability; lower connectivity of the affected corticospinal tract was associated with greater surface area of the ipsilateral paracentral cortex. Corticospinal tract connectivity and new measures of the primary motor cortex, such as surface area and curvature, reflect the underlying white and grey matter damage that contributes to disability. The correlation between lower connectivity of the affected corticospinal tract and greater surface area of the ipsilateral paracentral cortex suggests the possibility of cortical adaptation. Combining tractography and cortical measures is a useful approach in testing hypotheses which are specific to clinically relevant functional systems in multiple sclerosis, and can be applied to other neurological diseases.
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Hodge, Jacquie, Bradley Goodyear, Helen Carlson, Xing-Chang Wei, and Adam Kirton. "Segmental Diffusion Properties of the Corticospinal Tract and Motor Outcome in Hemiparetic Children With Perinatal Stroke." Journal of Child Neurology 32, no. 6 (March 22, 2017): 550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073817696815.

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Perinatal stroke injures developing motor systems, resulting in hemiparetic cerebral palsy. Diffusion tensor imaging can explore structural connectivity. We used diffusion tensor imaging to assess corticospinal tract diffusion in hemiparetic children with perinatal stroke. Twenty-eight children (6-18 years) with unilateral stroke underwent diffusion tensor imaging. Four corticospinal tract assessments included full tract, partial tract, minitract and region of interest. Diffusion characteristics (fractional anisotropy, mean, axial, and radial diffusivity) were calculated. Ratios (lesioned/nonlesioned) were compared across segments and to validated long-term motor outcomes (Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure, Assisting Hand Assessment, Melbourne Assessment). Fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity ratios decreased as tract size decreased, while mean diffusivity showed consistent symmetry. Poor motor outcomes were associated with lower fractional anisotropy in all segments and radial diffusivity correlated with both Assisting Hand Assessment and Melbourne Assessment. Diffusion imaging of segmented corticospinal tracts is feasible in hemiparetic children with perinatal stroke. Correlations with disability support clinical relevance and utility in model development for personalized rehabilitation.
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Lotan, Eyal, Ido Tavor, Daniel Barazany, Shani Ben-Amitay, Chen Hoffmann, Galia Tsarfaty, Yaniv Assaf, and David Tanne. "Selective atrophy of the connected deepest cortical layers following small subcortical infarct." Neurology 92, no. 6 (January 11, 2019): e567-e575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006884.

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ObjectiveTo explore whether in patients with chronic small subcortical infarct the cortical layers of the connected cortex are differentially affected and whether these differences correlate with clinical symptomatology.MethodsTwenty patients with a history of chronic small subcortical infarct affecting the corticospinal tracts and 15 healthy controls were included. Connected primary motor cortex was identified with tractography starting from infarct. T1-component probability maps were calculated from T1 relaxation 3T MRI, dividing the cortex into 5 laminar gaussian classes.ResultsFocal cortical thinning was observed in the connected cortex and specifically only in its deepest laminar class compared to the nonaffected mirrored cortex (p < 0.001). There was loss of microstructural integrity of the affected corticospinal tract with increased mean diffusivity and decreased fractional anisotropy compared to the contralateral nonaffected tract (p ≤ 0.002). Clinical scores were correlated with microstructural damage of the corticospinal tracts and with thinning of the cortex and specifically only its deepest laminar class (p < 0.001). No differences were found in the laminar thickness pattern of the bilateral primary motor cortices or in the microstructural integrity of the bilateral corticospinal tracts in the healthy controls.ConclusionOur results support the concept of secondary neurodegeneration of connected primary motor cortex after a small subcortical infarct affecting the corticospinal tract, with observations that the main cortical thinning occurs in the deepest cortex and that the clinical symptomatology is correlated with this cortical atrophy pattern. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of structural reorganization and functional outcomes after stroke.
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Bergsland, Niels, Maria Marcella Laganà, Eleonora Tavazzi, Matteo Caffini, Paola Tortorella, Francesca Baglio, Giuseppe Baselli, and Marco Rovaris. "Corticospinal tract integrity is related to primary motor cortex thinning in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 21, no. 14 (March 19, 2015): 1771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458515576985.

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Background: The relationship between white matter injury and cortical atrophy development in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) remains unclear. Objectives: To investigate the associations between corticospinal tract integrity and cortical morphology measures of the primary motor cortex in RRMS patients and healthy controls. Methods: 51 RRMS patients and 30 healthy controls underwent MRI examination for cortical reconstruction and assessment of corticospinal tract integrity. Partial correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate the associations of focal and normal appearing white matter (NAWM) injury of the corticospinal tract with thickness and surface area measures of the primary motor cortex. Relationships between MRI measures and clinical disability as assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale and disease duration were also investigated. Results: In patients only, decreased cortical thickness was related to increased corticospinal tract NAWM mean, axial and radial diffusivities in addition to corticospinal tract lesion volume. The final multiple linear regression model for PMC thickness retained only NAWM axial diffusivity as a significant predictor (adjusted R2= 0.270, p= 0.001). Clinical measures were associated with NAWM corticospinal tract integrity measures. Conclusions: Primary motor cortex thinning in RRMS is related to alterations in connected white matter and is best explained by decreased NAWM integrity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Corticospinal tract"

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Kathe, Claudia. "Improving mobility after corticospinal tract injury." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2016. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/improving-mobility-after-corticospinal-tract-injury(ca3be9d6-a198-42ef-bb32-ab28a59e273c).html.

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The corticospinal tract is one of the major motor tracts in the spinal cord. Traumatic injury to it through spinal cord injury or stroke results in loss of dexterity, coordinated locomotion and fine motor function. With time the spinal circuitry adapts, which may result in spasticity. This thesis is a characterisation of a corticospinal tract injury in a rodent model and evaluates three different treatments, which aim to improve functional recovery post-injury. The first result chapter describes the unilateral pyramidotomy surgery, which lesions the corticospinal tract at medullary level in the brainstem. I performed different behavioural tests assessing motor and sensory function, which revealed sustained deficits. Furthermore, I developed 3 different neurophysiology protocols, which assess functional neurophysiological recovery following sprouting of the uninjured corticospinal tract. I found direct cortical stimulation in combination with EMG recordings from a forelimb muscle (the extensor carpii radialis) is most suitable for longitudinal neurophysiological monitoring of corticospinal tract plasticity. Two of the result chapters evaluate two different gene therapies, which modulate intrinsic neuronal properties. In each, we transduced the motor cortex with a regeneration-associated gene. First, we overexpressed protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 2, which also may act as a transcription factor. I performed a unilateral pyramidotomy lesion and treated the unaffected corticospinal tract to increase sprouting. The second gene therapy we tested was with ribonuclease inhibitor 1, which inhibits ribonucleases that are degrading RNA. I performed a cervical lateral hemisection and treated the lesioned corticospinal tract to increase regeneration. To assess if these treatments were effective, I performed behavioural testing, neurophysiology and immunohistochemistry. Both treatments, with Ptpn2 and RNH1, improved functional recovery, neurophysiological outcomes and increased plasticity. In the last result chapter, I performed a bilateral corticospinal tract lesion/pyramidotomy, which causes spasticity through spinal circuitry maladaptations. First, I characterised spasticity behaviourally by developing a new open-field scoring system, neurophysiologically with two different preparations assessing reflex pathways and anatomically by looking at excitatory and inhibitory spinal networks. Next, I treated these rats with intramuscular neurotrophin-3, which is developmentally important for patterning of spinal reflex pathways. Rats had reduced spasticity and improved functional locomotor recovery. In conclusion, I have evaluated three different treatments after corticospinal tract injury, which all improved functional, neurophysiological and anatomical outcomes.
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McShane, Christie. "Enhancing corticospinal tract neurite outgrowth using histone deacetylase inhibitors." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36113.

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The human corticospinal tract (CST) is responsible for coordinated voluntary movement and it contains descending afferent inputs involved in autonomic control and gating of spinal reflexes. After spinal cord injury (SCI), damage to the CST causes degeneration of axons and can result in major motor impairments. The CST is especially lacking in its capacity to regenerate after injury. In the current study, we harvested the cortices of postnatal day 8 Thy1YFP16JRS mice, which express YFP in layer five projection neurons, which also express CST transcription factors Ctip2 and Otx1 in vitro. We applied Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (Trichostain A [TSA] and Tubastatin A) to the mixed neuron culture and assessed survival and neurite outgrowth of YFP positive CST neurons. TSA treatment increased the number of primary neurites per neuron and the number of branch points exhibited by YFP positive CST neurons. Application of either TSA or Tubastatin A, promoted YFP positive CST neurite outgrowth in baseline media as well as in the presence of the neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and cilliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), compared to the appropriate controls. Taken together, the application of HDAC inhibitors to postnatal corticospinal neurons can promote neurite outgrowth, branching and an increase in the number of primary neurites when grown in baseline media.
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Cohen, Nicola R. "The development of the corticospinal decussation in rat, mouse and ferret." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670247.

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Talmi, Sydney. "The Rhesus Macaque Corticospinal Connectome." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2087.

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The corticospinal tract (CST), which carries commands from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, is vital to fine motor control. Spinal cord injury (SCI) often damages CST axons, causing loss of motor function, most notably in the hands and legs. Our preliminary work in rats suggests that CST circuitry is complex: neurons whose axons project to the lower cervical spinal cord, which directly controls hand function, also send axon collaterals to other locations in the nervous system and may engage parallel motor systems. To inform research into repair of SCI, we therefore aimed to map the entire projection pattern, or “connectome,” of such cervically-projecting CST axons. In this study, we mapped the corticospinal connectome of the Rhesus macaque - an animal model more similar to humans, and therefore more clinically relevant for examining SCI. Comparison of the Rhesus macaque and rat CST connectome, and extrapolation to the human CST connectome, may improve targeting of treatments and rehabilitation after human SCI. To selectively trace cervically-projecting CST motor axons, a virus encoding a Cre-recombinase-dependent tracer (AAV-DIO-gCOMET) was injected into the hand motor cortex, and a virus encoding Cre-recombinase (AAV-Cre) was injected into the C8 level of the spinal cord. In this intersectional approach, the gCOMET virus infects many neurons in the cortex, but gCOMET expression is not turned on unless the nucleus also contains Cre-recombinase, which must be retrogradely transported from axon terminals in the C8 spinal cord. Thus, gCOMET is only expressed in neurons that project to the C8 spinal cord, and it proceeds to fill the entire neuron, including all axon collaterals. Any gCOMET-labeled axon segments observed in other regions of the nervous system are therefore collaterals of cervically-projecting axons. gCOMET-positive axons were immunohistochemically labeled, and axon density was quantified using a fluorescence microscope and Fiji/ImageJ software. Specific regions of interest were chosen for analysis because of their known relevance in motor function in humans, and for comparison to results of a similar study in rats. Results in the first monkey have revealed both similarities and differences between the monkey and rodent CST connectome. Analyses of additional monkeys are ongoing. The final results will provide detailed information about differences between rodent and primate CST, will serve as a baseline for examining changes in the CST connectome after SCI, and will provide guidance for studies targeting treatment and functional recovery after SCI.
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Karimi-Abdolrezaee, Soheila. "Potential developmental stop signals for GAP-43 expression during corticospinal tract growth." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63885.pdf.

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Jaiser, Stephan Rudolf. "Non-invasive electrophysiological assessment of the corticospinal tract in health and disease." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2397.

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To date, no candidate markers of upper motor neuron (UMN) function have performed sufficiently well to enter widespread clinical use, and the lack of such markers impedes both the diagnostic process and clinical trials in motor neuron disease (MND). We studied 15-30Hz intermuscular coherence (IMC), a novel marker of UMN function, and central motor conduction time (CMCT), an established marker of UMN function based on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), in healthy volunteers and patients newly diagnosed with MND. To clarify the relative contributions of different parts of the motor system to IMC generation, we examined IMC in patients with longstanding diagnoses of hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP), multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) and inclusion body myositis (IBM). Previous studies reported conflicting results for the relationship between CMCT and predictors such as age and height. We only found a significant correlation between lower limb CMCT and height. IMC did not vary significantly with age, allowing data from healthy subjects across all ages to be pooled into a single normative dataset. The variability of IMC between subjects was considerable, and within a given subject variability was greater between than within recording sessions; potential contributors are discussed. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) caused a significant increase in IMC, but interindividual variability was substantial, which might hinder its future use as an adjunct to IMC. To compare individual disease groups to the normal cohort, we evaluated the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). IMC generally matched or exceeded the performance of CMCT in discriminating patients with MND from normal, achieving AUCs of 0.83 in the upper and 0.79 in the lower limb. Previous evidence suggests that IMC abnormalities are primarily attributable to corticospinal tract (CST) dysfunction. In line with this, most patients with HSP exhibited diminished IMC. However, patients with MMN also showed decreased IMC, suggesting either that subclinical CST involvement was present or that dysfunction of lower motor neurons (LMNs) may affect IMC; clarification through computational modelling is suggested. In iii IBM, IMC was generally increased, which might reflect that the altered motor unit discharge pattern makes synchronisation more readily detectable. IMC appears to be a promising marker of CST function. It remains to be clarified how strongly it is influenced by LMN lesions, and optimisation of methods should help to minimise the variability of results. Since IMC is non-invasive and can be measured using commonly available EMG equipment, wider dissemination should prove straightforward.
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Davidson, Travis. "Functional and Neurophysiological Correlates of Corticospinal Function in Human Aging." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20194.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can be used to assess the integrity neuronal circuits in the motor cortex, both at the intrahemispheric and interhemispheric level. In the present study, TMS was used to examine age-related modulation of corticospinal function. Participants underwent hand function testing to examine possible links between TMS measures and manual ability. Participants consisted of healthy young (n=13) and senior (n=17) right-handed individuals. Hand function testing consisted of a battery of tests administered bilaterally to assess each participant’s dexterity, strength, movement speed and reaction time. The following TMS measures were assessed bilaterally: resting motor threshold, recruitment curve and silent periods of the contralateral and ipsilateral hand. Both young and senior subjects showed significant intermanual differences in most behavioral measures, favoring their dominant right hand. There was an age-related difference in TMS measures indicating a decline in intrahemispheric excitability and interhemispheric inhibition. A general trend linking specific TMS measures in the active state with age-related changes in hand function on the dominant hand was found. Our results suggest that TMS markers of corticospinal excitability can be used to predict declining hand function with age and thus could provide an early diagnosis of pathological aging.
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Popeo, Mariagrazia. "The effect of diffusion gradient direction number on tractography of corticospinal tract in human brain: an along-tract analysis." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8953/.

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Nel presente lavoro di tesi ho sviluppato un metodo di analisi di dati di DW-MRI (Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging)cerebrale, tramite un algoritmo di trattografia, per la ricostruzione del tratto corticospinale, in un campione di 25 volontari sani. Il diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sfrutta la capacità del tensore di diffusione D di misurare il processo di diffusione dell’acqua, per stimare quantitativamente l’anisotropia dei tessuti. In particolare, nella sostanza bianca cerebrale la diffusione delle molecole di acqua è direzionata preferenzialmente lungo le fibre, mentre è ostacolata perpendicolarmente ad esse. La trattografia utilizza le informazioni ottenute tramite il DW imaging per fornire una misura della connettività strutturale fra diverse regioni del cervello. Nel lavoro si è concentrata l’attenzione sul fascio corticospinale, che è coinvolto nella motricità volontaria, trasmettendo gli impulsi dalla corteccia motoria ai motoneuroni del midollo spinale. Il lavoro si è articolato in 3 fasi. Nella prima ho sviluppato il pre-processing di immagini DW acquisite con un gradiente di diffusione sia 25 che a 64 direzioni in ognuno dei 25 volontari sani. Si è messo a punto un metodo originale ed innovativo, basato su “Regions of Interest” (ROIs), ottenute attraverso la segmentazione automatizzata della sostanza grigia e ROIs definite manualmente su un template comune a tutti i soggetti in esame. Per ricostruire il fascio si è usato un algoritmo di trattografia probabilistica che stima la direzione più probabile delle fibre e, con un numero elevato di direzioni del gradiente, riesce ad individuare, se presente, più di una direzione dominante (seconda fibra). Nella seconda parte del lavoro, ciascun fascio è stato suddiviso in 100 segmenti (percentili). Sono stati stimati anisotropia frazionaria (FA), diffusività media, probabilità di connettività, volume del fascio e della seconda fibra con un’analisi quantitativa “along-tract”, per ottenere un confronto accurato dei rispettivi percentili dei fasci nei diversi soggetti. Nella terza parte dello studio è stato fatto il confronto dei dati ottenuti a 25 e 64 direzioni del gradiente ed il confronto del fascio fra entrambi i lati. Dall’analisi statistica dei dati inter-subject e intra-subject è emersa un’elevata variabilità tra soggetti, dimostrando l’importanza di parametrizzare il tratto. I risultati ottenuti confermano che il metodo di analisi trattografica del fascio cortico-spinale messo a punto è risultato affidabile e riproducibile. Inoltre, è risultato che un’acquisizione con 25 direzioni di DTI, meglio tollerata dal paziente per la minore durata dello scan, assicura risultati attendibili. La principale applicazione clinica riguarda patologie neurodegenerative con sintomi motori sia acquisite, quali sindromi parkinsoniane sia su base genetica o la valutazione di masse endocraniche, per la definizione del grado di contiguità del fascio. Infine, sono state poste le basi per la standardizzazione dell’analisi quantitativa di altri fasci di interesse in ambito clinico o di studi di ricerca fisiopatogenetica.
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Kitahara, Takahiro. "Axonal Extensions along Corticospinal Tracts from Transplanted Human Cerebral Organoids." Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/261613.

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Li, Ying. "Axon growth in the adult rat spinal cord." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308967.

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Books on the topic "Corticospinal tract"

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Roger, Lemon, ed. Corticospinal function and voluntary movement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

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Roger, Lemon, ed. Corticospinal function and voluntary movement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

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Deletis, Vedran, Francesco Sala, and Sedat Ulkatan. Transcranial electrical stimulation and intraoperative neurophysiology of the corticospinal tract. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0008.

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Transcranial electrical stimulation is a well-recognized method for corticospinal tract (CT) activation. This article explains the use of TES during surgery and highlights the physiology of the motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). It describes the techniques and methods for brain stimulation and recording of responses. There are two factors that determine the depth of the current penetrating the brain, they are: choice of electrode montage for stimulation over the scalp and the intensity of stimulation. D-wave collision technique is a newly developed technique that allows mapping intraoperatively and finding the anatomical position of the CT within the surgically exposed spinal cord. Different mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of postoperative paresis in brain and spinal cord surgeries so that different MEP monitoring criteria can be used to avoid irreversible damage and accurately predict the prognosis.
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Seif, Gamal. Quantification of retrograde axonal degeneration ("dieback") in the rat corticospinal tract after axotomy: A confocal microscopy study using DiI. 2005.

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Guillery, Ray. The pathways for action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0003.

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Early nineteenth-century studies demonstrated, on the basis of clinical, experimental, and anatomical evidence, that a motor pathway, the corticospinal or pyramidal tract, passes from a specific area of the cortex, the precentral motor cortex, to the brainstem and spinal cord. The motor cortex can be seen as a topographic map of the movable body parts, and damage to the cortex or pathways produces correspondingly localized paralysis. However, there are a great many other pathways that link other areas of the cortex to parts of the brain active in the control of movements. These still play a puzzling role in the standard model where the control of movements focuses on cortical contributions to voluntary movements by the corticospinal pathways.
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Laureno, Robert. Decussation. Edited by Robert Laureno. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607166.003.0013.

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This chapter on “Decussation” examines the right–left crossing of neurological systems. Covered are the corticospinal tract, optic chiasm, and other subjects. The presence of crossed neurological systems is basic to clinical neurology. Crossing, however, appears to not be essential, and the amount of crossing can vary from individual to individual. We can track across vertebrate species the evolution of complete chiasmal crossing to the diminished crossing seen in the human visual system. This change in crossing of vision is very understandable as a correlate of the evolution of a lateral-eyed animal to a frontal-eyed human. The origin of crossing cannot be determined with certainty; we can only speculate about how many times crossing developed in pre-vertebrate history or what advantages, if any, crossing conferred. Clinicians, however, must be prepared to recognize patients with uncrossed anatomy—a challenge when we expect systems to be crossed as usual.
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Crum, Brian A., Eduardo E. Benarroch, and Robert D. Brown. Neurologic Disorders Categorized by Anatomical Involvement. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0523.

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Neurological disorders of the brain, spine, and peripheral nervous system are examined. Symptoms and signs related to disorders of the cerebral cortex may lead to alterations in cognition and consciousness. Unilateral neurologic symptoms involving a single neurologic symptom commonly localize to the cerebral cortex. Abnormalities of speech and language are localized to the dominant cerebral hemisphere, whereas abnormalities of the nondominant hemisphere may lead to visuospatial deficits, confusion, or neglect of the contralateral side of the body. The hypothalamus is important in many functions that affect everyday steady-state conditions, including temperature regulation, hunger, water regulation, sleep, endocrine functions, cardiovascular functions, and regulation of the autonomic nervous system. Cortical and subcortical abnormalities may also lead to visual system deficits, usually homonymous visual defects of the contralateral visual field. Sensory levels, signs of anterior horn cell involvement, and long-tract signs in the posterior columns or corticospinal tract suggest a spinal cord lesion.
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Montgomery, Erwin B. Clinical Assessments. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0010.

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The primary endpoints of DBS adjustments are functional and as such, are related to the symptoms and signs due to the disease and consequent to stimulation. Thus, effective programming requires the programmer to be an astute clinician in the assessing symptoms and signs. This is not always a straight forward or intuitive process. For example, stimulation of the corticospinal tract can reduce tremor but interfere with other motor functions. Assesments often are complicated by the time required for changes to manifest rendering some assessments impractical in the confines of a clinic visit. A systematic approach is based on a knowledge of the disorder being treated and the regional anatomy around the DBS lead that allows anticipation of possible adverse effects. Effective assessments benefit from use of rating scales and adequate documentation.
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Legatt, Alan D., Marc R. Nuwer, and Ronald G. Emerson. Intraoperative Monitoring of Central Neurophysiology. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0034.

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This chapter covers neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring (NIOM). It describes the relevant neurophysiological signals, their anatomical sources, the techniques used to record them, the manner in which they are assessed, and possible causes of intraoperative signal changes. Techniques used include electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography, and auditory, somatosensory, and motor evoked potentials. Some of these techniques can be used to localize and identify areas of cerebral cortex or the corticospinal tract. Recording of the electromyogram generated by reflex activity can be used to evaluate central nervous system function in some circumstances. EEG can be used to assess depth of anesthesia. Signals can be affected by anesthesia, and the chapter discusses various anesthetic agents, their effects on signals, and considerations for anesthetic management during NIOM. Personnel performing NIOM must be knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology underlying the signals, the technology used to record them, and the factors (including anesthesia) that can affect them.
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Turner, Martin R. Motor neuron disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0232.

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Motor neuron disease (MND) is characterized by progressive muscular weakness due to simultaneous degeneration of lower and upper motor neurons (L/UMNs). Involvement of LMNs, arising from the anterior horns of the spinal cord and brainstem, leads to secondary wasting as a result of muscle denervation. Involvement of the UMNs of the motor cortex and corticospinal tract results in spasticity. In ~85% of cases, there is clear clinical involvement of both, and the condition is termed ‘amyotrophic lateral sclerosis’ (ALS; a term often used synonymously with MND). In ~13% of cases, there may be only LMN signs apparent, in which case the condition is termed ‘progressive muscular atrophy’, although such cases have a natural history that is to largely identical to that of ALS. In a very small group of patients (~2%), there are only UMN signs for at least the first 4 years, in which case the condition is termed ‘primary lateral sclerosis’; such cases have a uniformly slower progression. There is clinical, neuropathological, and genetic overlap between MND and some forms of frontotemporal dementia.
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Book chapters on the topic "Corticospinal tract"

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Deletis, V., and K. Kothbauer. "Intraoperative neurophysiology of the corticospinal tract." In Spinal Cord Monitoring, 421–44. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6464-8_17.

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Kaus, M. R., A. Nabavi, C. T. Mamisch, W. H. Wells, F. A. Jolesz, R. Kikinis, and S. K. Warfield. "Simulation of Corticospinal Tract Displacement in Patients with Brain Tumors." In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2000, 9–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-40899-4_2.

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Wang, Jing, Ziyu Meng, Zengai Chen, and Yao Li. "Corticospinal Tract Alteration is Associated with Motor Performance in Subacute Basal Ganglia Stroke." In Brain Informatics, 254–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70772-3_24.

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Benecke, R. "The Role of the Corticospinal Tract in Spasticity Studied by Magnetic Brain Stimulation." In Spasticity, 89–100. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78367-8_9.

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Foroni, R. I., G. K. Ricciardi, F. Lupidi, A. Sboarina, A. De Simone, M. Longhi, A. Nicolato, F. Pizzini, A. Beltramello, and M. Gerosa. "Diffusion-Tensor Imaging Tractography of the Corticospinal Tract for Evaluation of Motor Fiber Tract Radiation Exposure in Gamma Knife®Radiosurgery Treatment Planning." In Radiosurgery, 128–38. Basel: KARGER, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000288725.

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"Corticospinal Tract." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 726. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_3325.

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"Corticospinal Tract." In Encyclopedia of Pain, 784. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_200474.

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"Lateral Corticospinal Tract." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1434. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_3390.

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Yingling, Charles D. "Mapping the corticospinal tract." In Intraoperative Monitoring of Neural Function, 319–31. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-4231(07)08021-5.

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Quintá, Hector Ramiro. "Development of corticospinal tract axons." In Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment, 227–35. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-817986-4.00020-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Corticospinal tract"

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Gok, Sinan, and Mesut Sahin. "Rat forelimb movement components segregated by corticospinal tract activity." In 2017 8th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2017.8008353.

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Klein, Jan, Katrin Hanken, Jasna Koceva, Helmut Hildebrandt, and Horst K. Hahn. "Measuring the lesion load of multiple sclerosis patients within the corticospinal tract." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Sébastien Ourselin and Martin A. Styner. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2080765.

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Zeraii, Abderrazek, Ines Ben Alaya, Mokhtar Mars, Cyrine Drissi, and Tarek Kraiem. "Optimal Parameters of Diffusion MRI measuring Corticospinal Tract Integrity in healthy subjects." In 2020 5th International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Signal and Image Processing (ATSIP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/atsip49331.2020.9231782.

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Zhang, Youshan. "[Regular Paper] Corticospinal Tract (CST) Reconstruction Based on Fiber Orientation Distributions (FODs) Tractography." In 2018 IEEE 18th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibe.2018.00066.

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Hawe, Rachel L., and Jules P. A. Dewald. "Assessment of the contralesional corticospinal tract in early-onset pediatric hemiplegia: Preliminary findings." In 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944831.

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Manohar, Nitin. "GPi-Targeted DBS Placement using Optic Tract Stimulated VEP and Corticospinal Tract Stimulation in a Case of Severe Primary Dystonia." In 19th Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care (ISNACC). Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Limited, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1636414.

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Tang, Xiaoying, Susumu Mori, and Michael I. Miller. "Automated segmentation of corticospinal tract in diffusion tensor images via multi-modality multi-atlas fusion." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Robert C. Molthen and John B. Weaver. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2043259.

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Mujika, Katrin Muradas, Juan A. Juanes Méndez, and Andrés Framiñán de Miguel. "Software applications for the digital management radiological images in the study of the corticospinal tract." In TEEM'18: Sixth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3284179.3284244.

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Azizi, Sh, P. M. Birgani, H. Marzbani, R. Nourian, M. Kohanpour, and M. M. Mirbagheri. "Assessment of neuroplasticity of corticospinal tract induced by antigravity treadmill (AlterG) in cerebral palsy children." In 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512730.

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Seidel, K., V. Deletis, F. Sala, A. Raabe, D. Chudy, J. Beck, and K. Kothbauer. "Intraoperative Identification of the Corticospinal Tract and Dorsal Column of the Spinal Cord by Electrical Stimulation." In Joint Annual Meeting 2018: Swiss Society of Neurosurgery, Swiss Society of Neuroradiology. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660698.

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