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Journal articles on the topic 'Cortical priming'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Brinkhuis, Manje A. B., Árni Kristjánsson, Ben M. Harvey, and Jan W. Brascamp. "Temporal Characteristics of Priming of Attention Shifts Are Mirrored by BOLD Response Patterns in the Frontoparietal Attention Network." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 4 (November 7, 2019): 2267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz238.

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Abstract Priming of attention shifts involves the reduction in search RTs that occurs when target location or target features repeat. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural basis of such attentional priming, specifically focusing on its temporal characteristics over trial sequences. We first replicated earlier findings by showing that repetition of target color and of target location from the immediately preceding trial both result in reduced blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals in a cortical network that encompasses occipital, parietal, and frontal cortices: lag-1 repetition suppression. While such lag-1 suppression can have a number of explanations, behaviorally, the influence of attentional priming extends further, with the influence of past search trials gradually decaying across multiple subsequent trials. Our results reveal that the same regions within the frontoparietal network that show lag-1 suppression, also show longer term BOLD reductions that diminish over the course of several trial presentations, keeping pace with the decaying behavioral influence of past target properties across trials. This distinct parallel between the across-trial patterns of cortical BOLD and search RT reductions, provides strong evidence that these cortical areas play a key role in attentional priming.
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2

Schacter, Daniel L., Gagan S. Wig, and W. Dale Stevens. "Reductions in cortical activity during priming." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 17, no. 2 (April 2007): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.02.001.

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3

Brunel, Nicolas, and Frédéric Lavigne. "Semantic Priming in a Cortical Network Model." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 12 (December 2009): 2300–2319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21156.

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Contextual recall in humans relies on the semantic relationships between items stored in memory. These relationships can be probed by priming experiments. Such experiments have revealed a rich phenomenology on how reaction times depend on various factors such as strength and nature of associations, time intervals between stimulus presentations, and so forth. Experimental protocols on humans present striking similarities with pair association task experiments in monkeys. Electrophysiological recordings of cortical neurons in such tasks have found two types of task-related activity, “retrospective” (related to a previously shown stimulus), and “prospective” (related to a stimulus that the monkey expects to appear, due to learned association between both stimuli). Mathematical models of cortical networks allow theorists to understand the link between the physiology of single neurons and synapses, and network behavior giving rise to retrospective and/or prospective activity. Here, we show that this type of network model can account for a large variety of priming effects. Furthermore, the model allows us to interpret semantic priming differences between the two hemispheres as depending on a single association strength parameter.
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Race, Elizabeth A., Shanti Shanker, and Anthony D. Wagner. "Neural Priming in Human Frontal Cortex: Multiple Forms of Learning Reduce Demands on the Prefrontal Executive System." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 9 (September 2009): 1766–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21132.

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Past experience is hypothesized to reduce computational demands in PFC by providing bottom–up predictive information that informs subsequent stimulus-action mapping. The present fMRI study measured cortical activity reductions (“neural priming”/“repetition suppression”) during repeated stimulus classification to investigate the mechanisms through which learning from the past decreases demands on the prefrontal executive system. Manipulation of learning at three levels of representation—stimulus, decision, and response—revealed dissociable neural priming effects in distinct frontotemporal regions, supporting a multiprocess model of neural priming. Critically, three distinct patterns of neural priming were identified in lateral frontal cortex, indicating that frontal computational demands are reduced by three forms of learning: (a) cortical tuning of stimulus-specific representations, (b) retrieval of learned stimulus-decision mappings, and (c) retrieval of learned stimulus-response mappings. The topographic distribution of these neural priming effects suggests a rostrocaudal organization of executive function in lateral frontal cortex.
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5

Pobric, Gorana, Stefan R. Schweinberger, and Michal Lavidor. "Magnetic Stimulation of the Right Visual Cortex Impairs Form-specific Priming." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 6 (June 2007): 1013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.1013.

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Recent evidence suggests that priming of objects across different images (abstract priming) and priming of specific images of an object (form-specific priming) are mediated by dissociable neural processing subsystems that operate in parallel and are predominantly linked to left and right hemispheric processing, respectively [Marsolek, C. J. Dissociable neural subsystems underlie abstract and specific object recognition. Psychological Science, 10, 111–118, 1999]. Previous brain imaging studies have provided important information about the neuroanatomical regions that are involved in form-specific and abstract priming; however, these techniques did not fully establish the functional significance of priming-related changes in cortical brain activity. Here, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in order to establish the functional role of the right occipital cortex in form-specific priming [Kroll, N. E. A., Yonelinas, A. P., Kishiyama, M. M., Baynes, K., Knight, R. T., & Gazzaniga, M. S. The neural substrates of visual implicit memory: Do the two hemispheres play different roles? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 833–842, 2003]. Compared to no TMS and sham TMS, rTMS of the right occipital cortex disrupted immediate form-specific priming in a semantic categorization task. Left occipital rTMS, on the other hand, had no converse effect on abstractive priming. Abstract priming may involve deeper semantic processing and may be unresponsive to magnetic stimulation of a single cortical locus. Our TMS results show that form-specific priming relies on a visual word-form system localized in the right occipital lobe, in line with the predictions from divided visual field behavioral studies [Marsolek, 1999].
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6

Voss, J. L., P. J. Reber, M. M. Mesulam, T. B. Parrish, and K. A. Paller. "Familiarity and Conceptual Priming Engage Distinct Cortical Networks." Cerebral Cortex 18, no. 7 (December 1, 2007): 1712–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm200.

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7

Hoshino, Osamu, Satoru Inoue, Yoshiki Kashimori, and Takeshi Kambara. "A Hierarchical Dynamical Map as a Basic Frame for Cortical Mapping and Its Application to Priming." Neural Computation 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1781–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08997660152469341.

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A hierarchical dynamical map is proposed as the basic framework for sensory cortical mapping. To show how the hierarchical dynamical map works in cognitive processes, we applied it to a typical cognitive task known as priming, in which cognitive performance is facilitated as a consequence of prior experience. Prior to the priming task, the network memorizes a sensory scene containing multiple objects presented simultaneously using a hierarchical dynamical map. Each object is composed of different sensory features. The hierarchical dynamical map presented here is formed by random itinerancy among limit-cycle attractors into which these objects are encoded. Each limit-cycle attractor contains multiple point attractors into which elemental features belonging to the same object are encoded. When a feature stimulus is presented as a priming cue, the network state is changed from the itinerant state to a limit-cycle attractor relevant to the priming cue. After a short priming period, the network state reverts to the itinerant state. Under application of the test cue, consisting of some feature belonging to the object relevant to the priming cue and fragments of features belonging to others, the network state is changed to a limit-cycle attractor and finally to a point attractor relevant to the target feature. This process is considered as the identification of the target. The model consistently reproduces various observed results for priming processes such as the difference in identification time between cross-modality and within-modality priming tasks, the effect of interval between priming cue and test cue on identification time, the effect of priming duration on the time, and the effect of repetition of the same priming task on neural activity.
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8

Bergerbest, Dafna, Dara G. Ghahremani, and John D. E. Gabrieli. "Neural Correlates of Auditory Repetition Priming: Reduced fMRI Activation in the Auditory Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 6 (July 2004): 966–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929041502760.

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Repetition priming refers to enhanced or biased performance with repeatedly presented stimuli. Modality-specific perceptual repetition priming has been demonstrated behaviorally for both visually and auditorily presented stimuli. In functional neuroimaging studies, repetition of visual stimuli has resulted in reduced activation in the visual cortex, as well as in multimodal frontal and temporal regions. The reductions in sensory cortices are thought to reflect plasticity in modality-specific neocortex. Unexpectedly, repetition of auditory stimuli has resulted in reduced activation in multimodal and visual regions, but not in the auditory temporal lobe cortex. This finding puts the coupling of perceptual priming and modality-specific cortical plasticity into question. Here, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used with environmental sounds to reexamine whether auditory priming is associated with reduced activation in the auditory cortex. Participants heard environmental sounds (e.g., animals, machines, musical instruments, etc.) in blocks, alternating between initial and repeated presentations, and decided whether or not each sound was produced by an animal. Repeated versus initial presentations of sounds resulted in repetition priming (faster responses) and reduced activation in the right superior temporal gyrus, bilateral superior temporal sulci, and right inferior prefrontal cortex. The magnitude of behavioral priming correlated positively with reduced activation in these regions. This indicates that priming for environmental sounds is associated with modification of neural activation in modality-specific auditory cortex, as well as in multimodal areas.
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9

Freigang, Sascha, Shane Fresnoza, Kariem Mahdy Ali, Karla Zaar, Margit Jehna, Gernot Reishofer, Katrin Rammel, Fritz Studencnik, Anja Ischebeck, and Gord von Campe. "Impact of Priming on Effectiveness of TMS in Detecting Language-eloquent Brain Areas in Tumor Patients." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery 81, no. 02 (January 14, 2020): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698382.

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Abstract Background and Study Aims Language is characteristically human, and preserving it is critical when resecting tumors in language-eloquent brain areas. Navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (nrTMS) has been used in recent years as a noninvasive technique to identify preoperatively the language-eloquent cortical areas in tumor patients. An important objective is to increase the sensitivity and specificity of nrTMS in detecting language-related areas and increase the positive correlation of its results to that of intraoperative direct cortical stimulation (DCS). Although the technical aspects of the procedure have received enormous interest, factors related to the targeted cortical area such as previous cortical history or activity have been neglected. Therefore, the present study explores the impact of previous cortical history or activity on the effectiveness of a subsequent nrTMS mapping paradigm. Materials and Methods Twelve right-handed patients with a left hemispheric glioma underwent presurgical nrTMS language mapping and intraoperative language mapping with DCS. nrTMS was performed using a continuous theta burst stimulation paradigm to inhibit possible language relevant areas in the vicinity of the tumor, determined anatomically or based on functional magnetic resonance imaging hotspots. The nrTMS was applied in two separate sessions. One of the sessions randomly included a priming paradigm to precondition the targeted cortical areas. Results Priming stimulation decreased the error detection of the subsequent nrTMS mapping paradigm. This effect was more robust on major types of errors such as speech arrest and hesitation. Conclusion Prior cortical activity as induced by the priming stimulation has a profound impact on the responsiveness to the nrTMS mapping paradigm. Our findings further showed that metaplasticity, a type of homeostatic plastic process, could be elicited even in cortical areas affected by a growing tumor.
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10

Lavigne, Frédéric, Laurent Dumercy, and Nelly Darmon. "Determinants of Multiple Semantic Priming: A Meta-analysis and Spike Frequency Adaptive Model of a Cortical Network." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 6 (June 2011): 1447–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21504.

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Recall and language comprehension while processing sequences of words involves multiple semantic priming between several related and/or unrelated words. Accounting for multiple and interacting priming effects in terms of underlying neuronal structure and dynamics is a challenge for current models of semantic priming. Further elaboration of current models requires a quantifiable and reliable account of the simplest case of multiple priming resulting from two primes on a target. The meta-analytic approach offers a better understanding of the experimental data from studies on multiple priming regarding the additivity pattern of priming. The meta-analysis points to the effects of prime–target stimuli onset asynchronies on the pattern of underadditivity, overadditivity, or strict additivity of converging activation from multiple primes. The modeling approach is then constrained by results of the meta-analysis. We propose a model of a cortical network embedding spike frequency adaptation, which allows frequency and time-dependent modulation of neural activity. Model results give a comprehensive understanding of the meta-analysis results in terms of dynamics of neuron populations. They also give predictions regarding how stimuli intensities, association strength, and spike frequency adaptation influence multiple priming effects.
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11

Riès, Stephanie K., Rummit K. Dhillon, Alex Clarke, David King-Stephens, Kenneth D. Laxer, Peter B. Weber, Rachel A. Kuperman, et al. "Spatiotemporal dynamics of word retrieval in speech production revealed by cortical high-frequency band activity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 23 (May 22, 2017): E4530—E4538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620669114.

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Word retrieval is core to language production and relies on complementary processes: the rapid activation of lexical and conceptual representations and word selection, which chooses the correct word among semantically related competitors. Lexical and conceptual activation is measured by semantic priming. In contrast, word selection is indexed by semantic interference and is hampered in semantically homogeneous (HOM) contexts. We examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of these complementary processes in a picture naming task with blocks of semantically heterogeneous (HET) or HOM stimuli. We used electrocorticography data obtained from frontal and temporal cortices, permitting detailed spatiotemporal analysis of word retrieval processes. A semantic interference effect was observed with naming latencies longer in HOM versus HET blocks. Cortical response strength as indexed by high-frequency band (HFB) activity (70–150 Hz) amplitude revealed effects linked to lexical-semantic activation and word selection observed in widespread regions of the cortical mantle. Depending on the subsecond timing and cortical region, HFB indexed semantic interference (i.e., more activity in HOM than HET blocks) or semantic priming effects (i.e., more activity in HET than HOM blocks). These effects overlapped in time and space in the left posterior inferior temporal gyrus and the left prefrontal cortex. The data do not support a modular view of word retrieval in speech production but rather support substantial overlap of lexical-semantic activation and word selection mechanisms in the brain.
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12

Olszewski, Michael W., Wallace G. Pill, and Thompson D. Pizzolato. "Germination and Embryo Anatomy of Osmotically Primed Parsley Schizocarps." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 6 (November 2004): 876–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.6.0876.

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`Moss Curled' parsley [Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex. A.W. Hill] schizocarps were osmotically primed in polyethylene glycol at -1.0 MPa for 7 days at 20 °C. The smaller of the two mericarps within a parsley schizocarp had lower germination percentage, but similar rate and synchrony of germination. Osmotic priming increased germination percentage, rate, and synchrony, irrespective of mericarp half. This promotive effect of priming on germination was associated with embryonic advancement as indicated by a doubling of radicle and cotyledon volumes, without changes in lengths of these organs. Periclinal divisions of the lateral expansion meristem, distinct in primed radicles but indistinct in nonprimed radicles, led to radial alignment of the cortical cells and a doubling of cortical volume and thereby increased radicle volume. Each embryonic cotyledon of primed mericarps had three distinct procambial bundles that differentiated along most of the cotyledon length, while nonprimed cotyledons had from zero to three that differentiated only a short way into the cotyledon. Priming increased coyledonary procambium length by 5-fold and volume by 11-fold. Increased embryonic growth due to priming was associated with greater endosperm depletion adjacent to the embryo. The schizocarps frequently separated or partially separated into component mericarps during priming, indicating a weakening of pericarp tissue along the commissural suture and possibly elsewhere.
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13

Harter, M. Russell, and Lourdes Anllo-Vento. "Modality differences: Memory trace development or efferent cortical priming?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (June 1990): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00078511.

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14

Rzechorzek, Nina Marie, Peter Connick, Rickie Patani, Bhuvaneish Thangaraj Selvaraj, and Siddharthan Chandran. "Hypothermic Preconditioning of Human Cortical Neurons Requires Proteostatic Priming." EBioMedicine 2, no. 6 (June 2015): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.04.004.

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15

Barlasov-Ioffe, Anna, and Shaul Hochstein. "Illusory-Contour Figures Prime Matching of Real Shapes." Perception 38, no. 8 (January 1, 2009): 1118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p6118.

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We investigated explicit and implicit properties of the internal representation of illusory-contour figures by studying potential priming effects of this representation. Using a primed matching paradigm (Beller 1971, Journal of Experimental Psychology87 176–182), we found that illusory ‘Kanizsa’ squares and triangles prime later matching of the same shapes, respectively, and not of the alternative shape. This priming effect is present despite the use of an illusory figure as a prime and real shapes as tests. To determine whether implicit processing mechanisms sufficiently induce a representation of the illusory shape so that it can lead to this priming effect, we used a novel method of presentation of the inducing pattern, based on Rock and Linnet's (1993, Perception22 61–76) method for separating (implicit) retinal and (explicit) world-coordinate images. Presence of the implicit retinal image is confirmed by its producing an afterimage. While the retinal image is only implicitly produced by the inducing pattern of pacmen, it is nevertheless available for real-shape match priming. We conclude that Kanizsa-type inducer patterns are processed implicitly until formation of illusory-figure shapes. These are represented at relatively high cortical levels, and shape-matching priming must occur here, too. These results are consistent with the claim of the reverse hierarchy theory that bottom–up processing is generally implicit and that conscious perception originates at high cortical levels.
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McMahon, David B. T., and Carl R. Olson. "Repetition Suppression in Monkey Inferotemporal Cortex: Relation to Behavioral Priming." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 3532–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01042.2006.

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In tasks requiring judgments about visual stimuli, humans exhibit repetition priming, responding with increased speed when a stimulus is repeated. Repetition priming might depend on repetition suppression, a phenomenon first observed in monkey inferotemporal cortex (IT) whereby, when a stimulus is repeated, the strength of the neuronal visual response is reduced. If the reduction resulted in sharpening of the cortical representation of the stimulus, and did not just scale it down, then speeded processing might result. To explore the relation between repetition priming and repetition suppression, we monitored neuronal activity in IT while monkeys performed a symmetry decision task. We found 1) that monkeys exhibit repetition priming, 2) that IT neurons simultaneously exhibit repetition suppression, 3) that repetition priming and repetition suppression do not vary in a significantly correlated fashion across trials, and 4) that repetition suppression scales down the representation of the stimulus without sharpening it. We conclude that repetition suppression accompanies repetition priming but is unlikely to be its cause.
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Lavigne, Frédéric, and Nelly Darmon. "Dopaminergic neuromodulation of semantic priming in a cortical network model." Neuropsychologia 46, no. 13 (November 2008): 3074–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.019.

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18

Sollini, Joseph, and Paul Chadderton. "Comodulation Enhances Signal Detection via Priming of Auditory Cortical Circuits." Journal of Neuroscience 36, no. 49 (December 7, 2016): 12299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0656-16.2016.

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19

Lavigne, Frédéric, Dominique Longrée, Damon Mayaffre, and Sylvie Mellet. "Semantic integration by pattern priming: experiment and cortical network model." Cognitive Neurodynamics 10, no. 6 (September 17, 2016): 513–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11571-016-9410-4.

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20

Bakulin, Ilya S., Alexandra G. Poydasheva, Alfiia H. Zabirova, Natalia A. Suponeva, and Michael A. Piradov. "Metaplasticity and non-invasive brain stimulation: the search for new biomarkers and directions for therapeutic neuromodulation." Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology 16, no. 3 (October 10, 2022): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54101/acen.2022.3.9.

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Metaplasticity (plasticity of synaptic plasticity) is defined as a change in the direction or degree of synaptic plasticity in response to preceding neuronal activity. Recent advances in brain stimulation methods have enabled us to non-invasively examine cortical metaplasticity, including research in a clinical setting. According to current knowledge, non-invasive neuromodulation affects synaptic plasticity by inducing cortical processes that are similar to long-term potentiation and depression. Two stimulation blocks are usually used to assess metaplasticity priming and testing blocks. The technology of studying metaplasticity involves assessing the influence of priming on the testing protocol effect. Several dozen studies have examined the effects of different stimulation protocols in healthy persons. They found that priming can both enhance and weaken, or even change the direction of the testing protocol effect. The interaction between priming and testing stimulation depends on many factors: the direction of their effect, duration of the stimulation blocks, and the interval between them. Non-invasive brain stimulation can be used to assess aberrant metaplasticity in nervous system diseases, in order to develop new biomarkers. Metaplasticity disorders are found in focal hand dystonia, migraine with aura, multiple sclerosis, chronic disorders of consciousness, and age-related cognitive changes. The development of new, metaplasticity-based, optimized, combined stimulation protocols appears to be highly promising for use in therapeutic neuromodulation in clinical practice.
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21

Baltzell, Lucas S., Ramesh Srinivasan, and Virginia M. Richards. "The effect of prior knowledge and intelligibility on the cortical entrainment response to speech." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 3144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00023.2017.

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It has been suggested that cortical entrainment plays an important role in speech perception by helping to parse the acoustic stimulus into discrete linguistic units. However, the question of whether the entrainment response to speech depends on the intelligibility of the stimulus remains open. Studies addressing this question of intelligibility have, for the most part, significantly distorted the acoustic properties of the stimulus to degrade the intelligibility of the speech stimulus, making it difficult to compare across “intelligible” and “unintelligible” conditions. To avoid these acoustic confounds, we used priming to manipulate the intelligibility of vocoded speech. We used EEG to measure the entrainment response to vocoded target sentences that are preceded by natural speech (nonvocoded) prime sentences that are either valid (match the target) or invalid (do not match the target). For unintelligible speech, valid primes have the effect of restoring intelligibility. We compared the effect of priming on the entrainment response for both 3-channel (unintelligible) and 16-channel (intelligible) speech. We observed a main effect of priming, suggesting that the entrainment response depends on prior knowledge, but not a main effect of vocoding (16 channels vs. 3 channels). Furthermore, we found no difference in the effect of priming on the entrainment response to 3-channel and 16-channel vocoded speech, suggesting that for vocoded speech, entrainment response does not depend on intelligibility. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neural oscillations have been implicated in the parsing of speech into discrete, hierarchically organized units. Our data suggest that these oscillations track the acoustic envelope rather than more abstract linguistic properties of the speech stimulus. Our data also suggest that prior experience with the stimulus allows these oscillations to better track the stimulus envelope.
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Kane, Amy E., Elena K. Festa, David P. Salmon, and William C. Heindel. "Repetition priming and cortical arousal in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease." Neuropsychologia 70 (April 2015): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.024.

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23

Boggio, Paulo Sergio, Paola Liguori, Natasha Sultani, Larissa Rezende, Shirley Fecteau, and Felipe Fregni. "Cumulative priming effects of cortical stimulation on smoking cue-induced craving." Neuroscience Letters 463, no. 1 (September 2009): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.041.

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Iacoboni, Marco. "Word recognition in the split brain and PET studies of spatial stimulus-response compatibility support contextual integration." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 4 (December 1997): 690–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97301605.

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The neural substrates of context effects in word perception are still largely unclear. Interhemispheric priming phenomena in word recognition, typically observed in normal subjects, are absent in commissurotomized patients. This suggests that callosal fibers may provide contextual integration. In addition, certain characteristics of human frontal cortical fields subserving sensorimotor learning, as investigated by positron emission tomography, provide evidence for contextual integration not confined to the visual system. This supports the notion of common aspects of cortical computations in different cerebral areas.
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Jordan, Harry T., and Cathy M. Stinear. "Effects of bilateral priming on motor cortex function in healthy adults." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 2858–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00472.2018.

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Bilateral priming is a rehabilitation adjuvant that can improve upper limb motor recovery poststroke. It uses a table-top device to couple the upper limbs together such that active flexion and extension of one wrist leads to passive movement of the opposite wrist in a mirror symmetric pattern. Bilateral priming increases corticomotor excitability (CME) in the primary motor cortex (M1) of the passively driven wrist; however, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this increase remain unclear. This study explored these mechanisms by using transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right M1 and recording motor-evoked potentials from the passively driven left extensor carpi radialis of healthy adults. Intracortical measures were recorded before and 5 and 35 min after a single 15-min session of priming. One-millisecond short-interval intracortical inhibition, long-interval intracortical inhibition, late cortical disinhibition (LCD), and intracortical facilitation were recorded with a posterior-anterior (PA) intracortical current, whereas CME and short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF) were recorded with both PA and anterior-posterior (AP) currents. CME with PA stimulation was also recorded ~1 h postpriming. PA CME was elevated 35 min postpriming and remained elevated ~1 h postpriming. LCD decreased, and AP SICF increased at both 5 and 35 min postpriming. However, these changes in LCD and AP SICF are unlikely to be the cause of the increased PA CME because of the differing timelines of their effects and AP and PA currents activating separate interneuron circuits. These results suggest that bilateral priming does not increase CME through alterations of the intracortical circuits investigated here. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to measure how bilateral priming modulates corticomotor excitability with posterior-anterior and anterior-posterior intracortical currents, 1-ms short-interval intracortical inhibition, late cortical disinhibition, intracortical facilitation, and short-interval intracortical facilitation. We found corticomotor excitability with a posterior-anterior current increased by 35 min until ~1 h postpriming. Short-interval intracortical facilitation with an anterior-posterior current was greater for at least 35 min postpriming. This provides further insight into the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying bilateral priming.
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Matsumoto, Atsushi, and Tetsuya Iidaka. "Gamma Band Synchronization and the Formation of Representations in Visual Word Processing: Evidence from Repetition and Homophone Priming." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 11 (November 2008): 2088–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20136.

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The formation of an object's cortical representation seems to rely on synchronized neuronal activity within the gamma band frequency range (gamma band activity [GBA]). In this study, we investigated whether electroencephalogram (EEG) GBA, and its phase synchronization between electrodes, is necessary for the formation of nonobject higher-order cognitive representations, using both repetition and homophone priming tasks. In a repetition priming task, the formation of orthographic, phonological, and semantic representations is promoted by a prime word, whereas in the homophone priming task, the formation of only phonological representations is promoted. In the present study, the lexical processing of a target word induced GBA. In the repetition priming task, induced GBA and phase synchronization were decreased by presentation of the prime word (i.e., a repetition suppression effect) within both 200–300 msec and 400–500 msec time windows. In the homophone priming task, the repetition suppression effect was observed only within the 400–500 msec time window. The fact that repetition suppression effects were found in both priming tasks indicates that GBA and phase synchronization are necessary for the formation of phonological and semantic representations of a word. These results also suggest that formation of orthographic and higher-order cognitive representations occurred over different time courses.
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Kiefer, Markus. "Repetition-priming Modulates Category-related Effects on Event-related Potentials: Further Evidence for Multiple Cortical Semantic Systems." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 2 (February 2005): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053124938.

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In the present study, the significance of category-related brain activations as an index of semantic memory structure was assessed within a repetition-priming paradigm during a lexical decision task. The interpretation of category-related effects has been debated since previous studies observed category-related brain activity mainly in tasks requiring explicit semantic categorization. Furthermore, categories were frequently associated with behavioral performance differences, which could have influenced the pattern of brain activation. Event-related potentials (ERPs) to words denoting objects from artifactual (e.g., tools) and natural categories (e.g., animals) were recorded while subjects were presented with words and pseudowords as distracters, which were repeatedly presented. Category-related ERP differences emerged in the time window of the N400, an electrophysiological index of semantic processing, over occipito-parietal and fronto-central regions as well as in the following window of a late positive potential. Repetition priming modulated these category-related ERP effects whereas behavioral repetition priming (faster reactions to repeated words) was comparable for both categories. Differences in ERP repetition effects were specifically due to diminished category-related activity at repeated presentation. The present results show that category-related brain activation is not confined to tasks requiring explicit semantic categorization. Most importantly, the study demonstrates that category-related brain activation can be specifically modulated by repetition priming in the absence of corresponding behavioral performance differences. These findings therefore substantiate the significance of category-related brain activations as reflections of semantic memory structure and support the notion of multiple cortical semantic systems.
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Duncan, John. "Converging levels of analysis in the cognitive neuroscience of visual attention." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1373 (August 29, 1998): 1307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0285.

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Experiments using behavioural, lesion, functional imaging and single neuron methods are considered in the context of a neuropsychological model of visual attention. According to this model, inputs compete for representation in multiple visually responsive brain systems, sensory and motor, cortical and subcortical. Competition is biased by advance priming of neurons responsive to current behavioural targets. Across systems competition is integrated such that the same, selected object tends to become dominant throughout. The behavioural studies reviewed concern divided attention within and between modalities. They implicate within–modality competition as one main restriction on concurrent stimulus identification. In contrast to the conventional association of lateral attentional focus with parietal lobe function, the lesion studies show attentional bias to be a widespread consequence of unilateral cortical damage. Although the clinical syndrome of unilateral neglect may indeed be associated with parietal lesions, this probably reflects an assortment of further deficits accompanying a simple attentional imbalance. The functional imaging studies show joint involvement of lateral prefrontal and occipital cortex in lateral attentional focus and competition. The single unit studies suggest how competition in several regions of extrastriate cortex is biased by advance priming of neurons responsive to current behavioural targets. Together, the concepts of competition, priming and integration allow a unified theoretical approach to findings from behavioural to single neuron levels.
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Wagner, Anthony D., John E. Desmond, Jonathan B. Demb, Gary H. Glover, and John D. E. Gabrieli. "Semantic Repetition Priming for Verbal and Pictorial Knowledge: A Functional MRI Study of Left Inferior Prefrontal Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 6 (November 1997): 714–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.714.

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Functional neuroimaging studies of single-word processing have demonstrated decreased activation in left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPC) during repeated semantic processing relative to initial semantic processing. This item-specific memory effect occurs under implicit test instructions and represents word-toword semantic repetition priming. The present study examined the stimulus generality of LIPC function by measuring prefrontal cortical activation during repeated relative to initial semantic processing of words (word-to-word semantic repetition priming) and of pictures (picture-to-picture semantic repetition priming). For both words and pictures, LIPC activation decreased with repetition, suggesting that this area subserves semantic analysis of stimuli regardless of perceptual form. Decreased activation was greater in extent for words than for pictures. The LIPC area may act as a semantic executive system that mediates on-line retrieval of long-term conceptual knowledge necessary for guiding task performance.
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Dobbins, Ian G., David M. Schnyer, Mieke Verfaellie, and Daniel L. Schacter. "Cortical activity reductions during repetition priming can result from rapid response learning." Nature 428, no. 6980 (February 29, 2004): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02400.

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Hamada, Masashi, Ritsuko Hanajima, Yasuo Terao, Shingo Okabe, Setsu Nakatani-Enomoto, Toshiaki Furubayashi, Hideyuki Matsumoto, Yuichiro Shirota, Shinya Ohminami, and Yoshikazu Ugawa. "Primary motor cortical metaplasticity induced by priming over the supplementary motor area." Journal of Physiology 587, no. 20 (October 9, 2009): 4845–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179101.

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Zhang, Q. f., Y. Wen, D. Zhang, L. She, J. y. Wu, Y. Dan, and M. m. Poo. "Priming with real motion biases visual cortical response to bistable apparent motion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 50 (November 27, 2012): 20691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218654109.

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Kopeykina, E. A., V. V. Khoroshikh, G. A. Kulikov, and V. Y. Ivanova. "Phonological priming-effect on motor reaction time and movement-related cortical potentials." International Journal of Psychophysiology 85, no. 3 (September 2012): 374–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.033.

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Castle, P. C., S. Van Toller, and G. J. Milligan. "The effect of odour priming on cortical EEG and visual ERP responses." International Journal of Psychophysiology 36, no. 2 (May 2000): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00106-3.

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Lavigne, Frédéric, Laurent Dumercy, Lucile Chanquoy, Brunissende Mercier, and Françoise Vitu-Thibault. "Dynamics of the semantic priming shift: behavioral experiments and cortical network model." Cognitive Neurodynamics 6, no. 6 (June 13, 2012): 467–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11571-012-9206-0.

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Anders, Royce, Anaïs Llorens, Anne-Sophie Dubarry, Agnès Trébuchon, Catherine Liégeois-Chauvel, and F. Xavier Alario. "Cortical Dynamics of Semantic Priming and Interference during Word Production: An Intracerebral Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 7 (July 2019): 978–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01406.

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Language production requires that semantic representations are mapped to lexical representations on the basis of the ongoing context to select the appropriate words. This mapping is thought to generate two opposing phenomena, “semantic priming,” where multiple word candidates are activated, and “interference,” where these word activities are differentiated to make a goal-relevant selection. In previous neuroimaging and neurophysiological research, priming and interference have been associated to activity in regions of a left frontotemporal network. Most of such studies relied on recordings that either have high temporal or high spatial resolution, but not both. Here, we employed intracerebral EEG techniques to explore with both high resolutions, the neural activity associated with these phenomena. The data came from nine epileptic patients who were stereotactically implanted for presurgical diagnostics. They performed a cyclic picture-naming task contrasting semantically homogeneous and heterogeneous contexts. Of the 84 brain regions sampled, 39 showed task-evoked activity that was significant and consistent across two patients or more. In nine of these regions, activity was significantly modulated by the semantic manipulation. It was reduced for semantically homogeneous contexts (i.e., priming) in eight of these regions, located in the temporal ventral pathway as well as frontal areas. Conversely, it was increased only in the pre-SMA, notably at an early poststimulus temporal window (200–300 msec) and a preresponse temporal window (700–800 msec). These temporal effects respectively suggest the pre-SMA's role in initial conflict detection (e.g., increased response caution) and in preresponse control. Such roles of the pre-SMA are traditional from a history of neural evidence in simple perceptual tasks, yet are also consistent with recent cognitive lexicosemantic theories that highlight top–down processes in language production. Finally, although no significant semantic modulation was found in the ACC, future intracerebral EEG work should continue to inspect ACC with the pre-SMA.
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BROUWERS, PIM, MARTINE VAN ENGELEN, FRANÇOIS LALONDE, LORI PEREZ, EDWARD DE HAAN, PAMELA WOLTERS, and ALEX MARTIN. "Abnormally increased semantic priming in children with symptomatic HIV-1 disease: Evidence for impaired development of semantics?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 7, no. 4 (May 2001): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617701744050.

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Language deficits are a major characteristic of neurobehavioral dysfunction in pediatric HIV disease. An object decision task, which assessed reaction time facilitation following a semantic or identical prime in comparison to an unrelated prime, was used to investigate whether semantic processing abnormalities could be responsible, in part, for these deficits. Thirty children with vertically acquired HIV infection (M age 9.0 years; range 6–13) participated. Either a picture of the same object (repetition prime), a semantically related object (semantic prime), a semantically unrelated object, or a nonsense object preceded a target picture, which in 50% of the cases was a real object. Brain scans of children were rated and used together with neurobehavioral functioning to classify children as having HIV-related CNS abnormalities (n = 13) or not (n = 17). Increased semantic priming but not repetition priming was associated with a greater degree of cortical atrophy. Furthermore, CNS compromised children had significantly faster reaction times following a semantic prime compared to an unrelated prime than non-compromised patients. This facilitation following semantic priming for the CNS compromised patients (13.3%) almost equaled the facilitation following repetition priming (15.3%) while for the non-compromised patients facilitation following semantic priming (7.9%) was clearly smaller than following repetition priming (14.6%). These data suggest that HIV infection in children may result in a reduced neural network leading to impoverished semantic representations characterized by poor differentiation between closely related objects. (JINS, 2001, 7, 491–501.)
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Kawabe, Hiroshi, Miso Mitkovski, Pascal S. Kaeser, Johannes Hirrlinger, Felipe Opazo, Dennis Nestvogel, Stefan Kalla, et al. "ELKS1 localizes the synaptic vesicle priming protein bMunc13-2 to a specific subset of active zones." Journal of Cell Biology 216, no. 4 (March 6, 2017): 1143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201606086.

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Presynaptic active zones (AZs) are unique subcellular structures at neuronal synapses, which contain a network of specific proteins that control synaptic vesicle (SV) tethering, priming, and fusion. Munc13s are core AZ proteins with an essential function in SV priming. In hippocampal neurons, two different Munc13s—Munc13-1 and bMunc13-2—mediate opposite forms of presynaptic short-term plasticity and thus differentially affect neuronal network characteristics. We found that most presynapses of cortical and hippocampal neurons contain only Munc13-1, whereas ∼10% contain both Munc13-1 and bMunc13-2. Whereas the presynaptic recruitment and activation of Munc13-1 depends on Rab3-interacting proteins (RIMs), we demonstrate here that bMunc13-2 is recruited to synapses by the AZ protein ELKS1, but not ELKS2, and that this recruitment determines basal SV priming and short-term plasticity. Thus, synapse-specific interactions of different Munc13 isoforms with ELKS1 or RIMs are key determinants of the molecular and functional heterogeneity of presynaptic AZs.
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Chiao, Joan Y., Tokiko Harada, Hidetsugu Komeda, Zhang Li, Yoko Mano, Daisuke Saito, Todd B. Parrish, Norihiro Sadato, and Tetsuya Iidaka. "Dynamic Cultural Influences on Neural Representations of the Self." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21192.

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People living in multicultural environments often encounter situations which require them to acquire different cultural schemas and to switch between these cultural schemas depending on their immediate sociocultural context. Prior behavioral studies show that priming cultural schemas reliably impacts mental processes and behavior underlying self-concept. However, less well understood is whether or not cultural priming affects neurobiological mechanisms underlying the self. Here we examined whether priming cultural values of individualism and collectivism in bicultural individuals affects neural activity in cortical midline structures underlying self-relevant processes using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biculturals primed with individualistic values showed increased activation within medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) during general relative to contextual self-judgments, whereas biculturals primed with collectivistic values showed increased response within MPFC and PCC during contextual relative to general self-judgments. Moreover, degree of cultural priming was positively correlated with degree of MPFC and PCC activity during culturally congruent self-judgments. These findings illustrate the dynamic influence of culture on neural representations underlying the self and, more broadly, suggest a neurobiological basis by which people acculturate to novel environments.
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Jayasinghe, S. A. L. "The role of sensory stimulation on motor learning via action observation: a mini review." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 729–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00747.2018.

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Action observation involves the observation of an action followed by an attempt to replicate it. Recent studies show that increased sensorimotor cortical connectivity improves motor performance via observation and that priming the sensory system before observation enhances the effects of observation-based learning. Understanding the role of the sensory system is, therefore, critical for rehabilitation of movement disorders that have a sensory deficit.
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COPLAND, DAVID. "The basal ganglia and semantic engagement: Potential insights from semantic priming in individuals with subcortical vascular lesions, Parkinson's disease, and cortical lesions." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9, no. 7 (November 2003): 1041–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617703970081.

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The impact of basal ganglia dysfunction on semantic processing was investigated by comparing the performance of individuals with nonthalamic subcortical (NS) vascular lesions, Parkinson's disease (PD), cortical lesions, and matched controls on a semantic priming task. Unequibiased lexical ambiguity primes were used in auditory prime-target pairs comprising 4 critical conditions; dominant related (e.g., bank–money), subordinate related (e.g., bank–river), dominant unrelated (e.g., foot–money) and subordinate unrelated (e.g., bat–river). Participants made speeded lexical decisions (word/nonword) on targets using a go–no-go response. When a short prime–target interstimulus interval (ISI) of 200 ms was employed, all groups demonstrated priming for dominant and subordinate conditions, indicating nonselective meaning facilitation and intact automatic lexical processing. Differences emerged at the long ISI (1250 ms), where control and cortical lesion participants evidenced selective facilitation of the dominant meaning, whereas NS and PD groups demonstrated a protracted period of nonselective meaning facilitation. This finding suggests a circumscribed deficit in the selective attentional engagement of the semantic network on the basis of meaning frequency, possibly implicating a disturbance of frontal–subcortical systems influencing inhibitory semantic mechanisms. (JINS, 2003, 9, 1041–1052.)
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Eddington, Kari M., Florin Dolcos, Roberto Cabeza, K. Ranga R. Krishnan, and Timothy J. Strauman. "Neural Correlates of Promotion and Prevention Goal Activation: An fMRI Study using an Idiographic Approach." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 7 (July 2007): 1152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.7.1152.

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Regulatory focus theory [Higgins, E. T. Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280–1300, 1997] postulates two social-cognitive motivational systems, the promotion and prevention systems, for self-regulation of goal pursuit. However, the neural substrates of promotion and prevention goal activation remain unclear. Drawing on several literatures, we hypothesized that priming promotion versus prevention goals would activate areas in the left versus right prefrontal cortex (PFC), respectively, and that activation in these areas would be correlated with individual differences in chronic regulatory focus. Sixteen participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while engaged in a depth-of-processing task, during which they were exposed incidentally to their own promotion and prevention goals. Task-related cortical activation was consistent with previous studies. At the same time, incidental priming of promotion goals was associated with left orbital PFC activation, and activation in this area was stronger for individuals with a chronic promotion focus. Findings regarding prevention goal priming were not consistent with predictions. The data illustrate the centrality of self-regulation and personal goal pursuit within the multilayered process of social cognition.
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Cornelissen, Katri, Matti Laine, Antti Tarkiainen, Tiina Järvensivu, Nadine Martin, and Riitta Salmelin. "Adult Brain Plasticity Elicited by Anomia Treatment." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 3 (April 1, 2003): 444–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903321593153.

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We describe a study where a specific treatment method for word-finding difficulty (so-called contextual priming technique, which combines massive repetition priming with semantic priming) was applied with three chronic left hemisphere-damaged aphasics. Both before and after treatment, which focused on naming of a series of pictures, naming-related brain activity was measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG). Due to its excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution, we were able to track treatment-induced changes in cortical activity. All three subjects showed improved naming of the trained items. In all subjects, a single source area, located in the left inferior parietal lobe, close to the lesioned area, displayed statistically significant training-induced changes. This effect was of long latency as it started 300–600 msec after picture presentation. The change in activation was specific to training, as it could not be accounted for by variation of cortical dynamics associated with increased proportion of correct answers. Our interpretation is that the training effect reflects more effective phonological encoding and storage of the trained items through the engagement of a left hemispheric word-learning system. This is in line with recent functional imaging studies, which have linked left inferior parietal lobe activity to the phonological storage component of the verbal working memory, as well as with theoretical arguments stating that the primary role of the phonological loop is to acquire new words. Finally, the MEG results showed no evidence of increased right hemisphere participation following training, supporting the view that restoration of language-related networks in the damaged left hemisphere is crucial for anomia recovery.
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Courbon, Guillaume, Mélanie Rinaudo-Gaujous, Vincent Blasco-Baque, Isabelle Auger, Robin Caire, Lambert Mijola, Laurence Vico, Stéphane Paul, and Hubert Marotte. "Porphyromonas gingivalis experimentally induces periodontis and an anti-CCP2-associated arthritis in the rat." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 78, no. 5 (January 30, 2019): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213697.

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ObjectivesAssociation between periodontal disease (PD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been extensively described, but direct evidence of causal involvement of PD in RA is missing. We investigated the priming role of oral Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) in PD and subsequent RA and we assessed biomarkers of bone resorption and arthritis development in rats.MethodsLewis rats were orally exposed to either P. gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia or control gel for 1 month and then followed for 8 months. The onset and development of PD was assessed by serology, gingivitis severity and micro-CT (µCT). We investigated arthritis development using circulating proinflammatory markers, anticyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP), anticitrullinated protein antibody (ACPA), ankle histology and µCT.ResultsPD was only observed in the P. gingivalis treated rats, as early as 1 month postexposure. Joint and systemic inflammation were detected only in the P. gingivalis group after 4 and 8 months. At 8 months, inflammatory cell infiltrate was observed in ankle joints and paralleled cortical erosions and overall cortical bone reduction. Furthermore, anti-CCP2 correlated with local and systemic bone loss.ConclusionsIn our long-term study, PD induced by oral exposure to P. gingivalis triggered seropositive arthritis, with systemic inflammation and bone erosions. This is the first in vivo demonstration of arthritis induced by oral priming with P. gingivalis.
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Maccotta, Luigi, and Randy L. Buckner. "Evidence for Neural Effects of Repetition that Directly Correlate with Behavioral Priming." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 9 (November 2004): 1625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929042568451.

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Stimulus repetition associates with neural activity reductions during tasks that elicit behavioral priming. Here we present direct evidence for a quantitative relation between neural activity reductions and behavioral priming. Fifty-four subjects performed a word classification task while being scanned with functional MRI. Activity reductions were found in multiple high-level cortical regions including those within the prefrontal cortex. Importantly, activity within several of these regions, including the prefrontal cortex, correlated with behavior such that greater activity reductions associated with faster performance. Whole-brain correlational analyses confirmed the observation of anatomic overlap between regions showing activity reductions and those showing direct brain–behavioral correlations. The finding of a quantitative relation between neural and behavioral effects in frontal regions suggests that repetition reduces frontally mediated processing in a manner that ultimately facilitates behavior.
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Funk, Marzieh, Stefan Jaeger, Niklas Schülert, Cornelia Dorner-Ciossek, Holger Rosenbrock, and Volker Mack. "M181. DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRESSION OF INTERNEURON NETWORK DEFICITS IN A 15Q13.3 MICRODELETION MOUSE MODEL – A GLIMPSE ON ADOLESCENT PRIMING FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA?" Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.493.

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Abstract Background Schizophrenia is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. Patients typically start exhibiting symptoms during adolescence, coinciding with a critical period for the maturation of the prefrontal cortex. While previous studies have identified deficits in cortical interneuron integrity and network function in chronic patients, little is known about the maladaptive circuitry in the early prodromal phase of the disease. To assess pathophysiological changes during adolescence that might contribute to the disruption of cortical network function we have studied a 15q13.3 microdeletion mouse model Df[h15q13]−/+ resembling a human copy number variant (CNV) known to confer high risk for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Using a combination of histology, in vitro electrophysiology and electroencephalography (EEG) we explored the interneuronal connectivity and cortical network functionality in the Df[h15q13]−/+ mouse model from adolescence to early adulthood Methods Immunohistological analysis was performed on brain slices within the prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus and amygdala region from Df[h15q13]−/+ and wild-type mice (N=8) at PND35 and PND70 (4 sections/brain). Sections were immunostained for markers of interneuron subtypes and respective synapses. Fluorescence images were recorded and processed with an Opera Phenix (PerkinElmer) using the 63x objective in confocal mode. EEG studies were performed on Df[h15q13]−/+ and wild-type mice within the age range of PND41 to PND70 (6). Mice were obtained from Taconic and housed within the experimental facility for at least one week prior to experimental procedures. Results We initially confirmed that the adult Df[h15q13]−/+ microdeletion mouse model exhibits robust markers reminiscent of schizophrenia-linked pathology, such as the reduction of parvalbumin positive (PV+) interneurons, lower abundance of perineuronal net proteins (PNNs) and an impaired cortical processing of sensory information. We identified abnormalities in the number and distribution of interneuron synapses in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, the phenotype in the adolescent brain, which were opposed to pathophysiological changes identified in adult Df[h15q13]−/+ microdeletion mice. We discovered an enhanced inhibitory drive from specific subpopulations of interneurons during adolescence that might contribute to deficits in the adult hippocampal and PFC network. Likewise, we found Df[h15q13]−/+ specific differences in cortical network processing between adolescent and adult mice revealed by EEG. To align the development of cortical network function to the progressive changes in network structure we performed longitudinal EEG recordings and uncovered particular abnormalities in basal and evoked oscillatory rhythms in adolescent and adult mice. Discussion In this study, we discovered abnormalities in the interneuron integration during a critical period for the maturation of the prefrontal cortex in a 15q13.3 microdeletion mouse model. Our findings provide novel insights into early deficits in the limbic and cortical neuronal networks that may drive circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia patients. Identification of adolescent pathophysiology in models for schizophrenia risk will provide the opportunity to explore new mechanisms for early intervention.
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47

Böhm, Verena, Christian O. Simon, Jürgen Podlech, Christof K. Seckert, Dorothea Gendig, Petra Deegen, Dorothea Gillert-Marien, Niels A. W. Lemmermann, Rafaela Holtappels, and Matthias J. Reddehase. "The Immune Evasion Paradox: Immunoevasins of Murine Cytomegalovirus Enhance Priming of CD8 T Cells by Preventing Negative Feedback Regulation." Journal of Virology 82, no. 23 (September 24, 2008): 11637–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01510-08.

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ABSTRACT Cytomegaloviruses express glycoproteins that interfere with antigen presentation to CD8 T cells. Although the molecular modes of action of these “immunoevasins” differ between cytomegalovirus species, the convergent biological outcome is an inhibition of the recognition of infected cells. In murine cytomegalovirus, m152/gp40 retains peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex class I molecules in a cis-Golgi compartment, m06/gp48 mediates their vesicular sorting for lysosomal degradation, and m04/gp34, although not an immunoevasin in its own right, appears to assist in the concerted action of all three molecules. Using the Ld-restricted IE1 epitope YPHFMPTNL in the BALB/c mouse model as a paradigm, we provide here an explanation for the paradox that immunoevasins enhance CD8 T-cell priming although they inhibit peptide presentation in infected cells. Adaptive immune responses are initiated in the regional lymph node (RLN) draining the site of pathogen exposure. In particular for antigens that are not virion components, the magnitude of viral gene expression providing the antigens is likely a critical parameter in priming efficacy. We have therefore focused on the events in the RLN and have related priming to intranodal viral gene expression. We show that immunoevasins enhance priming by downmodulating an early CD8 T-cell-mediated “negative feedback” control of the infection in the cortical region of the RLN, thus supporting the model that immunoevasins improve antigen supply for indirect priming by uninfected antigen-presenting cells. As an important consequence, these findings predict that deletion of immunoevasin genes in a replicative vaccine virus is not a favorable option but may, rather, be counterproductive.
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48

Tramo, Mark Jude, Jamshed J. Bharucha, and Frank E. Musiek. "Music Perception and Cognition Following Bilateral Lesions of Auditory Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2, no. 3 (July 1990): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1990.2.3.195.

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We present experimental and anatomical data from a case study of impaired auditory perception following bilateral hemispheric strokes. To consider the cortical representation of sensory, perceptual, and cognitive functions mediating tonal information processing in music, pure tone sensation thresholds, spectral intonation judgments, and the associative priming of spectral intonation judgments by harmonic context were examined, and lesion localization was analyzed quantitatively using straight-line two-dimensional maps of the cortical surface reconstructed from magnetic resonance images. Despite normal pure tone sensation thresholds at 250–8000 Hz, the perception of tonal spectra was severely impaired, such that harmonic structures (major triads) were almost uniformly judged to sound dissonant; yet, the associative priming of spectral intonation judgments by harmonic context was preserved, indicating that cognitive representations of tonal hierarchies in music remained intact and accessible. Brainprints demonstrated complete bilateral lesions of the transverse gyri of Heschl and partial lesions of the right and left superior temporal gyri involving 98 and 20% of their surface areas, respectively. In the right hemisphere, there was partial sparing of the planum temporale, temporoparietal junction, and inferior parietal cortex. In the left hemisphere, all of the superior temporal region anterior to the transverse gyrus and parts of the planum temporale, temporoparietal junction, inferior parietal cortex, and insula were spared. These observations suggest that (1) sensory, perceptual, and cognitive functions mediating tonal information processing in music are neurologically dissociable; (2) complete bilateral lesions of primary auditory cortex combined with partial bilateral lesions of auditory association cortex chronically impair tonal consonance perception; (3) cognitive functions that hierarchically structure pitch information and generate harmonic expectancies during music perception do not rely on the integrity of primary auditory cortex; and (4) musical priming may be mediated by broadly tuned subcomponents of the thala-mocortical auditory system.
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Zago, Laure, Mark J. Fenske, Elissa Aminoff, and Moshe Bar. "The Rise and Fall of Priming: How Visual Exposure Shapes Cortical Representations of Objects." Cerebral Cortex 15, no. 11 (February 16, 2005): 1655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhi060.

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Berntson, G. G., R. Shafi, D. Knox, and M. Sarter. "Blockade of epinephrine priming of the cerebral auditory evoked response by cortical cholinergic deafferentation." Neuroscience 116, no. 1 (January 2003): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00702-9.

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