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Journal articles on the topic 'Corpus callosum'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Harisha, P. N., V. Umamaheshwar Reddy, Amit Agrawal, and Gopal Kodali. "Massive spontaneous corpus callosal hemorrhage with intraventricular extension." Romanian Neurosurgery 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/romneu-2014-0023.

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Abstract Spontaneous hemorrhage into the corpus callosum with intraventricular extension is uncommon. In the present article we describe a case 60 year female who had massive hemorrhage along the corpus callosum involving genu, body of corpus callosum and extending on ventral as well as dorsal aspect of the corpus callosum with intraventricular extension and areas of hypodensities in the body of the corpus callosum and adjacent cerebral cortex. In this case the subarachnoid and corpus callosal hemorrhage probably resulted from the ruptured aneurysms of the anterior cerebral artery.
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2

Ku, Ray, and Masaaki Torii. "New Molecular Players in the Development of Callosal Projections." Cells 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010029.

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Cortical development in humans is a long and ongoing process that continuously modifies the neural circuitry into adolescence. This is well represented by the dynamic maturation of the corpus callosum, the largest white matter tract in the brain. Callosal projection neurons whose long-range axons form the main component of the corpus callosum are evolved relatively recently with a substantial, disproportionate increase in numbers in humans. Though the anatomy of the corpus callosum and cellular processes in its development have been intensively studied by experts in a variety of fields over several decades, the whole picture of its development, in particular, the molecular controls over the development of callosal projections, still has many missing pieces. This review highlights the most recent progress on the understanding of corpus callosum formation with a special emphasis on the novel molecular players in the development of axonal projections in the corpus callosum.
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3

Naimi, S., S. Faiz, Y. Bouktib, A. Elhejjami, B. Boutakioute, M. Ouali Idrissi, and N. Cherif Idrissi El Ganouni. "Corpus Callosum Infarction: Case Report." SAS Journal of Medicine 10, no. 03 (March 7, 2024): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sasjm.2024.v10i03.006.

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Corpus callosum infarction is uncommon mostly because of rich vascular supply and collateral circulations. It´s shares the same risk factors as other cerebral locations. MRI establishes the diagnosis of ischemic stroke of the corpus callosum, particularly through the diffusion-weighted sequence. Our article offers a thorough understanding of callosal infarction, aiding clinicians in early diagnosis, timely intervention, and substantially enhancing prognosis.
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4

Utz, Shelby E. "Corpus Callosum." International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities 11 (April 24, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.7710/2168-0620.1122.

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5

Ryan, Stephanie, and Veronica Donoghue. "Corpus Callosum." American Journal of Roentgenology 176, no. 5 (May 2001): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.176.5.1761328a.

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6

Pearce, J. M. S. "Corpus Callosum." European Neurology 57, no. 4 (2007): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000101293.

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7

Raybaud, Charles. "Corpus Callosum." Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 29, no. 3 (August 2019): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2019.03.006.

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8

Hattingen, E., M. Nichtweiß, S. Blasel, F. E. Zanella, and S. Weidauer. "Corpus callosum." Der Radiologe 50, no. 2 (December 11, 2009): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00117-009-1945-5.

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9

Durdu, Cristiana-Elena, Vlad Dima, Bianca Margareta Mihai, Ionită Ducu, Ana Maria Cioca, and Roxana-Elena Bohiltea. "The ultrasound evaluation of corpus callosum in the routine screening is not recommended, because we know less than we see." Romanian Journal of Pediatrics 71, S2 (November 30, 2022): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2022.s2.5.

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The corpus callosum serves as a link between the two hemispheres, with an important role in cognitive mechanisms, also integrating motor and sensitive information and processing stimuli. Evaluation of the morphologic structure of the corpus callosum in order to diagnose structural anomalies such as hyperplasia, hypoplasia, as well as indirect signs of corpus callosum agenesia can be realised using ultrasonography during the mid-trimester screening. At present, it is recommended to perform a targeted evaluation only in high-risk cases of central nervous system abnormalities; the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology has not included the corpus callosum evaluation in the routine second trimester screening. Callosal anomalies present uncertainty in the fetal prognosis: 75% of cases of isolated corpus callosum agenesis develop normally; on the other hand, they could develop various degrees of neurological impairment from language or social deficiency to autism or schizophrenia. We, therefore, highlight the importance of corpus callosum evaluation, as the agenesis of the corpus callosum can be an isolated defect, but it can also be associated with other extracerebral anomalies or it could be a part of a syndrome. Completing the diagnosis often requires magnetic resonance imaging and genetic tests.
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10

K Mounisha, MU Jeevika, BG Mahesh, B Adarsh, and KK Nirnay. "Role of Corpus Callosum in Global Developmental Delay." Asian Journal of Medical Radiological Research 8, no. 1 (July 5, 2020): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47009/ajmrr.2020.8.1.23.

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Background: Neuroimaging provides essential information as evidence of previous injuries, specific abnormalities that could indicate a group or a particular disease in babies with global developmental delay. The objectives is to assess the difference of corpus callosal size in various regions of the corpus callosum in cases of children with developmental delay and to know the etiology using MRI. Subjects and Methods: My study includes 102 children between 1 to 6 years of age among which 51 children are cases having signs and symptoms of developmental delay and 51 children are controls i.e. healthy babies. They underwent MRI in the Department of Radiology, JJM Medical College, Davangere in whom corpus callosum is imaged on sagittal MR sections and its size is calculated in different regions. Results: Abnormalities of the corpus callosum like thinning and agenesis were observed in 55.5% (N=27) in the study group, and none of the patients in the control group. Partial corpus callosal agenesis was present in 3.9% of patients. Complete agenesis in 3.9% of patients. Thinning of the corpus callosum was seen in 45% of patients who were in the study group. Conclusion: The current study suggests that corpus callosal abnormalities, including brain changes, is useful in knowing the etiology of global developmental delay.
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11

Bauer, Gerhard, Elżbieta Płonka-Półtorak, Richard Bauer, Iris Unterberger, and Giorgi Kuchukhidze. "Corpus callosum and epilepsies." Journal of Epileptology 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joepi-2015-0008.

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SUMMARYIntroduction.Corpus callosum (CC) is the largest forebrain commissure. Structural anomalies and accompanying clinical symptoms are not in the focus of neurologists, epileptologists or neurosurgeons.Aim and method.Anatomy, embryological development, normal functions, structural abnormalities, additional malformations, clinical symptoms and seizure disorders with CC anomalies are reviewed from the literature.Review.The detection of callosal anomalies increased rapidly with widespread use of brain imaging methods. Agenesis or dysgenesis of corpus callosum (AgCC) might be considered an accidental finding. Epileptic seizures occur in up to 89% of patients with AgCC. The causal relationship correctly is questioned. However, additional causative malformations of midline and/or telencephalic structures can be demonstrated in most seizure patients. The interruption of bilateral spread of seizure activities acts as the concept for callosotomy as epilepsy surgery. Indications are drug-resistant generalized, diffuse, or multifocal epilepsies. A resectable seizure onset zone should be excluded. Most treated patients are diagnosed as Lennox-Gastaut or Lennox-like syndrome.Conclusions.In cases with callosal abnormalities and clinical symptoms additional malformations are frequently observed, especially with seizure disorders. Callosotomy is the most effective option against drop attacks. The method probably is underused. After callosotomy a circumscript seizure focus might be unveiled and a second step of resective epilepsy surgery can be successful.
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12

HANNAY, H. JULIA. "Functioning of the corpus callosum in children with early hydrocephalus." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6, no. 3 (March 2000): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700633106.

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The development and organization of the corpus callosum is described as well as the relationship between the timing of insults and the type of partial agenesis of the corpus callosum are discussed. Neuropathology and callosal damage associated with spina bifida meningomyelocele, aqueductal stenosis, and prematurity–IVH are outlined. Relationships between corpus callosum/whole brain ratios and cognitive functioning as well as interhemispheric transfer in children with these disorders are outlined. Shortcomings of current research and future directions are suggested. (JINS, 2000, 6, 351–361.)
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13

Almushayti, Ziyad. "Corpus callosum infarction: a case report." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 7, no. 11 (October 21, 2020): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20204442.

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Infarctions of corpus callosal are rare due to an abundant collateral blood supply. Few case reports published in the literature regarding the corpus callosum infarction. We present a case of corpus callosum infarction in a 66-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary artery disease who presented to the emergency room with left lower limb weakness. Diagnosed was made based on magnetic resonance imaging and treated conservatively.
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14

Wang, Pan, Chun Meng, Rui Yuan, Jianlin Wang, Hang Yang, Tao Zhang, Laszlo Zaborszky, et al. "The Organization of the Human Corpus Callosum Estimated by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity with White-Matter Functional Networks." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 5 (February 20, 2020): 3313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz311.

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Abstract The corpus callosum is the commissural bridge of white-matter bundles important for the human brain functions. Previous studies have analyzed the structural links between cortical gray-matter networks and subregions of corpus callosum. While meaningful white-matter functional networks (WM-FNs) were recently reported, how these networks functionally link with distinct subregions of corpus callosum remained unknown. The current study used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of the Human Connectome Project test–retest data to identify 10 cerebral WM-FNs in 119 healthy subjects and then parcellated the corpus callosum into distinct subregions based on the functional connectivity between each callosal voxel and above networks. Our results demonstrated the reproducible identification of WM-FNs and their links with known gray-matter functional networks across two runs. Furthermore, we identified reliably parcellated subregions of the corpus callosum, which might be involved in primary and higher order functional systems by functionally connecting with WM-FNs. The current study extended our knowledge about the white-matter functional signals to the intrinsic functional organization of human corpus callosum, which could help researchers understand the neural substrates underlying normal interhemispheric functional connectivity as well as dysfunctions in various mental disorders.
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15

Kumar, Ankit, Shmriti, and Navdeep Singh. "A comprehensive review on role of magnetic resonance imaging in the precise measurement of corpus callosum." IP Indian Journal of Anatomy and Surgery of Head, Neck and Brain 10, no. 1 (May 15, 2024): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijashnb.2024.003.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has emerged as a powerful and non-invasive imaging technique, playing a pivotal role in neuroimaging research and clinical diagnosis. This comprehensive review explores the significance of MRI in the precise measurement of the corpus callosum, a key structure connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. The corpus callosum plays a crucial role in inter hemispheric communication and is implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. The review begins by elucidating the anatomy and functions of the corpus callosum, emphasizing its importance in facilitating seamless communication between the cerebral hemispheres. Subsequently, the paper delves into the historical evolution of MRI techniques and how advancements have enhanced the visualization and measurement capabilities of the corpus callosum. A detailed examination of various MRI modalities, including structural MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and functional MRI, is presented in the context of corpus callosum analysis. Structural MRI provides high-resolution images for accurate morphological assessments, while DTI offers insights into white matter microstructure and fiber tractography, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the corpus callosum's integrity. The review also highlights the role of MRI in investigating alterations in the corpus callosum associated with neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Additionally, the paper explores how functional MRI contributes to understanding the functional connectivity and inter hemispheric interactions mediated by the corpus callosum. Challenges and limitations in the measurement of the corpus callosum using MRI are discussed, including methodological considerations, image artifacts, and potential sources of variability. The review concludes by outlining future directions in corpus callosum imaging research, including the integration of advanced imaging techniques, artificial intelligence, and large-scale multi-center studies to enhance the precision and reliability of measurements.In summary, this comprehensive review underscores the pivotal role of MRI in advancing our understanding of the corpus callosum, providing valuable insights into both normal brain function and pathological conditions. The continual evolution of MRI techniques holds promise for further refining the assessment of the corpus callosum, ultimately contributing to improved diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic interventions in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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16

Walterfang, Mark, Gin S. Malhi, Amanda G. Wood, David C. Reutens, Jian Chen, Sarah Barton, Murat Yücel, Dennis Velakoulis, and Christos Pantelis. "Corpus Callosum Size and Shape in Established Bipolar Affective Disorder." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 9 (January 1, 2009): 838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670903107534.

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Objective: Callosal structural and functional alterations have been demonstrated in a range of neuropsychiatric illnesses, including bipolar disorder, but no study has examined regional callosal thickness in this phenotype. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine callosal size and shape in a well-defined group of bipolar affective disorder patients and controls. Methods: The participants included 24 patients with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder and 24 matched healthy controls. The corpus callosum was extracted from mid-callosal images from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans on all participants, and callosal area, length, bending angle and regional callosal thickness measures were computed from these images. Results: The callosum was thinner in the bipolar group overall, with a disproportionately reduced thickness in the splenium. Psychotic and non-psychotic patients did not differ, although patients without a family history of mood disorders had a thinner callosum. Conclusion: Callosal reductions are present in established bipolar disorder, and affect posterior regions more than anterior regions. This may reflect a primary disturbance to myelination, or a secondary effect of grey matter changes.
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17

Scoppettuolo, Pasquale, Laura Sinkunaite, Mihaela-Felicia Topciu, and Joachim Schulz. "Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum during the course of ketotic hyperglycemia revealing type I diabetes: A case report." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 11 (January 2023): 2050313X2311723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x231172338.

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Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum are lesions secondary to different medical conditions. Radiologically, lesions are identified on magnetic resonance imaging as a hyperintense signal on diffusion-weighted imaging and decreased apparent diffusion coefficient values of the splenium of corpus callosum. Signal changes are reversible in almost totality of the cases. Previous cases of cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosums have been associated with several metabolic disturbances, but ketotic hyperglycemia has never been reported. We here discussed the case of 28-year-old patient with complex visual hallucinations presenting with cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosums and type I diabetes. Treatment of hyperglycemia was followed by full clinical recovery and complete regression of the radiological abnormalities at 3-month follow-up. Elevated levels of circulating pro-inflammatory mediators associated with ketotic hyperglycemia in type I diabetes support an implication of cytokines in the pathophysiology of the cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosums.
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18

Maung Bo, Khin. "Muliple Sclerosis, Corpus Callosum & Epilepsy." Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery 9, no. 3 (August 7, 2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/199.

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There is a difference in prevalence of Epilepsy in General population & MS patients. Interical Epileptiform Discharges (IED) positivity in EEG is also different in the above two populations. Demyelination slows down the conduction speed of axons and author is proposing that different speed of conduction in adjacent axons can generate re-entrant circuits. If the reentrant circuits involve Corpus callosum (CC) fibers, seizure activities of MS can be triggered. DBS applied to CC can terminate the seizure attack of MS like Vagal Nerve Simulator (VNS) in terminating seizure in general population.
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19

David, AS, C. Minne, P. Jones, I. Harvey, and MA Ron. "Structure and function of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia: What's the connection?" European Psychiatry 10, no. 1 (1995): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0767-399x(96)80072-1.

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SummaryTests of both structure and function of the corpus callosum have revealed abnormalities in schizophrenic patients. One such functional test employed lateralised Stroop stimuli presented tachistoscopically, to measure the transfer of interference and facilitation between the cerebral hemispheres. An attempt was made to relate indices of callosal transfer to clinical and demographic variables, including family history, as well as to indices of brain morphology. The latter included ventricle: brain ratio (VBR) measured by computed tomography (CT) scanning on 31 DSMIII schizophrenics, and the cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), obtained from 20 of these patients. VBR did not relate to functional measures; however, anterior callosal area correlated with indices of callosal connectivity. Patients with auditory hallucinations had smaller anterior callosal areas and tended to show less connectivity. The results show links between functional and structural measures of the corpus callosum, but their precise nature remains unclear.
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20

Kuzma, Benjamin B., and Julius M. Goodman. "Corpus Callosum Infarction." Surgical Neurology 52, no. 2 (August 1999): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(99)00061-0.

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21

Tazi, I., H. Nafil, and L. Mahmal. "Corpus callosum lymphoma." Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy 6, no. 3-4 (September 2013): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hemonc.2013.05.009.

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22

Lloyd, Adrian J., Heba E. Ali, David Nesbitt, P. Brian Moore, Allan H. Young, and I. Nicol Ferrier. "Corpus callosum changes in euthymic bipolar affective disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 204, no. 2 (February 2014): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.123687.

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BackgroundChanges in corpus callosum area and thickness have been reported in bipolar disorder. Imaging and limited neuropathological data suggest possible abnormalities in myelination and/or glial function.AimsTo compare corpus callosum area, thickness and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 signal intensity in patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls.MethodA total of 48 patients with euthymic bipolar disorder and 46 healthy controls underwent MRI analysis of callosal midsagittal area, callosal thickness and T1 signal intensity.ResultsThe bipolar group had smaller overall and subregional callosal areas and correspondingly reduced callosal width than the control group. Age correlated negatively with callosal area in the control group but not in the bipolar group. Signal intensity was higher in women than in men in both groups. Signal intensity was reduced in women, but not in men, in the bipolar group.ConclusionsObserved differences probably relate to diagnosis rather than mood state and bipolar disorder appears to result in morphometric change that overrides changes seen in normal ageing. Intensity changes are consistent with possible altered myelination or glial function. A gender-dependent factor appears to operate and to interact with diagnosis.
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23

Christoff, Raissa Rilo, Jefferson H. Quintanilha, Raiane Oliveira Ferreira, Jessica C. C. G. Ferreira, Daniel Menezes Guimarães, Bruna Valério-Gomes, Luiza M. Higa, et al. "Congenital Zika Virus Infection Impairs Corpus Callosum Development." Viruses 15, no. 12 (November 28, 2023): 2336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15122336.

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Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) is a set of birth defects caused by Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy. Microcephaly is its main feature, but other brain abnormalities are found in CZS patients, such as ventriculomegaly, brain calcifications, and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. Many studies have focused on microcephaly, but it remains unknown how ZIKV infection leads to callosal malformation. To tackle this issue, we infected mouse embryos in utero with a Brazilian ZIKV isolate and found that they were born with a reduction in callosal area and density of callosal neurons. ZIKV infection also causes a density reduction in PH3+ cells, intermediate progenitor cells, and SATB2+ neurons. Moreover, axonal tracing revealed that callosal axons are reduced and misrouted. Also, ZIKV-infected cultures show a reduction in callosal axon length. GFAP labeling showed that an in utero infection compromises glial cells responsible for midline axon guidance. In sum, we showed that ZIKV infection impairs critical steps of corpus callosum formation by disrupting not only neurogenesis, but also axon guidance and growth across the midline.
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24

Levin, Harvey S., David H. Williams, Michael Valastro, Howard M. Eisenberg, Marsha J. Crofford, and Stanley F. Handel. "Corpus callosal atrophy following closed head injury: detection with magnetic resonance imaging." Journal of Neurosurgery 73, no. 1 (July 1990): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.73.1.0077.

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✓ To investigate evidence for diffuse white matter injury and hemispheric disconnection sequelae after severe closed head injury (CHI), this study evaluates the degree of posttraumatic atrophy of the corpus callosum. Corpus callosal atrophy was quantitatively determined using a digitizer to measure sagittal magnetic resonance images of 32 patients with moderate-to-severe CHI and those of 31 control subjects of similar age. In the CHI patients, measurements were significantly reduced for the areas of the anterior four-fifths, the posterior one-fifth, and the total corpus callosum. Moreover, the minimum width of the callosal body was reduced in the CHI patients as compared to that of control individuals. Indices of corpus callosal atrophy were significantly correlated with the chronicity of injury and the degree of lateral ventricular enlargement. There was no difference in callosal measurements between men and women. Magnetic resonance imaging provides an in vivo determination of corpus callosal atrophy which may reflect the severity of diffuse axonal injury and predict the type and severity of hemispheric disconnection effects.
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25

Hampson, Elizabeth. "Is the size of the human corpus callosum influenced by sex hormones?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 3 (June 1998): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98271214.

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Fitch & Denenberg have shown that manipulations of ovarian and testicular hormones early in development can influence the adult size of the corpus callosum in the rat. The human corpus callosum is highly variable in size and shape, but data are only now beginning to emerge on whether sex steroids influence callosal differentiation in humans. I describe recent data from our own laboratory and suggest avenues for future research.
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26

Mathew, Preethi, Kerstin Pannek, Pamela Snow, M. Giulia D'Acunto, Andrea Guzzetta, Stephen E. Rose, Paul B. Colditz, and Simon Finnigan. "Maturation of Corpus Callosum Anterior Midbody Is Associated with Neonatal Motor Function in Eight Preterm-Born Infants." Neural Plasticity 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/359532.

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Background. The etiology of motor impairments in preterm infants is multifactorial and incompletely understood. Whether corpus callosum development is related to impaired motor function is unclear. Potential associations between motor-related measures and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the corpus callosum in preterm infants were explored.Methods. Eight very preterm infants (gestational age of 28–32 weeks) underwent the Hammersmith neonatal neurological examination and DTI assessments at gestational age of 42 weeks. The total Hammersmith score and a motor-specific score (sum of Hammersmith motor subcategories) were calculated. Six corpus callosum regions of interest were defined on the mid-sagittal DTI slice—genu, rostral body, anterior midbody, posterior midbody, isthmus, and splenium. The fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of these regions were computed, and correlations between these and Hammersmith measures were sought.Results. Anterior midbody FA measures correlated positively with total Hammersmith (rho=0.929,P=0.001) and motor-specific scores (rho=0.857,P=0.007). Total Hammersmith scores also negatively correlated with anterior midbody MD measures (rho=−0.714,P=0.047).Discussion. These results suggest the integrity of corpus callosum axons, particularly anterior midbody axons, is important in mediating neurological functions. Greater callosal maturation was associated with greater motor function. Corpus callosum DTI may prove to be a valuable screening or prognostic marker.
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27

Merz, Eberhard, and Sonila Pashaj. "Abnormalities of the Corpus Callosum." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no. 4 (2017): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1535.

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ABSTRACT Presence or absence of the fetal corpus callosum plays an important role in prenatal counselling. With the recent development of 3D ultrasound technology, it is not only possible to demonstrate the corpus callosum precisely in the median plane but also to perform measurements of its different anatomical parts. This permits the diagnosis of hypoplasia and hyperplasia of the corpus callosum. Three-dimensional ultrasound enables even the unexperienced sonographer to take volumes of the fetal brain. Showing these volumes to experts in the field of neurosonography, corpus callosum pathologies can be detected via virtual examinations. Regarding all corpus callosum anomalies, hypo- and hyperplasia are the less reported corpus callosum abnormalities in the literature. Further investigations are necessary to predict the outcome of fetuses with corpus callosum pathologies. How to cite this article Pashaj S, Merz E. Abnormalities of the Corpus Callosum. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(4):288-293.
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Mostafa, Syeda Nazlee, Afroza Akhter, Tahera Sultana, and Md Nazrul Islam. "Corpus Callosal Lipoma with Agenesis of Corpus Callosum- A Case Report." Faridpur Medical College Journal 13, no. 1 (August 24, 2018): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v13i1.38020.

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More than one half of intracranial lipomas are associated with varying degrees of brain malformations. Associated anomalies include agenesis of surrounding tissues, frontal bone defects or facial dysplasia and cerebral vascular defects. Agenesis of corpus callosum can be associated with a midline lipoma with or without calcification of its periphery. This developmental abnormality has an embryological basis. We observed this in 1 case, and as this is uncommon, are reporting this.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jan 2018;13(1): 47-49
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29

Goldman, Jennifer G., Ian O. Bledsoe, Doug Merkitch, Vy Dinh, Bryan Bernard, and Glenn T. Stebbins. "Corpus callosal atrophy and associations with cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease." Neurology 88, no. 13 (February 24, 2017): 1265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003764.

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Objective:To investigate atrophy of the corpus callosum on MRI in Parkinson disease (PD) and its relationship to cognitive impairment.Methods:One hundred patients with PD and 24 healthy control participants underwent clinical and neuropsychological evaluations and structural MRI brain scans. Participants with PD were classified as cognitively normal (PD-NC; n = 28), having mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI; n = 47), or having dementia (PDD; n = 25) by Movement Disorder Society criteria. Cognitive domain (attention/working memory, executive function, memory, language, visuospatial function) z scores were calculated. With the use of FreeSurfer image processing, volumes for total corpus callosum and its subsections (anterior, midanterior, central, midposterior, posterior) were computed and normalized by total intracranial volume. Callosal volumes were compared between participants with PD and controls and among PD cognitive groups, covarying for age, sex, and PD duration and with multiple comparison corrections. Regression analyses were performed to evaluate relationships between callosal volumes and performance in cognitive domains.Results:Participants with PD had reduced corpus callosum volumes in midanterior and central regions compared to healthy controls. Participants with PDD demonstrated decreased callosal volumes involving multiple subsections spanning anterior to posterior compared to participants with PD-MCI and PD-NC. Regional callosal atrophy predicted cognitive domain performance such that central volumes were associated with the attention/working memory domain; midposterior volumes with executive function, language, and memory domains; and posterior volumes with memory and visuospatial domains.Conclusions:Notable volume loss occurs in the corpus callosum in PD, with specific neuroanatomic distributions in PDD and relationships of regional atrophy to different cognitive domains. Callosal volume loss may contribute to clinical manifestations of PD cognitive impairment.
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Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., and R. Fendrich. "Orienting Attention across the Vertical Meridian: Evidence from Callosotomy Patients." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2, no. 3 (July 1990): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1990.2.3.232.

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This study investigates whether interhemispheric interactions mediated by the corpus callosum play a role in orienting attention across the vertical meridian. Patients with complete or partial section of the corpus callosum participated in a spatial precueing task under conditions that required covert shifts of attention within or between the visual fields. Patients with complete callosal section demonstrated normal costs on invalid trials when the cue and target appeared in the same visual field. However, these patients were impaired on invalid trials in which attention had to be redirected across the vertical meridian. The between–within difference emerged only for patients with complete callosal section; it was not evident for a patient with section restricted to the anterior two-thirds of the callosum. Control experiments demonstrated that the deficit (1) is specific to shifts across the vertical meridian, (2) is not due to shifting between left and right hemispace, and (3) is related to the voluntary allocation of attention in response to the cue. These results suggest that interhemispheric communication, which is normally mediated by the posterior region of the corpus callosum, contributes to the efficient movement of attention between visual fields.
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Mahakalkar, Manjusha. "Case Report : Pregnancy Diet." Journal of RURAL NURSING 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54054/jrn.20221019.

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Introduction : The most prevalent developmental issue impacting children’s function is cerebral palsy. Brain damage or insult during pregnancy, perinatal, or postnatal periods causes a static, nonprogressive disease. The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and is one of the disorders that affect the agenesis of the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum is either absent or substantially absent in ACC. A disruption in brain cell migration during foetal development causes it. Mucormycosis is the third most frequent invasive fungal infection in children, according to recent studies, and its prevalence is increasing. Present complaints and Investigation : A 12-year-old male boy was presented to the hospital with oedema around his eyes, a fever that had been present for three days, respiratory distress, and altered sensorium. He had a history of developmental delay and cerebral palsy. Corpus callosal agenesis is visible on MRI and CT scans of the brain. The lesions have shifted the right orbital muscles. Right eye proptosis is evident. The main diagnosis, therapeutic intervention and outcomes : The doctor diagnosed a case of cerebral palsy with corpus callosal agenesis, retroorbital oedema, and mycosis after a physical examination and inquiry. Vancomycin, MgSO4, and other pharmacological treatments were administered intravenously. For four days, the patient was on CPAP. She received every treatment, but the prognosis was dismal. Her signs and symptoms of respiratory distress were decreased. Conclusion : The thickness of the mid-body of the corpus callosum correlates with the volume of cerebral white matter in children with cerebral palsy and developmental delay, regardless of gestational age or neuromotor outcome.
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Yelekar, Mayuri. "A case report on clinical feature, cause and outcome in male pediatric child with cerebral palsy with corpus callosum agenesis with mycosis." Journal of RURAL NURSING 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54054/jrn.20221018.

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Introduction : The most prevalent developmental issue impacting children’s function is cerebral palsy. Brain damage or insult during pregnancy, perinatal, or postnatal periods causes a static, nonprogressive disease. The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and is one of the disorders that affect the agenesis of the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum is either absent or substantially absent in ACC. A disruption in brain cell migration during foetal development causes it. Mucormycosis is the third most frequent invasive fungal infection in children, according to recent studies, and its prevalence is increasing. Present complaints and Investigation : A 12-year-old male boy was presented to the hospital with oedema around his eyes, a fever that had been present for three days, respiratory distress, and altered sensorium. He had a history of developmental delay and cerebral palsy. Corpus callosal agenesis is visible on MRI and CT scans of the brain. The lesions have shifted the right orbital muscles. Right eye proptosis is evident. The main diagnosis, therapeutic intervention and outcomes : The doctor diagnosed a case of cerebral palsy with corpus callosal agenesis, retroorbital oedema, and mycosis after a physical examination and inquiry. Vancomycin, MgSO4, and other pharmacological treatments were administered intravenously. For four days, the patient was on CPAP. She received every treatment, but the prognosis was dismal. Her signs and symptoms of respiratory distress were decreased. Conclusion : The thickness of the mid-body of the corpus callosum correlates with the volume of cerebral white matter in children with cerebral palsy and developmental delay, regardless of gestational age or neuromotor outcome.
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Kim, Hyunkee, Nakhoon Kim, Saemi Choi, A.-yeung Kim, and Hojin Choi. "CLOCC Patient after COVID-19 (BNT162b) Vaccine Improved by Steroid Treatment." Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 40, no. 3 (July 28, 2022): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2022.3.5.

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Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum (CLOCC) are secondary lesions on corpus callosum caused by cytokinopathy of callosal neurons and microglia. Fever, headache, and digestive disturbances are common symptoms. Reversible and hyperintense signals on fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery imaging, diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and decreased apparent diffusion coefficient are typical features of magnetic resonance imaging. Herein, we report a rare case of CLOCC caused by COVID19 vaccination (BNT162b) and discharged without no neurologic symptoms due to prompt treatment.
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C P, Kirthika, Siva T, Rajeswaran R, Kalpana R, and Yuvaraj Maria Francis. "Morphology and Morphometry of Foetal Corpus Callosum Using MRI – A Retrospective Study." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 14, no. 02 (June 30, 2021): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2168.

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Introduction: Corpus callosum (CC) is the largest commissural white fibres interconnecting cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum is responsible for interhemispheric transfer of information which is essential for cognitive function. The foetal corpus callosum serves as sensitive indicator for normal brain development and maturation. As the corpus callosum is a part of the highest order latest maturing mental network of the brain, its measurements are important to assess normal brain development and to locate structural changes. A comprehensive evaluation of normal human foetal corpus callosal development is essential to detect and understand the congenital anomalies of the brain. Thus, the prenatal diagnosis of partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum is important for predicting the normal development of the foetus. Foetal neural anomalies that are suspected on prenatal ultrasonography (USG) can be detected in early stage using foetal MRI. This imaging technique is highly useful for detailed visualization of normal neural development. Certain conditions like colpocephaly and widening of interhemispheric fissure can be clearly visualized using foetal MRI when compared to prenatal ultrasonography. Aim and objective: Was to establish the normal reference values for the measurement of foetal corpus callosum. The length and thickness of the foetal CC was measured corresponding to gestational age (GA) between 18-36weeks. Materials and methods: A retrospective MRI study was carried out in Radiology department of Sri Ramachandra Hospital. The study was conducted on 50 pregnant women with GA of 18-32 weeks and morphology of foetal corpus callosum was measured using MRI. The corpus callosum was visualized in a mid-sagittal plane as an anechoic structure, delimited by two echogenic lines superiorly by sulcus of the corpus callosum and inferiorly by the septum pellucidum. The length of corpus callosum was measured from the anterior most aspect of genu to the posterior most aspect of the splenium and the width of individual parts were measured and correlated with gestational age. The values obtained from the study were statistically calculated using regression coefficient method. Results: In the present study following parameters were observed such as length and width of diverse parts of Corpus callosum. The length of foetal CC ranged from 25.96 to 47.2 mm in 18 to 32 weeks of gestational age. The range of width of rostrum, genu, body and splenium were 1.2 to 2.2 mm, 1.2-2.8mm, 1.3-3.1mm and 1.36-3.2mm respectively. Conclusion: The periodic development of nervous system can be calculated more effectively with the morphometric measurement of foetal CC and its correlation with BPD. It is considered to be accurate than using BPD measurement of head circumference in USG. Hence, with the normative data of foetal CC measurements correlated with gestational age would give us accurate details of neuronal growth rather than measuring biparietal diameter (BPD) alone using USG. This knowledge will be highly helpful for the gynaecologists to predict the abnormal development of the foetus and it is advised to include foetal CC parameters as a one of the tools for early detection of CNS anomalies.
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Peltier, Johann, Sébastien Verclytte, Christine Delmaire, Hervé Deramond, Jean-Pierre Pruvo, Daniel Le Gars, and Olivier Godefroy. "Microsurgical anatomy of the ventral callosal radiations: new destination, correlations with diffusion tensor imaging fiber-tracking, and clinical relevance." Journal of Neurosurgery 112, no. 3 (March 2010): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.6.jns081712.

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Object In the current literature, there is a lack of a detailed map of the origin, course, and connections of the ventral callosal radiations of the human brain. Methods The authors used an older dissection technique based on a freezing process as well as diffusion tensor imaging to investigate this area of the human brain. Results The authors demonstrated interconnections between areas 11, 12, and 25 for the callosal radiations of the trunk and rostrum of the corpus callosum; between areas 9, 10, and 32 for the genu; and between areas 6, 8, and 9 for the ventral third of the body. The authors identified new ventral callosal connections crossing the rostrum between both temporal poles and coursing within the temporal stem, and they named these connections the “callosal radiations of Peltier.” They found that the breadth of the callosal radiations slightly increases along their course from the rostrum to the first third of the body of the corpus callosum. Conclusions The fiber dissection and diffusion tensor imaging techniques are complementary not only in their application to the study of the commissural system in the human brain, but also in their practical use for diagnosis and surgical planning. Further investigations, neurocognitive tests, and other contributions will permit elucidation of the functional relevance of the newly identified callosal radiations in patients with disease involving the ventral corpus callosum.
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Spasojevic, Goran, Zlatan Stojanovic, Dusan Suscevic, and Slobodan Malobabic. "Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum: Digital morphometric study." Vojnosanitetski pregled 63, no. 11 (2006): 933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0611933s.

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Background/Aim. Changes in the morphology and the size of the corpus callosum, are related to various pathological conditions. An analysis of these changes requires data about sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum, which we tried to obtain in our study. We also investigated the method of digital morphometry and compared the obtained results with the results of other authors obtained by magnetic resonance imaging or by planimetry. Methods. A morphological research included 34 human brains (cadavers of both sexes ? 19 female and 15 male aged 26?72 years). By digital morphometry using an AutoCAD software we performed measurements in the corpus callosum: the length (L), width in the half of its length (WW?), length of its cortical margin (LCM), area and perimeter of the anterior and posterior callosal segments, as well as the area and perimeter of the corpus callosum section area. The investigated parameters were analyzed and compared between the females and males. Results. There was not a statistically significant difference between the males and females in the investigated parameters of the corpus callosum (t test; p > 0.05), including the mean values of the two most important parameters, the surface of its midsagittal section area (males 654.11 mm2; females 677.40 mm2) and of its perimeter (males 19.61 cm; females 19.72 cm). The results obtained by digital morphometry were in the range of the results of other authors obtained by magnetic resonance and by planimetry. However, the value of Pearson coefficient of linear correlation between the section surface area and perimeter of the corpus callosum in the males was highly significant (rxy = 0.6943, p < 0.01), while in the females this value was statistically insignificant. Conclusion. Digital morphometry is accurate method in encephalometric investigations. Our results suggest that the problem of sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum is very complex, because the identical variables (section surface area or its perimeter) do not exhibit the same behavior in males and in females, implicating that these variables even cannot be simply compared between the sexes.
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Maksic, Jasmina, Ranko Raicevic, Dragana Obradovic, Nenad Rajsic, Smiljana Popovic, and Sibin Vladejic. "Agenesis of corpus callosum." Vojnosanitetski pregled 60, no. 2 (2003): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0302233m.

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This paper presents a case of a sixteen-year-old female patient with agenesis of corpus callosum which was accidentally discovered during etiological investigation of the consciousness disorder. Agenesis of corpus callosum, a rare congenital defect, might be associated with macrocephalia and various degrees of mental impairment, optic defects, and seizures. Apart from patients with these pathologic states, there are individuals with agenesis of corpus callosum, but without any clinical disturbances.
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Erdogmus, B., B. Yazici, and B. A. Ozdere. "Hump-shaped corpus callosum." Acta Radiologica 46, no. 6 (October 2005): 616–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850510021661.

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Developmental anomalies of the corpus callosum are agenesis, hypogenesis, or hypoplasia. In this case, a hump-shaped anomaly was present in the body of the corpus callosum. The rostrum, genu, and splenium of the corpus callosum were normal. In addition, a split was present within this hump, connecting the lateral ventricles. No additional anomalies were present. This type of anomaly has not been previously reported in the literature.
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Roland, Jarod L., Abraham Z. Snyder, Carl D. Hacker, Anish Mitra, Joshua S. Shimony, David D. Limbrick, Marcus E. Raichle, Matthew D. Smyth, and Eric C. Leuthardt. "On the role of the corpus callosum in interhemispheric functional connectivity in humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 50 (November 28, 2017): 13278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707050114.

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Resting state functional connectivity is defined in terms of temporal correlations between physiologic signals, most commonly studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Major features of functional connectivity correspond to structural (axonal) connectivity. However, this relation is not one-to-one. Interhemispheric functional connectivity in relation to the corpus callosum presents a case in point. Specifically, several reports have documented nearly intact interhemispheric functional connectivity in individuals in whom the corpus callosum (the major commissure between the hemispheres) never develops. To investigate this question, we assessed functional connectivity before and after surgical section of the corpus callosum in 22 patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Section of the corpus callosum markedly reduced interhemispheric functional connectivity. This effect was more profound in multimodal associative areas in the frontal and parietal lobe than primary regions of sensorimotor and visual function. Moreover, no evidence of recovery was observed in a limited sample in which multiyear, longitudinal follow-up was obtained. Comparison of partial vs. complete callosotomy revealed several effects implying the existence of polysynaptic functional connectivity between remote brain regions. Thus, our results demonstrate that callosal as well as extracallosal anatomical connections play a role in the maintenance of interhemispheric functional connectivity.
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Verhaeghe, Alexander, Thomas Decramer, Wim Naets, Wim Van Paesschen, Johannes van Loon, and Tom Theys. "Posterior Quadrant Disconnection: A Fiber Dissection Study." Operative Neurosurgery 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opx060.

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AbstractBACKGROUNDPosterior quadrant disconnection can be highly effective in the surgical treatment of selected cases of refractory epilepsy. The technique aims to deafferent extensive areas of epileptogenic posterior cortex from the rest of the brain by isolating the temporoparietooccipital cortex.OBJECTIVETo describe this procedure and relevant white matter tracts with a specific emphasis on the extent of callosotomy in an anatomic study.METHODSTwenty hemispheres were dissected according to Klingler's fiber dissection technique illustrating the peri-insular (temporal stem, superior longitudinal fasciculus, corona radiata) and mesial disconnection (mesiotemporal cortex, cingulum, and corpus callosum).RESULTSExtensive white matter tract disconnection is obtained after posterior quadrant disconnection. Callosal fibers connecting the anterior most part of the parietal cortex invariably ran through the isthmus of the corpus callosum and need to be disconnected, while frontal lobe connections including the corticospinal tract and the anterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum are spared during the procedure.CONCLUSIONOur findings suggest the involvement of both the splenium and the isthmus in interhemispheric propagation in posterior cortex epilepsies. Sectioning the total extent of the posterior one-third of the corpus callosum might therefore be necessary to achieve optimal outcomes in posterior quadrant epilepsy surgery.
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Woodruff, P. W. R., G. D. Pearlson, M. J. Geer, P. E. Barta, and H. D. Chilcoat. "A computerized magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum morphology in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 1 (February 1993): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700038836.

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SynopsisThe hypothesis tested was that, in schizophrenia, corpus callosum size would be reduced, particularly in the region responsible for communication between both temporal lobes. This is supported by knowledge of: (a) anatomical homotopicity and functional specialization of fibres within the corpus callosum; (b) evidence linking structural and functional deficits of the corpus callosum and left temporal lobe with schizophrenia; and (c) that temporal lobe neuronal fibres pass through the middle region of the corpus callosum. Brain area and corpus callosum areas, widths and length were measured on mid-sagittal MRI scans using a computer outlining method. Scans from 30 schizophrenics and 44 normal subjects were compared. Mid-sagittal brain area, corpus callosum area, length and anterior widths were reduced in the schizophrenic group compared with controls. A significant area difference between schizophrenics and controls was seen in the mid-corpus callosum which communicates between the temporal lobes, including the superior temporal gyri. In schizophrenics, corpus callosum area reduction was not accounted for by brain area shrinkage alone. Differences between the two groups were accounted for by comparisons between males only. These findings support the hypothesis and the possibility that localized abnormalities of bilaterally connected brain regions might have secondary effects on their homotopically distributed fibres within the corpus callosum.
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Sharma, D. K. "Sex differences and other correlations of Human Corpus Callosum: A review." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 06, no. 04 (October 2017): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700754.

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AbstractThere is a wide spectrum in the field of sex differences and other correlation in human corpus callosum. More recent literatures have raised doubts as to whether the anatomic size of the corpus is actually different. The aim of this review article is to bring out the actual facts about gender distinction and various associations in human corpus callosum. Related literatures in the subject were reviewed through electronic database like PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar, Web of science and conclusion was derived comparing the similarities, dissimilarity and relationship of corpus callosum. A simple ratio of corpus callosum to whole brain size is not an appropriate way to analyse data and can create a false impression of dimorphism in the corpus callosum. Overall no sex difference could be found in the size of the corpus callosum, whether ornot explanation was taken oflarger male brain size. RecentMRI studies showed no difference in thickness of the corpus callosum when accounting for the size of the subject. The corpus callosum has been reported to be larger in musicians, left-handed persons whereas smaller in children with dyslexia. Hypogenesis, dysgenesis and agenesis of corpus callosum are rare congenital anomalies presented with feeding problems and delays in holding the head erect during sitting, standing & walking; and impairments in mental & physical development, hand-eye coordination and visual & auditory memory.
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Richter, Erich O., Karen D. Davis, Clement Hamani, William D. Hutchison, Jonathan O. Dostrovsky, and Andres M. Lozano. "Cingulotomy for Psychiatric Disease: Microelectrode Guidance, a Callosal Reference System for Documenting Lesion Location, and Clinical Results." Neurosurgery 54, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 622–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000108644.42992.95.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- and microelectrode recording-guided cingulotomy for patients with psychiatric disorders and to develop a new method of mapping lesion location in anterior cingulate cortex that takes into account the significant interindividual variability in callosal morphometry. METHODS MRI and microelectrode recording were used to guide placement of radiofrequency lesions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 21) or affective disorders (n = 5). Postoperative improvement was evaluated with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in 15 of the 21 obsessive-compulsive disorder patients studied. From the postoperative MRI scans, we developed a coordinate system for position in the anterior cingulate cortex. The callosal line passes from the most anterior point of the corpus callosum (c = 0) to the most posterior (c = 100). We reconstructed the lesions onto a sagittal map from the Talairach and Tournoux atlas using the distance along the callosal line and the distance above the upper surface of the corpus callosum. RESULTS The location of neuronal activity distinguished gray and white matter and was useful in delineating the upper and lower cortical banks of the cingulate gyrus, the cingulate bundle, and the corpus callosum. This information was used to place the lesions. Lesions typically were 6 to 8 mm in diameter on T2-weighted MRI scans. The inferior margins were along the corpus callosum from c = 16 to c = 38. Four of 15 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder had a documented decrease of more than 35% on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, but only one patient had a sustained benefit for more than 1 year. CONCLUSION Microelectrode recording is useful for lesion placement. Our system for reporting location in anterior cingulate cortex normalizes for differences in callosal morphometry. These techniques may aid future study.
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Millichap, J. Gordon. "Lipoma of Corpus Callosum." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 2, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-2-11-7.

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45

Chokkian, Jeyasutha. "Agenesis of corpus callosum." Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education 20, no. 2 (2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijcn.ijcn_13_20.

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Rajan, Deepa S., and Alexandra Popescu. "Corpus callosum lipoma: Figure." Neurology 78, no. 17 (April 23, 2012): 1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e318251838b.

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Unterberger, Iris, Richard Bauer, Gerald Walser, and Gerhard Bauer. "Corpus callosum and epilepsies." Seizure 37 (April 2016): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2016.02.012.

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48

Jaynes, Margaret, and Sydney S. Schochet. "Agenesis of corpus callosum." Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 3, no. 3 (September 1996): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1071-9091(96)80016-7.

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Ferreira, T., E. Baeta, J. P. Monteiro, M. J. Fonseca, P. Saraiva, and A. Goulão. "Complete Corpus Callosum Agenesis." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 16, no. 5 (October 2003): 897–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090301600548.

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Coggins III, Porter E., Teresa J. Kennedy, and Terry A. Armstrong. "Bilingual corpus callosum variability." Brain and Language 89, no. 1 (April 2004): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00299-2.

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