Journal articles: 'Correlated Exposure'

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Schneider, Peter A., John R. Laird, Gheorghe Doros, Qi Gao, Gary Ansel, Marianne Brodmann, Antonio Micari, Mehdi H. Shishehbor, Gunnar Tepe, and Thomas Zeller. "Mortality Not Correlated With Paclitaxel Exposure." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 73, no. 20 (May 2019): 2550–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.013.

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MacLehose, Richard F., David B. Dunson, Amy H. Herring, and Jane A. Hoppin. "Bayesian Methods for Highly Correlated Exposure Data." Epidemiology 18, no. 2 (March 2007): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000256320.30737.c0.

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Gallo, Maria F., Lee Warner, Caroline C. King, Jack D. Sobel, Robert S. Klein, Susan Cu-Uvin, Anne M. Rompalo, and Denise J. Jamieson. "Association between Semen Exposure and Incident Bacterial Vaginosis." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/842652.

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Objective. To identify correlates of incident bacterial vaginosis (BV) diagnosed with Nugent scoring among high-risk women.Study Design. We conducted both cohort and case-crossover analyses, stratified by HIV infection status, based on 871 HIV-infected and 439 HIV-uninfected participants in the HIV Epidemiology Research Study, conducted in 4 US sites in 1993–2000.Results. BV incidence was 21% and 19% among HIV-infected and -uninfected women, respectively. Fewer correlates of BV were found with case-crossover than with cohort design. Reporting frequent coitus (regardless of consistency of condom use) was correlated with BV in cohort analyses but not in case-crossover analyses. The sole correlate of BV in both types of analyses was the detection of spermatozoa on Gram stain, which is a marker of semen exposure.Conclusion. The inconsistent association between condom use and BV in prior studies could be from reporting bias. We found evidence of a relationship between semen exposure and incident BV.

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Siroux, Valérie, Lydiane Agier, and Rémy Slama. "The exposome concept: a challenge and a potential driver for environmental health research." European Respiratory Review 25, no. 140 (May 31, 2016): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0034-2016.

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The exposome concept was defined in 2005 as encompassing all environmental exposures from conception onwards, as a new strategy to evidence environmental disease risk factors. Although very appealing, the exposome concept is challenging in many respects. In terms of assessment, several hundreds of time-varying exposures need to be considered, but increasing the number of exposures assessed should not be done at the cost of increased exposure misclassification. Accurately assessing the exposome currently requires numerous measurements, which rely on different technologies; resulting in an expensive set of protocols. In the future, high-throughput ‘omics technologies may be a promising technique to integrate a wide range of exposures from a small numbers of biological matrices. Assessing the association between many exposures and health raises statistical challenges. Due to the correlation structure of the exposome, existing statistical methods cannot fully and efficiently untangle the exposures truly affecting the health outcome from correlated exposures. Other statistical challenges relate to accounting for exposure misclassification or identifying synergistic effects between exposures. On-going exposome projects are trying to overcome technical and statistical challenges. From a public health perspective, a better understanding of the environmental risk factors should open the way to improved prevention strategies.

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Voisin, Dexter R., Dong Ha Kim, Lynn Michalopoulos, and Sadiq Patel. "Exposure to Community Violence Among Low-Income African American Youth in Chicago: A Latent Class Analysis." Violence and Victims 32, no. 6 (2017): 1116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00034.

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African American youth are exposed to some of the highest rates of exposure to community violence. However, few studies have explored factors related to exposures and various subtypes of exposures to community violence (i.e., no exposure, witnessing only and being a witness/victim). Among a matched sample of 129 African American youth and their caregivers, no exposure to community violence was correlated with being heterosexual versus being a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) person, having parents who owned their homes versus rented, and having higher authoritarian parenting attitudes. In addition, being a witness/victim of community violence was correlated with any youth substance use, lower levels of school bonding, having less future orientation, less parental home ownership, and an adverse family history. Practice and programmatic considerations are discussed based on these findings.

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Mandel, Jack S. "Renal cell cancer correlated with occupational exposure to trichloroethylene." Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 127, no. 4 (March 19, 2001): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004320000231.

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Vamvakas, S., T. Brüning, H. M. Bolt, D. Henschler, and K. Ulm. "Renal cell cancer correlated with occupational exposure to trichloroethene." Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 126, no. 3 (February 18, 2000): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004320050029.

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Vamvakas, S., T. Brüning, B. Thomasson, M. Lammert, A. Baumüller, H. M. Bolt, W. Dekant, G. Birner, D. Henschler, and K. Ulm. "Renal cell cancer correlated with occupational exposure to trichloroethene." Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 124, no. 7 (July 27, 1998): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004320050186.

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Muoka, Alexander K., George O. Agogo, Oscar O. Ngesa, and Henry G. Mwambi. "A Method to adjust for measurement error in multiple exposure variables measured with correlated errors in the absence of an internal validation study." F1000Research 9 (December 18, 2020): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27892.1.

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Difficulty in obtaining the correct measurement for an individual’s longterm exposure is a major challenge in epidemiological studies that investigate the association between exposures and health outcomes. Measurement error in an exposure biases the association between the exposure and a disease outcome. Usually, an internal validation study is required to adjust for exposure measurement error; it is challenging if such a study is not available. We propose a general method for adjusting for measurement error where multiple exposures are measured with correlated errors (a multivariate method) and illustrate the method using real data. We compare the results from the multivariate method with those obtained using a method that ignores measurement error (the naive method) and a method that ignores correlations between the errors and true exposures (the univariate method). It is found that ignoring measurement error leads to bias and underestimates the standard error. A sensitivity analysis shows that the magnitude of adjustment in the multivariate method is sensitive to the magnitude of measurement error, sign, and the correlation between the errors. We conclude that the multivariate method can be used to adjust for bias in the outcome-exposure association in a case where multiple exposures are measured with correlated errors in the absence of an internal validation study. The method is also useful in conducting a sensitivity analysis on the magnitude of measurement error and the sign of the error correlation.

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Berg, Carla J., Xuejing Duan, Betelihem Getachew, Kim Pulvers, Natalie D. Crawford, Steve Sussman, Yan Ma, Carla Jones-Harrell, and Lisa Henriksen. "Young Adult E-cigarette Use and Retail Exposure in 6 US Metropolitan Areas." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.1.5.

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Objectives: Given the need to understand e-cigarette retail and its impact, we examined so- ciodemographic, tobacco and marijuana use, and e-cigarette retail experiences as correlates of (1) past 30-day e-cigarette use, (2) past 30-day advertising/media exposure, and (3) point-of-sale age verification among young adults. Methods: We analyzed baseline survey data (September- December, 2018) among 3006 young adults (ages 18-34) in 6 metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Boston, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, San Diego, Seattle) in a 2-year longitudinal study. Results: In this sample (Mage = 24.6, 42.3% male, 71.6% white, 11.4% Hispanic), 37.7% (N = 1133) were past 30-day e-cigarette users; 68.6% (N = 2062; non-users: 66.0%, users: 72.9%) reported past 30-day e-cigarette-related advertising/media exposure. Among e-cigarette users, vape shops were the most common source of e-cigarettes (44.7%) followed by online (18.2%). Among users, 34.2% were "almost always" asked for age verification. In multilevel logistic regression, e-cigarette use and advertising/media exposure were correlated (and both correlated with being younger). E- cigarette use also correlated with other tobacco product and marijuana use (and being male and white). Infrequent age verification correlated with commonly purchasing e-cigarettes online (and being older and black). Conclusions: Increased efforts are needed to reduce young adult advertising/media exposure and increase retailer compliance among retailers, particularly online and vape shops.

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Lantz, Andrea G., Padraic O'Malley, Michael Ordon, and Jason Y. Lee. "Assessing radiation exposure during endoscopic-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy." Canadian Urological Association Journal 8, no. 9-10 (October 13, 2014): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.2037.

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Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) may be associated with significant ionizing radiation exposure for patients and operating room staff. Endoscopic-guided PCNL (ePCNL) is a technique that may be associated with less radiation exposure. This study examines ePCNL-related radiation exposure (fluoroscopytime, effective dose) and investigates variables that may predict increased exposure.Methods: A retrospective review of all consecutive ePCNLs performed at our institution, by a single surgeon, was conducted between November 2011 and November 2013. Patient demographics, stone characteristics and perioperative details were recorded, including radiation exposure. Pearson and Spearman correlation were used to assess variables correlated with radiation exposure.Results: In total, 55 ePCNL cases were included in the study. The mean age was 60 ± 15 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 30.0 ± 6.4 kg/m2 and mean stone size 3.2 × 2.1 cm. Seven cases (13%) involved complete staghorn stones, and 69% involved supracostal punctures. The mean fluoroscopy time was 3.4 ± 2.3 minutes, mean ED 2.4 ± 1.9 mSv. The treatment success rate, assessed 1-week postoperatively, was 87.3% and 7.3% of cases required ancillary procedures. The overall complication rate was 29%, but only 3 cases (5.5%) were Clavien ≥3. Longer fluoroscopy time correlated with increased stone size (p < 0.01), longer operative time (p < 0.01) and lower treatment success rates (p < 0.01); higher effective dose correlated with longer fluoroscopy time (p < 0.01) and increased skin-to-stone distance (p < 0.01). BMI did not correlate with fluoroscopy time or effective dose.Conclusions: Outcomes of ePCNL are comparable to traditional PCNL techniques and may be associated with lower radiation exposure, particularly beneficial for patients with higher BMI.

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Bailey, John H., and Bob G. Witmer. "Learning and Transfer of Spatial Knowledge in a Virtual Environment." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 18 (October 1994): 1158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801803.

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Two experiments were conducted to investigate route and configurational knowledge acquisition in a virtual environment (VE). The results indicate that route knowledge can be acquired in a VE and that it transfers to the real world. Furthermore, although it was not explicitly trained, participants acquired some configurational knowledge. Higher levels of interactive exposure to the VE resulted in better route knowledge than less interactive exposure. There was some evidence that more reported presence was correlated with better performance on spatial knowledge tests, while more reported simulator sickness was correlated with worse performance. Finally, performance during VE rehearsals was a strong, consistent correlate of performance on spatial knowledge tests.

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Yang, Xin, Yuanyuan Zhang, Xueqin Zhan, Xuchen Xu, Shuxian Li, Xuefeng Xu, Songmin Ying, and Zhimin Chen. "Particulate matter exposure is highly correlated to pediatric asthma exacerbation." Aging 13, no. 13 (July 13, 2021): 17818–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.203281.

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Shaw, Pamela A., Jiwei He, and Bryan E. Shepherd. "Regression calibration to correct correlated errors in outcome and exposure." Statistics in Medicine 40, no. 2 (October 21, 2020): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.8773.

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Green, Laura C., and Timothy L. Lash. "Re: "Renal cell cancer correlated with occupational exposure to trichloroethylene"." Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 125, no. 7 (June 2, 1999): 430–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004320050298.

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Kolbo, Jerome R. "Risk and Resilience Among Children Exposed to Family Violence." Violence and Victims 11, no. 2 (January 1996): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11.2.113.

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Research on the relationship between exposure to family violence and functional adaptation in children has been inconsistent and inconclusive. In this study, exposure to family violence was correlated with vulnerability, resilience, and protective factors in a clinical sample of 60 children aged 8 through 11. Exposure was found to be related to children’s self-worth and to behavior problems. However, these relationships varied by gender, support, and type of functioning being measured. Exposure was positively correlated with behavioral problems among girls, and negatively correlated with self-worth among boys. High levels of support protected boys only from the effects of exposure.

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Herringa, R. J., M. L. Phillips, J. C. Fournier, D. M. Kronhaus, and A. Germain. "Childhood and adult trauma both correlate with dorsal anterior cingulate activation to threat in combat veterans." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 7 (October 18, 2012): 1533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712002310.

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BackgroundPrior studies of adult post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest abnormal functioning of prefrontal and limbic regions. Cumulative childhood and adult trauma exposures are major risk factors for developing adult PTSD, yet their contribution to neural dysfunction in PTSD remains poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the neural correlates of childhood and adult trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) within a single model.MethodMedication-free male combat veterans (n = 28, average age 26.6 years) with a wide range of PTSS were recruited from the community between 2010 and 2011. Subjects completed an emotional face-morphing task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Clinical ratings included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Combat Exposure Scale (CES). A priori regions were examined through multivariate voxelwise regression in SPM8, using depressive symptoms and IQ as covariates.ResultsIn the angry condition, CAPS scores correlated positively with activation in the medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC; Brodmann area (BA) 10, z = 3.51], hippocampus (z = 3.47), insula (z = 3.62) and, in earlier blocks, the amygdala. CES and CTQ correlated positively with activation in adjacent areas of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC; BA 32, z = 3.70 and BA 24, z = 3.88 respectively). In the happy condition, CAPS, CTQ and CES were not correlated significantly with activation patterns.ConclusionsdACC activation observed in prior studies of PTSD may be attributable to the cumulative effects of childhood and adult trauma exposure. By contrast, insula, hippocampus and amygdala activation may be specific to PTSS. The specificity of these results to threat stimuli, but not to positive stimuli, is consistent with abnormalities in threat processing associated with PTSS.

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Harris, David T., Debbie Sakiestewa, Dominic Titone, and Mark Witten. "JP-8 jet fuel exposure rapidly induces high levels of IL-10 and PGE2 secretion and is correlated with loss of immune function." Toxicology and Industrial Health 23, no. 4 (May 2007): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233707083956.

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The US Air Force has implemented the widespread use of JP-8 jet fuel in its operations, although a thorough understanding of its potential effects upon exposed personnel is unclear. Previous work has demonstrated that JP-8 exposure is immunosuppressive. In the present study, the potential mechanisms for the effects of JP-8 exposure on the immune system were investigated. Exposure of mice to JP-8 for 1 h/day resulted in immediate secretion of two immunosuppressive agents; namely, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). JP-8 exposure rapidly induced a persistently high level of serum IL-10 and PGE2 at an exposure concentration of 1000 mg/m3. IL-10 levels peaked at 2h post-JP-8 exposure and then stabilized at significantly elevated serum levels, while PGE2 levels peaked after 2—3 days of exposure and then stabilized. Elevated IL-10 and PGE2 levels may at least partially explain the effects of JP-8 exposure on immune function. Elevated IL-10 and PGE2 levels, however, cannot explain all of the effects due to JP-8 exposure (e.g., decreased organ weights and decreased viable immune cells), as treatment with a PGE2 inhibitor did not completely reverse the immunosuppressive effects of jet fuel exposure. Thus, low concentration JP-8 jet fuel exposures have significant effects on the immune system, which can be partially explained by the secretion of immunosuppressive modulators, which are cumulative over time.

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Noss, Ilka, Inge M. Wouters, Gillina Bezemer, Nervana Metwali, Ingrid Sander, Monika Raulf-Heimsoth, Dick J. J. Heederik, Peter S. Thorne, and Gert Doekes. "β-(1,3)-Glucan Exposure Assessment by Passive Airborne Dust Sampling and New Sensitive Immunoassays." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 4 (December 28, 2009): 1158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01486-09.

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ABSTRACT Associations between house dust-associated β-(1,3)-glucan exposure and airway inflammatory reactions have been reported, while such exposures in early childhood have been suggested to protect against asthma and wheezing. Most epidemiological studies have used reservoir dust samples and an inhibition enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for β-(1,3)-glucan exposure assessment. The objective of this study was to develop inexpensive but highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays to measure airborne β-(1,3)-glucans in low-exposure environments, like homes. Specificities of available anti-β-(1,3)-glucan antibodies were defined by direct and inhibition experiments. Three suitable antibody combinations were selected for sandwich EIAs. β-(1,3)-Glucans in passive airborne dust collected with an electrostatic dust fall collector (EDC) and floor dust from seven homes were measured with the three EIAs. Floor dust samples were additionally analyzed in the inhibition EIA. The sandwich EIAs were sensitive enough for airborne glucan measurement and showed different specificities for commercial glucans, while the β-(1,3)-glucan levels in house dust samples correlated strongly. The feasibility of measuring glucans in airborne dust with the recently introduced EDC method was further investigated by selecting the most suitable of the three EIAs to measure and compare β-(1,3)-glucan levels in the EDC and in floor and actively collected airborne dust samples of the previously performed EDC validation study. The EDC β-(1,3)-glucan levels correlated moderately with β-(1,3)-glucans in actively collected airborne dust and floor dust samples, while the glucan levels in the airborne dust and floor dust samples did not correlate. The combination of the newly developed β-(1,3)-glucan sandwich EIA with EDC sampling now allows assessment in large-scale population studies of exposure to airborne β-(1,3)-glucans in homes or other low-exposure environments.

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Hansen, Teresa, and Robert A. Bartsch. "THE POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN PERSONAL NEED FOR STRUCTURE AND THE MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.3.271.

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It was predicted that the amount a person is affected by mere exposure would be positively correlated with their Personal Need for Structure (PNS). Forty participants rated unfamiliar Turkish words for pleasantness. As predicted by the mere exposure effect, the greater the participants' exposure, the more pleasant the words were rated. Participants were also asked to complete a PNS questionnaire. Individual PNS scores correlated with individual mere exposure scores such that people who were higher in PNS were more affected by mere exposure.

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Mevorach, Tomer, Jonathan Cohen, and Alan Apter. "Keep Calm and Stay Safe: The Relationship between Anxiety and Other Psychological Factors, Media Exposure and Compliance with COVID-19 Regulations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 2852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062852.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has led many countries to employ public health regulations to achieve behavioral change and stop the transmission of the virus. The factors influencing compliance with these regulations may differ from “classic” predictors for medical compliance. This study attempted to assess the effect of social communication and psychological factors on intention to comply. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted on healthy adults living in Israel (n = 697). The survey assessed the intention to comply with the state COVID-19 regulations and explored possible correlations with demographic and psychosocial factors. Data were collected during May 2020 using a Qualtrics online survey. Data were analyzed to find correlations between anxiety, uncertainty, media exposure and other variables and the level of intention to comply as self-reported. Moderation and mediation effects were studied by an integrative model of influencing factors. We found that media exposure change, trust in responsible agencies and anxiety were positively correlated with compliance, while uncertainty was correlated with noncompliance. The effect of media exposure on compliance had two components. First, media exposure was positively correlated with compliance. On the other hand, media exposure was positively correlated with uncertainty, and uncertainty was negatively correlated with compliance. Interestingly, anxiety, which was positively correlated with media exposure, also moderated the negative correlation between uncertainty and compliance. Our results highlight the important role of uncertainty and anxiety as moderators between media exposure and compliance. To increase public compliance with COVID-19 regulations, efforts should be directed at decreasing uncertainty and anxiety.

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Lenters, Virissa, Roel Vermeulen, and Lützen Portengen. "Performance of variable selection methods for assessing the health effects of correlated exposures in case–control studies." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 7 (September 25, 2017): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-104231.

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ObjectivesThere is growing recognition that simultaneously assessing multiple exposures may reduce false positive discoveries and improve epidemiological effect estimates. We evaluated the performance of statistical methods for identifying exposure–outcome associations across various data structures typical of environmental and occupational epidemiology analyses.MethodsWe simulated a case–control study, generating 100 data sets for each of 270 different simulation scenarios; varying the number of exposure variables, the correlation between exposures, sample size, the number of effective exposures and the magnitude of effect estimates. We compared conventional analytical approaches, that is, univariable (with and without multiplicity adjustment), multivariable and stepwise logistic regression, with variable selection methods: sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis, boosting, and frequentist and Bayesian penalised regression approaches.ResultsThe variable selection methods consistently yielded more precise effect estimates and generally improved selection accuracy compared with conventional logistic regression methods, especially for scenarios with higher correlation levels. Penalised lasso and elastic net regression both seemed to perform particularly well, specifically when statistical inference based on a balanced weighting of high sensitivity and a low proportion of false discoveries is sought.ConclusionsIn this extensive simulation study with multicollinear data, we found that most variable selection methods consistently outperformed conventional approaches, and demonstrated how performance is influenced by the structure of the data and underlying model.

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Chen, Zheng, Yujia He, and Yuguo Yu. "Enhanced functional connectivity properties of human brains during in-situ nature experience." PeerJ 4 (July 19, 2016): e2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2210.

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In this study, we investigated the impacts of in-situ nature and urban exposure on human brain activities and their dynamics. We randomly assigned 32 healthy right-handed college students (mean age = 20.6 years, SD = 1.6; 16 males) to a 20 min in-situ sitting exposure in either a nature (n = 16) or urban environment (n = 16) and measured their Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Analyses revealed that a brief in-situ restorative nature experience may induce more efficient and stronger brain connectivity with enhanced small-world properties compared with a stressful urban experience. The enhanced small-world properties were found to be correlated with “coherent” experience measured by Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS). Exposure to nature also induces stronger long-term correlated activity across different brain regions with a right lateralization. These findings may advance our understanding of the functional activities during in-situ environmental exposures and imply that a nature or nature-like environment may potentially benefit cognitive processes and mental well-being.

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Silbergeld, Ellen K., Denis Nash, Circey Trevant, G. Thomas Strickland, Jose Maria de Souza, and Rui S. U. da Silva. "Mercury exposure and malaria prevalence among gold miners in Pará, Brazil." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 35, no. 5 (October 2002): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822002000500001.

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Economic development, including resource extraction, can cause toxic exposures that interact with endemic infectious diseases. Mercury is an immunotoxic metal used in the amalgamation of gold, resulting in both occupational exposures and environmental pollution. A cross-sectional medical survey was conducted in 1997 on 135 garimpeiros in Para, Brazil, because of their risks of both mercury exposure and malaria transmission. Mean levels of blood and urine mercury were well above non-exposed background levels. Twenty-six subjects had malaria parasitemia: Health symptoms consistent with mercury exposure were reported, but neither symptoms nor signs correlated with mercury levels in blood or urine. We did not find a dose response relationship between mercury exposure and likelihood of prevalent malaria infection, but there was a possible reduction in acquisition of immunity that may be associated with conditions in gold mining, including mercury exposure.

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Magor, Brad G. "Gill histopathology of juvenile Oncorhynchus kisutch exposed to suspended wood debris." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 2164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-323.

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Gill histopathology was examined in three groups of parr of coho salmn (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)) maintained for 30 days in suspended wood debris (< 1.00 mm diameter; concentrations of 44–132 mg/L dry weight) collected from an estuarine log sorting site. Gills of fishes were examined by light microscopy following exposure, and histopathologic responses were indexed by percentage of gill filaments affected. Lamellar edema and telangiectasis each had statistically significant (P < 0.05) associations with exposure to the suspended debris, and the severity of these conditions was positively correlated with increased concentrations of debris. The severity of hyperplasia of the primary filament epithelium did not correlate with the concentration of debris. The total number of gill lesions in each fish (sum of hyperplasia, telangiectasis, and edema) was positively correlated with the concentration of debris to which the fish were exposed, and negatively correlated with the percent weight increment (((final weight – initial weight)/initial weight) × 100) of fishes over the experimental period.

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Kohlmeier, Alison, Lisa B. Haddad, Richard E. Haaland, Nakita L. Brown, L. Davis Lupo, Christina B. Mehta, Anandi N. Sheth, Kehmia Titanji, Clyde E. Hart, and Igho Ofotokun. "Trauma, stress, and HIV-associated immune cell levels in women." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 125.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.125.5.

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Abstract Lifetime trauma, stress exposure, and current perceived stress are believed to lower immune responsiveness to infections but their effect on immune cell targets of HIV infection and pathogenesis are not known. We examined lifetime trauma and current perceived stress for associations with HIV target cells in genital mucosa and PBMC from 50 STI negative women of reproductive age. Validated scores for the number of traumatic exposures on the lifetime trauma and victimization history (LTVH) instrument, the 51-item Chronic Stress Scale (CSS) and the 10-item current perceived stress scale (PSS) were compiled. Paired cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) and blood samples were analyzed for T cell expression of CCR5 and activation markers (CD38, HLA-DR). Spearman correlations were used to evaluate associations between T cell subsets and LTVH, CSS, and PSS scores. LTVH number correlated with PBMC CD4/CD8 ratios and CCR5+ expression on CCR7+ CD4 T cells, but were inversely correlated with effector memory T cell frequency; CSS score was correlated CCR5+ expression on CCR7+ CD4 T cells. PSS scores were not correlated with T cell phenotypes. Genital tract T cell subsets were highly variable and not correlated with LTVH, CSS, or PSS scores. These findings suggest that increased lifetime trauma and chronic stress exposure is associated with shifts in circulating T cell populations that influence HIV susceptibility and its long-term pathogenesis. A better understanding of how lifetime trauma/stress exposure may affect immunologic mediators of HIV susceptibility, biomedical prevention efficacy, and HIV disease progression is warranted.

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Fink, Daniel. "Transportation noise exposure is strongly correlated with increased morbidity and mortality." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, no. 5 (May 2017): 3884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4988704.

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Riley, William T., Sharon L. Berry, and Wallace A. Kennedy. "Rationale Exposure and Compliance to Relaxation Training." Psychological Reports 58, no. 2 (April 1986): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.2.499.

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Exposure to a rationale as a method to increase compliance with relaxation was tested on 52 subjects with stress-related problems. Subjects were randomly assigned to a rationale or no-rationale condition and were trained in progressive relaxation. Compliance during the subsequent week was measured by electronic tape-rewind counters, self-report, and objective and subjective ratings of performance 1 wk. later. Use of a rationale did not have a significant effect on compliance with relaxation. Although the subjects' self-reported practice and measures of proficiency were correlated, these measures were not significantly correlated with the rewind-counter measure of compliance. Research and clinical applications of these unexpected findings were discussed.

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Jensen, LS, AK Pagsberg, and K. Dalhoff. "Methylphenidate misuse in adult patients and the impact of therapeutic use." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 5 (July 25, 2014): 460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327114543935.

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Objective: Methylphenidate (MPH) prescription rates for adults increase, but the extent of a parallel rise in toxic exposures and their causes and distribution between different MPH trade names are unexplored. Method: We retrospectively analyzed adult MPH exposures reported to the Danish Poison Information Centre from January 2006 to July 2012 and the association with MPH sales and the number of patients prescribed MPH. Results: Of the 394 exposures (57% males, median age 27 years) reported, MPH status was available in 249 of whom 65.5% were prescribed MPH. Exposure was in 54% motivated by suicidal attempt and in 40% by recreational use (based on 375 cases). Exposure was dominated by one trade name and exposure incidence correlated significantly with sales ( p = 0.001) and prevalence of MPH-treated patients ( p = 0.0008). Conclusions: The increase in MPH exposures parallels the prescription rates (particularly Ritalin®/Ritalin® Uno). Most exposures were intentional and motivated by suicide attempts or recreational use.

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Currarini, Sergio, Giovanni Ursino, and A. K. S. Chand. "Strategic Transmission of Correlated Information." Economic Journal 130, no. 631 (May 13, 2020): 2175–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa039.

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Abstract We consider a situation in which a decision-maker gathers information from imperfectly informed experts, receiving coarse signals about a uniform state of the world. Private information is (conditionally) correlated across players, and communication is cheap talk. We show that with two experts correlation unambiguously tightens the conditions on preferences for a truth-telling equilibrium. However, with multiple experts the effect of correlation on the incentives to report information truthfully can be non-monotonic: while little and large levels of correlation hinder truth-telling, intermediate levels may discipline experts’ equilibrium behaviour and foster truthful communication. We discuss the implications of our results for the political discussion in the presence of ‘selective exposure' to media, where similarity in preferences comes with higher correlation, and a trade-off between truth-telling incentives and informational content arises.

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Lund, Emily M., and Tom Seekins. "Early Exposure to People with Physical and Sensory Disabilities and Later Attitudes Toward Social Interactions and Inclusion." Physical Disabilities: Education and Related Services 33, no. 1 (July 21, 2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/pders.v33i1.4825.

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This study assessed the relationship between exposure to classmates with visible impairments in primary and secondary schools with later attitudes toward people with disabilities. Fifty college students (mean age = 20.28 years; 76% female) completed measures assessing the extent and quality of recalled exposure to classmates with disabilities in elementary and secondary school. Attitudes toward social inclusion and toward a hypothetical social interaction were also measured. Participants reported generally high levels and quality of exposure, with significantly more exposure at the secondary level. Quality of exposure at both the elementary and secondary levels was significantly (p < .01) correlated with more positive cognitions (i.e., thoughts) during a hypothetical social interaction. Cognitions were not significantly correlated with emotions or behaviors and amount of elementary exposure was negatively correlated with attitudes to social inclusion (p < .05). These results suggest a possible relation between positive early experiences and later friendship intentions that should be further explored.

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Egawa, Shinichi, Yayoi Nakamura, Tomomi Suda, and Hiroyuki Sasaki. "Life Expectancy Negatively Correlates with Disaster Risk Index." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19001663.

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Introduction:Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, for the first time, describes how disaster affects the health of people. Japan is prone to natural hazards, but at the same time, Japan has achieved one of the highest life expectancies (LE) in the world. After experiencing many disasters, Japan seems to have achieved resilience against disasters. Thus, we tested a hypothesis that high LE correlates with low disaster risk.Methods:We compared LE from the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Health Observatory and the Index for Risk Management’s (INFORM) disaster risk index, or World Risk Index (WRI), of each country using JMP software. INFORM risk index varies from 0-10, while WRI varies from 0-1, where a higher value means higher disaster risk in both systems. INFORM risk index considers hazard and exposure, vulnerability, lack of coping capacity, and lack of reliability. WRI considers exposure, susceptibility, lack of coping capacity, and lack of adaptive capacity, including logarithmized LE as a part of adaptive capacity.Results:The overall INFORM risk index was negatively correlated with LE (p<0:0001). Although natural hazard did not correlate with LE (p=0.7), the human hazard, vulnerability, and lack of coping capacity negatively correlated with LE (p<0.0001, respectively). Health-related indicators, which confirm the vulnerability and lack of coping capacity, were negatively correlated with LE. Cluster analysis of LE and INFORM risk of six categories resulted in four clusters of countries, suggesting that health development and disaster risk reduction are independent determinants. WRI also correlated with LE, but there are many outliers compared to the INFORM risk index.Discussion:High LE can be a good complementary indicator of low disaster risk. Strategies to achieve better health that contribute to high LE are also effective and important strategies for disaster risk reduction.

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Lee, E. W., and O. S. Es-Said. "Effects of Various Thermal and Environmental Exposure on the Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloys." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.319.

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Aluminum alloys 6061-T6, 7075-T6 and 7249-T76 were subjected to several combinations of solution treatments, quenching media, and age hardening treatments to correlate their mechanical tensile properties to hardness and conductivity measurements. Additionally, the 6061-T6 and 7075- T6 alloys were thermally exposed to several temperatures to simulate heat damage effects. The thermal exposure was correlated to the tensile properties and hardness and conductivity measurements.

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Buyuk, Suleyman Kutalmış, Ferhat Ayrancı, Esra Genc, and Tugce Imamoglu. "Inferior Sclera Exposure and Maxillary Sagittal Position: Is there any Relationship?" Avicenna Journal of Dental Research 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajdr.2020.21.

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Background: Maxillofacial hard and soft tissues play an essential role in the formation of facial aesthetics. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between inferior scleral exposure and maxillary sagittal position. Methods: The present study was performed on the lateral cephalometric radiographs and frontal facial photographs of 110 adolescent subjects. The participants were divided into two equal groups according to gender (55 subjects per group). Total eye height and inferior scleral heights were defined, and scleral exposure ratios were calculated on facial photographs. The measurements were performed for right and left eyes, and the mean value for inferior scleral exposure ratio was calculated. Soft and hard tissue measurements of maxilla were performed on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Pearson correlation test were used to analyze the data. Results: There was no statistical difference between genders in the inferior scleral exposure ratio, NPerp_A, A’_True Vertical Line (TVL), and Upper Lip_TVL parameters (P>0.05). However, maxillary height was greater in male subjects than females (P < 0.001). The inferior scleral exposure ratio was statistically significantly correlated with NPerp_A distance in males (r=0.286; P < 0.05). However, there was no correlation between other maxillary parameters and inferior scleral exposure ratio in males (P>0.05). The inferior scleral exposure ratio was significantly correlated with maxillary height in females (r=-0.296; P < 0.05). However, there was no correlation between other maxillary parameters and inferior scleral exposure ratio in females (P>0.05). Conclusions: While the inferior scleral exposure ratio was correlated with NPerp_A distance in male adolescents, the inferior scleral exposure ratio was correlated with maxillary height in female adolescents.

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Schrode, Katrina M., Micheal L. Dent, and Amanda M. Lauer. "Sources of variability in auditory brainstem response thresholds in a mouse model of noise-induced hearing loss." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 6 (December 2022): 3576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016593.

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Numerous and non-acoustic experimental factors can potentially influence experimental outcomes in animal models when measuring the effects of noise exposures. Subject-related factors, including species, strain, age, sex, body weight, and post-exposure measurement timepoints, influence the observed hearing deficits. Experimenter effects, such as experience with experimental techniques and animal handling, may also factor into reported thresholds. In this study, the influence of subject sex, body mass, age at noise exposure, and timepoint of post-exposure recording are reported from a large sample of CBA/CaJ mice. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds differed between noise-exposed and unexposed mice, although the differences varied across tone frequencies. Thresholds across age at noise exposures and measurement delays after exposure also differed for some timepoints. Higher body mass correlated with higher ABR thresholds for unexposed male and female mice, but not for noise-exposed mice. Together, these factors may contribute to differences in phenotypic outcomes observed across studies or even within a single laboratory.

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Dutta, Partha, Melanie Molitor-Dart, Joseph L. Bobadilla, Drew A. Roenneburg, Zhen Yan, Jose R. Torrealba, and William J. Burlingham. "Microchimerism is strongly correlated with tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens in mice." Blood 114, no. 17 (October 22, 2009): 3578–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-03-213561.

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Abstract In mice and humans, the immunologic effects of developmental exposure to noninherited maternal antigens (NIMAs) are quite variable. This heterogeneity likely reflects differences in the relative levels of NIMA-specific T regulatory (TR) versus T effector (TE) cells. We hypothesized that maintenance of NIMA-specific TR cells in the adult requires continuous exposure to maternal cells and antigens (eg, maternal microchimerism [MMc]). To test this idea, we used 2 sensitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) tests to detect MMc in different organs of NIMAd-exposed H2b mice. MMc was detected in 100% of neonates and a majority (61%) of adults; nursing by a NIMA+ mother was essential for preserving MMc into adulthood. MMc was most prevalent in heart, lungs, liver, and blood, but was rarely detected in unfractionated lymphoid tissues. However, MMc was detectable in isolated CD4+, CD11b+, and CD11c+ cell subsets of spleen, and in lineage-positive cells in heart. Suppression of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and in vivo lymphoproliferation correlated with MMc levels, suggesting a link between TR and maternal cell engraftment. In the absence of neonatal exposure to NIMA via breastfeeding, MMc was lost, which was accompanied by sensitization to NIMA in some offspring, indicating a role of oral exposure in maintaining a favorable TR > TE balance.

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Lee, Seokwon, Sangjun Choi, and Kyoungho Lee. "Evaluation of Stoffenmanager and a New Exposure Model for Estimating Occupational Exposure to Styrene in the Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Lamination Process." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 4486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124486.

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This study aims to evaluate occupational exposure models by comparing model estimations of Stoffenmanager, version 8.2, and exposure scores calculated using a new exposure model with personal exposure measurements for styrene used in the fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) lamination processes in Korea. Using the collected exposure measurements (n = 160) with detailed contextual information about the type of process, working conditions, local exhaust ventilation, respiratory protections, and task descriptions, we developed a new model algorithm to estimate the score for occupational exposures on situation level. We assumed that the source of exposure originates from the near field only (within the breathing zone of workers). The new model is designed as a simple formula of multiplying scores for job classification, exposure potential, engineering controls, chemical hazard, and exposure probability and then dividing the score for workplace size. The final score is log-transformed, ranging from 1 to 14, and the exposure category is divided into four ratings: no exposure (1), low (2), medium (3), and high (4) exposures. Using the contextual information, all the parameters and modifying factors are similarly entered into the two models through direct translation and coding processes with expert judgement, and the exposure estimations and scores using the two models are calculated for each situation. Overall bias and precision for Stoffenmanager are −1.00 ± 2.07 (50th) and −0.32 ± 2.32 (90th) for all situations (n = 36), indicating that Stoffenmanager slightly underestimated styrene exposures. Pearson’s correlation coefficients are significantly high for Stoffenmanager (r = 0.87) and the new model (r = 0.88), and the correlation between the two models is significantly high (r = 0.93) (p < 0.01). Therefore, the model estimations using Stoffenmanager and the new model are significantly correlated with the styrene exposures in the FRP lamination process. Further studies are needed to validate and calibrate the models using a larger number of exposure measurements for various substances in the future.

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Keller, J., M. Runzi, H. Goebell, and P. Layer. "Duodenal and ileal nutrient deliveries regulate human intestinal motor and pancreatic responses to a meal." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 272, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): G632—G637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.3.g632.

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It is assumed that in humans pancreatic and gastrointestinal motor responses to a meal are coordinated and regulated mainly by duodenal nutrient exposure. On the other hand, there is evidence that the distal intestine may participate in the regulation of gastrointestinal functions. The aim of this study was to compare human pancreatic and intestinal motility responses to a meal and to correlate them with nutrient exposure of the proximal and distal intestine. After intubation with an oroileal multilumen tube for marker perfusion, duodenal and ileal aspiration, and intestinal manometry, 14 healthy subjects received a mixed test meal (1,257 kJ). Intraluminal nutrient concentrations, enzyme activities, and small intestinal motility were analyzed for 6 h postprandially. Duration of duodenal nutrient exposure was 3.4 +/- 0.2 h, and duration of pancreatic enzyme response and fed motor pattern was 2.5 +/- 0.2 and 3.5 +/- 0.3 h, respectively. Durations of pancreatic secretory and motor responses were correlated (P < 0.05), but neither duration of digestive secretory nor of motor activity correlated with that of prandial duodenal nutrient concentrations. By contrast, they were associated with the relative increase in ileal nutrient delivery late postprandially (P < 0.05). Physiological late postprandial delivery of nutrients to distal intestinal sites is correlated with the termination of digestive pancreatic and motor responses and may participate in their control.

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Lim, Shanon, Jennifer A. Salmond, and Kim N. Dirks. "Influence of Differing Microenvironments on Personal Carbon Monoxide Exposure in Auckland, New Zealand." Open Atmospheric Science Journal 9, no. 1 (June 26, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282301509010001.

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Epidemiological studies typically estimate pollutant exposures using data from outdoor fixed monitoring stations (FMS). However, due to individual mobility through space, time spent in indoor environments and the heterogeneity of the urban atmosphere, data from FMS provides a poor representation of the actual personal exposure to air pollutants. The aim of this study is to investigate the relative importance of time spent in common microenvironments (such as commuter, home, work and recreational) to determine personal exposure to air pollution. The study also investigates the extent to which fixed monitoring stations (FMS) are representative of personal exposures. For this purpose, 17 participants monitored their personal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) for a full working week and completed a time activity diary identifying the particular microenvironments in which they spent their time. Overall, the participants exposure to CO were lower than those observed in other northern hemisphere cities reported upon in the literature. FMS located in central Auckland were found to provide reasonable estimates of mean daily personal exposure but were poorly correlated with diurnal variations in personal exposure. The results found that, while the highest mean exposures were recorded in the commuter microenvironment, the home microenvironment accounted for 55% of the total CO dose during the week. Increased levels of personal CO exposure were observed in indoor areas where gas heating, gas stoves and tobacco smoke were present. Participants recorded highly variable exposure to CO in recreational microenvironments, in part explained by the wide range of recreational activities.

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Trzciński, Krzysztof, Claudette Thompson, Richard Malley, and Marc Lipsitch. "Antibodies to Conserved Pneumococcal Antigens Correlate with, but Are Not Required for, Protection against Pneumococcal Colonization Induced by Prior Exposure in a Mouse Model." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 10 (October 2005): 7043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.10.7043-7046.2005.

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ABSTRACT In mice following intranasal exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae, protection against pneumococcal colonization was independent of antibody but dependent on CD4+ T cells. Nonetheless, concentrations of antibodies to three conserved pneumococcal antigens correlated with protection against colonization. Concentrations of antibodies to conserved pneumococcal antigens may be correlates of protection without being effectors of protection.

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Demling, R., C. Lalonde, P. Heron, L. Picard, J. Blanchard, and J. Brain. "Effect of increasing the tidal volume of smoke breaths on smoke-induced lung dysfunction." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.283.

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We determined the effect of a graded increase in lung exposure to a toxic smoke by increasing smoke tidal volume (VT) or the number of smoke breaths. Sheep were anesthetized and then insufflated with cooled cotton toweling smoke; VT was 5, 10, or 20 ml/kg, and smoke breaths were varied from 12 to 48. The smoke had a uniform particle size (3 +/- 0.4 microns diam). Peak carboxyhemoglobin levels varied from 8 +/- 2 to 45 +/- 4% in the lowest to highest exposure groups, respectively. Animals were monitored unanesthetized for 24 h, and then they were killed. Oxygenation (ratio of arterial PO2 to fraction of inspire O2) decreased from 480 +/- 21 to 200 Torr, and compliance decreased by approximately 50% in the highest smoke exposure groups, whereas only a modest decrease in oxygenation and no compliance changes were seen with lesser exposures. A moderate tracheobronchitis, some atelectasis, and no alveolar edema were noted in the lower smoke exposure groups, whereas severe tracheobronchitis, airway edema, and alveolar atelectasis were observed in the highest exposure group. Only modest alveolar flooding was noted. Impaired oxygenation and anatomic injury correlated best with the total smoke delivered (r = 0.59). Increasing VT from 5 to 20 ml/kg did not increase airway or alveolar injury if the total smoke mass delivered was maintained constant. The degree of impaired oxygenation did not correlate with measured lung water (r = 0.27) or lung lymph flow (r = 0.31).

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Godzik, Jakub, George M. Mastorakos, Gautam Nayar, William D. Hunter, and Luis M. Tumialán. "Surgeon and staff radiation exposure in minimally invasive spinal surgery: prospective series using a personal dosimeter." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 32, no. 6 (June 2020): 817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.11.spine19448.

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OBJECTIVEThe level of radiation awareness by surgeons and residents in spinal surgery does not match the ubiquity of fluoroscopy in operating rooms in the United States. The present method of monitoring radiation exposure may contribute to the current deficiency in radiation awareness. Current dosimeters involve a considerable lag from the time that the surgical team is exposed to radiation to the time that they are provided with that exposure data. The objective of the current study was to assess the feasibility of monitoring radiation exposure in operating room personnel during lateral transpsoas lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) procedures by using a wearable personal device with real-time feedback.METHODSOperating room staff participating in minimally invasive surgical procedures under a single surgeon during a 6-month period were prospectively enrolled in this study. All radiation dose exposures were recorded for each member of the surgical team (surgeon, assistant surgeon, scrub nurse, and circulating nurse) using a personal dosimeter (DoseAware). Radiation doses were recorded in microsieverts (μSv). Comparisons between groups were made using ANOVA with the Tukey post hoc test and Student t-test.RESULTSThirty-nine patients underwent interbody fusions: 25 underwent LLIF procedures (14 LLIF alone, 11 LLIF with percutaneous screw placement [PSP]) and 14 underwent MI-TLIF. For each operative scenario per spinal level, the surgeon experienced significantly higher (p < 0.035) average radiation exposure (LLIF: 167.9 μSv, LLIF+PSP: 424.2 μSv, MI-TLIF: 397.9 μSv) than other members of the team, followed by the assistant surgeon (LLIF: 149.7 μSv, LLIF+PSP: 242.3 μSv, MI-TLIF: 274.9 μSv). The scrub nurse (LLIF: 15.4 μSv, LLIF+PSP: 125.7 μSv, MI-TLIF: 183.0 μSv) and circulating nurse (LLIF: 1.2 μSv, LLIF+PSP: 9.2 μSv, MI-TLIF: 102.3 μSv) experienced significantly lower exposures. Radiation exposure was not correlated with the patient’s body mass index (p ≥ 0.233); however, it was positively correlated with increasing patient age (p ≤ 0.004).CONCLUSIONSReal-time monitoring of radiation exposure is currently feasible and shortens the time between exposure and the availability of information regarding that exposure. A shortened feedback loop that offers more reliable and immediate data would conceivably raise the level of concern for radiation exposure in spinal surgeries and could alter patterns of behavior, leading to decreased exposures. Further studies are ongoing to determine the effect of real-time dosimetry in spinal surgery.

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Verstockt, B., D. Alsoud, J. van Oostrom, J. Smith, J. Stylli, S. Singh, S. van Gennep, et al. "P401 Tofacitinib tissue exposure correlates with endoscopic outcome." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 16, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2022): i394—i395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab232.528.

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Abstract Background Small molecules are being added to the treatment armamentarium of ulcerative colitis (UC). In contrast to monoclonal antibodies, very little is known about their pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile. We therefore assessed pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic changes in Tofacitinib (TFC) treated UC patients, with a focus on STAT3 phosphorylation, as it has been proposed as a marker of efficacy. Methods Thirty UC patients initiating TFC therapy, 10mg BID were prospectively monitored (Table, 1). At week, 8, patients could de-escalate to, 5mg BID or maintain, 10mg BID depending on their response. Endoscopic assessment and sampling (colonic tissue and serum) was performed at baseline and, 8–16 weeks after TFC initiation. Endoscopic improvement was defined as Mayo endoscopic subscore, 0–1. TFC was extracted from tissue using acetonitrile, dried down and quantitated using mass spectrometry. Both total as well as phosphorylated STAT3 were measured in lysed tissue using specific antibodies with an ultrasensitive luminescent oxygen channelling assay. Results TFC tissue and serum concentrations correlated significantly (r=0.92, p<0.001), though were significantly higher in tissue (median, 520.19ng/g vs, 17.35ng/mL, p<0.001). In contrast to TFC serum exposure (p=0.26), TFC tissue exposure at the end of induction was associated with endoscopic improvement by week, 16 (p=0.04) (Figure, 1). In TFC responders (n=14), TFC tissue exposure exceeded the concentration required to block, 90% of the target (IC90) reported in literature (median tissue exposure, 1,055.00ng/g; IC90, 823ng/g). TFC tissue exposure in non-responders (n=16) was lower, but clearly exceeded the IC50. Although IL-6 was not significantly downregulated after TFC induction, a significant decrease in the ratio of mucosal IL-6 driven phosphorylated STAT3 over total STAT3 (pSTAT3/STAT3) was observed in responders (p=0.05), but not in non-responders (p=0.88). The pSTAT3/STAT3 ratio also correlated significantly with faecal calprotectin (r=0.35, p=0.05), but only weakly with the Mayo endoscopic sub score (r=0.22, p=0.13). Baseline mucosal pSTAT3/STAT3 did not differ significantly between future responders and non-responders. Tofacitinib tissue (A) and serum (B) exposure at the end of high dose induction in relation to the achievement of endoscopic improvement at week, 16, defined by a Mayo endoscopic sub-score of, 0–1. Conclusion We could demonstrate for the first time a mucosal exposure-response relationship with TFC in UC patients. Additionally, pSTAT3/STAT3 ratio was identified as potential molecular marker to track response directly linked to the mode-of-action of TFC. Whether an increased local dose of TFC could result in better efficacy without compromising safety should be further explored.

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Thoresen, M. "A Note on Correlated Errors in Exposure and Outcome in Logistic Regression." American Journal of Epidemiology 166, no. 4 (June 14, 2007): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm107.

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Kelley, Michael E., Kenneth Shamlian, Joanna E. Lomas, and Robert S. Pabico. "Pre-assessment exposure to schedule-correlated stimuli affects choice responding for tasks." Research in Developmental Disabilities 32, no. 2 (March 2011): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.029.

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Nishihara, Gregory N., and Ryuta Terada. "Species richness of marine macrophytes is correlated to a wave exposure gradient." Phycological Research 58, no. 4 (September 29, 2010): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.2010.00587.x.

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Onodera, Makoto, Yasuhisa Fujino, Satoshi Kikuchi, Masayuki Sato, Kiyofumi Mori, Takaaki Beppu, and Yoshihiro Inoue. "Utility of the Measurement of Carboxyhemoglobin Level at the Site of Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Rural Areas." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6192369.

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Objective. This study examined the hypothesis that correlations exist between the carbon monoxide exposure time and the carboxyhemoglobin concentration at the site of carbon monoxide poisoning, using a pulse carbon monoxide oximeter in rural areas or the carboxyhemoglobin concentration measured at a given medical institution.Background. In previous studies, no definitive relationships between the arterial blood carboxyhemoglobin level and the severity of carbon monoxide poisoning have been observed.Method. The subjects included patients treated for acute carbon monoxide poisoning in whom a medical emergency team was able to measure the carboxyhemoglobin level at the site of poisoning. We examined the relationship between the carboxyhemoglobin level at the site of poisoning and carbon monoxide exposure time and the relationships between the arterial blood carboxyhemoglobin level and carbon monoxide exposure time.Results. A total of 10 patients met the above criteria. The carboxyhemoglobin levels at the site of poisoning were significantly and positively correlated with the exposure time (rs = 0.710,p=0.021), but the arterial blood carboxyhemoglobin levels were not correlated with the exposure time.Conclusion. In rural areas, the carboxyhemoglobin level measured at the site of carbon monoxide poisoning correlated with the exposure time.

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Toftum, Jørn, Anders Thorseth, Ásta Logadóttir, Jakob Markvart, and Sophie Stoffer. "Will correlated colour temperature affect peoples’ thermal sensation outside the laboratory?" Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012238.

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Abstract Earlier studies have shown that low Correlated Color Temperature of lighting (CCT) may induce a warmer thermal sensation than high CCTs at the same ambient temperature. The current study investigated if the association between CCT and thermal sensation would persist when subjects worked on computers, were exposed for longer duration and when the study population included older subjects whose vision may have changed with age. The study was carried out in a climate chamber with controllable LED lighting and where CCT could be gradually changed. Generally, the association between CCT and thermal sensation was weak and not significant. However, at 22°C and short-term exposure, the results indicated that high CCT caused a cooler thermal sensation. This association disappeared with more prolonged exposure duration and when subjects worked on a computer. Comparison of responses to lighting exposure of the two groups of subjects with mean ages of 24 years and 44 years showed no difference in their perceived thermal sensation when the CCT was changed. However, the older group of subjects could not distinguish differences in CCTs above 4000 K. The findings suggest that the magnitude of the effect of lighting on thermal perception is modest and only visible under exceptional and tightly controlled conditions that do not mirror actual buildings.

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Mendez, Derek, Thomas Lane, Jongmin Sung, Daniel Ratner, Herschel Watkins, and Sebastian Doniach. "Correlated scattering: probing atomic structure of molecules and nanoparticles." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314084174.

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In 1977, Z. Kam theorized that correlations of scattering patterns, measured by exposing a solution of randomly oriented identical particles to x-ray radiation, could yield detailed information on the internal structure of the individual particles [1]. During a single exposure (whose duration should be short compared to the particle rotational diffusion time), physical correlations arise whenever multiple photons scatter from the same particle into different directions. By averaging correlations from many exposures, we have demonstrated that one can extract this correlated signal from a background of uncorrelated single-direction scattering events from different particles [2]. This additional information can be used to place constraints on model structures of the particles under investigation, providing a method of structure refinement to atomic resolution. We recently observed correlated scattering from solutions of ~10^9 silver nanoparticles exposed to synchrotron radiation at a microfocus beamline at SSRL [2]. By auto- and cross- correlating the Bragg rings 111 and 200, five correlation peaks were resolved corresponding to the structure and symmetry of silver's reciprocal lattice. To transition from nanoparticles to biomolecule studies, we have performed several experiments at x-ray free electron laser centers (SLAC and SPring-8), and are working to refine analysis techniques.

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Kamal, Ali, Janet Burke, Stephen Vesper, Stuart Batterman, Alan Vette, Christopher Godwin, Marina Chavez-Camarena, and Gary Norris. "Applicability of the Environmental Relative Moldiness Index for Quantification of Residential Mold Contamination in an Air Pollution Health Effects Study." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/261357.

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The Near-Road Exposures and Effects of Urban Air Pollutants Study (NEXUS) investigated the impact of exposure to traffic-related air pollution on the respiratory health of asthmatic children in Detroit, Michigan. Since indoor mold exposure may also contribute to asthma, floor dust samples were collected in participants homes (n=112) to assess mold contamination using the Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI). The repeatability of the ERMI over time, as well as ERMI differences between rooms and dust collection methods, was evaluated for insights into the application of the ERMI metric. ERMI values for the standard settled floor dust samples had a mean±standard deviation of14.5±7.9, indicating high levels of mold contamination. ERMI values for samples collected from the same home 1 to 7 months apart (n=52) were consistent and without systematic bias. ERMI values for separate bedroom and living room samples were highly correlated (r=0.69,n=66). Vacuum bag dust ERMI values were lower than for floor dust but correlated (r=0.58,n=28). These results support the use of the ERMI to evaluate residential mold exposure as a confounder in air pollution health effects studies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Correlated Exposure'

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