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Books on the topic 'Corporations law part 2.3'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

University of East London. School of Law. Law studies: LL.B. Programme. : Years 2 and 3 Part-time. London: the University, 1993.

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Hermann, Maximilian. Die Neufassung des materiellen Untersagungskriteriums in Art. 2 Abs. 2 und 3 EG-FKVO. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2008.

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Institute, Pennsylvania Bar. Successful nonprofit strategic collaboration: Part 2 of the Nonprofit series. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 2015.

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4

Canada. Lower Canada municipal & road act of 1855: And certain acts relating thereto, including 2 Vict. cap. 2; 7 Vict. cap 21; 9 Vict. cap. 23 & 12 Vict. cap. 126; the parliamentary representation acts, (16 Vict. cap. 152 & 18 Vict. cap. 76.) and the seigniorial acts (18 Vict. caps. 3 & 103.); accompanied by a map of Lower Canada, exhibiting the municipal divisions thereof. Quebec: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 2004.

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5

Canada. Canada Labour Code, part II: R.S., 1985, c. L-2 amended by R.S., 1985, c. 9 (1st supp.); R.S., 1985, c. 24 (3rd supp.); R.S., 1985, c. 26 (4th suppl.); 1989, c.3. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1989.

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6

Committee, New Jersey Legislature General Assembly Policy and Rules. Committee meeting of Assembly Policy and Rules Committee: Assembly bill no. 1 (decreases gross income tax rates 5% for taxable years 1994 and thereafter) : Assembly bill no. 2 (increases minimum income necessary to be subject to the gross income tax) : Assembly bill no. 3 (discontinues corporation business tax surtax as of January 1, 1994). Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton): The Committee, 1994.

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7

New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Policy and Rules Committee. Committee meeting of Assembly Policy and Rules Committee: Assembly bill no. 1 (decreases gross income tax rates 5% for taxable years 1994 and thereafter) : Assembly bill no. 2 (increases minimum income necessary to be subject to the gross income tax) : Assembly bill no. 3 (discontinues corporation business tax surtax as of January 1, 1994). Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1994.

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8

United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Indian Affairs. Shee Atika, Inc.: Hearing before the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, first session, on an inquiry into the affairs of Shee Atika, Inc., November 2 and 3, 1983, Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Indian Affairs. Shee Atika, Inc.: Hearing before the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, first session, on an inquiry into the affairs of Shee Atika, Inc., November 2 and 3, 1983, Washington, D.C. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Indian Affairs. Shee Atika, Inc.: Hearing before the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, first session, on an inquiry into the affairs of Shee Atika, Inc., November 2 and 3, 1983, Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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11

Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part II Ambit of Protection, 5 Nationality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 examines the nationality of the claimant as a jurisdictional condition to the ambit of protections afforded by investment treaties. It first provides an overview of the nationality requirement in investment law before discussing the role of precedent in resolving three key controversial jurisdiction ratione personae issues: (1) the dual nationality of individuals; (2) the problems arising from corporations under foreign control; and (3) the restructuring of corporate nationality in order to seek to achieve the benefits of treaty protection. The chapter analyses the nationality and control requirements of both the ICSID Convention and of investment treaties themselves. It concludes with the effectiveness of denial of benefits clauses.
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12

Levy, A. B. Private Corporations and Their Control: Part 2. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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13

Reynell, Anson William. The Law and Custom of the Constitution: Volume 3: The Crown, Part 2. Adamant Media Corporation, 2001.

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14

Gordon, Gregory S. The Birth of Atrocity Speech Law Part 2. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190612689.003.0005.

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By the second half of the 1990s, the ad hoc tribunals started issuing judgments and providing invaluable insights into the relevant offenses. Regarding incitement, the foundational cases of Prosecutor v. Akayesu (1998) and Prosecutor v. Nahimana (the so-called Media Case) (2003) laid out the essential elements of the crime: (1) direct; (2) public; (3) incitement; and (4) mens rea. The jurisprudence clarified that persecution applied to a wide range of discriminatory actions, including use of hate speech perpetrated against a victim group when it effects a deprivation of fundamental rights. Building on this, an ICTR Trial Chamber in Prosecutor v. Ruggiu (2000) established that hate speech not calling for violence could qualify as persecution. Finally, jurisprudence also developed around the crimes of instigation (violence advocacy resulting in violence, wherein the advocacy made a contribution), and the comparable crime of ordering (instigation plus a superior-subordinate relationship between the speaker and listener).
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15

Dame Rosalyn, DBE, QC, Higgins, Webb Philippa, Akande Dapo, Sivakumaran Sandesh, and Sloan James. Part 2 The United Nations: What it is, 3 The Security Council. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808312.003.0003.

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The Security Council is unique among the principal organs of the UN in two important ways: member states agree to accept and carry out the decisions it takes in accordance with the UN Charter, and member states have conferred upon it primary responsibility for the maintenance of peace and security. It is also the most influential of the UN principal organs. Since the end of the Cold War the productiveness of the Security Council has increased dramatically. In the 1990s, it adopted an average of 64 resolutions a year. In 2016, it adopted 76 resolutions. This chapter discusses the Security Council’s membership, procedure, meetings, non-members, non-state entities, voting, presidency, and functions (oversight and peace and security).
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16

Levy, A. B. Private Corporations and their Control (Part 2): International Library of Sociology L: The Sociology of Work and Organization. Routledge, 2003.

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17

Tauscher, Ines. Anwendungsbereich der [Paragraphen] 293a-293g Abs. 1, 2, S. 1, Abs. 3 AktG: In Einstufigen Vertraglichen Unternehmensverbindungen. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2007.

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18

Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part I Overview, 3 Dispute Resolution Provisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 examines those aspects of dispute resolution provisions commonly found in bilateral investment treaties (BITs), with particular emphasis on four fundamental issues in the settlement of investment disputes through arbitration: (1) the clauses in investment treaties that provide for investor–State arbitration, focusing on the issue of the existence and limits of the consent to arbitrate; (2) transparency and the extent to which non-parties may be heard in the process; (3) the legal nature of the rights contained in investment treaties within the choice of law framework applicable to investment arbitration, in which both international law and host State law have a role to play; and (4) the overall approach to be taken to the interpretation of BITs under the general rule of interpretation provided in the Vienna Convention. The chapter concludes by discussing the role precedent plays in the development of investment treaty law.
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19

William A, Schabas. Part 2 Jurisdiction, Admissibility, and Applicable Law: Compétence, Recevabilité, Et Droit Applicable, Art.21 Applicable law/Droit applicable. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0026.

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This chapter comments on Article 21 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 21 is an important innovation since none of the previous statutes of international criminal tribunals has contained a provision dealing with ‘applicable law’. Article 21(1) imposes a hierarchy of sources, with a three-tiered cascade of applicable norms. Article 21(2) contemplates the case law of the Court, but without indicating where it fits within the hierarchy. Article 21(3) does not, strictly speaking, provide a new source. Rather, it makes all of the applicable law in article 21 subject to ‘internationally recognized human rights’.
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20

Federal enforcement, 1987: Representing corporations, their officers, directors and employees, April 2-3, 1987, Loew's L'Enfant Plaza Hotel, Washington, D.C. : program materials : a national conference. [Washington, D.C.]: The Center, 1987.

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21

Jacques, du Plessis. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.15. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0069.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.15 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the duties of restitution that arise after avoidance of the whole or part of a contract. On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract, or the part of it avoided, provided that such party concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract, or the part of it avoided. This commentary discusses the content of the duty to restore, the consequences of restitution being impossible or inappropriate, application of the general rules relating to obligations to the restitutionary obligations created by Art 3.2.15, and burden of proof for the requirements of a restitutionary claim arising after avoidance.
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22

Sepúlveda, Jovanny. Hacia una taxonomía para analizar el crimen económico. CUA Medellín, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.52441/ciadcon201806.

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Este libro es producto de los resultados obtenidos en la primera fase terminada del proyecto y línea de investigación denominada: “Análisis y Desarrollo de Indicadores para Medir el Crimen Económico y Responsabilidad Social Empresarial”, el cual ha sido financiado en su tercer periodo de desarrollo por la Corporación Universitaria Americana durante el periodo enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2018. El trabajo investigativo presentado aquí se basa en la experiencia de aproximadamente 6 años de investigaciones documentales y participaciones de los autores como ponentes en varios congresos internacionales en Latinoamérica, específicamente en: Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, México y Venezuela. Esto ha permitido intercambiar interesantes puntos de vista con colegas expertos que se relacionan con el tema del crimen económico y la responsabilidad social empresarial, gubernamental y civil. Los antecedentes reflexivos que contiene este libro, se inician en el periodo 2009-2011 con cuatro trabajos presentados por Ibarra Alberto en trabajo conjunto con Echeverri Camilo: 1. Artículo del 2009: “Retrospectiva de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial a través del Desarrollo del Pensamiento Económico”, Revista Universo Contabil de la Fundación Universitaria de Blumenau, Brasil; 2. La ponencia del 2009: “Correlación entre Información Empresarial y Objetivos Corporativos con base a la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial”, XIV Congreso Internacional de Contaduría, Administración e Informática en la UNAM, México; 3. La ponencia del 2010: “Algunos Fundamentos sobre la Responsabilidad Social en la Empresa Privada considerando el Desarrollo del Pensamiento Económico” , V Reunión Internacional de Gestión y Desarrollo sobre Responsabilidad Social y Emprendimiento, Universidad de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil; 4. El artículo del 2011: “Índices para Medir Empresas Sostenibles con base a la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial vs Crimen Económico desde un Enfoque de la Teoría Behaviorista”, Revista Civilizar de Empresa y Economía de Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia. El segundo periodo del desarrollo conceptual del trabajo de investigación comprende el periodo 2012-2014 con cuatro ponencias en congresos internacionales: 5. “La RSE como Estrategia de Crecimiento Económico”, XXV Congreso Latinoamericano de Estrategia, Universidad Metropolitana Castro Carazo, Costa Rica 2012. 6. “Análisis del Observatorio de la Globalización sobre Crimen Económico y Crisis de Cultura de Legalidad a Nivel Mundial (Soborno, Extorción, Corrupción y Fraude Empresarial)”, II Congreso The Global Compact de las Naciones Unidas 2012, Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá. 7. “Análisis Comparativo de los Indicadores e Informes de Crimen Financiero y Económico en el Mundo y Latinoamérica vs RSE.” XII International Finance Conference 2012, de American Academy of Financial Management, Universidad EAFIT Medellín, Colombia. 8. “Análisis del Crimen Financiero en Entornos de Crisis Financiera”. International Finance Conference 2014”, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. El tercer periodo comprende los años 2015-2016, y los autores trabajaron y presentaron 9 ponencias y un artículo de reflexión, donde gran parte de estos trabajos se llevaron a cabo en compañía de otros investigadores con excelente capacidad analítica sobre el tema. Entre estos académicos está la colaboración de Andrés Tibaquira y Alexander Castrillo. Los trabajos son: 9. “Estructuras Conceptuales del Crimen Económico y la RSE para desarrollar un Análisis Integral de Empresas Socialmente Responsables”, XXVIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Estrategia SLADE 2015, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia. 10. “Desarrollo Sostenible con RSE versus Corrupción y Fraude Corporativo: Sus Indicadores e Índices de Medición”. Conferencia Magistral ante la Contraloría General de Medellín Colombia y Red de Transparencia”. 11. “Tres Intangibles Correlacionados con el Entorno Organizacional para Alcanzar Empresas Sostenibles y Éticas: Capital Social, Capital Intelectual y Responsabilidad Social”. XX Congreso Internacional de Contaduría, Administración e Informática 2015. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 12. “Crimen Económico y Responsabilidad Social Empresarial”. Instituto Tecnológico Nacional de México, Conferencia Magistral ante el Consejo de Investigación. 13. “Análisis Internacional sobre el Crimen Económico por países”. Conferencista Magistral y Organizador Técnico del I Congreso Internacional de Crimen Económico y Fraude Financiero y Contable. Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia. En el 2016, se presentaron las siguientes ponencias: 14. “Hacia Una Nueva Taxonomía del Delito y Crimen Económico”, II Congreso Internacional de Economía, Contabilidad y Administración”, Universidad de la Habana, Cuba.; 15. Ibarra Alberto y Tibaquira Andrés: “Hacia una Nueva Taxonomía del Delito y Crimen Económico para incrementar la RSE”. International Finance Conference 2016 Chile, Universidad de Valparaíso Chile y Universidad de Santiago de Chile. 16. Ibarra Mares Alberto y Tibaquira Cuervo Andrés: “Objetivos Empresariales Informales y su Influencia en Fraudes dentro del Sistema de Información Contable”, V Encuentro Internacional de Investigación y Espíritu Empresarial. Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Ocaña Santander Colombia. 17. Ibarra Alberto, Echeverri Camilo y Ramírez Carlos: “Antecedentes y Actualidad del Desarrollo del Gobierno Corporativo en Latinoamérica”, II Congreso Internacional de Crimen Económico y Fraude Financiero y Contable. Conferencista Magistral, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín Colombia. 18. Ibarra Alberto, Pérez Luis Alfonso y Garzón Manuel (2015): “Código de ética empresarial para las Pymes: Marco de Referencia para la Sostenibilidad y Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE)”. Revista Espacios. Venezuela. A partir de la experiencia adquirida, el objetivo de los autores en este trabajo fue sintetizar una serie de conceptos técnicos fundamentales sobre el crimen económico y sus principales componentes, con el fin de conformar una sólida taxonomía y metodología para medir las percepciones sobre los diferentes tipos de crimen económico en diferentes países de Latinoamérica, iniciando por Colombia, ello permitirá adaptar y mejorar algunos indicadores que se han estandarizado en el ámbito mundial para medir cualitativa y cuantitativamente las variables del crimen económico entre países, instituciones, sectores y personas. En el capítulo 1 y 2 se inicia con un análisis documental sobre cuáles son las principales variables que se toman en cuenta en la literatura especializada sobre este fenómeno económico negativo que registran las empresas, instituciones y países. Para ello, se partió de una taxonomía de 17 variables que proporcionaron información acerca de Transparencia Internacional (TI) y sobre el lenguaje del crimen económico para determinar ocho categorías o tipologías de crimen económico, a las cuales se les denominó taxonomía. En el capítulo 3 se da a conocer una muestra representativa de algunas de las principales organizaciones que se dedican al estudio y combate de delitos económicos y fraudes. Las primeras instituciones que incluimos por su prestigio y seriedad sobre el tema, fueron: Transparencia Internacional (TI), La Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC), Ernst and Young (EY), KPMG y Deloitte and Touche. Además, consideramos datos y reportes del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) y el Banco Mundial (BM). En los capítulos cuarto, quinto y sexto, analizamos respectivamente el crimen económico desde sus tres perspectivas o niveles: 1.) Por país, 2.) Por empresas, y 3.) Por personas. Por último, en el capítulo séptimo damos unas conclusiones que consideramos nos dan una primera visión para un análisis metodológico y con mayor rigor científico sobre el crimen económico En el capítulo séptimo incluimos las conclusiones finales basadas en el marco teórico sobre la teoría marginalista y teoría behaviorista, que nos permite fundamentar nuestras reflexiones y conclusiones. También adicionamos las ideas de Francis Fukuyama con respecto al concepto de confianza y capital social, que son componentes importantes de la ética y responsabilidad social empresarial. Incluimos además unas ideas sobre la teoría institucionalista que determina en gran medida el comportamiento de un individuo dependiendo del tipo de institución en dónde se desarrolla.
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23

Dame Rosalyn, DBE, QC, Higgins, Webb Philippa, Akande Dapo, Sivakumaran Sandesh, and Sloan James. Part 2 The United Nations: What it is, 8 Membership. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808312.003.0008.

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The Charter of the United Nations provides for two different means by which it is possible to become a member of the organization. Article 3 of the UN Charter relates to original members of the organization, while other members may be admitted under Article 4 of the UN Charter. The main distinction between original members and other members is that the organization is able to exercise control over whether the latter become members but had no control over the admission to membership of original members. This chapter discusses the admission to membership process; loss of membership and membership rights; readmission to membership; state succession and membership; problems of extinction and continuity; representation of members/credentials; and the position of observers.
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24

Before the United States Sentencing Commission: Public hearing on organizational sanctions : held Friday, December 2, 1988, at Courtroom 3, United States Court of Appeals, 125 S. Grand Avenue, Pasadena, California]. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Commission, 1988.

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25

David, Scorey, Geddes Richard, and Harris Chris. Part II The Bermuda Form in Detail, 3 Conflict of Law Issues: Substantive Issues vs Procedural Issues. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0003.

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The Bermuda Form is not immune from conflict of law issues. Such issues arise from its very nature as an ‘international’ document that provides coverage to large and often multinational corporations in respect of legal liability arising from their global operations in a variety of jurisdictions. This chapter highlights some of the conflict of law issues that may be encountered when arbitrating disputes arising from Bermuda Form policies and suggests some possible solutions to assist in choosing between the myriad of potential and competing applicable laws. Topics covered include express choices of law in the Bermuda Form, the severability principle, potential applicable laws, proper law of the contract, proper law of the underlying claim, proper law of the conflict of law rules applied to the policy, proper law of the arbitration agreement, procedural law, and curial law.
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26

Charles M, Fombad. Part 2 Archetypal Examples of Different Models of African Constitutional Adjudication, 3 The Cameroonian Constitutional Council: Faithful Servant of an Unaccountable System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198810216.003.0004.

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27

Henry G, Burnett, and Bret Louis-Alexis. Part I Host States, Mining Companies, and Mining Projects, 2 Mining Companies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757641.003.0002.

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Mining companies are corporations or partnerships primarily involved in the exploration or production of metal or mineral deposits. There are approximately 2,100 mining companies in the world today, 100 of which are referred to as majors and 200 as mid-tier. Approximately 1,700 junior mining companies (referred to as juniors) constitute the vast majority of mining companies in existence today. These juniors are typically focused on mining exploration and often do not generate revenues. Finally, approximately 80 State-owned national mining companies (NMCs) play a significant role in the global mining industry. This chapter discusses each of these four categories of mining companies in detail, in relation to their respective focus, risks undertaken, and types of investment they attract and disputes in which they may find themselves involved.
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28

Mary Ellen, O’Connell. Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–), 63 The Crisis in Ukraine—2014. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0063.

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On 28 February 2014, Russian forces moved out of their base on the Black Sea into Crimea, triggering a crisis with Ukraine that quickly spread to Eastern Ukraine. Russia has attempted to justify its actions in Ukraine. On close analysis, no argument is adequate to avoid the charge of aggression, which is any serious violation of United Nations Charter Article 2(4). Article 2(4) is no mere treaty rule. It is jus cogens, a peremptory norm, meaning it is durable, impervious to modification. Facts on the ground in Ukraine may remain unchanged without sufficient international pressure. Regardless, Russia’s presence will remain unlawful.
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29

Canada and Canada, eds. Lower Canada municipal & road act of 1855: And certain acts relating thereto, including 2 Vict. cap. 2; 7 Vict. cap 21; 9 Vict. cap. 23 & 12 Vict. cap. 126; the parliamentary representation acts, (16 Vict. cap. 152 & 18 Vict. cap. 76.) and the seigniorial acts (18 Vict. caps. 3 & 103.); accompanied by a map of Lower Canada, exhibiting the municipal divisions thereof. Quebec: S. Derbishire and G. Desbarats, 1985.

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30

Christine, Gray. Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–), 54 The Conflict in Georgia—2008. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0054.

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This chapter discusses the 2008 conflict between Russia and Georgia. It explains the background of rising tensions between separatists in the regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and the Georgian government; the outbreak of conflict; the Russian intervention; and the extension of the conflict beyond South Ossetia and Abkhazia. It then examines Russia’s claims that it was acting in self-defence in protection of its nationals and of its peacekeeping forces in Georgia, and the reactions of other states to these claims. It also provides a critical account of the Report of the Independent International Fact-finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia, and its controversial arguments, first, for a wide interpretation of the scope of the prohibition of the use of force in Article 2(4) UN Charter as applicable to non-state entities, and, second, for a wide view of the concept of threat of force.
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31

William A, Schabas. Part 3 General Principles of Criminal Law: Principes Généraux Du Droit Pénal, Art.27 Irrelevance of official capacity/Défaut de pertinence de la qualité officielle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0032.

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This chapter comments on Article 27 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 27 consists two paragraphs that are often confounded but fulfil different functions. Paragraph 1 denies a defence of official capacity, i.e. official capacity as a Head of State or Government, a member of a Government or parliament, an elected representative or a government official shall not exempt a person from criminal responsibility under the Statute. Paragraph 2 amounts to a renunciation, by States Parties to the Rome Statute, of the immunity of their own Head of State to which they are entitled by virtue of customary international law. In contrast with paragraph 1, it is without precedent in international criminal law instruments.
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32

Bôaviagem, Aurélio Agostinho da, Eugênia Cristina Nilsen Ribeiro Barza, Francisco Antônio de Barros e. Silva Neto, and Paul Hugo Weberbauer. Integração regional, Globalização e Direito Internacional - Volume 3. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-469-2.

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This book is the fruitful result of the extensive research conducted by the Research Group Regional Integration, Globalization and International Law by its members and colleagues from the Faculty of Law of Recife. The scholars have dedicated their research to develop a comprehensive study on relevant topics of International Law, in particular from the perspective of regional arrangements and globalization. As the Research Group has three fields of research, the papers have been divided into three parts accordingly. In Part 1, the articles address topics with respect to regional integration, focusing on the European Union and the MERCOSUR agreements. In Part 2, the papers deal with matters derived from the phenomenon of globalization, which demand international disciplines, such as the environment, consumer relations, cooperation and movement of goods and persons. Finally, in Part 3, the articles concentrate on the current and relevant discussions about international governance of several topics, such as foreign investment, trade, space exploitation, intelectual property, contracts, commerce and arbitration. That being said, this collective work is essential for professionals and scholars from the legal and related fields to deepen their knowledge on debates dominating the study of International Law and its diversities.
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33

Rodenhäuser, Tilman. Part II: Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821946.003.0009.

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‘Where are the good old days when everyone knew that human rights violations can only be committed by states against individuals?’1 Gone, replaced by a complex reality in which an exclusive focus on states as duty-bearers under international human rights law (IHRL) no longer provides an adequate model to address numerous human rights violations by non-state armed groups. Instead, states in United Nations (UN) organs or intergovernmental fora, as well as human rights experts, increasingly address demands to respect IHRL directly to armed groups. In order to conceptualize this development, this book raised three main arguments: (1) Contrary to the ‘received wisdom’, human rights may not only apply to the authority–individual relationship. Conceptually, they can also be understood as applying to the horizontal relationships between private actors. (2) While under IHRL treaty law it is primarily upon states to protect individuals against human rights violations by private actors, this obligation is limited if the state loses control over parts of its territory, or is otherwise unable to fulfil its obligations. In order to avoid a protection gap, IHRL obligations should be directly assigned to armed groups. (3) Contemporary international practice suggests that this requires a differentiated approach, taking account of the different nature and capacity of non-state armed groups. Assigning IHRL obligations to armed groups needs to complement and not substitute state obligations under the traditional state-centred human rights protection system....
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William A, Schabas. Part 2 Jurisdiction, Admissibility, and Applicable Law: Compétence, Recevabilité, Et Droit Applicable, Art.12 Preconditions to the exercise of jurisdiction/Conditions préalables à l’exercice de la compétence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0015.

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This chapter comments on Article 12 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 12 was ‘[p]erhaps the most difficult compromise in the entire negotiations’. At the Rome Conference, there was a range of views on the ‘preconditions’ for jurisdiction, ranging from the narrow proposals of the United States restricting the Court's jurisdiction to nationals of States Parties, to a form of universal jurisdiction by which the Court would be able to prosecute any crime committed anywhere, providing that it could obtain custody over the offender. Article 12 establishes a general rule by which the Court may exercise jurisdiction over crimes committed on the territory of a State Party and, furthermore, over crimes committed by its nationals anywhere. The Court may also exercise jurisdiction if a non-party State has made a declaration pursuant to article 12(3).
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William A, Schabas. Part 1 Establishment of the Court: Institution de la Cour, Art.3 Seat of the Court/Siège de la Cour. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0005.

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This chapter comments on Article 3 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article consists of three paragraphs. Article 3(1) establishes The Hague as the seat of the Court. Paragraph (1) is mandatory, and does not allow for the seat of the Court to be located elsewhere, absent an amendment of the Statute. The Statute also specifies that the Netherlands is the ‘host State’. Article 3(2) requires that there be a Headquarters Agreement between the Court and the host State. Article 3(3) states that The Court may sit elsewhere, whenever it considers it desirable, ‘as provided in the Statute’.
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Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part II Ambit of Protection, 6 Investment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 explores the central concept of ‘investment’. It first considers the core question of the definition of ‘investment’ under the ICSID Convention and under investment treaties. It then takes up four important issues: (1) the time when an investment is made in relation to the temporal scope of the treaty protections; (2) the extent to which pre-contract investment may obtain treaty protection; (3) the place of an investment; and (4) the role of host State law in defining ‘investment’. It then analyses a set of problems that arise out of indirect investments: the relation between the losses suffered by a subsidiary in the host State and the investor’s investment; the rights of minority shareholders; claims brought by holding companies; corporate restructuring as a means to gain the advantage of investment treaties; the position of ultimate beneficiaries; and the position of portfolio investments.
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The second part of symboleography: Newly corrected and amended, and very much enlarged in all the foure severall treatises : [brace] 1. Of fines and concords, 2. Of common recoveries, 3. Of offices and indictments, 4. Of compromises and arbitrements : whereunto is annexed another treatise of equitie ... London: Printed by Miles Flesher and Robert Young, 1986.

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Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part II Ambit of Protection, 4 Parallel Proceedings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 deals with a complex set of problems that have arisen in determining the relationship between parallel claims in investment arbitration and other forms of dispute resolution, including proceedings in host State courts. Five issues which arbitral tribunals have had to confront in considering the impact of other forms of dispute resolution upon their jurisdiction are explored in particular: (1) the distinction between breach of contract and breach of treaty; (2) election, waiver, and ‘fork in the road’; (3) prior resort to local remedies; (4) internationalised contract claims and ‘umbrella clauses’; and (5) parallel treaty arbitration. The chapter considers the extent to which the general doctrines of lis pendens, res judicata, election, waiver, and abuse of process are capable of application in investment treaty arbitration.
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Roger, Mccormick, and Stears Chris. Part X Conclusions, 33 A Convergence of Agendas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749271.003.0034.

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This chapter ties together the loose threads of the preceding discussions. It suggests that the role of the in-house lawyer has become further involved with risk management rather than simply the provision of legal advice. It presents some legal and conduct risk management objectives as a starting point for legal departments planning to take a ‘risk-based’ approach to its function. The role of regulators will be also crucial in managing risk, not merely as ‘supervisor’ and ‘enforcer’ in the traditional sense, but also as an effective cross-pollinator of ideas. Moreover, it is important that the Financial Markets Law Committee (along with other similar bodies) continues to perform the valuable roles of: (1) identifying concerns; (2) providing expert analysis of the relevant law in relation to specific concerns; (3) acting as an informal ‘bridge’ to the judiciary; and (4) being an authoritative voice for City lawyers when representations need to be made.
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Mark D, Walters. Part I Constitutional History, D The British Constitutional Tradition, Ch.5 The British Legal Tradition in Canadian Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the influence of the British legal tradition within Canadian constitutional law. The foundational text of Canada’s constitution, the British North America Act, 1867, was adopted when Canada was still a UK colony, and so it is hardly surprising that this influence would prove to be important—even after Canada emerged as an independent state. Still, the assertion in the preamble to the 1867 Act, that Canada’s constitution is ‘similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom’, must be approached cautiously. The leading British constitutional scholar A.V. Dicey went so far as to describe this assertion as a piece of ‘official mendacity’. The analysis in Section 2 of this chapter focuses upon institutional structure and design. Here, it will be seen that Dicey was wrong. The analysis in Section 3 of the chapter is on the interpretive ethic or what Dicey called the ‘spirit’ of the constitution.
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Frank, Burkhardt. Part II Commentaries to Typical Sofa Rules, 33 Termination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0033.

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This chapter discusses the denunciation and termination of status-of-forces agreements (SOFAs). Art. 54 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties requires as a general prerequisite that all signatories of an international treaty have to be informed if one of the signatories wants to withdraw from the treaty. According to Art. XIX (2) NATO SOFA the US government as the Depositary has to be informed about the decision to withdraw and it shall notify such denunciation to all other Parties. According to Art. XIX (3) NATO SOFA the period until a denunciation takes effect is one year.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part IV Other Risks, 20 Concentration and Large Exposures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0020.

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This chapter discusses the large exposure regime. The large exposures regime is one of the two substantial components of the prudential capital regulatory system — the other being liquidity — which did not fall within the Basel 2 regime. Both have now been brought within the Basel 3 regime, although the large exposure rules are expected to come into effect only from 1 January 2019. The essence of the large exposures regime is the idea that banks should diversify their risk. There are three core rules which are relevant for the large exposures regime. One is the rule that any exposure which is sufficiently ‘large’ should be reported to the regulator; the second is that no single exposure should be permitted to exceed 25 per cent of capital (15% for exposure to G-SIBs).
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Simon, Gleeson. Part III Investment Banking, 13 Trading Book—Standardized Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0013.

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This chapter discusses trading book models. Risk models come in a variety of types. However, for market risk purposes there have been a number of types which may be used within the framework. The simplest is the ‘CAD 1’ model — named after the first Capital Adequacy Directive, which permitted such models to be used in the calculation of regulatory capital. VaR models, permitted by Basel 2, were more complex, and this complexity was increased by Basel 2.5, which required the use of ‘stressed VAR’. In due course all of this will be replaced by the Basel 3 FRTB calculation, which rejects VAR and is based on the calculation of an expected shortfall (ES) market risk charge, a VaR based default risk charge (DRC) (for those exposures where the bank is exposed to the default of a third party), and a stressed ES-based capital add-on.
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Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr, and Wiener Michael, Dr. Part 1 Freedom of Religion or Belief, 1.2 Freedom from Coercion. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0004.

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This chapter addresses the relationship between article 18(2) and article 18(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Article 18(2) states that no person shall be subject to coercion which would impair his or her freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of their choice. This provision for the forum internum does not allow for any compromise or limitation. By contrast, article 18(3) deals with possible limitations concerning manifestations of religion or belief in social life. However, the distinction in legal protection, as it is drawn between these two dimensions of freedom of religion or belief, should not be misconstrued as an abstract hierarchy or a fragmentation of two separate spheres. The unconditional prohibition of coercion in the forum internum enhances the status of freedom of religion or belief in all its dimensions.
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Charles, Proctor. Part A Regulatory Matters, 6 Capital Adequacy, Liquidity, and Large Exposures. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the current capital adequacy framework and associated provisions designed to ensure that a bank's business is managed on a prudent basis. It also considers other closely allied topics which may affect the stability of the banking system, namely, liquidity and large exposure requirement. Topics discussed include the origins of the Basel Standards; Basel 2 and Basel 3 rules; the calculation of risk-weighted assets; the nature and effect of credit risk mitigation techniques; market risk; operational risk; and reform on Basel 2.
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Sujit, Choudhry. Part VI Constitutional Theory, F The Canadian Constitution in a Comparative Law Perspective, Ch.50 The Canadian Constitution and the World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0050.

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This chapter examines the influence of elements of Canada’s constitutional model abroad, in three areas: (1) the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as an innovative way to institutionalize the relationship among legislatures, executives, and courts with respect to the enforcement of a constitutional bill of rights, as justified by “dialogue theory”, that contrasts starkly with its leading alternatives, the American and German systems of judicial supremacy; (2) Canada’s plurinational federalism as a strategy to accommodate minority nationalism and dampen the demand for secession and independence within the context of a single state, by divorcing the equation of state and nation; and (3) the complex interplay between a constitutional bill of rights and minority nation-building, as reflected in the constitutional politics surrounding the recognition of Quebec’s distinctiveness, and the role of the Supreme Court of Canada in adjudicating constitutional conflicts over official language policy arising out of Quebec.
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Marson, James, and Katy Ferris. Business Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198849957.001.0001.

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Business Law provides an introduction to the subject. Packed with up-to-date and relevant examples, it demonstrates the real applicability of the law to the business world. The book is split into eight parts. After an introduction about studying the law, Part 2 covers the English legal system, the constitution, EU law, and human rights. This comprises important issues including statutory interpretation and the legislative process, and court structures. Part 3 considers contractual obligations. Here terms such as, contractual capacity, mistake, misrepresentation, duress, contractual terms, regulations, and remedies for breach are discussed. Part 4 discusses tortious liability and describes issues of negligence, nuisance, economic loss, psychiatric injury, and statutory duties. Part 5 examines company law, including trading structures, maintenance of finance and capital, and corporate administration and management. Part 6 explores the employment relationship, the nature of which will determine many important factors for both the individual and the employer. It includes discussions on the Contract of Employment, statutory regulation of dismissals, equality in employment relationships, and Statutory and Common Law Regulation of the Conditions of Employment. Part 6 then discusses agency law and the duties and responsibilities that exist for both principal and agent. Finally, intellectual property and data protection issues are considered in Part 8.
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WJ, Waluchow. Part VI Constitutional Theory, A Constitutional Interpretation, Ch.42 The Living Tree. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0042.

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This chapter addresses two common beliefs: (1) that the Canadian Constitution is a living tree, subject to evolution in light of changing circumstances and developing moral and political beliefs; and (2) that the view expressed in (1) stands in sharp contrast with American-style originalism, a family of theories according to which, absent formal amendment, the meaning of a constitution is the meaning it had at the time of its adoption. This chapter elaborates on (1) and challenges (2), highlighting both (3) the extent to which Canadian courts view their evolving constitution as nevertheless rooted in original understandings, intentions and purposes; and (4) the fact that many contemporary originalists embrace a moderate version of their theory that allows for a healthy degree of evolution via the process contemporary originalists call constitutional construction.
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Gordon, Gregory S. Atrocity Speech Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190612689.001.0001.

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Hate speech is widely considered a precondition for mass atrocity. Since World War II a large body of case law has interpreted the key offenses criminalizing such discourse: (1) incitement to genocide; and (2) persecution as a crime against humanity. But the law has developed in a fragmented manner. Surprisingly, no volume has furnished a comprehensive analysis of the entire jurisprudential output and the relation of each of its parts to one another and to the whole. Atrocity Speech Law fills this gap and provides needed perspective for courts, government officials, and scholars. Part 1, “Foundation,” explores the historical relationship between speech and atrocity and the foundations of the current legal framework. Part 2, “Fragmentation,” details the discrepancies and deficiencies within that framework. Part 3, “Fruition,” proposes fixes for the individual speech offenses and suggests a more comprehensive solution: a “Unified Liability Theory,” pursuant to which there would be four criminal modalities placed in one statutory provision and applying to genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes: (1) incitement; (2) speech abetting; (3) instigation; and (4) ordering. Apart from the issue of fragmentation, experts have failed to find an accurate designation for this body of law. “International Incitement Law” and “International Hate Speech Law,” two of the typical labels, do not capture the law’s breadth or its proper relationship to mass violence. So with a more holistic and accurate approach in mind, this book proposes a new name for the overall body of international rules and jurisprudence: “atrocity speech law.”
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Taylor, Richard, and Damian Taylor. Contract Law Directions. 8th ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198870593.001.0001.

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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers at undergraduate level through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. Contract Law Directions is a comprehensive guide, now in its eighth edition, to all aspects of contract law. It is structured in four parts. Part 1 looks at the creation of obligations. It considers agreement, intention to create legal regulations, and consideration and estoppel. Part 2 is about contents and borders and looks at positive terms, exemption clauses, and misrepresentation. Part 3 examines defects in terms of mistake, duress, undue influence, and unconscionable bargains. The final part explains finishing and enforcing obligations. It analyses frustration, damages, specific remedies, and privity and the interests of third parties.
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