Journal articles: 'Corrosion effects'

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Wachira, Jackson Muthengia. "Effects of Chlorides on Corrosion of Simulated Reinforced Blended Cement Mortars." International Journal of Corrosion 2019 (March 27, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2123547.

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Cementitious materials are subject to degradation when subjected to corrosive chloride media. This paper reports the experimental results on corrosion studies conducted on a potential cementitious material, PCDC, made from a blend of 55 % Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Dried Calcium Carbide Residue (DCCR), and an incineration mix of Rice Husks (RH), Spent Beaching Earth (SBE), and Ground Reject Bricks (BB). The experiments were run along 100 % OPC. Different w/c were used. Corrosion current densities using linear polarisation resistance (LPR) and corrosion potentials measurements versus saturated calomel electrode were used for the determination of corrosion rates and potentials, respectively, for simulated reinforcement at different depths of cover in the cement mortars. The results showed that PCDC exhibited higher corrosion current densities over all depths of covers and early attainment of active corrosion than the control cements. In conclusion, PCDC and OPC can be used in a similar corrosive media during construction.

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Sun, Qi Lei, Li Zhang, Jie Dong, and Lu Hua He. "Study on Electrochemical Behavior of Prestressed Reinforcement in Simulated Concrete Solution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.917.

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Using electrochemical impedance spectroscop (EIS) and polarization curve technique, the electrochemical behavior of prestressed reinforcement under different stress levels was studied in simulated concrete solution. The results show that: As the stress increasing, the impedance spectroscopy changes significantly, the entire impedance spectroscopy shows an elongated semi-circular deformation, high-frequency capacitance arc radius corrosion decreases with the corrosion progress, in other words, the reaction resistance decreases, the corrosion rate of the sample increases. And when the galvanized steel is in 1064MPa stresss condition, corrosion current density reaches the maximum, is 9 times larger than that of none stress corrosions condition. Under the combined effects of the external stress and corrosive media, dislocation can be emitted, value-added and moves. When it reached a critical state, it would lead to the crack nucleation of Stress corrosion cracking (SCC).

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Martin, Holly J., M. F. Horstemeyer, and Paul T. Wang. "Effects of Variations in Salt-Spray Conditions on the Corrosion Mechanisms of an AE44 Magnesium Alloy." International Journal of Corrosion 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/602342.

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The understanding of how corrosion affects magnesium alloys is of utmost importance as the automotive and aerospace industries have become interested in the use of these lightweight alloys. However, the standardized salt-spray test does not produce adequate corrosion results when compared with field data, due to the lack of multiple exposure environments. This research explored four test combinations through three sets of cycles to determine how the corrosion mechanisms of pitting, intergranular corrosion, and general corrosion were affected by the environment. Of the four test combinations, Humidity-Drying was the least corrosive, while the most corrosive test condition was Salt Spray-Humidity-Drying. The differences in corrosivity of the test conditions are due to the various reactions needed to cause corrosion, including the presence of chloride ions to cause pit nucleation, the presence of humidity to cause galvanic corrosion, and the drying phase which trapped chloride ions beneath the corrosion by-products.

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Ye, Jianhui, Shijie Bai, Xinke He, Jianbin Chen, and Chao Xie. "Effects of Orientations, Roughnesses, and Cavities on Stress-Corrosion Coupled Damage in Magnesium." Crystals 12, no. 5 (April 28, 2022): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050635.

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Orientations, roughnesses, and cavities of crystals are typical factors influencing the servicing reliability of metals in corrosive environments. A phase-field scheme for modeling stress-corrosion coupled damage (SCCD) is developed. The effects of the crystal factors on SCCD are numerically simulated using the incremental-iterative scheme of the user-defined finite elements. The impacts of orientations, roughnesses, and cavities on the corrosion rate of magnesium (Mg) in corrosive environments are discussed quantitatively. It is found that crystal textures and surface roughnesses can significantly influence the diffusion-controlled corrosion rate. Strong basal texture and a smooth surface of the crystal can significantly enhance the corrosion resistance of Mg. The cavity, as a typical crystal defect, is capable of inducing the damage path and modulating the corrosion rate. The design of crystal-scale features, such as orientations, roughnesses, and cavities, is promising for the enhancement of the resistance to SCCD.

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Rodrigues, Karina V., Luiz A. Lima, and Michael S. Thebaldi. "Effects of fertigation on corrosion in galvanized steel used in center pivot systems." Water Supply 20, no. 4 (February 27, 2020): 1189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.029.

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Abstract One of the main causes of agricultural equipment deterioration is corrosion. In center pivot irrigation systems, deterioration mainly occurs in galvanized steel pipelines. Fertigation can increase corrosion because fertilizers become corrosive when exposed to water or moisture; this corrosion reduces the service lifetime of the equipment. In this study, fertigation-induced corrosion was evaluated in specimens of galvanized steel (similar to that used in center pivot systems), simulating 10 years of operation comprising 5 fertigations per year with a duration of 7 hours each. Immersion tests were performed in solutions containing 0, 5 and 10 g/L fertilizer concentrations to obtain the mass loss per unit area of the metallic material, which increased in response to increases in both the exposure time in the corrosive environment and the fertilizer concentration. The results showed that fertigation increases corrosion in galvanized steel and the higher fertilizer concentration leads to a higher corrosion, since, for the same exposure time, the mass loss for the 10 g/L solution was 43% greater than the 5 g/L.

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Peng, Dongdong, Kang Huang, Yuntao He, Zhan Zhang, Yi Wang, and Junsheng Wu. "Hybrid sol-gel coating incorporated with TiO2 nanosheets and anti-corrosive effects on AA2024-T3." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-08-2018-1980.

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Purpose This paper aims to improve the anti-corrosive properties of aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 by coating of hybrid sol-gel coating incorporated with TiO2 nanosheets and to investigate the effect of nanosheets’ size on the improvement of corrosion-resistant performance. Design/methodology/approach A series of hybrid sol-gel films incorporated with varying amounts of TiO2 nanosheets were developed to enhance the corrosion protection performance of the bare metal. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to investigate the structure and morphology of the coatings obtained. In addition, the corrosion-resistant properties of the coatings were evaluated using salt spray test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Findings The corrosion current was as low as 9.55 × 10-4 µA/cm2 and optimal positive corrosion potential reached −0.6 V when the size and loading amount of TiO2 nanosheet were optimized, resulting in a remarkable improvement in anti-corrosive properties. Originality/value This work first investigates the effect of incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles on hybrid sol-gel coating on the improvement of anti-corrosive performance of aluminum alloy AA2024-T3.

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Zakaria, Mohammad, Suryanto, and Irfan Hilmy. "Effects of Surfactant on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Simulated Crude Oil." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.223.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a technique used in oil and gas industries to increase the amount of crude oil production by injection of brine, a mixture of surfactant, water and seawater. As the results, crude oil contains brine which is corrosive. Surfactant is used to lessen the corrosion effect in addition to increase flowing of oil. In this study, the effect of surfactant on corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated enhanced oil recovery crude was investigated. Autoclave machine was used to perform corrosion experiment in the oxygen free environments. Corrosion rate was measure using weight loss method. The results show that surfactant reduces corrosion rate of carbon steel from 0.061 mm/y to 0.042 mm/y and the corrosion type on carbon steel was uniform corrosion.

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Zhang, Youzhen, Zicheng zhong, Peiying Mou, Junjie Shao, and Ning Zhang. "Study on Stress Corrosion Characteristics of Drill Rod Joint Under Mechanical Effects." E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 01061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124801061.

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Thanks to the complex underground environment that coal mines enjoy, drill rods for mining are vulnerable to corrosion during operation. To investigate the impact of the corrosion defects on the residual intensity of the drill rod, a relational expression of stress versus corrosion rate in the conditions of uniform and local corrosions is deduced based on the theory on mechanochemical effects; building on this, a spherical corrosion defect is developed in the joint of a φ73 mm drill rod while it is exerted with a make-up torque, an axial force and a bending moment. So it is found that, when the corrosion defect is under pressure, the bending moment plays a certain role to inhibit its increase, however when it is under tension, the bending moment plays the role to drive its increase so as to quicken its corrosion rate while the impact of the change in the corrosion detect depth is much greater than that of the radius. The result from the research provides a basis to evaluate the residual intensity of the drill rod and theoretical basis to protect drill rods from corrosion.

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Ahmad Saupi, Siti Rumaisha, Nur Ain Haris Abdul Haris, Mohamad Najmi Masri, Muhammad Azwadi Sulaiman, Bashree Abu Bakar, Mohd Hazim Mohamad Amini, Mazlan Mohamed, and Nik Alnur Auli Nik Yusuf. "Effects of Soil Physical Properties to the Corrosion of Underground Pipelines." Materials Science Forum 840 (January 2016): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.840.309.

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Corrosion of metals in soil be able to change from comparatively fast material loss to insignificant effects, depending on soil environment. Corrosion is a process of deterioration of metal surfaces degraded into another compound. Soil is one of the medium known to have constituted to corrosion of metals. The soil creates an environment for the corrosion to react. The buried pipelines are exposed to the soil that may experience corrosion attack. The study of the soil as corrosion environment is important to mitigate the problem due to the environment and economy. There are factors that contribute to the corrosion process. This study concentrates on corrosion properties that expose to soil environment particularly underground pipelines. The mild steel coupons taken from actual pipelines, stimulating and analyzing the physic-chemical characteristics of the soil environment. The soil is sandy clay in natural. A total summed index of 2 numerical scale, thus, indicates that the soil tested was mildly to non-corrosive. The corrosion rate increase with increasing of moisture content and pH value. The observations on the coupon surface also did in order to study the morphology.

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Bellan, J., and S. Elghobashi. "Fuel-Composition Effects on High-Temperature Corrosion in Industrial/Commercial Boilers and Furnaces: A Review." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 744–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239797.

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In this review, literature relevant to the problems of deposits and corrosion in industrial/commercial furnaces and boilers is analyzed, and the facts are synthesized into a picture that addresses corrosion problems expected with the use of unconventional fuels. Corrosion is found to depend greatly on the phenomena occurring during the combustion of fuel-oil sprays introduced into the furnace. In a first step, the drops that form the spray heat up and evaporate in a way that closely resembles a batch distillation process. Eventually, ignition and combustion occur with the subsequent change of the liquid fuel drops into carbonaceous, porous, sphere-like particles called cenospheres. In a second step, these cenospheres burn and the products of this combustion step determine the majority of the deposits on metal surfaces. This observation is very important since nonvolatile, non-combustible, corrosive trace compounds existing in the initial fuel-oil drop will have a much higher concentration in the cenosphere than in the original fuel. Accordingly, it is recommended that the theoretical and experimental study of oil spray combustion, cenosphere formation, and cenosphere combustion in a cloud of cenospheres receive a very high priority. Corrosion by gases is found to be unimportant. Deposits are found to be much more corrosive when in liquid form, although corrosion by solid deposits is by no means negligible. As a result, it is suggested in the study that corrosion on highly polished metal surfaces should be studied in order to evaluate the potential of this method of inhibiting deposition and thus hindering corrosion. Recent advances in the theory of deposition from combustion gases are also outlined in this study. The literature survey shows that the main corrosion-causing fuel constituents present in unconventional fuels are sulfur, alkali, vanadium, carbon and carbon monoxide, iron, and chloride. It is found that sometimes one of these compounds might act as a catalyst in corrosive reactions initiated by another compound, and therefore great care must be taken to identify the corrosion-causing compound in the deposits on metal surfaces. It is also found that in some cases a corrosive compound will inhibit the corrosive action of another corrosive compound. It is recommended that such situations be studied further so as to investigate the possibility of an optimum concentration of two such corrosive compounds that would minimize metal wastage. The problem of performing meaningful corrosion experiments is also addressed in this report and specific recommendations are made to achieve this goal. Finally, the effects of additives and the furnace operating conditions are discussed, and potential problems with both additives and new operating conditions are mentioned. The recommendations at the end of this study present a comprehensive set of areas to be investigated in order to better understand and be able to mitigate corrosion problems associated with unconventional fuels. High-priority experimental and theoretical studies are also outlined.

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Wang, Zuo Ping, Peng Bo Chen, Zhong Wei Ma, and Jiang Tao Yu Wen. "Effects of Rare Earth on Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Graphite-Like Carbon Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1978–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1978.

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The corrosion behavior of graphite-like carbon (GLC) coating in sea water was studied and yttrium and cerium were doped into it by using mosaic in the target of magnetron sputtering process to improve its corrosion resistance. The result shows that the GLC coating characterizes typical underfilm electrochemical corrosion in sea water. Yttrium added in chromium interlayer or yttrium and cerium added in the surface layer of the GLC coating can apparently improve the microstructure result in significantly decrease the corrosive current density. As the modifications of Y in interlayer and Y, Ce and Ta in top layer are composed together to form complex GLC coating, the wear resistance and the antifriction is dramatically improved, the corrosive current density is only one-twenty fourth of that of the commercial C/Cr GLC coating.

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Lian, Xintong, Jianan Zhu, Ruiqian Wang, Tengshi Liu, Jing Xu, Dexiang Xu, and Han Dong. "Effects of Rare Earth (Ce and La) on Steel Corrosion Behaviors under Wet-Dry Cycle Immersion Conditions." Metals 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091174.

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Rare earth (RE) elements are beneficial to improving corrosion properties in low-carbon and low-alloy steels. In this paper, corrosion performance of Q235B steel and Q355B steel samples after RE alloying under wet-dry cycle immersion conditions were analyzed. Experimental results show that corrosion rate was significantly decreased. It was probably due to the grain refinement by RE alloying, which increased the density of protective rust layers and improved corrosion resistance. The formation of small-sized spherical RE inclusions also inhibited the precipitation of MnS and weakened micro galvanic corrosion. Additionally, RE atoms tended to segregate towards grain boundaries and a RE concentration region is formed between rust layers and matrix to impede the access from contacting corrosive ions. A corrosion resistance schematic of RE atom segregation was proposed based on microstructure morphology and element distribution results.

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Fu, Lei, Hui Li, Li Lin, Qingyuan Wang, Qi Fan, Xinjie Huang, XiuLan Li, Sheng Lai, and Lifei Chen. "Corrosion mechanism and fatigue behavior of 2A70-T6 aluminum alloy under alternating corrosion and fatigue." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 68, no. 5 (September 2, 2021): 422–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-02-2020-2265.

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Purpose Most supersonic aircraft were manufactured using 2A70 aluminum alloy. The purpose of this paper is to study the corrosion mechanism and fatigue behavior of an aircraft in a semi-industrial atmospheric corrosive environment, alternating effects of corrosion and fatigue were used to simulate the aircraft’s ground parking corrosion and air flight fatigue. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, the aluminum alloy samples were subjected to pre-corrosion and alternating corrosion-fatigue experiments. The failure mechanisms of corrosion and corrosion fatigue were analyzed using microscopic characterization methods of electrochemical testing, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Miner’s linear cumulative damage rule was used to predict the fatigue life of aluminum alloy and to obtain its safe fatigue life. Findings The results showed that the corrosion damage caused by the corrosive environment was gradually connected by pitting pits to form denudation pits along grain boundaries. The deep excavation of chloride ions and the presence of intergranular copper-rich phases result in severe intergranular corrosion morphology. During cyclic loading, alternating hardening and softening occurred. The stress concentration caused by surface pitting pits and denudation pits initiated fatigue cracks at intergranular corrosion products. At the same time, the initiation of multiple fatigue crack sources was caused by the corrosion environment and the morphology of the transient fracture zone was also changed, but the crack propagation rate was not basically affected. The polarization curve and impedance analysis results showed that the corrosion rate increases first, decreases and then increases. Fatigue failure behavior was directly related to micro characteristics such as corrosion pits and microcracks. Originality/value In this research, alternating effects of corrosion and fatigue were used to simulate the aircraft’s ground parking corrosion and air flight fatigue. To study the corrosion mechanism and fatigue behavior of an aircraft in a semi-industrial atmospheric corrosive environment, the Miner’s linear cumulative damage rule was used to predict the fatigue life of aluminum alloy and to obtain its safe fatigue life.

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Chen, Xupeng, Zhuowen Sun, and Jianyong Pang. "Effects of Various Corrosive Ions on Metakaolin Concrete." Crystals 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2021): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091108.

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In order to study and verify if the three corrosive irons of SO42−, Mg2+, and Cl− could promote or inhibit each other in concrete corrosion as time goes by, we take Metakaolin (MK) as the research object to explore the interaction mechanism among ions by testing the physical and mechanical properties, the ion content, the phase composition, and the microstructural changes of the MK concrete under the action of various ion combinations. The results show that during the initial and middle stages of the corrosion (40–80 days), SO42− and Mg2+ are in reciprocal inhibition relation, Cl− could inhibit the action of SO42−, and Mg2+ could promote the diffusion of Cl−. However, at the final stage of corrosion (120 days), SO42− and Mg2+ could mutually promote each other, and both irons could promote the diffusion of Cl−. Mg2+ could mainly produce magnesium hydroxide and M-S-H inside the concrete, SO42− mainly generates the ettringite and gypsum, while Cl− mainly produces Friedel salt and NaCl crystal.

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Guo, Qifeng, Jiliang Pan, Min Wang, Meifeng Cai, and Xun Xi. "Corrosive Environment Assessment and Corrosion-Induced Rockbolt Failure Analysis in a Costal Underground Mine." International Journal of Corrosion 2019 (March 4, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2105842.

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As an effective ground-reinforcing system, rockbolts have been widely used in underground excavations. Corrosion of rockbolts has been one of the most reasons for rockbolts system failure. In this paper, the chemical composition and pH values of the groundwater in Sanshandao Gold mine are first tested. Corrosion of the slotted rockbolts used in roadways of the mine is analysed. The corrosion rate of rockbolts is evaluated based on experimental results from similar corrosive conditions. A time-dependent analytical model on anchoring force degradation caused by corrosion of the rockbolt is developed. Furthermore, the effects of corrosion rate and geometric parameters of the slotted rockbolts on anchoring force degradation are discussed. Suggestions on rockbolts support design in corrosive conditions are given. It has been found that, with the corrosion time increasing, the anchoring force between the rock and the rockbolt gradually decreases. The larger the corrosion rate is, the faster the anchoring force decreases. For long-term service roadways under corrosive conditions, a slotted rockbolt with a smaller radius and thicker wall can enhance the anchoring force.

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Ren, Yanjie, Jian Chen, Yaqing Chen, Jianlin Chen, and Wei Qiu. "Effects of Substrate Temperature on the Corrosion Behaviour of Nanochromium Coatings Deposited by Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4894062.

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Nanochromium coatings were deposited on 316L stainless steel bipolar plates of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) by a direct current magnetron sputtering technique. The effect of substrate temperature on the corrosion resistance of nanochromium coatings was investigated. The corrosion performance of the bare and chromium-coated steel in a simulated environment of PEMFC (0.5 M H2SO4+ 2 ppm F−) was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, polarisation, and open circuit potential measurements. The results showed that the corrosion rates of two nanochromium coatings deposited at 300°C and 500°C were lower than those of uncoated steel by more than one order of magnitude. Electrochemical impedance spectra of both nanochromium coatings exhibited distinct characteristics in corrosive solution. The nanochromium coating deposited at 500°C showed superior stability in the corrosive solution.

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Beretta, S., M. Carboni, A. Lo Conte, and E. Palermo. "An investigation of the effects of corrosion on the fatigue strength of AlN axle steel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 222, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544097jrrt157.

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Corrosion fatigue is an important topic in the evaluation of the structural integrity of railway axles. In fact, several recent axle failures have been attributed to the presence of corrosion pits and axle surface corrosion. Despite the importance of this issue, existing EN standards do not precisely quantify the effect that corrosion or corrosion-fatigue might have on the fatigue strength of a railway axle. Consequently, there is a need to have a better understanding of this problem. In this paper, two main lines of research have been adopted with a view to investigating the issues regarding the corrosion fatigue properties of AlN steel. The first line of research assesses the morphology and the statistical distribution of corrosion defects present on the surface of retired axles together with the detrimental effect of the defects detected on the in-air fatigue strength of AlN steel. The second line of research examines the fatigue properties of AlN steel in the presence of artificial rainwater. The results of the analysis show that the corrosion typically found on axles is significant from a point of view of fatigue properties and that the fatigue life of AlN steel is strongly affected by the presence of a mildly corrosive substance like rainwater. Fatigue test results are consistent with the fatigue strength reduction outlined in the BASS technical recommendations.

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Cai, Yikun, Yuanming Xu, Yu Zhao, and Xiaobing Ma. "Atmospheric corrosion prediction: a review." Corrosion Reviews 38, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 299–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2019-0100.

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AbstractThe atmospheric corrosion of metallic materials causes great economic loss every year worldwide. Thus, it is meaningful to predict the corrosion loss in different field environments. Generally, the corrosion prediction method includes three parts of work: the modelling of the corrosive environment, the calibration of the corrosion effects, and the establishment of the corrosion kinetics. This paper gives an overview of the existing methods as well as promising tools and technologies which can be used in corrosion prediction. The basic corrosion kinetic model is the power function model and it is accurate for short-term corrosion process. As for the long-term corrosion process, the general linear models are more appropriate as they consider the protective effect of the corrosion products. Most corrosion effect models correlate the environmental variables, which are characterized by the annual average value in most cases, with corrosion parameters by linear equations which is known as the dose-response function. Apart from these conventional methods, some mathematical and numerical methods are also appropriate for corrosion prediction. The corrosive environment can be described by statistical distributions, time-varying functions and even geographic information system (GIS), while the corrosion effect can be captured via response surface models and statistical learning methods.

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Xing, Shi Bo, Xiao Gang Li, and Li Li. "Study on Accelerated Corrosion Test Environment Spectrum of Aluminum Alloys in a Typical Marine Atmosphere." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.50.

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With the increasing effects of a corrosive environment on aluminum alloys, the corrosion of aluminum alloys has become a severe problem. In this paper, the accelerated corrosion test environment spectrum and corrosion equivalent relationship was systematically studied. The Accelerated Corrosion Test Environment Spectrum of aluminum alloys under a typical marine atmospheric environment was established. The Spectrum is composed of three parts, namely, a periodic infiltration test, a UV irradiation test, and a salt spray test. The Spectrum can well simulate aluminum alloy corrosion in a typical marine atmospheric environment.

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Anandan, Sivakumar, Sounthararajan Vallarasu Manoharan, and Thirumurugan Sengottian. "Corrosion Effects on the Strength Properties of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Containing Slag and Corrosion Inhibitor." International Journal of Corrosion 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/595040.

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Corrosion in steel can be detrimental in any steel rebar reinforced concrete as well as in the case of steel fibre reinforced concrete. The process of corrosion occurring in steel fibre incorporated concrete subjected to corrosive environment was systematically evaluated in this study. Concrete specimens were prepared with steel fibre inclusions at 1.5%Vf(volume fraction) of concrete and were added in slag based concrete (containing manufactured sand) and replaced with cement at 20%, 40%, and 60% of total binder. Accelerated corrosion studies were carried out using alternate wetting and drying cycle accompanied with initial stress at 40% and 60% of ultimate stress. Concrete specimens were then immersed in chloride-free water and sodium chloride solution (3.5%) after subjecting to initial stress. The alternate wetting and drying process of different concrete mixes was continued for longer exposure (6 months). Later, the strength degradation during the accelerated corrosion process was then assessed in compressive and flexural tests. Test results indicated that the strength degradation was marginal in the case of steel fibre reinforced concrete containing higher slag content and for the concretes containing corrosion inhibitors. The maximum strength reduction was noticed in the case of plain concrete containing steel fibres and, with the slag addition, a considerable reduction in corrosion potential was noticed. Also, with the increase in slag replacement up to 60%, a significant increase in strength was noticed in flexural test. Experimental test results also showed that the corrosion process in steel fibre reinforced concrete can be controlled with the incorporation of corrosion inhibitors in cementitious system.

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Townsend, Ty, and Dev Chidambaram. "Materials Exposure Testing in Chloride Molten Salts for Nuclear Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 12 (October 9, 2022): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0212758mtgabs.

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Advanced nuclear reactors using alkali chloride molten salts are actively being developed for deployment as safer next generation reactors. These reactors operate more efficiently and can enable a more flexible nuclear fuel cycle. These designs require the development of the understanding of corrosion at operational conditions. Static corrosion studies fail to capture the effects of flowing electrolyte on the corrosion in these systems. To simulate the effects of flow, we have designed and commissioned an apparatus for such corrosion studies. This study explored the corrosion of alloys in LiCl-KCl eutectic molten salt. After long-term exposure under simulated flow conditions, corrosions samples were evaluated using gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the results are compared to corrosion under static conditions. Results and analysis of the effects of fluid flow on the corrosion on structural materials will be presented. Acknowledgement: This research is being performed using funding received from the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy's Nuclear Energy University Programs under awards DE-NE0008889 and DE-NE0008236, and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) under contract 31310018M0032. Dr. Kenny Osborne and Ms. Nancy Hebron-Isreal serve as the program managers for the DOE and NRC awards, respectively.

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Gummow, R. A., and P. Eng. "GIC effects on pipeline corrosion and corrosion control systems." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64, no. 16 (November 2002): 1755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(02)00125-6.

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Yang, L., N. Hort, R. Willumeit, and F. Feyerabend. "Effects of corrosion environment and proteins on magnesium corrosion." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 47, no. 5 (August 2012): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743278212y.0000000024.

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Warkus, J., and M. Raupach. "Modelling of reinforcement corrosion - geometrical effects on macrocell corrosion." Materials and Corrosion 61, no. 6 (November 9, 2009): 494–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.200905437.

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Arismendi Florez, Jhonatan Jair, and Jean Vicente Ferrari. "Fluid flow effects on CO2 corrosion: a review of applications of rotating cage methodology." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-08-2018-1986.

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Purpose Among the many influencing effects that the medium has on the CO2 corrosion of carbon steel, flow is one of the most important because it can determine the formation of corrosion product scales and its stabilisation, thus influencing the attack morphology and corrosion rate. This paper aims to summarise some factors affecting aqueous CO2 corrosion and the laboratory methodologies to evaluate one of the most important, the flow, with an emphasis on less costly rotating cage (RC) laboratory methodology. Design/methodology/approach Regarding the key factors affecting CO2 corrosion, both well-established factors and some not well addressed in current corrosion prediction models are presented. The wall shear stress (WSS) values that can be obtained by laboratory flow simulation methodologies in pipelines and its effects over iron carbonate (FeCO3) scales or inhibition films are discussed. In addition, promising applications of electrochemical techniques coupled to RC methodology under mild or harsh conditions are presented. Findings More studies could be addressed that also consider both the salting-out effects and the presence of oxygen in CO2 corrosion. The RC methodology may be appropriate to simulate a WSS close to that obtained by laboratory flow loops, especially when using only water as the corrosive medium. Originality/value The WSS generated by the RC methodology might not be able to cause destruction of protective FeCO3 scales or inhibition films. However, this may be an issue even when using methodologies that allow high-magnitude hydrodynamic stresses.

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Kim, Sang Chel, and Hyun Ho Lee. "Effects of a Hybrid Superplasticizer on the Enhancement of Chloride Resistance in Offshore Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 1622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.1622.

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The superplasticizer is very useful to reduce mixing water in fresh concrete, which results in the enhancement of watertightness and strength of hardened concrete. But it has a limit of not preventing steel bar embedded in concrete from corrosion under critical corrosive environments. Thus, this study aims at developing a nanohybrid agent chemically combining PCA admixture with anionic charge of clay. As results of concrete tests using general PCA superplasticizer and new one developed, it can be found that new plasticizer has higher performance in terms of time-dependent slump and air content loss, compressive strength, and anti-corrosion. It is expected for new superplasticizer, called the PCA-HT NHA, to be applicable to concrete under severe corrosive environments.

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Blacha, Łukasz, Joanna Małecka, and Tadeusz Łagoda. "Incorporation of Corrosion Effects into the Life-Cycle Analysis of AW-2017A-T4 Aluminium Alloy under Bending Moment." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 3681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173681.

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The paper presents the results of fatigue tests of corroded AW-2017A-T4 aluminium alloy samples subjected to an alternating (symmetrical) bending load. Although there are a number of works describing pre-corrosion fatigue in aluminium alloys, relatively few of them concern bending fatigue effects, in some selected alloys only. Here, the AW-2017A-T4 samples were exposed to electrochemical preliminary corrosion by immersion in an electrolyte, a 3.5% solution of NaCl in water. Several variants of series of samples differing in immersion time were tested. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, Basquin’s fatigue characteristics were developed and compared to the characteristics of the material in its nominal state, which allowed for conclusions on the influence of corrosion effects. The characteristic curves show the susceptibility of the test material to corrosive processes, which results in a decrease in fatigue life along with the increase of pre-corrosion time. The samples with longer immersion duration revealed larger surface losses and widespread corrosion pits.

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Kolawole, S. K., F. O. Kolawole, O. P. Enegela, O. O. Adewoye, A. B. O. Soboyejo, and W. O. Soboyejo. "Pitting Corrosion of a Low Carbon Steel in Corrosive Environments: Experiments and Models." Advanced Materials Research 1132 (December 2015): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1132.349.

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This paper presents the results of the combined study of experiments and modeling of the pitting corrosion behavior of low carbon steel. The effects of pH are elucidated via experiments on low carbon steel exposed to various corrosive media. The corrosion rates for the steel samples immersed in various corrosive media were determined by polarization experiments via a gamry potentiostat. The microscopic observations of the surfaces reveal clear evidence of corrosion pits that increase in size with increasing exposure duration. The observed pit size distribution and the evolution of pit size are modeled using statistical models. The implications of the results are used for the application of low carbon steels in corrosive environment.

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Patton, Joel S. "Fire and Smoke Corrosivity of Structural Materials." Journal of Fire Sciences 10, no. 4 (July 1992): 294–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419201000403.

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The deleterious effects that combustion products generated dur ing fires can have on normal construction materials have been well-docu mented. The combined effects of fire, corrosive smoke and particulate have been defined as fire corrosivity. While the effects of fire corrosivity are well-known, little quantitative information is available concerning the mechanisms in volved and the degree to which materials, particularly metals, are susceptible. Consequently, a study which was conducted to begin examining the effects of fire and smoke corrosivity on metals is described and the results are presented. Various metal targets were exposed to corrosive smoke and fire particulate pro duced from polyvinylchloride (PVC) samples burned in a cone calorimeter. The target materials consisted of 304 stainless steel, 1010 carbon steel and 70-30 CuNi alloy. In addition to metal targets, electrical resistance probes were also utilized in the testing to monitor in-situ corrosion rates. The probe materials corresponded to the metal targets so that a comparison could be conducted. After testing, both the metal targets and corrosion probes were sectioned and prepared for analysis using standard metallographic techniques. The targets and probes were analyzed for corrosion products and depth of attack. Results from this testing show that all the metal targets proved highly susceptible to the effects of fire and smoke corrosivity attributed to the burning of PVC samples. These results are presented and compared by corrosion rates. In addi tion, the performance of the corrosion probes in terms of their ability to produce accurate corrosion measurements was evaluated by comparing their corrosion depth measurements to those of the metal targets. It can be concluded from these observations that the testing of structural metals for their resistance to fire corrosivity must be done over a wide range of combustion environments us ing a large number of targets in order to generate a statistical basis before any predictions can be made concerning a particular alloy's resistance.

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Ali, Marwa E. M., and Basim O. Hasan. "Galvanic corrosion of carbon steel under concentration cell formation in MgCl2 solution as an inorganic pollutant and the effect of flow velocity." Corrosion Reviews 38, no. 3 (March 28, 2020): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2019-0092.

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AbstractThe wastewater of petroleum refineries consists of various corrosive pollutants that are harmful not only for human and living organisms but also for the equipment and materials exposed to it. The galvanic corrosion of carbon steel in MgCl2 solution as a pollutant in petroleum refinery wastewater was studied under concentration cell formation. The influence of different operating parameters on the galvanic corrosion established by concentration cell was studied, and the concept of concentration cell corrosion was examined and discussed versus experimental results. The effects of some operating conditions on the galvanic behavior, such as the concentration of MgCl2 (0–2500 ppm) and solution flow velocity (150–1000 rpm), on corrosion rate, corrosion potentials, and corrosion current were investigated. New findings regarding the effect of corrosive substance concentration and the hydrodynamics on the corrosion rate of each electrode and the galvanic current were reported. It was found that the corrosion rate of carbon steel in both cell poles increases with increasing MgCl2 concentration in both free and galvanic corrosion. Increasing MgCl2 concentration also led to an increase in the galvanic currents and the corrosion rate of the two electrodes. The flow velocity in either cell terminal considerably influences the potentials, corrosion rates of both electrodes, and the galvanic current passing in the cell. A high flow velocity in the compartment with the more negative potential caused polarity reversal on some occasions.

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Davis, G. O., J. Kolts, and N. Sridhar. "Polarization Effects in Galvanic Corrosion." CORROSION 42, no. 6 (June 1986): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3584912.

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Stopher, Miles A., and E. Luke Simpson. "Hydrogen effects in corrosion: discussion." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2098 (June 12, 2017): 20170028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0028.

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This session contained talks on the characterization of hydrogen-enhanced corrosion of steels and nickel-based alloys, emphasizing the different observations across length scales, from atomic-scale spectrographic to macro-scale fractographic examinations. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The challenges of hydrogen and metals’.

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Li, Peng, Xiya Huang, and Dejun Kong. "Corrosive wear and electrochemical corrosion performances of arc sprayed Al coating in 3.5% NaCl solution." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 68, no. 2 (March 8, 2021): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-08-2020-2357.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of load and speed on the corrosive wear performance of Al coating in 3.5% NaCl solution, which provided an experimental reference for the anti-corrosion engineering on offshore platforms. Design/methodology/approach A layer of Al coating was prepared on S355 steel using an arc spraying. The corrosive wear test was carried out with CFT–1 type surface property tester. The effects of load and speed on the corrosive wear performance of Al coating were investigated and the wear mechanism was also discussed. The electrochemical tests were conducted using a CHI660E type electrochemical workstation, the anti-corrosion mechanism was analyzed. Findings The average coefficient of frictions (COFs) of Al coating under loads of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 N are 0.745, 0.847 and 0.423, the wear mechanism is abrasive wear. The average COFs of Al coating at the speeds of 200, 400 and 600 rpm are 0.745, 0.878 and 0.617, respectively, the wear mechanism at the speeds of 200 and 400 rpm are abrasive wear, while that at the speed of 600 rpm is abrasive wear and fatigue wear. The anti-corrosion mechanism is the isolation of Cl– corrosion and cathodic protection of sacrificial anode. Originality/value This paper mainly studied corrosive wear and electrochemical corrosion performances of Al coating. This study hereby confirms that this manuscript is the original work and has not been published nor has it been submitted simultaneously elsewhere. This paper further confirms that all authors have checked the manuscript and have agreed to the submission.

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Selech, Jaroslaw, Dariusz Ulbrich, Dawid Romek, Jakub Kowalczyk, Konrad Wlodarczyk, and Karol Nadolny. "Experimental Study of Abrasive, Mechanical and Corrosion Effects in Ring-on-Ring Sliding Contact." Materials 13, no. 21 (November 4, 2020): 4950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214950.

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This article presents the application of the ring-on-ring test to investigate some of the important factors affecting the abrasive and corrosion wear of a face seal used in the sugar industry. The test involves the sliding contact between two steel rings working in different conditions such as mechanic, abrasive, corrosive extortions and its combination. Rings were made of the C45 steel and the surface layers were modified by heat and thermochemical treatment such as normalizing, flame hardening, nitriding and chrome diffusion. Maximum wear of the sample after tests under mechanic, abrasive and corrosion extortion were obtained. For C45 steel without surface modification the biggest wear was obtained for mechanical, abrasive and corrosive extortion and equals 0.0138 g. This value was three times bigger than the result for the mechanical extortion and ten times than for the corrosive conditions. For individual research options the percentage increase or decrease in wear resistance in relation to the normalized surface layer was determined. In the corrosive extortion the highest increase (90%) of wear resistance was recorded for the chrome layer relative to normalizing sample. The main conclusion of the paper is that the wear effect caused by all factors—mechanical, abrasive and corrosive—is not a straight sum of values of wear.

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Wan, Li Ping, Ying Feng Meng, Gao Li, and Hua Zhou. "Corrosion Behavior of Drilling Pipe Steels for High Sour Gas Field." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 2292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.2292.

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A polymer drilling fluid containing high content of hydrogen sulfide was used as the corrosive medium to investigate the effects of temperature, flow velocity, pH value and partial pressure ratio of CO2/ H2S on the corrosion behavior of high strength drill pipe steel S135 and G105. The morphology and composition of the corrosion products were analyzed as well. It was found that the average corrosion rate of the two types of steel increased with increasing temperature of the corrosive medium, with the corrosion rate to decrease slightly within 60°C-80°C and keep almost unchanged above 120°C. At the same time, the corrosion rate of the drill pipe steels had little to do with the flow rate but increased with decreasing pH value of the corrosive medium. Moreover, the partial pressure ratio of CO2/ H2S had a slight effect on the corrosion behavior of the drill pipe steel. However, the two types of drill pipe steel showed a larger corrosion rate in gas phase than in liquid phase corrosive medium, which was contrary to what were observed in gas and liquid phases corrosion tests of conventional acidic drilling fluids. In addition, it was confirmed by sulfide stress corrosion test that the drill pipe steel of a higher strength had smaller critical stress, and the resistance of the drill pipe to stress attack was ranked as G105(C)＞G105(D)＞S135(B)＞S135(A). It was anticipated that the present research results could be used to guide the selection of materials for drilling pipe steels used in natural gas field of high acidity.

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Blugan, Gurdial, Daniela Wittig, Sieglinde Zinz, Thomas Graule, and Jakob Kübler. "Oxidation and Corrosion of Silicon Nitride at 1200°C and 1500°C." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.885.

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The effect of different sintering additives on the high temperature oxidation and corrosion behaviour of Si3N4 ceramics is investigated. A corrosion furnace was set up which allows testing of ceramic discs at test temperatures upto 1500°C. It was possible to conduct tests under ambient oxygen conditions, or with increased water vapour as well as testing with corrosive gases such as HCl or SO2. Si3N4 was prepared with MgO, Al2O3, Y2O3 and Al2O3+Y2O3 sintering additives. These discs were subjected to different oxidation and corrosion test conditions at temperatures of 1200°C and 1500°C for upto 128 h. The effects that the different corrosion enviroments have on the corrosion resistance of the Si3N4 materials are presented.

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Zhou, Jing Hai, Yu Xian Zhang, Xian Hong Meng, and Ying Liu. "Research on Residual Strength of Concrete under Fatigue Loading and Corrosion of Chloride." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1369.

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In the actual project, many concrete structures not only suffer the loading of static force and the repeated loading but also affected by the corrosive effects of chemical substances in external environment, which makes concrete corrosion and damage become an unavoidable issue in engineering. The research on it at home and abroad is still in stage of theoretical exploration. This paper studied the attenuation of the residual strength of concrete under fatigue loading and corrosion of chloride, using self-designed experimental corrosion fatigue loading device. The results show that the corrosion of concrete by chlorine ion is unneglected, its influence is greater than mathematical superposition of alternating load and corrosion when they affect the concrete separately.

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Zhao, Xiaoshuo, Dan Jiang, Li Ma, Xian Zeng, Zengying Li, and Guosheng Huang. "Special Issue: Corrosion Effects and Smart Coatings of Corrosion Protection." Coatings 12, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101378.

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Huijbregts, W. M. M. "Oxygen and Corrosion Potential Effects on Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking." CORROSION 42, no. 8 (August 1986): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3583051.

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Cui, Xue-Jun, Ying-Jun Zhang, Bao-Jie Dou, Xian-Guang Zeng, and Xiu-Zhou Lin. "Deposition time effects on structure and corrosion resistance of duplex MAO/Al coatings on AZ31B Mg alloy." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 64, no. 4 (June 5, 2017): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-04-2016-1666.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the effects of deposition time on the structure and anti-corrosion properties of a micro-arc oxidation (MAO)/Al coating on AZ31B Mg alloy. Design/methodology/approach The study describes the fabrication of the coating via a combined process of MAO with multi-arc ion plating. The structure, composition and corrosion resistance of the coatings were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and electrochemical methods. Findings The Al-layer is tightly deposited with a good mechanical interlock along the rough interface due to the Al diffusion. However, the Al layer reduces the anti-corrosion of MAO-coated Mg alloy because of structural defects such as droplets and cavities, which act as channels for corrosive media infiltration towards the substrate. Fortunately, the Al layer improves the substrate corrosion resistance owing to its passive behaviour, and the corrosion resistance can be enhanced with increasing deposition time. All results indicate that a buffer layer fabricated through the duplex process improves the interfacial compatibility between the hard coating and soft Mg alloys. Originality/value An MAO/Al duplex coating was fabricated via a combined process of MAO and physical vapour deposition. MAO/Al duplex coatings exhibit obviously passive behaviours on AZ31 Mg alloy. The structure and corrosion resistance of MAO/Al coatings were investigated.

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Saupi, S. R. A., M. A. Sulaiman, and M. N. Masri. "Effects of Soil Properties to Corrosion of Underground Pipelines: A Review." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 3, no. 1 (May 2, 2015): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v3i1.680.

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This review concentrates on corrosion properties that expose to soil environment. Forms of corrosion classified with respect to outward appearance and altered physical properties are uniform attack, galvanic corrosion, erosion corrosion, stress corrosion, crevice corrosion, pitting and inter-granular corrosion. A porous soil may retain moisture for a longer period for optimum aeration and indirectly increase the initial corrosion rate. External corrosion is corrosion attack upon the outside of the pipe soil medium and the most failure mechanisms experienced by buried steel pipelines. Many systems possibly in contact with soil have risk to be corroded such as storage tanks and pipelines.

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Malau, Viktor, and Wisnu Hakiki. "Chromate and Molybdate Inhibitors Effects on Corrosion Charateristic of API 5L Grade B in a Brine Water Solution Containing 8 % NaCl." Key Engineering Materials 892 (July 13, 2021): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.892.115.

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Piping systems at gathering stations in the oil and gas industries often fail due to corrosion attacks from the brine water solution containing 8% NaCl that flows through the system. This solution is highly corrosive on the API 5L grade B steel pipes, thereby shortening its lifespan, with an increase in the frequency of pipe replacements. However, the corrosion resistance of API 5L grade B pipes can be improved by using chromate and molybdate inhibitors. Therefore, the objective of this research is to improve the corrosion resistance of the steel pipes using sodium chromate (Na2CrO4) and sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) inhibitors with concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1,0%. This research also aim to determine the optimum concentration of inhibitors to produce minimum corrosion rate, by testing the brine water solution containing 8% NaCl through the potentiodynamic polarization method. The results show that generally, the addition of sodium chromate and sodium molybdate inhibitors to the brine solution causes the steel pipes to be more resistant to corrosion. Furthermore, the sodium chromate inhibitor concentration of 0.6% produces the greatest corrosion potential of – 400 mV with the lowest rate of 0.38 mpy, while sodium molybdate concentration of 0.4% produces the highest corrosion potential of – 385 mV with the lowest rate of 0.34 mpy. The results of SEM observations at 0.4% sodium molybdate concentration showed that the corrosion inhibition/passivation effect of the inhibitor made the steel surface smoother, while the sodium chromate inhibitor at similar percentage failed to reach the optimal concentration to inhibit the corrosion process.

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Choi, Jae Woong, Gil Ho Hwang, Hong Rae Cha, and Sung Goon Kang. "Effects of Deformation on Atmospheric Corrosion of Galvanized Steel." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 1134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.1134.

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The effects of deformation on corrosion behavior of galvanized steel were investigated. Accelerated corrosion test was conducted under the conditions of 30oC and 90% relative humidity with flowing 200ppm sulfur dioxide gas for five weeks. Surface morphologies and corrosion products were analyzed by SEM/EDS and XRD. The corrosion products were composed of hydrates of ZnSO4. And corrosion rates of each part, bottom, bended and wall, were increased with growing strain due to surface damage and enlargement of naked surface for corrosion.

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Królikowski, Andrzej. "Corrosion Behaviour of Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.11.

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Structural and chemical attributes of amorphous and nanocrystalline metals, which affect their corrosion behaviour are outlined. Effects of the fraction of intercrystalline regions, diffusivity, chemical homogeneity / heterogeneity and local ordering are indicated. These features can lead to higher or lower corrosion resistance as compared to coarse-grained counterparts, depending on the nature of tested metal and corrosive environment. Contributions of these factors are represented by two examples of passive behavior of nanocrystalline metals and amorphous Ni-P alloys.

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Pugsley, Victoria, Gregor Corn, Silvana Luyckx, and Hans-Georg Sockel. "On localised corrosive attack, stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue effects in a hardmetal cutting-tool material." Zeitschrift für Metallkunde 93, no. 7 (July 2002): 745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.020745.

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Yin, Zheng, Renhua He, Yang Chen, Zhou Yin, Kun Yan, Kun Wang, Hong Yan, et al. "Effects of surface micro–galvanic corrosion and corrosive film on the corrosion resistance of AZ91–xNd alloys." Applied Surface Science 536 (January 2021): 147761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147761.

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Zhang, Yaping, Yuanding Huang, Frank Feyerabend, Sarkis Gavras, Yuling Xu, Regine Willumeit-Römer, Karl Ulrich Kainer, and Norbert Hort. "Effects of Intermetallic Microstructure on Degradation of Mg-5Nd Alloy." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51, no. 10 (August 3, 2020): 5498–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05926-7.

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Abstract The influence of intermetallic microstructure on the degradation of Mg-5Nd alloy with different heat treatments was investigated via immersion testing in DMEM + 10 pct FBS under cell culture conditions and subsequent microstructural characterizations. It was found that T4 heat-treated sample had the poorest corrosion resistance due to the lack of finely dispersed precipitates inside grains, continuous lamellar particles along grain boundaries and outer Ca-P layer, and to the formation of a loose corrosion product layer. In contrast, the aged samples exhibited a better corrosion resistance due to their presence and to the formation of a compact corrosion layer. Their degradation behavior largely depended on the intermetallic microstructure. Corrosion was initiated in the matrix around stable globular particles Mg41Nd5 at grain boundaries. In the sample aged at high temperature 245 °C, the coexistence of lamellar Mg41Nd5 particles and their nearby Nd-poor regions enhanced the corrosion. The corrosion first started in such regions. It was shown that those finely dispersed precipitates formed during aging had no influence on the corrosion initiation. However, they indeed affected the subsequent corrosion propagation with the immersion proceeding. They supplied barriers for corrosion propagation and hence were beneficial for improving the corrosion resistance. The continuously distributed lamellar Mg41Nd5 precipitates formed at grain boundaries during aging at 245 °C supplied an additional effective obstacle to corrosion propagation. This was especially beneficial for hindering the corrosion propagation at the later stage of corrosion.

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Yan, Xudong, and Jianlin Sun. "Pitting Corrosion Behavior and Surface Microstructure of Copper Strips When Rolled with Oil-in-Water Emulsions." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 7911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247911.

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Copper strips experience severe corrosion when rolled with an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions lubricant. The effects of rolling reduction on the pitting corrosion behavior and surface microstructure of Cu strips were studied in detail using electrochemical measurements and electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. It was found that the corrosion current densities of the rolled Cu strips increased with accumulated reduction, which also lowered the pitting potentials and weakened their corrosion resistances. Therefore, the corrosive tendency of Cu strips under different rolling reductions (ε) followed the order of ε0% < ε20.7% < ε50.6% < ε77.3%. The Cu surface easily reacted with chlorine, sulfur, and carbon components from O/W emulsions to generate pitting corrosion. Under the interactive effect of pitting corrosion and stress corrosion, pits expanded along the rolling direction. The aggregation of anions in surface defects, such as dislocations, metastable pits, and microcracks, further accelerated the pitting corrosion of the surface.

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Cheng, Yuanpeng, Yu Bai, Shanfa Tang, Dukui Zheng, Zili Li, and JianGuo Liu. "Corrosion behavior of X65 steel in CO2-saturated oil/water environment of gathering and transportation pipeline." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 5 (September 2, 2019): 671–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-02-2019-2081.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the corrosion behavior of X65 steel in the CO2-saturated oil/water environment using mass loss method, potentiodynamic polarization technique and characterization of the corroded surface techniques. Design/methodology/approach The weight loss analysis, electrochemical study and surface investigation were carried out on X65 steel that had been immersed in the CO2/oil/water corrosive medium to understand the corrosion behavior of gathering and transportation pipeline steel. The weight loss tests were carried out in a 3 L autoclave, and effects of water cut and temperature on the CO2 corrosion rate of X65 steel were studied. Electrochemical studies were carried out in a three-electrode electrochemical cell with the test temperature was 60°C, and the CO2 partial pressure was 1 atm by recording open circuit potential/time and potentiodynamic polarization characteristics. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of corrosion product scales were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The phases of corrosion product scales were investigated using x-ray diffraction. Findings The results showed that due to the wetting and adsorption of crude oil, the corrosion morphology of X65 steel changed under different water cuts. When the water cut of crude oil was 40-50 per cent, uniform corrosion occurred on the steel surface, accompanied by local pitting. While the water cut was 70-80 per cent, the resulting corrosion product scales were thick, loose and partial shedding caused platform corrosion. When the water cut was 90 per cent, the damaged area of platform corrosion was enlarged. Crude oil can hinder the corrosion scales from being dissolved by the corrosive medium, and change dimension and accumulation pattern of the crystal grain, thickness and structure of the corrosion scales. Under the corrosion inhibition effect of crude oil, the temperature sensitive point of X65 steel corrosion process moved to low temperature, appeared at about 50°C, lower corrosion rate interval was broadened and the corrosion resistance of X65 steel was enhanced. Originality/value The results can be helpful in selecting the applicable corrosion inhibitors and targeted anti-corrosion measures for CO2-saturated oil/water corrosive environment.

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Cheng, Yuanpeng, Zili Li, Yalei Zhao, Yazhou Xu, Qianqian Liu, and Yu Bai. "Effect of main controlling factor on the corrosion behaviour of API X65 pipeline steel in the CO2/oil/water environment." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 64, no. 4 (June 5, 2017): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-04-2016-1665.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to investigate the corrosion behaviour of API X65 pipeline steel in the simulated CO2/oil/water emulsion using weight loss technique, potentiodynamic polarization technique and characterization of the corroded surface techniques. Design/methodology/approach The weight loss analysis, electrochemical study and surface investigation were carried out on API X65 pipeline steel that had been immersed in the CO2/oil/water corrosive medium to understand the corrosion behaviour of gathering pipeline steel. The weight loss tests were carried out in a 3L autoclave, and effects of temperature, CO2 partial pressure, water cut and flow velocity on the CO2 corrosion rate of API X65 pipeline steel were studied. Electrochemical studies were carried out in a three-electrode electrochemical cell with the test temperature was 60°C, and the CO2 partial pressure was 1 atm by recording open circuit potential/time and potentiodynamic polarization characteristics. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of corrosion product scales were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The phases of corrosion product scales were investigated using X-ray diffraction. Findings The results showed that water cut was the main controlling factor of API X65 steel corrosion under the conditions of CO2/oil/water multiphase flow, and it had significant impact on corrosion morphology. In the case of higher water cut or pure water phase, general corrosion occurred on the steel surface. While water cut was below 70 per cent, corrosion morphology transformed into localized corrosion, crude oil decreased corrosion rate significantly and played a role of inhibitor. Crude oil hindered the corrosion scales from being dissolved by corrosive medium and changed dimension and accumulation pattern of the crystal grain, thickness and structure of the corrosion scales; thus, it influenced the corrosion rate. The primary corrosion product of API X65 steel was ferrous carbonate, which could act as a protective film at low water cut so that the corrosion rate can be reduced. Originality/value The results can be helpful in selecting the suitable corrosion inhibitors and targeted anti-corrosion measures for CO2/oil/water corrosive environment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Corrosion effects'

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