Relevant bibliographies by topics / Correct counterfactual

Academic literature on the topic 'Correct counterfactual'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Correct counterfactual"

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Ippolito, Michela. "Counterfactuals and Conditional Questions under Discussion." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 23 (August 24, 2013): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v23i0.2659.

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In this paper I investigate the issue of the context-dependence of counterfactual conditionals and how the context constrains similarity in selecting the right set of worlds necessary in order to arrive at their correct truth-conditions. I will review previous proposals and conclude that the puzzle of how we measure similarity and thus resolve the context-dependence of counterfactuals remains unsolved. I will then consider an alternative based on the idea of discourse structure and the concept of a question under discussion.
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Mizuno, Teruyuki, and Stefan Kaufmann. "Past-as-Past in counterfactual desire reports: a view from Japanese." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 1 (December 29, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v1i0.5345.

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The semantic contribution of Fake Past in counterfactual expressions has been actively debated in recent semantic literature. This study deepens our current understanding of this natural language phenomenon by digging into the behavior of Past tense in Japanese counterfactual desire reports. We show that the Past-as-Past approach to Fake Past makes correct predictions about its semantic behavior.
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Walker, Andreas, and Maribel Romero. "Counterfactual Donkey Sentences: A Strict Conditional Analysis." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 25 (November 17, 2015): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v25i0.3056.

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We explore a distinction between ‘high’ and ‘low’ readings in counterfactual donkey sentences and observe three open issues in the current literature on these sentences: (i) van Rooij (2006) and Wang (2009) make different empirical predictions with respect to the availability of ‘high’ donkey readings. We settle this question in favour of van Rooij’s (2006) analysis. (ii) This analysis overgenerates with respect to weak readings in so-called ‘identificational’ donkey sentences. We argue that pronouns in these sentences should not be analysed as donkey pronouns, but as concealed questions or as part of a cleft. (iii) The analysis also undergenerates with respect to NPI licensing in counterfactual antecedents. We propose a strict conditional semantics for counterfactual donkey sentences that derives the correct licensing facts.
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King, Gary, and Langche Zeng. "Empirical versus Theoretical Claims about Extreme Counterfactuals: A Response." Political Analysis 17, no. 1 (2009): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn010.

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In response to the data-based measures of model dependence proposed in King and Zeng (2006), Sambanis and Michaelides (2008) propose alternative measures that rely upon assumptions untestable in observational data. If these assumptions are correct, then their measures are appropriate and ours, based solely on the empirical data, may be too conservative. If instead, and as is usually the case, the researcher is not certain of the precise functional form of the data generating process, the distribution from which the data are drawn, and the applicability of these modeling assumptions to new counterfactuals, then the data-based measures proposed in King and Zeng (2006) are much preferred. After all, the point of model dependence checks is to verify empirically, rather than to stipulate by assumption, the effects of modeling assumptions on counterfactual inferences.
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Charman, Steve D., and Gary L. Wells. "Can eyewitnesses correct for external influences on their lineup identifications? The actual/counterfactual assessment paradigm." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 14, no. 1 (March 2008): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-898x.14.1.5.

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PICARD, MARC. "/s/-deletion in Old French and the aftermath of compensatory lengthening." Journal of French Language Studies 14, no. 1 (March 2004): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269504001371.

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It has recently been argued by Gess (2001) that the long vowels resulting from the compensatory lengthening that emerged in the wake of preconsonantal /s/-deletion in Old French had all been shortened by the sixteenth century. Given that many of these long vowels are still present in Canadian French, this conclusion cannot possibly be correct. What will be shown here is precisely how Gess' methodology led him to obtain such counterfactual results.
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Maria Doose, Anna. "Methods for Calculating Cartel Damages: A Survey." Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht 12, no. 3 (September 11, 2014): 282–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15375/zwer-2014-0304.

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AbstractThe paper focuses on the various methods used to quantify cartel damages, which have become more and more important as private damage suits in the aftermath of antitrust litigation increase. The approaches implementation is embedded into current legal environments with regards to the estimation approaches being used for quantification of cartel damages. The direct comparison of methods shows that difference methods convince due to their simplicity and plausibility in results as well as replicability. Cost-based approaches have to overcome hurdles but still are easy to conduct and comparatively more accurate. In contrast, price prediction takes market changes into account and the market simulation presents the most sophisticated and flexible approach, provided that assumptions are correct and correctly implemented, and therefore approaches the „real world“ counterfactual as approximate as possible.
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Mata, André. "Further Tests of the Metacognitive Advantage Model." Psihologijske teme 28, no. 1 (2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.28.1.6.

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This study tested whether people have an accurate sense of how good their reasoning is, as measured by their confidence in their responses, and how good they feel after they give those responses. First, incorrect responders were unjustifiably confident in their responses. However, correct responders were even more confident, and this confidence boost was found to come from their awareness of alternative solutions that are intuitive but incorrect. An affect measure revealed the same pattern: correct responders felt better, and incorrect responders felt worse, after they solved reasoning problems, but this was only the case when post-reasoning affect was measured after participants were instructed to think of alternative solutions. Implications are discussed for the possibility of implicit error monitoring, the role of counterfactual thinking in meta-reasoning, and the use of affective measures in meta-reasoning research.
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Ludema, Rodney, and Mark Wu. "What is Price Suppression in Abnormal Economic Times? Reflections in Light of the Russia–Commercial Vehicles Ruling." World Trade Review 19, no. 2 (April 2020): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745620000166.

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AbstractThis article discusses the ambiguity found in the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement concerning price suppression analysis. Previous case law has established that investigating authorities undertaking to highlight price suppression must conduct a counterfactual analysis. This article examines the difficulties that investigating authorities face in performing such an analysis when the investigating period overlaps with a financial crisis or other abnormal economic circumstances. It suggests that the Appellate Body was correct to require consideration of how profit margins and costs are affected by market circumstances, but ought to pay further attention to the behavior of firms in imperfectly competitive markets.
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Tešić, Marko, and Ulrike Hahn. "Can counterfactual explanations of AI systems’ predictions skew lay users’ causal intuitions about the world? If so, can we correct for that?" Patterns 3, no. 12 (December 2022): 100635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100635.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Correct counterfactual"

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MONTANARI, MARIA GIULIA. "INTRA-EU MOBILITY AND NATIONAL WELFARE STATES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/744325.

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This research enlightens several critical issues emerging from the tension between intra-European mobility and national welfare states. Initially, a broad literature review presents the current academic contributions dealing with the topic from a variety of points of view. Four main disciplines (sociology, economics, political sciences and law) and three levels of analysis (the national, the supra-national and the individual one) are discussed. Subsequently, three empirical chapters provide examples of studies on ‘micro’ data against this ‘macro’ background. In particular, two chapters are dedicated to the debated issue of mobile European citizens’ access to welfare in host member states. The focus is on unemployment, family and housing benefits which present higher rates of receipt among EU citizens and are the most ‘visible’ dimension of welfare. The first study provides also a detailed descriptive overview on the populations of EU citizens across countries, while the second tests the concept of ‘migration neutrality’ over time both intra and inter generations. The use of benefits by EU citizens does not seem to be always connected with their socio-economic profiles, and the first five years of residence come out to be the only relevant threshold to access benefits across all welfare regimes. The last empirical chapter faces a new emerging issue by adopting the point of view of sending countries, that is whether intra-EU mobility is beneficial for intergenerational social mobility. In the case of Romanians, who are the most mobile population in Europe nowadays, the choice to migrate emerges to be detrimental for social mobility, independently from the area of destination. These insights contribute to add evidence to the complex and evolving picture of intra-European mobility, hopefully informing both academics and policy makers.
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Savina, Diana. "State subsidizing private media in Republic of Moldova : A potential way to correct media market failure and promote Quality of Government?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-164633.

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2017 has been described as a decisive year for the Republic of Moldova. Following years of economic and political turmoil, it is more urgent than ever before that crucial reforms are not only adopted, but fully implemented – primarily within justice, media and banking sectors. Using a theory of impartial institutions and two central theories of state intervention into media markets, this counterfactual deductive thesis sets out to investigate arguments for and against a system of state subsidies to private media as a tool to increase Quality of Government in Moldova. Through analyses of qualitative interviews with six country experts within relevant fields as well as secondary data, the conclusion of this single case study is primarily confirming previous research indicating on the one hand, that a more social responsible role of the state within Eastern European media markets is a realistic future path, on the other hand that it can hardly be expected soon. Further, the possibility of media to improve Quality of Government is perceived as low – even with sufficient financial resources – due to lack of other prerequisites such as accessibility, accountability and responsiveness; as well as low scores on crucial indicators such as corruption, law and order and quality of bureaucracy. Just like democratic institutions can be destabilizing under wrong circumstances, state subsidies given to wrong beneficiaries within a media market, could undermine democratic legitimacy and accountability. Both findings of previous research – related to state governance on the one hand and media governance on the other – are perceived as particularly relevant in this study of Moldova. However, there have been promising signs lately on economic structural reforms improving the conditions for civil society and media in Moldova, indicating for reevaluating the potential of state support in the future. Further, I recommend greater emphasis put on the distinction between political and non-political owners when examining the effects of media ownership concentration and its effects on governments and societies at large.
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Books on the topic "Correct counterfactual"

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Nolan, Daniel. Causal Counterfactuals and Impossible Worlds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0002.

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A standing challenge in the theory of counterfactuals is to solve the ‘deviation problem’. Consider ordinary counterfactuals involving an antecedent concerning a difference from the actual course of events at a particular time, and a consequent concerning, at least in part, what happens at a later time. In the possible worlds framework, the problem is often put in terms of which are the relevant antecedent worlds. Desiderata for the solution include that the relevant antecedent worlds be governed by the actual laws of nature with no miracles; that the past in those worlds before the antecedent time matches the actual past; that the account is compatible with determinism, and that many of our ordinary counterfactual judgements are correct, and would be correct even given determinism. Many theorists have compromised on one or more of these desiderata, but this chapter presents an account employing impossible worlds that satisfies them all.
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Levy, Arnon, and Peter Godfrey-Smith, eds. The Scientific Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190212308.001.0001.

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Science is both a creative endeavor and a highly regimented one. It involves surprising, sometimes unthinkably novel ideas, along with meticulous exploration and the careful exclusion of alternatives. At the heart of this productive tension stands a human capacity typically called “the imagination”: our ability, indeed our inclination, to think up new ideas, situations, and scenarios and to explore their contents and consequences in the mind’s eye. This volume explores our capacity to imagine and its implications for the philosophy and practice of science. One central aim is to integrate philosophical and psychological philosophical viewpoints and to assess central questions both empirically and theoretically. Such questions include the roles of models, metaphors, and thought experiments; the correct way to understand scientific fictions; the development of imaginative capacities; and the connection between the imagination and scientific practices such as abstraction, idealization, and counterfactual reasoning.
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Khoo, Justin. The Meaning of If. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190096700.001.0001.

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Conditional sentences remain a puzzling source of philosophical speculation in large part because there seems to be nothing they could possibly mean that would vindicate the roles they play in language and thought. Bringing together work from philosophy and linguistics, Justin Khoo articulates a theory of what conditionals mean that captures their varied and complex behavior. According to the theory, conditionals form a unified class of expressions that share a common semantic core that encodes inferential dispositions. Thus, rather than represent the world, conditionals are devices used to communicate how we are disposed to infer. Khoo shows that this core theory can be extended to predict the correct probabilities of conditionals, as well as the semantic and pragmatic between different kinds of conditionals. The resulting theory has broad implications beyond debates about the meaning of conditionals, including upshots about the nature of metaphysical and epistemic possibility, the cognitive roles of non-factual contents, and the relationship between counterfactuals and causation.
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Conference papers on the topic "Correct counterfactual"

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Yadav, Amulya, Roopali Singh, Nikolas Siapoutis, Anamika Barman-Adhikari, and Yu Liang. "Optimal and Non-Discriminative Rehabilitation Program Design for Opioid Addiction Among Homeless Youth." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/605.

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This paper presents CORTA, a software agent that designs personalized rehabilitation programs for homeless youth suffering from opioid addiction. Many rehabilitation centers treat opioid addiction in homeless youth by prescribing rehabilitation programs that are tailored to the underlying causes of addiction. To date, rehabilitation centers have relied on ad-hoc assessments and unprincipled heuristics to deliver rehabilitation programs to homeless youth suffering from opioid addiction, which greatly undermines the effectiveness of the delivered programs. CORTA addresses these challenges via three novel contributions. First, CORTA utilizes a first-of-its-kind real-world dataset collected from ~1400 homeless youth to build causal inference models which predict the likelihood of opioid addiction among these youth. Second, utilizing counterfactual predictions generated by our causal inference models, CORTA solves novel optimization formulations to assign appropriate rehabilitation programs to the correct set of homeless youth in order to minimize the expected number of homeless youth suffering from opioid addiction. Third, we provide a rigorous experimental analysis of CORTA along different dimensions, e.g., importance of causal modeling, importance of optimization, and impact of incorporating fairness considerations, etc. Our simulation results show that CORTA outperforms baselines by ~110% in minimizing the number of homeless youth suffering from opioid addiction.
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Yadav, Rohan Kumar, Lei Jiao, Ole-Christoffer Granmo, and Morten Goodwin. "Robust Interpretable Text Classification against Spurious Correlations Using AND-rules with Negation." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/616.

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The state-of-the-art natural language processing models have raised the bar for excellent performance on a variety of tasks in recent years. However, concerns are rising over their primitive sensitivity to distribution biases that reside in the training and testing data. This issue hugely impacts the performance of the models when exposed to out-of-distribution and counterfactual data. The root cause seems to be that many machine learning models are prone to learn the shortcuts, modelling simple correlations rather than more fundamental and general relationships. As a result, such text classifiers tend to perform poorly when a human makes minor modifications to the data, which raises questions regarding their robustness. In this paper, we employ a rule-based architecture called Tsetlin Machine (TM) that learns both simple and complex correlations by ANDing features and their negations. As such, it generates explainable AND-rules using negated and non-negated reasoning. Here, we explore how non-negated reasoning can be more prone to distribution biases than negated reasoning. We further leverage this finding by adapting the TM architecture to mainly perform negated reasoning using the specificity parameter s. As a result, the AND-rules becomes robust to spurious correlations and can also correctly predict counterfactual data. Our empirical investigation of the model's robustness uses the specificity s to control the degree of negated reasoning. Experiments on publicly available Counterfactually-Augmented Data demonstrate that the negated clauses are robust to spurious correlations and outperform Naive Bayes, SVM, and Bi-LSTM by up to 20 %, and ELMo by almost 6 % on counterfactual test data.
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Oosterhuis, Harrie, and Maarten de Rijke. "Unifying Online and Counterfactual Learning to Rank: A Novel Counterfactual Estimator that Effectively Utilizes Online Interventions (Extended Abstract)." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/656.

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State-of-the-art Learning to Rank (LTR) methods for optimizing ranking systems based on user interactions are divided into online approaches – that learn by direct interaction – and counterfactual approaches – that learn from historical interactions. We propose a novel intervention-aware estimator to bridge this online/counterfactual division. The estimator corrects for the effect of position bias, trust bias, and item-selection bias by using corrections based on the behavior of the logging policy and on online interventions: changes to the logging policy made during the gathering of click data. Our experimental results show that, unlike existing counterfactual LTR methods, the intervention-aware estimator can greatly benefit from online interventions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method that is shown to be highly effective in both online and counterfactual scenarios.
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