Academic literature on the topic 'Corruption criminal offense'

This research aims to analyze the criteria of political parties’ criminal liability on corruption criminal offense and the obstacles of law enforcement. It also aims to analyze the regulations and its application in the future. This is normative research that uses literature review. It analyzes secondary data in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The research results show: (1) criminal liability of political parties in corruption cases may only be demanded if the crime is carried out in the name of the political parties or if it is based on a mandate of that party; (2) the juridical factors which inhibits criminalization of political parties include the corruption regulations’ incapability to penalize them, there are contradictive legal norms between that of corporations and political parties, and that not all corporate criminal sanctions may be imposed to political parties; and (3) it is hoped that the legal regulations on corruption may categorize political parties as corporations, to give a deterrent effect to political parties involved in corruption.

Combating corruption offenses is one of the priorities of public policy not only in Ukraine but also in many foreign countries. The object of the study is the criminal law measures to combat and resistance corruption in Ukraine and some foreign countries. In carrying out this research, a comparative legal method is widely used. This method allows for a two-level analysis (empirical and theoretical) of legal systems of Ukraine and some foreign countries in terms of combating corruption by criminal law means. It also allows identify regularities of development of the criminal legislation of several countries and to establish correlation with the international standards of counteraction and prevention of a corruption criminal offense. During the conducted research it is revealed some disadvantages and advantages of Ukrainian legislation in terms of criminal law supply of effective means of preventing and combating corruption in Ukraine, it is found that modern criminal law of Ukraine meets international standards of anti-corruption policy generally, but there are some disadvantages in terms of unambiguous understanding of the elements of compositions of criminal corruption offenses, definition of terminological features, lack of a single conceptual approach within the legislative regulations at the level of criminal law and legislation.

The provisions of normative legal acts that determine the prosecutor's office scope of competence, in particular their tasks and functions, have been studied. As a result, it has been found that the current approach to determining the prosecutor's office scope of competence is manifested primarily in the consolidation at the legislative level of the main functions of the prosecutor's office; tasks and functions of the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office (SAP) are fixed at the departmental level of legal regulation without their delimitation. In order to differentiate the powers of the prosecutor's office to prevent and combat corruption, the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (NABU) clarified the investigation of criminal corruption and corruption-related offenses committed by NABU employees. It has been established that the prosecutor's office, represented by prosecutors, is authorized to prevent corruption in NABU by participating in proceedings on administrative offenses related to corruption committed by NABU employees. As a result of the study, it has been concluded that the prosecutor's office, depending on the content of their tasks and functions, are involved in preventing and combating corruption in NABU in different ways, and the content of such activities is clearly dualistic, namely: on the one hand, the SAP in preventing compliance with the law during operational and investigative activities and pre-trial investigation of criminal offenses NABU can prevent or stop possible corruption by NABU employees; on the other hand, the prosecutor's office, if a corruption criminal offense is committed by a NABU official, must, in particular, ensure compliance with the law on the inevitability of liability for a criminal offense, within the competence to compensate for damages caused by such criminal offenses. The powers of the prosecutor's office to prevent and combat corruption in NABU have been grouped: representative, supervisory, security and law enforcement. In order to ensure the effective functioning of the SAP, in particular on the prevention and combating of corruption in NABU, the author's version of Section 3 of the Regulation on the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office of the Prosecutor General's Office has been proposed.

The article is devoted to the analysis of exemption from criminal liability on the grounds specified in part five of Article 354 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The directions of modern researches of this problem are analyzed. The concept of exemption from criminal liability on the grounds specified in part five of Article 354 of the Criminal Code, conditions and criminal consequences. The application of general types of exemption from criminal liability of persons who have committed corruption offenses is limited by the legislator, and the implementation of such as expiration due to the expiration of the statute of limitations does not cause difficulties in practice. criminal liability provided for in part five of Article 354 of the Criminal Code. Key words: criminal liability, corruption offense, exemption from criminal liability, grounds for exemption from criminal liability.

Corruption is a criminal offense that is remarkable. Remarkable because the mode used increasingly sophisticated, and as a result of corruption is very detrimental to the people and the state. Corruptor often me-take advantage of legal loopholes. Reverse authentication system implemented in the Act No. 31 of 1999 jo. Act No. 20 of 2001 on Corruption Eradication easier for prosecutors to prove that the defendant has committed the crime of corruption. In the system of proof, the defendant has the obligation to prove that the defendant did not commit corruption, and prosecutors also continue to prove that the defendant engaged in corruption cases.Keywords: Upside Evidence; Prosecution; Corruption.

Acts against the law and abuse of authority in a criminal act of corruption are elements that determine whether or not an act can be declared a criminal act. Both of these acts are important to distinguish the boundaries in criminal acts of corruption and also interesting to talk about.There are two legal subjects in a criminal act of corruption, namely a person or every person and corporation as perpetrators and those who can be held liable for criminal acts of corruption committed by their management. Against the law (wederrechtelijk) is one of the elements of a criminal offense in article 2 paragraph (1)of the UUPTPK namely the special unlawful nature. It is referred to as a special unlawful nature because the word against law is explicitly stated in the offense formulation in article 2 paragraph (1) of the UUPTPK. Abusing is defined as the existence of rights or powers that are not carried out properly as it has benefited others, children, grandchildren, family or cronies.There is also misusing the opportunity or time on the perpetrators in connection with the position. Misusing advice means abusing equipment or facilities attached to the perpetrator because of his position.Key-words : Against the Law, Abuse, authority, Corruption Crime

The legislation of Ukraine does not contain a legal definition of the concept of “jurisdiction”, although at the theoretical level this legal category has repeatedly become the subject of scientific research, its content and types have been constantly transformed depending on changes in the legislation of Ukraine. The socio-political situation caused by the violation of the territorial integrity of Ukraine, the priority of the state’s criminal policy in the fight against terrorism, corruption, have become a prerequisite for the emergence of new bodies of pre-trial investigation, changes in the procedural status of the investigator. This allows us to continue scientific research in the direction of improving the definition of “jurisdiction”, the definition of its characteristic components, species and more. The article discusses the relation between the terms “investigator competence” and “jurisdiction”, arguing that the former is broader. Attention is drawn to the normative construction of the articles of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, which define the rules of subsidiarity, in particular, in retrospect. Analysis of the criteria under which a criminal proceeding is assigned to the sphere of activity (management) of a particular pre-trial investigation body, in particular, the place of commission of a criminal offense, qualification of a criminal offense (event of a criminal offense, nature of the consequences, the subject of the criminal offense, its form guilt), the special status of the subject of the crime, the type and size of the object of the crime and the harm caused by the criminal offense, the status of the victim, the connectedness of actions, etc., allowed to conclude on the expediency of introducing into scientific circulation the concept of “criminal procedural characteristics of criminal offenses” The author defines the concept of “jurisdiction” by which the constituent competence of an investigator for conducting pre-trial investigation of a certain category of criminal proceedings, which is determined depending on the criminal procedural characteristic of a criminal offense, should be understood.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study and scientific analysis of the current anti-corruption legislation, which regulates the bringing of civil servants to disciplinary responsibility in the form of disciplinary dismissal for committing corruption offenses. Civil servants are persons who, while in the civil service, perform the tasks and functions of the state. The human rights and freedoms in Ukraine depend on how honestly they are in the performance of official duties and adhere to the current anti-corruption legislation. Disciplinary liability of civil servants has its own specifics associated with a special subject of liability, which carries out not just labor, but professional service activities. Thus, bringing a civil servant to criminal or administrative responsibility for committing corruption offenses leads to disciplinary liability in the form of disciplinary dismissal from the civil service.Based on the analysis of regulations governing legal relations in the field of bringing civil servants to justice for corruption offenses, proposals were made to improve the current legislation in this area, and it was concluded that the dismissal of civil servants for corruption offenses has its own features, which are in that: first, the procedure for dismissal of a civil servant for a corruption offense is regulated by labor law; secondly, the disciplinary responsibility of a civil servant for committing corruption offenses is manifested in the form of disciplinary dismissal; thirdly, an official authorized by law to appoint and dismiss civil servants must, in a mandatory manner, apply to a civil servant a disciplinary sanction in the form of dismissal in the event of the entry into force of a court decision on the recruitment of a civil servant. to administrative liability for corruption offenses; fourth, a disciplinary sanction in the form of disciplinary dismissal for a corruption offense shall be applied no later than three days from the date of occurrence or establishment of the entry into force of a court decision to bring a civil servant to administrative responsibility.

Based on expert estimates, 17% of corrupt practices are committed in this area, and the authors identify the leading causes of corruption in the educational sphere. The objective is the non-recognition of teachers and lecturers as subjects of criminal corruption offenses, low level of the labor expense, inventory, and logistics management discrepancy in educational institutions of different groups with modern educational methods. Subjective reasons include the mutual “benefit” of corrupt practices to all participants in the educational process; disenchantment with the profession due to burnout; certain aspects of mentality; the sense of impunity for blackmailing offenses and receiving gifts. Regarding scientific research methods, their branched complex and multilevel structure are proposed: philosophical, empirical research, methods of theoretical cognition: general logical methods, specific scientific methods. The principal means to combat corruption in the educational sphere is preventive increasing the level of labor expense in the academic sphere; improving the inventory and logistics management of the educational institutions at all levels and regions; avoiding the mutual “benefit” to all participants in the educational process and anti-corruption means (criminalization for all teaching and research-pedagogical staff for the commission of the criminal offense).

The relevance of the article is that today our state is acutely aware of the problem of corruption, which is a threat to the rule of law, law and order, rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as an obstacle to sustainable pro-European development. To solve this problem, it is necessary to create and implement a number of anti-corruption measures that will not only eradicate corruption as a phenomenon, but will also prevent the emergence of conditions that will contribute to its emergence. The implementation of such a process is a necessary condition for the formation of sustainable public confidence in the government, improving the lives of citizens, ensuring the growth of Ukraine’s economic potential. The specifics of the civil service often leads to a conflict of interests of citizens, social groups, society, the state as a whole, the collision of which causes various conflicts, and sometimes leads to corruption offenses. The purpose of the article is to study and analyze in detail the corruption risks in criminal proceedings. Corruption risks in criminal proceedings have been studied and analyzed in detail. It has been determined that any entity that has discretionary powers the ability to act on its own, but within the law is prone to corruption. Such entities may be the head of state, deputies, officials, doctors, administrators, etc. However, law enforcement officers and judges conducting criminal cases can also benefit illegally. Thus, they also belong to the category of persons who have corruption risks. It is determined that the types of corrupt payments can be money, jewelry, payment for services, employment of relatives, vacation vouchers, home or car repairs. In particular, there are some payments that are in demand among the staff of investigative units: printers, scanners, paper, other consumables, payment for fuel both to travel to the scene and for personal purposes of the investigator. The stage of consideration of a criminal case in court begins from the moment the judge receives the case and ends with the entry into force of the verdict in this case. The only subject of corruption risk at this stage is a judge who has the authority to revoke or change the measure of restraint, to replace the criminal qualification from a more serious offense to a less serious one, to appoint a minimum term of imprisonment, to release from criminal liability.

Бондарчук, А. А. Кримінально-виконавчі засади запобігання кримінальним правопорушенням у сфері службової діяльності в установах виконання покарань : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 081 «Право» / А. А.Бондарчук ; керівник роботи І. М. Колодій ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра кримінального права та правосуддя . – Чернігів, 2021. – 96 с.
Складні та алогічні тенденції розвитку сучасного українського суспільства спостерігаються у всіх сферах соціального буття і знаходять відбиття в упорядкованості процесу виконання покарань та стані кримінальновиконавчої системи. В наш час кримінально-виконавча система переживає період удосконалення і розвитку, який обумовлено реформами, що проходять. Одним із головних напрямків реформування є підвищення ефективності діяльності органів і установ виконання кримінальних покарань, який полягає в удосконаленні кадрового забезпечення і виробленні професійних вимог до співробітників. В ході проведеного реформування вагоме значення отримало питання запобігання кримінальним правопорушенням у сфері службової діяльності в установах виконання покарань та кримінологічна характеристика відповідних правопорушників. Вирішенню зазначених питань може сприяти розгляд кадрового комплектування органів і установ виконання покарань співробітниками з належною підготовкою та високим рівнем правосвідомості. З врахуванням вищезазначеного зростає актуальність питань, які розглядаються, і виникає необхідність їх дослідження та удосконалення нормативно-правового регулювання і організаційно-практичних заходів кадрового комплектування співробітниками органів і установ системи виконання покарань в Україні. Розділ 1 присвячено теоретико-правовим засадам запобігання кримінальним правопорушенням у сфері службово діяльності в установах виконання покарань. У розділі 2 досліджуються причини та умови вчинення кримінальних правопорушень у сфері службової діяльності в установах виконання покарань. У розділі 3 розкриваються питання запобігання кримінальним правопорушенням у сфері службової діяльності в установах виконання покарань. Наукова новизна отриманих результатів полягає у тому, що кваліфікаційна робота є одним із перших досліджень, у якому проведено систематизацію заходів запобігання кримінальним правопорушенням у сфері службової діяльності в установах виконання покарань на основі методології системного підходу й оцінки накопичених теоретичних і практичних джерел протидії кримінальним правопорушенням в органах і установах, слідчих ізоляторах, що належать до сфери управління кримінально-виконавчою системою України. З позиції кримінологічної теорії висвітлено тенденції становлення засад протидії кримінальним правопорушенням у сфері службової діяльності в установах виконання покарань, обґрунтовано їх концептуальні основи та встановлено шляхи їх впровадження у чинне законодавство.
Complex and alignment trends in the development of modern Ukrainian society are observed in all spheres of social being and reflect in the order of the process of execution of punishment and the state of the criminal executive system. In our time, the criminal-executive system is experiencing a period of improvement and development, which is due to reforms passing. One of the main directions of reform is to increase the effectiveness of bodies and institutions of criminal punishment, which is to improve staffing and developing professional requirements for employees. During the conducted reform, the issue of preventing criminal offenses in the field of official activity in institutions of punishment and the criminological characteristics of the relevant offenders has been imported. Solving these issues can facilitate the consideration of personnel assembling of bodies and institutions of punishment by employees with proper preparation and high level of legal consciousness. Taking into account the above-mentioned relevance of the issues that are considered, and there is a need for their research and improvement of normative and legal regulation and organizational and practical staffing measures assembling by employees of bodies and institutions of the punishment system in Ukraine. Section 1 is devoted to theoretical and legal principles of prevention of a criminal offense in the field of employment in the penalties. Section 2 examines the reasons and conditions for the commission of criminal offenses in the field of official activity in penaltial execution institutions. Section 3 discloses issues of preventing criminal offenses in the field of service in penitentiary institutions. The scientific novelty of the results is that qualification work is one of the first studies, which systematization of measures to prevent criminal offenses in the field of official activity in pennancies on the basis of a systematic approach methodology and evaluation of accumulated theoretical and practical sources of counteraction to a criminal offense in bodies and institutions, investigative isolators belonging to the scope of management of the criminal-executive system of Ukraine. From the standpoint of criminological theory, the tendencies of formation of counteraction to the criminal offense in the field of official activity in institutions of punishment are highlighted, their conceptual foundations are substantiated and established ways of their implementation in the current legislation.

Is corruption a circumstantial problem or is it really rooted in the Peruvian society? Why does Criminal Law should take action against corrupt acts? How is corruption perceived from the point of view of the Peruvian Judicial Power?These and other issues are answered by the interviewed, from her experience as judge and as officer in charge of the fight against corruption in Peru.
¿La corrupción es un problema coyuntural o está realmente arraigada en la sociedad peruana? ¿Por qué el Derecho Penal debe intervenir ante los actos de corrupción? ¿Cómo se percibe la corrupción desde el Poder Judicial?Estas y otras cuestiones son respondidas por la entrevistada, desde su experiencia como jueza y de funcionaria encargada de la lucha contra la corrupción en el país.

This study aims to examine the trajectory of sex offenders through the Lebanese criminal justice system while highlighting various human rights violations. It attempts to fill in the gaps within the literature through building on the existing research and by examining the processes and experiences of arrest, detention, court, prison and release. Recently, numerous scholars have argued that most criminal justice systems are following a popular punitive trend rather than focusing on rehabilitation. This study through its focus on human rights violations, participants attitudes and beliefs as well as issues of rehabilitation and treatment of prisoners firmly places Lebanon within the global trend of popular punitiveness. Seventy-three interviews were carried out with sex offenders, police officers, prison guards, judges and lawyers within Lebanon. These qualitative interviews captured criminal justice professionals and offenders experiences, attitudes and perceptions surrounding sex offending and the criminal justice system. The thematic analysis of the interviews specifically focused on uncovering how sex offenders moved through and were dealt with by the Lebanese criminal justice system. Human rights violations were found to be abundant at the various stages of the criminal justice system. Participants highlighted events such as the excessive use of torture within police stations as well as prisons, the use of forced confessions, and the lack of legal representation. Numerous factors were found to play a role in conceding the copious violations of sex offenders rights occurring at the various stages of the criminal justice system. These factors included corruption, the lack of accountability, police culture, the commonly held belief that offenders are undeserving of human rights, the lack of training, and religion. In investigating the structure and the functioning of the criminal justice system, it became evident that religion played a vital role. Religion dictated professionals positions within the criminal justice system and influenced participants beliefs and attitudes surrounding sex offenders. Because of its influence, religion played a vital role in paving the way for the re-occurrence of human right violations. For example, religion granted the criminalisation of homosexuality and the act of de-virginizing as well as legalising marital rape, all of which result in human rights violations. In order to move Lebanon, and other punitive countries, towards a more rehabilitative criminal justice approach, this study highlights the importance of training, change in legislation, as well as the separation of religion from law.

Омельяненко, О. Ю. Кримінологічна характеристика та запобігання контрабанді в Україні : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 081 «Право» / О. Ю. Омельяненко ; керівник роботи Н. В. Коломієць ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра кримінального права та правосуддя . – Чернігів, 2021. – 89 с.
Актуальність дослідження теми кримінологічної характеристики та запобігання контрабанді в Україні пов’язана з важливістю окреслення наслідків спричинених негативним впливом контрабандних правопорушень на всі сфери суспільного життя держави. Та також формування заходів та способів подолання негативних наслідків для побудови економічно сильної та стабільної держави, покращення добробуту населення України, захисту основних прав та свобод держави та громадянина. Розділ 1 роботи присвячений загальним питанням, визначено поняття контрабанди, окреслено її обсяги та визначено втрати бюджету України від контрабандних правопорушень. У розділі 2 визначається та досліджується правова характеристика кримінального правопорушення – контрабанда, а саме склад кримінального правопорушення, визначаються суміжні з контрабандою правопорушення та окреслюються питання відповідальності за діяння пов’язане з контрабандою Розділ 3 присвячений вивченню історії виникнення та історичних передумов формування даного виду правопорушення. Сформульовано основні аспекти протидії контрабанді на сучасному етапі та досліджено питання особливостей діяльності митних органів щодо запобіганню вчинення контрабандних правопорушень. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в детальному, всебічному вивченні та розробки кримінологічної характеристики кримінальних правопорушень у сфері незаконного переміщення предметів через митний кордон Україні та основі проведено дослідження сформувати заходи щодо протидії вчинення даного правопорушення. Зокрема, в ході проведення дослідження було: 1) розкрито поняття контрабанди та виокремлено поняття адміністративного та кримінального правопорушення в сфері незаконного переміщення предметів через митний кордон ; 2) визначено обсяги втрат державного бюджету України через несплату державного мита та податків при вчиненні контрабанди; 3) проведено кримінологічну характеристику контрабанди; 4) проведено дослідження історичних передумов виникнення та розвитку контрабанди; 5) сформовано заходи удосконалення діяльності державних органів задіяних в боротьбі з контрабандою.
The urgency of researching the topic of criminological characteristics and prevention of smuggling in Ukraine is due to the importance of outlining the consequences of the negative impact of smuggling offenses on all spheres of public life. As well as the formation of measures and ways to overcome the negative consequences for building an economically strong and stable state, improving the welfare of the population of Ukraine, protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of the state and citizens. Section 1 of the work is devoted to general issues, defines the concept of smuggling, outlines its scope and identifies the losses of the budget of Ukraine from smuggling offenses. Section 2 defines and examines the legal characteristics of a criminal offense - smuggling, namely the composition of the criminal offense, identifies related to smuggling offenses and outlines the issue of liability for the act related to smuggling. Section 3 is devoted to the study of the history of origin and historical preconditions for the formation of this type of offense. The main aspects of counteraction to smuggling at the present stage are formulated and the issue of peculiarities of customs authorities' activity on prevention of smuggling offenses is investigated. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the detailed, comprehensive study and development of criminological characteristics of criminal offenses in the field of illegal movement of objects across the customs border of Ukraine and the basis of the study to form measures to combat this offense. In particular, during the study were: 1) the concept of smuggling is revealed and the concept of administrative and criminal offense in the field of illegal movement of objects across the customs border is singled out; 2) the amount of losses of the state budget of Ukraine due to non-payment of state duties and taxes in the case of smuggling is determined; 3) criminological characteristics of smuggling were carried out; 4) a study of the historical background of the emergence and development of smuggling; 5) measures have been taken to improve the activities of state bodies involved in the fight against smuggling.

Биков, К. Г. Кримінально-правова характеристика корупційних злочинів, пов’язаних з незаконним заволодінням майном та іншими предметами : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук (д-ра філософії) : 12.00.08 / Клим Геннадійович Биков; МВС України, Харк. нац. ун-т внутр. справ. - Харків, 2018. - 242 с.
Дисертація присвячена комплексній кримінально-правовій характеристиці корупційних злочинів, передбачених статтями 191, 262, 308, 312, 313, 320, 357, 410 КК України, у випадку їх вчинення шляхом зловживання службовим становищем. Вперше надано науковий опис і пояснення соціальної обумовленості та системи підстав і принципів криміналізації корупційних злочинів, пов’язаних з незаконним заволодінням чужим майном або іншими предметами, внаслідок чого обґрунтована необхідність існування підстав кримінальної відповідальності за таку протиправну поведінку; водночас, встановлена невідповідність основним міжнародно-правовим конвенціям щодо запобігання та протидії корупції визначення в законі про кримінальну відповідальність України вичерпного кола суспільно небезпечних діянь, що визнаються корупційними злочинами, та включення до них злочинів, передбачених ч. 2 ст. 262, ч. 2 ст. 308, ч. 2 ст. 312, ч. 2 ст. 313, ст. 320, ст. 357 та ч. 2 ст. 410 КК України.
The research paper considers the criminal law integrated classification of corruption-related offences provided for by Articles 191, 262, 308, 312, 313, 320, 357, 410 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine if committed by abuse of office. The scientific analysis and explanation of social relevance and the system of criminalization grounds and principles of corruption offences related to the illegal appropriation of somebody else's property or other objects were provided for the first time. As a result, the necessity of criminal liability ground in case of such illegal conduct is substantiated.
Диссертация посвящена комплексной уголовно-правовой характеристике коррупционных преступлений, предусмотренных статьями 191, 262, 308, 312, 313, 320, 357, 410 УК Украины, в случае их совершения путем злоупотребления служебным положением. Впервые предоставлено научное описание и объяснение социальной обусловленности и системы оснований и принципов криминализации коррупционных преступлений, связанных с незаконным завладением чужим имуществом или другими предметами, в результате чего обоснована необходимость существования оснований уголовной ответственности за такое противоправное поведение; одновременно установлено несоответствие основным международно-правовым конвенциям по предотвращению и противодействию коррупции определения в законе об уголовной ответственности Украины исчерпывающего круга общественно опасных деяний, признаваемых коррупционными преступлениями, и включения в них преступлений, предусмотренных ч. 2 ст. 262, ч. 2 ст. 308, ч. 2 ст. 312, ч. 2 ст. 313, ст. 320, ст. 357 и ч. 2 ст. 410 УК Украины.

У дисертації наведено теоретичне узагальнення й запропоновано нове вирішення наукової проблеми, яке полягало у розробленні на основі аналізу існуючих наукових підходів, чинного вітчизняного та зарубіжного законодавства і практики їх реалізації комплексної науково та практично обґрунтованої концепції кримінально-правової протидії корупції в Україні, що спиралася б на галузевий підхід. Об‘єктом дослідження є суспільні відносини, що виникають у процесі протидії корупції в Україні. Предметом дослідження є концепція кримінальноправової протидії корупції в Україні. Висвітлено генезис наукового та легального розвитку поняття «корупція» з античних часів до сьогодення. Проаналізовано окремі ключові наукові праці присвячені корупції, як негативному соціально-економічному явищу, та проблемі протидії корупції на всіх рівнях і напрямах, розслідуванню корупційних діянь. Установлено, що важливим елементом успіху наукового дослідження є вибір правильної методології, що повністю забезпечить комплексність і системність дослідження та дозволить б розробити такі висновки й рекомендації, які дійсно матимуть вагоме значення для наукової та практичної діяльності. Наголошено, що явище корупції є надзвичайно складним, так само як і поняття, що позначає це явище. Виділено основні аспекти формування поняття «корупція»: історичний, міжнародний, зарубіжний, легальний та доктринальний. Обґрунтовано, що поняття «корупція» є міждисциплінарним та широковживаним, оскільки досліджується не лише фахівцями в галузі права, а й соціології, політології, економіки, 3 державного управління та психології. Досліджено передумови появи поняття «кримінальне правопорушення» та наголошено на доцільності доповнення антикорупційного законодавства поняттям «корупційне кримінальне правопорушення». Ґрунтовно проаналізовано ознаки корупційного кримінального правопорушення. Виділено кілька підстав для класифікації корупційних кримінальних правопорушень: за видом родового об‘єкта за організацією групування у тексті примітки до ст. 45 КК України, за повнотою ознак корупційності, за предмет, за суб‘єктом, за метою, за підслідністю. Доведено необхідність криміналізації трьох адміністративних правопорушень, що пов‘язані з корупцією. По-перше, порушення встановлених законом обмежень щодо одержання подарунків. Подруге, порушення вимог щодо запобігання та врегулювання конфлікту інтересів. По-третє, невжиття заходів щодо протидії корупції. З‘ясовано, що з огляду на значущість завдання з протидії корупції держава розробила розгалужену та відносно замкнену систему спеціалізованих антикорупційних органів. Водночас певні стратегічні повноваження у сфері протидії корупції зберегли й органи загальної компетенції (Верховна Рада України, Президент України, Кабінет Міністрів України). Більше того, певні антикорупційні компетентності набули мало не всі органи державної влади та місцевого самоврядування. Надано визначення, названо ознаки та види політичної корупції, а також охарактеризовано сутність економічної корупції. Проаналізовано заходи запобігання корупції у залежності від моделі її розвитку: європейської (Фінляндія, Норвегія), азійської (Японія, Сінгапур), англо-американської (США, Канада). З числа проаналізованих заходів обрано окремі, які можуть бути запозичені у вітчизняне правозастосування. Запропоновано виділити чотири підходи до обрання покарань за корупційні кримінальні правопорушення: м‘який (Швеція, Данія), помірний (Великобританія, ФРН), суворий (Італія) та особливо суворий (США, КНР). Обґрунтовано, що корупція є глобальною проблемою людства. Тому, контроль над рівнем корупції є завданням всієї світової спільноти. Основна акумуляція зусиль у антикорупційній сфері відбувається в рамках міжнародних організацій. З‘ясовано, що міжнародне співробітництво у сфері протидії корупції реалізується Україною шляхом укладання конвенцій та угод, а також реалізації положень які містять рекомендації щодо ефективної протидії корупції. The thesis provides a theoretical generalization and offers a new solution to the scientific problem. This problem is to develop based on existing scientific approaches analysis, current domestic and foreign legislation, and practice of implementing a comprehensive, scientifically, and practically defensible concept of the criminal legal fight against corruption in Ukraine based on a branching approach. The object of the thesis is public relations that arise in the process of combating corruption in Ukraine. The subject of the thes is concept of criminal-legal counteraction of corruption in Ukraine. The genesis of the scientific and legal development of the notion of "corruption" from ancient times to the present is highlighted. Some vital scientific works were analyzed on corruption as a negative socio-economic phenomenon, the problem of combating corruption at all levels and areas, and the investigation of corruption. It was established that an essential element of the success of scientific research is the choice of the correct methodology, which would fully ensure the complexity and systematization of study and would develop such conclusions and recommendations that will be important for scientific and practical activities. It was emphasized that the phenomenon of corruption is highly complex and the notion that denotes this phenomenon. The main aspects of forming the notion of "corruption" were highlighted: historical, international, foreign, legal, and doctrinal. It is substantiated that the concept of "corruption" is interdisciplinary and widely used, as it is studied not only by specialists in the field of law, but also by sociology, political science, economics, public administration and psychology. It was proposed to classify corruption on the following grounds: the pace of development, areas of implementation, frequency, sustainability, level of organization and spread of corruption, sectoral orientation, the form of expression. The essence of the concept of "anti-corruption, " a symbiotic combination of prevention and control, is described. Emphasis is placed on the justification of the position on the identification of combating corruption and anti-corruption policy. The nature of anti-corruption principles has been formed and revealed. It is proposed to divide the principles of anti-corruption into general, i.e. specific to all branches of law, and special, which are specific only to anti-corruption activities and due to its specifics. The preconditions for the emergence of the notion of "criminal offense" were studied. The practicality of supplementing the anti-corruption legislation with the notion of "corruption criminal offense" was emphasized. The signs of a criminal corruption offense are thoroughly analyzed. It was found that, given the importance of the task of combating corruption, the state has developed an extensive and relatively closed system of specialized anticorruption bodies. At the same time, certain strategic powers in the field of anticorruption were retained by bodies of general competence (the Verkhovna Rada of 8 Ukraine, the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine). Moreover, almost all state and local government bodies have acquired specific anti-corruption competencies. The legal nature of mass media was described, and the main directions of their anti-corruption activity are named. The critical role of the public in combating corruption is revealed, which is because none of the anti-corruption measures will be successful if there is no public support during its implementation. It was given the definition, peculiarities, and types of political corruption and the essence of economic corruption. It was stressed that ensuring the proper level of combating political and economic corruption is a priority for the state, as it will promote economic growth, strengthen the role of state institutions and local governments, restore confidence in them and improve the country's image at the international level. It has been proven that corruption in the judiciary is a commonplace phenomenon that undermines the principles of the rule of law, the rule of law, equality before the courts, and the independence and impartiality of the administration of justice. Measures to prevent corruption depending on the model of its development were analyzed: European (Finland, Norway), Asian (Japan, Singapore), AngloAmerican (USA, Canada). From the number of analyzed measures, some were selected that can be borrowed from domestic law enforcement. It is proposed to distinguish four approaches to the choice of punishment for corruption offenses: mild (Sweden, Denmark), moderate (UK, Germany), severe (Italy), and particularly authoritarian (USA, PRC). It is substantiated that corruption is a global problem of humankind. Therefore, controlling the level of corruption is the task of the entire world community. The central accumulation of efforts in the anti-corruption sphere takes place within the framework of international organizations. It was found out that international cooperation in the field of anti-corruption is implemented in Ukraine through the conclusion of conventions and agreements and the implementation of provisions that contain recommendations for effective anti-corruption.

The research entailed an exploration of the reasons behind corruption and related offences in selected Gauteng police stations of the South African Police Service (SAPS). Corruption refers to the illegal and unlawful activities performed by police officials when they enrich themselves by taking money and other valuable property from offenders, victims and other people they come into contact with. The participants in this study were purposefully chosen and comprised of two groups. The first group included ex-police officials convicted and sentenced for committing corruption and related offences. The second group were active police officials suspected to have committed corruption and related crimes and some in this group were dismissed by disciplinary tribunals. The research was done at four of the police stations in Gauteng Province. There were 18 participants interviewed and nine were chosen from these police stations, with the remaining nine from two correctional facilities in Gauteng. The participants were asked an open-ended question which aimed at exploring convicted police officials’ reasons for having committed corruption. The interviews were recorded with the participants’ permission. The recorded data were transcribed verbatim and analysed. The five main themes that emerged are the high incidence of corruption involving all levels of police, multiple environmental factors which contribute to corruption, forms of corruption, dynamics resulting from corruption and anti-corruption mechanisms to prevent corruption. The themes were described using “in vivo” quotes from the transcribed data. To learn other trends about corruption, the nature and extent of corruption in the political, economic and the governmental sphere were discussed. In the summary of the research recommendations and conclusions were provided. A model has been identified which consists of preventative and reactive mechanisms, including selection, recruitment, the code of conduct, supportive leadership, supervision, mentoring and coaching, targeted inspections and auditing. Life style audits, disciplinary measures, dismissals and prosecution in these corruption case hearings also form part of the proposed model.
Corrections Management
D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminal Justice)

Різник Ю. М. Вищий антикорупційний суд в системі суб’єктів запобігання корупції : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 262 "Правоохоронна діяльність" / наук. керівник Н. В. Галіцина. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 103 с.
UA : Кваліфікаційна робота складається зі 103 сторінки, містить 75 джерел використаної інформації. Стрімкий розвиток корупції заважає проведенню важливих реформ сучасного українського суспільства, економічному розвитку нашої держави, формуванню позитивного міжнародного іміджу України. У зв’язку із цим актуалізується проблема системного аналізу формування та розвитку антикорупційних органів України. Крім того, недостатньо вивчена співпраця та розвиток новостворених антикорупційних органів, однак саме антикорупційні органи впливають на розвиток громадянського суспільства та впровадження основних реформ у державі. Водночас, у зв’язку із судовою реформою, яка триває в Україні, судочинство у місцевих та апеляційних судах щодо розгляду кримінальних проваджень, в тому числі пов’язаних із корупцією, не завжди здійснюється в розумні строки. Насамперед, це пов’язано з відсутністю в судах першої та апеляційної інстанцій достатньої кількості суддів для здійснення правосуддя, що впливає на збільшення навантаження на чинних суддів та призводить до затягування з розглядом кримінальних проваджень. Відповідно до судової реформи 2016 року в Україні утворився Вищий антикорупційний суд, який є судом зі всеукраїнською юрисдикцією, що створюється з метою розгляду окремих категорій справ. Метою кваліфікаційної роботи є комплексний аналіз та детальне дослідження Вищого антикорупційного суду в системі суб’єктів запобігання корупції, актуальних проблем антикорупційного законодавства та способів їх вирішення.
EN : Qualifying work consists of 103 pages, contains 75 sources of information used. The rapid development of corruption hinders the implementation of important reforms of modern Ukrainian society, the economic development of our state, the formation of a positive international image of Ukraine. In this regard, the problem of systematic analysis of the formation and development of anti-corruption bodies of Ukraine is relevant. In addition, cooperation and development of newly established anti-corruption bodies are insufficiently studied, but it is anti-corruption bodies that influence the development of civil society and the implementation of major reforms in the country. At the same time, due to the ongoing judicial reform in Ukraine, the proceedings in local and appellate courts for criminal proceedings, including those related to corruption, are not always carried out within a reasonable time. First of all, this is due to the lack of a sufficient number of judges in the courts of first and appellate instances to administer justice, which increases the burden on current judges and leads to delays in the consideration of criminal proceedings. In accordance with the judicial reform of 2016, the Supreme Anti-Corruption Court was established in Ukraine, which is a court with all-Ukrainian jurisdiction, which is created to consider certain categories of cases. The aim of the thesis is a conceptual analysis and detailed study of the Supreme Anti-Corruption Court in the system of subjects of corruption prevention, current problems of anti-corruption legislation and ways to solve them. The object of study of this work is public relations in the field of prevention of corruption.

This paper analyzes the civil law consequences of corruption of the contractual parties assessed in international commercial arbitration under the Czech law applicable to the merits of the dispute. The act of corruption is under most jurisdictions considered as a criminal offence. However, it can have a great legal impact on the contracts tainted by corruption, especially with the regard to its validity. There are two categorize of such contracts, one providing for corruption, and one procured by corruption. As stipulated in this paper, such activities are common in international trade nowadays. Therefore, it is important to clarify whether a particular national legislation draws adequate private law consequences to deter and punish potential perpetrators of corruption.

Chapter 2 identifies and describes developmental and clinical psychological concepts that may be useful in forensic Miller evaluations when addressing Miller’s standards for immaturity. Concepts related to the decisional immaturity factor include two models of psychosocial immaturity and the “maturity gap” concept. The dependency immaturity factor is examined through the lens of trauma concepts and individual differences in dependency. The offense context factor offers conceptual ways of thinking about the impact of immaturity on the offense drawn from reasoning in other types of forensic evaluations. The prospects for rehabilitation factor is examined with concepts related to amenability to rehabilitation and the appropriateness of interventions. Concepts relevant for Miller’s “irreparable corruption” include life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited offending patterns, psychopathy, sophistication and maturity, and the Risk-Needs-Responsivity model. A model is provided for the forensic process of analyzing irreparable corruption. Finally, several concepts from general developmental psychology are reviewed for their relevance to Miller cases.

This chapter offers guidance on using the data collected to make inferences and form opinions about the essential questions in Miller evaluations. The first section offers guidance on general matters of interpretation: forming opinions based on data and theory/research foundations, the logic employed, the use of corroboration to shape inferences, and the formation of alternative hypotheses. Then commentary is offered separately for forming interpretations related to each of the Miller factors: decisional immaturity, dependency immaturity, analyzing the offense context, and making interpretations about prospects for rehabilitation. A final section focuses specifically on interpretations related to the legal concept of irreparable corruption.

Corruption is a form of dishonesty or criminal offense undertaken by a person or organization entrusted with a position of authority to acquire illicit benefit or abuse power for one's private gain. Corruption may include many activities including bribery and embezzlement, though it may also involve practices that are legal in many countries. Political corruption occurs when an officeholder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain. Corruption is most commonplace in kleptocracies, oligarchies, narco-states, and mafia states. Corruption can occur on different scales. Corruption ranges from small favors between a small number of people (petty corruption) to corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption) and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society, including corruption as one of the symptoms of organized crime.

Since the introduction of the offense of bribery of foreign public officials under French law in 2000, France has made undeniable progress in combating corruption. Numerous reforms have then been adopted (expansion of the scope of criminal prosecution, facilitation of the seizure and confiscation of assets in criminal matters, increasing of possible penalties, creation of the National Financial Prosecutor, . . .). French law criminalizes active and passive bribery, private and public bribery, domestic and foreign/international bribery as well as influence peddling. Nevertheless, the OECD was particularly critical of France over the last years. The French legislature recently took such criticism into account and strove to make further progress in preventing, detecting, and punishing corruption in order to reach the highest international standards. Law No. 2016-1691, known as “Sapin II law,” recently enhanced the French anti-bribery system by introducing a new duty for certain companies and their executives to prevent bribery and influence peddling by implementing a compliance program to prevent and detect such offenses. Sapin II law therefore testifies to France’s determination to effectively fight corruption.

Australia’s anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws appear simple in expression but have proved illusive in securing successful prosecutions. The structure of the foreign bribery offense is complicated and requires numerous physical and mental elements to be established for each limb of the offense. Since 1999 when Australia enacted its foreign bribery laws, there have been several corporate and individual guilty pleas in foreign bribery cases but as yet no contested trials. The first case in 2011 arising out of the Securency banknote printing scandal has concluded with mixed results: several plea deals yet other prosecutions permanently stayed due to illegal conduct on the part of the investigative agencies. Other more recent cases have started but are early in the criminal justice system. The traditional approach of the Australian prosecutors is that once charges are laid, they expect a guilty plea to the offense charged or an agreed lesser offenses and then any discount is a matter for the sentencing court. Australia still lacks a structured approach to complex commercial crime including foreign bribery. While there are reforms pending before the Australian government on changes to the foreign bribery offense deferred prosecution agreements, a strict liability corporate offense of failing to prevent foreign bribery, and enhanced private sector whistle-blower laws, they are yet to be implemented. While resources at the Commonwealth level have improved over the years, they remain diffuse, underfunded, and under-resourced. Australian business is starting to adopt a more proactive response to manage offshore risk and the expected legislative reforms are pushing this along. Australian business increasingly knows it must address these issues in a global economy as its most significant trading partners are taking a similarly tough stand against bribery and corruption.

There have been significant changes to Mexican law recently that have provided prosecutors updated and enhanced tools to combat corruption. In May 2015, the Mexican Congress and the states approved a constitutional amendment that created the National Anti-Corruption System, which was put into full force and effect in 2017. This supplemented and broadened the already existing anti-corruption laws in Mexico’s public procurement process. Now individuals and legal entities can be criminally liable for bribery of public officials in Mexico. In November 2014, Mexico City passed modifications to the criminal code making bribery an offense that can be committed by both individuals and legal entities and created an innovative approach to calculating penalties against companies. However, even though laws have changed, much remains to be done. The OECD noted that Mexico has fully implemented very few of the recommendations that it has made to eradicate corruption. Mexico still had no prosecutions or convictions for foreign bribery. Corruption is still common in Mexico, with the widespread use of “gestores” or intermediaries to navigate the bureaucracies responsible for issuing licenses and permits, shell companies owned by family members of government officials seeking a bribe, fictitious service providers, and improper gifting and excessive hospitality to employees of state-owned entities. With the new Lopez Obrador Administration’s anti-corruption plan, further changes are anticipated in public procurement by the creation of a central mechanism to manage and monitor public contracts to achieve greater transparency. The new administration has also committed to creating an autonomous Special Prosecutor’s Office to independently investigate and prosecute corruption cases and to implement additional restrictions on entertainment and gifts provided to public officials.

The chapter presents a conflict of interest as a new pioneering measure for combating corruption and abuse of public power. The study is based on an analysis of the conflict of interest legislations of about 15 European countries. European legislators' legislative decisions on several key criteria relating to conflict of interest have been analyzed. These criteria include the presence or absence of a special law, conflict of interest as a criminal or administrative offense, accountable persons, legal definition, prohibitions, competent authorities and procedures for ascertaining conflict of interest, sanctions, etc. A scientific definition of conflict of interest has also been proposed based on the characteristics of the phenomenon derived from the analysis of the national legislation in force on the European continent. The chapter also outlines the direction in which the phenomenon may develop in national legislations and includes examples of interesting cases of conflict of interest which have arisen in different European countries.

Russian anti-corruption legislation generally consists of federal laws, including codified acts. Recent developments in Russian anti-corruption legislation have mainly been aimed at stiffening the penalties for corruption-related offenses and making legal entities carry out their anti-corruption duties more effectively. In the last few years enforcement trends show that Russian law enforcement authorities are increasingly focusing on investigating corruption-related offenses committed by public officials rather than in the commercial sector. Russian law envisages both criminal and administrative liability for corruption-related offenses (save for corporate entities, which cannot be held criminally liable), including a wide variety of penalties that depend on, among other things, the amount of the bribe given and whether there are any aggravating circumstances. There is practically no difference in the way that bribery of domestic and foreign officials is treated under Russian anti-corruption legislation. Broad investigative powers are vested in investigators rather than prosecutors—the latter mainly having the role of monitoring law enforcement authorities’ compliance with the law and representing the state in criminal proceedings in court. No obligation to cooperate with investigators and prosecutors is specifically imposed in the Russian law of criminal procedure, but there are special rules governing participation by persons (including witnesses and injured parties) in criminal proceedings.

This chapter discusses Article VIII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns impeachment and removal from office. Section 1 states that “the Governor and other elective state officers, including the Justices of the Supreme Court, shall be liable and subject to impeachment for wilful neglect of duty, corruption in office, habitual drunkenness, incompetency, or any offense involving moral turpitude committed while in office.” Moreover, “all elected state officers, including Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of the Court of Criminal Appeals, shall be automatically suspended from office upon their being declared guilty of a felony by a court of competent jurisdiction.” Two other methods for removing elected officials not mentioned in Section 1 are specified in state law pursuant to Section 2. The first provides for a grand jury to accuse an official and present its findings to a district judge. The second allows the governor to instruct the attorney general to investigate an official and, if official misconduct is found, to institute proceedings in court. Section 3 designates the chief justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court as the presiding officer in an impeachment trial. Lastly, Section 4 requires senators to take an oath and specifies a two-thirds vote of those present in order to convict.

. Ensuring economic security is the independence of the country and the condition for the life of society. That is why economic security is a top national priority. In modern Russia, there are both external and internal threats to the country's economic security. Internal threats pose a great danger; it is their presence that makes the state more vulnerable to external factors. Corruption in our country acts as a form of manifestation of internal threats. This powerful negative factor violates the safety of economic and national security. Corruption occurs in the industry where the criminal has various privileges and powers. At the same time, this crime causes greater economic harm to a citizen, society and the state than any other criminal offense.

Ensuring economic security is the independence of the country and the condition for the life of society. That is why economic security is a top national priority. In modern Russia, there are both external and internal threats to the country's economic security. Internal threats pose a great danger; it is their presence that makes the state more vulnerable to external factors. Corruption in our country acts as a form of manifestation of internal threats. This powerful negative factor violates the safety of economic and national security. Corruption occurs in the industry where the criminal has various privileges and powers. At the same time, this crime causes greater economic harm to a citizen, society and the state than any other criminal offense.